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Journal articles on the topic 'Acidovorax avenae subsp'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Willems, A., M. Goor, S. Thielemans, M. Gillis, K. Kersters, and J. De Ley. "Transfer of Several Phytopathogenic Pseudomonas Species to Acidovorax as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae subsp. nov., comb. nov., Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae, and Acidovorax konjaci." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 42, no. 1 (1992): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-42-1-107.

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Yoon, Young-Nam, Ji-Hun Jung, Yeong-Hoon Lee, et al. "Bacterial Stripe of Proso Millet Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in Korea." Research in Plant Disease 18, no. 3 (2012): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2012.18.3.236.

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Giordano, Paul R., Arielle M. Chaves, Nathaniel A. Mitkowski, and Joseph M. Vargas. "Identification, Characterization, and Distribution of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Etiolation and Decline." Plant Disease 96, no. 12 (2012): 1736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-12-0377-re.

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Bacterial etiolation and decline caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae is an emerging disease of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) in and around the transition zone, a unique area of turfgrass culture between cool and warm regions of the United States. It is suspected that the disease has been present for many years, although diagnosis of the first occurrence was not reported until 2010. Solicitation of samples from golf courses in 2010 and 2011 was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and dissemination of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae on creeping bentgrass. At least 21 isolates from 13 states associated with these outbreaks on golf courses were confirmed as A. avenae subsp. avenae by pathogenicity assays and 16S rDNA sequence analysis at two independent locations. Pathogenicity testing of bacterial isolates from creeping bentgrass samples exhibiting heavy bacterial streaming confirmed A. avenae subsp. avenae as the only bacterium to cause significant disease symptoms and turfgrass decline. Host range inoculations revealed isolates of A. avenae subsp. avenae to be pathogenic on all Agrostis stolonifera cultivars tested, with slight but significant differences in disease severity on particular cultivars. Other turfgrass hosts tested were only mildly susceptible to Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae infection. This study initiated research on A. avenae subsp. avenae pathogenicity causing a previously uncharacterized disease of creeping bentgrass putting greens in the United States.

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Walcott, R. R., R. D. Gitaitis, and A. C. Castro. "Role of Blossoms in Watermelon Seed Infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Phytopathology® 93, no. 5 (2003): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.5.528.

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The role of watermelon blossom inoculation in seed infestation by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was investigated. Approximately 98% (84/87) of fruit developed from blossoms inoculated with 1 × 107 or 1 × 109 CFU of A. avenae subsp. citrulli per blossom were asymptomatic. Using immunomagnetic separation and the polymerase chain reaction, A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in 44% of the seed lots assayed, despite the lack of fruit symptoms. Furthermore, viable colonies were recovered from 31% of the seed lots. Of these lots, 27% also yielded seedlings expressing bacterial fruit blotch symptoms when planted under conditions of 30°C and 90% relative humidity. A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected and recovered from the pulp of 33 and 19%, respectively, of symptomless fruit whose blossoms were inoculated with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The ability to penetrate watermelon flowers was not unique to A. avenae subsp. citrulli, because blossoms inoculated with Pantoea ananatis also resulted in infested seed and pulp. The data indicate that watermelon blossoms are a potential site of ingress for fruit and seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli.

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Nascimento, Ana Rosa P., Rosa L. R. Mariano, and Elias I. Silva. "Hospedeiros alternativos de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Horticultura Brasileira 22, no. 3 (2004): 511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362004000300001.

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Uma das principais doenças que afeta o meloeiro é a mancha-aquosa, causada pela bactéria Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac). Visando conhecer hospedeiros alternativos de Aac, plantas no estágio de primeiras folhas definitivas, de várias espécies/cultivares, incluindo cucurbitáceas, solanáceas, gramíneas, leguminosas e caricáceas, foram inoculadas pela atomização da parte aérea com suspensão dos isolados Aac 1.49 e Aac 12.13, oriundos de melão e melancia, respectivamente. A suscetibilidade das plantas aos isolados foi avaliada pelo período de incubação (PI) e incidência da doença (INC). Caupi, feijão, fumo e milho não apresentaram sintomas. Os menores PIs foram observados em cucurbitáceas (3,0 d), com exceção da bucha (6,83 d). Incidências da doença acima de 90% foram observadas em cucurbitáceas, excetuando a bucha e em solanáceas, para ambos os isolados de Aac. Em outro experimento, frutos de abóbora, abobrinha, berinjela, mamão, maxixe, melancia, melão, pepino, pimentão e tomate foram analisados quanto à suscetibilidade aos isolados Aac 1.49 e Aac 12.13. Os frutos foram inoculados pelo método de injeção subepidérmica, determinando-se PI, INC e severidade, avaliada pelo diâmetro da lesão externa (DLE) e profundidade da lesão (PL). Menores PIs (2,0 d) foram detectados em frutos de mamão, melancia, melão e pimentão. Incidência de 100% foi observada em todos os frutos inoculados, com exceção da abobrinha (93,75%) e da abóbora (34,37%). Maiores DLEs foram observados em pepino (1,47 cm) para o isolado Aac 1.49 e em melancia (1,60 cm) e melão (1,07 cm) para Aac 12.13. As maiores PL foram constatadas em melancia (1,72 e 0,75 cm) respectivamente para Aac 1.49 e Aac 12.13. Frutos de berinjela não apresentaram sintomas externos embora as lesões internas tenham sido profundas.

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Hopkins, D. L., and C. M. Thompson. "Seed Transmission of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in Cucurbits." HortScience 37, no. 6 (2002): 924–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.6.924.

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Prevention of the introduction of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, into the transplant house or field is the most effective control strategy. Watermelon seedlots currently are screened for A. avenae subsp. citrulli, but other cucurbits, often grown in the same transplant house or field, generally are not as carefully monitored. In 1997 and 1999 field tests, cultivars of watermelon, muskmelon, honeydew melons, acorn squash, butternut squash, yellow squash, zucchini squash, cucumber, and pumpkin were evaluated for foliar and fruit susceptibility to bacterial fruit blotch and for seed transmission of A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The bacterium was introduced into the field on infected watermelon transplants or by misting a bacterial suspension onto fruit of the cucurbits. Foliar and fruit symptoms were more extensive in the watermelon, muskmelon, and honeydew melons than in the other cucurbits. In greenhouse grow-out assays, seed transmission of A. avenae subsp. citrulli was detected in every cucurbit in at least one of the two seasons, even though there were no fruit symptoms in some of them. Thus, any cucurbit crop plant should be considered a potential source for the introduction of A. avenae subsp. citrulli into the transplant house or field.

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Seo, Sang-Tae, Jong-Han Park, Jung-Sup Lee, Kyoung-Suk Han, and Seung-Ryong Cheong. "Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Melon Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Research in Plant Disease 12, no. 3 (2006): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2006.12.3.185.

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Silva, Valter A. V., Elineide B. Silveira, and Rosa L. R. Mariano. "Sobrevivência de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli em meloeiro." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, no. 4 (2006): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000400008.

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A capacidade de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli sobreviver epifítica e endofíticamente nas folhas e raízes, bem como na rizosfera de meloeiro, foi determinada utilizando um isolado mutante resistente a rifampicina (Aac1Rif). Folhas de meloeiros com 18 dias, cultivados em casa de vegetação e no campo, foram pulverizadas com suspensões do mutante nas concentrações (3,4 x 10², 3,4 x 10³ e 3,4 x 10(4) ufc.ml-1). Para determinar a sobrevivência em raízes e na rizosfera sementes de melão Amarelo híbrido AF-682 foram semeadas em solo infestado com suspensões de Aac1Rif a 3,4 x 10(5), 3,4 x 10(6) e 3,4 x 10(7) ufc.ml-1. A cada seis dias, amostras de folhas, raízes e solo rizosférico foram coletadas e processadas para isolamento em meio de ágar nutritivo + extrato de levedura + dextrose contendo rifampicina. As populações bacterianas foram determinadas em ufc.g-1 de amostra e os dados obtidos transformados em log10 para análise de regressão. Nas folhas de meloeiro, em casa-de-vegetação e campo, o mutante Aac1Rif sobreviveu epifiticamente durante 54 dias, observando-se inicialmente aumento da população bacteriana epifítica, com posterior declínio, sendo as populações finais semelhantes nas duas condições estudadas, com valores variando de 10³ a 10(4) ufc.g-1 de folha, independente da concentração do inóculo inicial. Nas raízes e rizosfera, em casa-de-vegetação, a população bacteriana decresceu ao longo do tempo até atingir aos 60 dias após a infestação do solo, níveis de 10² a 10³ ufc.g-1 de raiz e 10¹ ufc.g-1 de solo. AacRif não foi detectado sobrevivendo endofiticamente em folhas ou raízes de meloeiro.

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Oliveira, Janaína C., Elineide B. Silveira, Rosa L. R. Mariano, Enildo Cardoso, and Ivanise O. Viana. "Caracterização de isolados de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Fitopatologia Brasileira 32, no. 6 (2007): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582007000600005.

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Foram caracterizados 41 isolados de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli com base em aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos. Todos os isolados induziram sintomas típicos da mancha-aquosa em plântulas, plantas e frutos de meloeiro (Cucumis melo) e melancieira (Citrullus lanatus). Pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott-Knott (P = 0,05) os isolados foram separados quanto ao índice de doença em 5 e 7 grupos, respectivamente para plântulas de meloeiro e melancieira, e em 2 grupos para plantas das duas hospedeiras. Em frutos, os isolados foram separados em 3 e 10 grupos para a variável diâmetro da lesão externa e 2 e 9 grupos para profundidade da lesão, respectivamente para melão e melancia. Todos os isolados induziram reação de hipersensibilidade em fumo (Nicotiana tabacum); utilizaram os compostos asparagina, L-leucina e DL-ácido lático; produziram enzimas lipolíticas e o fitohormônio ácido indol acético; foram sensíveis a oxicloreto de cobre (120 µg mL-1), óxido cuproso (120 µg mL-1), hidróxido de cobre (138,2 µg mL-1), sulfato de estreptomicina (25 µg mL-1) e Agrimaicin 500 (428 µg mL-1); e resistentes a kasugamicina (87 µg mL-1), agrimicina (200 µg mL-1), eritromicina (15 µg), gentamicina (10 µg), amoxicilina (10 µg), neomicina (30 µg), estreptomicina (10 µg), norfloxacina (10 µg) e rifampicina (5 µg). Nenhum isolado apresentou atividade pectinolítica, amilolítica, celulolítica e proteolítica ou produção do polissacarídeo levana e da toxina siringomicina. Foi constatada variabilidade entre os 41 isolados de A. avenae subsp. citrulli quanto à sensibilidade à tetraciclina (30 µg), sendo 41,5% resistentes, 46,3% moderadamente sensíveis e 12,2% altamente sensíveis.

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Araújo, Dário Venâncio de, Rosa de Lima Ramos Mariano, Elineide Barbosa da Silveira, and Sami Jorge Michereff. "Métodos de preservação de Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Summa Phytopathologica 34, no. 2 (2008): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052008000200014.

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Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac), agente da mancha-aquosa, causa grandes prejuízos ao melão e outras cucurbitáceas no Brasil e no mundo. Os métodos dessecação em papel de filtro, repicagens periódicas, água esterilizada e folhas herborizadas foram testados para preservação de Aac1 e Aac1.12 durante 180 dias. Mensalmente, a viabilidade de Aac foi avaliada pelo crescimento em meio de cultura e a patogenicidade das culturas viáveis foi avaliada pela incidência e severidade da doença em plântulas de melão. A preservação em papel de filtro resultou em 100% de viabilidade dos isolados durante o período, enquanto que nos demais métodos houve perda de viabilidade no decorrer das avaliações. Os métodos de dessecação em papel de filtro e o de repicagens periódicas foram mais eficientes que a água esterilizada e folhas herborizadas na manutenção da patogenicidade dos isolados durante os 180 dias.

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Walcott, R. R., and R. D. Gitaitis. "Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in Watermelon Seed Using Immunomagnetic Separation and the Polymerase Chain Reaction." Plant Disease 84, no. 4 (2000): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.4.470.

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An immunomagnetic separation and polymerase chain reaction (IMS-PCR)-based assay was developed for detecting Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in watermelon seed. IMS yielded a 10-fold increase in recovery of A. avenae subsp. citrulli over direct spread-plating on King's Medium B; however, the presence of seed debris reduced IMS efficiency. Synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the 16S rRNA gene of a known A. avenae subsp. citrulli strain and tested for specific DNA amplification by PCR. The primers amplified DNA from all A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains tested but also yielded amplicons with several closely related bacteria. IMS-PCR resulted in a 100-fold increase in A. avenae subsp. citrulli detection sensitivity over direct PCR and was unaffected by PCR inhibitors in watermelon seed. The threshold of A. avenae subsp. citrulli detection for IMS-PCR was 10 CFU/ml in watermelon seed wash, and seedlots with 0.1% infestation were consistently detected. IMS-PCR represents an efficient and sensitive approach to detecting A. avenae subsp. citrulli in watermelon seedlots.

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Seijo, T. E., and N. A. Peres. "First Report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae Causing Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Strelitzia nicolai." Plant Disease 95, no. 11 (2011): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0160.

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White bird of paradise (Strelitzia nicolai Regel & K. Koch) is a commonly grown ornamental in central and south Florida. Each summer of 2004 to 2007, a reoccurring disease was observed at a commercial nursery in central Florida. Diseased plants had brown, necrotic stripes between the lateral leaf veins, which usually appeared along the midvein and spread toward the leaf edge. Lesions developed on the youngest leaves as they emerged from the central whorl. During 2004 and 2005, 20 symptomatic leaves were sampled. A white, nonfluorescent bacterium was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissue. It induced a hypersensitive response (HR) on tomato, grew at 41°C, and was identified as a Acidovorax sp. based on fatty acid analysis and as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae by Biolog metabolic phenotype analysis (similarity 0.76 to 0.86). A partial 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,455 bp) (Accession No. EF418616) was identical to four sequences in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database: one from A. avenae subsp. avenae and three from A. avenae of undetermined subspecies. To confirm pathogenicity, a bacterial suspension (O.D590 = 0.1) was applied to fill the central whorl (~0.5 to 1 ml) of potted S. nicolai. Plants were incubated for 7 to 10 days inside plastic bags at ambient temperature. Plants were inoculated individually with five strains of A. avenae subsp. avenae, four from S. nicolai, and one from corn (ATCC19860). Two to nine plants per strain were inoculated in each experiment. All strains were tested at least twice and noninoculated control plants were included. Symptoms were reproduced on the emerging leaf of 50 to 100% of inoculated plants with all five A. avenae subsp. avenae strains. No symptoms were observed on the controls. The bacteria recovered from symptomatic tissue were confirmed to be A. avenae subsp. avenae. Corn seedlings were inoculated as described above, except that entire seedlings were sprayed. Water-soaked lesions along the length of older leaf blades developed in 4 to 7 days. Only the corn strain was pathogenic (>80% of seedlings symptomatic), indicating host specificity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. avenae subsp. avenae infecting S. nicolai. In 1971, Wehlburg (2) described the same symptoms on orange bird of paradise (S. reginae) as being caused by a nonfluorescent Pseudomonas sp. This report likely describes the same disease since the published description is consistent with symptoms caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae. The pathogen reported by Wehlburg (2) had one polar flagellum, reduced nitrate, produced oxidase and a HR, and utilized arabinose, but not sucrose or arginine, characteristics consistent with those of A. avenae subsp. avenae (1). The only difference was A. avenae subsp. avenae has a delayed positive starch hydrolysis (1), whereas Welhburg's strain was negative. This disease occurs mainly on young leaves when plants receive daily overhead irrigation. Incidence can be as high as 40%, occasionally causing mortality, but even mild symptoms affect appearance and reduce marketability as an ornamental. References: (1) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001. (2) C. Wehlburg. Plant Dis. Rep. 55:447, 1971.

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Feng, Jianjun, Erin L. Schuenzel, Jianqiang Li, and Norman W. Schaad. "Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveals Two Evolutionary Lineages of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Phytopathology® 99, no. 8 (2009): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-8-0913.

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Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch, has caused considerable damage to the watermelon and melon industry in China and the United States. Understanding the emergence and spread of this pathogen is important for controlling the disease. To build a fingerprinting database for reliable identification and tracking of strains of A. avenae subsp. citrulli, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed using seven conserved loci. The study included 8 original strains from the 1978 description of A. avenae subsp. citrulli, 51 from China, and 34 from worldwide collections. Two major clonal complexes (CCs), CC1 and CC2, were identified within A. avenae subsp. citrulli; 48 strains typed as CC1 and 45 as CC2. All eight original 1978 strains isolated from watermelon and melon grouped in CC1. CC2 strains were predominant in the worldwide collection and all but five were isolated from watermelon. In China, a major seed producer for melon and watermelon, the predominant strains were CC1 and were found nearly equally on melon and watermelon.

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Hopkins, D. L., and C. M. Thompson. "Evaluation of Citrullus sp. Germ Plasm for Resistance to Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Plant Disease 86, no. 1 (2002): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.1.61.

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In the greenhouse, 1,344 Citrullus spp. and Praecitrulllus fistulosus accessions were screened for resistance to Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Seedlings were inoculated at the first true leaf stage by misting with a water suspension of a virulent strain of A. avenae subsp. citrulli originally isolated from commercial watermelon in Florida in 1989. Seedlings were considered resistant if less than 20% of the cotyledons were necrotic and there were no lesions on the true leaves 10 days after inoculation. Twelve accessions had individual seedlings that were resistant to A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Selfs of seven of these accessions were susceptible in greenhouse and field tests. Selfs were obtained from five accessions from Zimbabwe and Zambia that possessed a level of greenhouse and field resistance to A. avenae subsp. citrulli that could provide control of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon. Based on field evaluations, plant introduction (PI) 482279 and PI 494817 were judged to contain plants with the best sources of resistance; however, PI 500303, PI 500331, and PI 482246 also had plants with high levels of resistance.

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Li, Bin, Li Wang, Muhammad Ibrahim, et al. "Membrane protein profiling of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae under various growth conditions." Archives of Microbiology 197, no. 5 (2015): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-015-1100-9.

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Tao, Chen, Qian Guo-Liang, Yang Xiao-Li, Ma Jun-Yi, Hu Bai-Shi, and Liu Feng-Quan. "Detection of a quorum sensing signal molecule of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli and its regulation of pathogenicity." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 6, no. 1 (2009): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236209002514.

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AbstractAn efficient AHL (N-acyl-homoserine lactone) bioassay strain, JZA1, of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to detect the AHL production from Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli [the pathogen causing bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of melons], and the results showed that A. avenae subsp. citrulli produced a 3-O-C8-homoserine (HSL) type signal molecule. Gene aiiA, which could degrade AHL molecules, was transformed into A. avenae subsp. citrulli strain NJF10, creating strain NJF10-aiiA. The AHL production from NJF10-aiiA was significantly reduced compared with wild-type NJF10. Inoculation tests showed that NJF10-aiiA had an obvious reduction of virulence on watermelon fruits. Our finds showed that AHL production by A. avenae subsp. citrulli was related to its pathogenicity. This work might provide a novel way to control BFB by QS (quorum sensing) interference.

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Isakeit, T., M. C. Black, and J. B. Jones. "Natural Infection of Citronmelon with Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Plant Disease 82, no. 3 (1998): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.3.351d.

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Citronmelon fruits (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf.) with lesions were collected from a cowpea field in Frio County, TX, in July 1997. The lesions were circular, necrotic, or water-soaked, approximately 3 mm in diameter, and did not extend into the flesh of the fruit. Nonfluorescent, gram-negative bacteria were consistently isolated from lesions. Six representative strains were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac), using Biolog GN MicroPlates and the MicroLog data base release 3.50 (0.533 to 0.813 similarity). Aac causes leaf and fruit lesions (bacterial fruit blotch, BFB) on watermelon (C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai). Strains were tested for pathogenicity on watermelon seedlings (cv. Royal Sweet) by daubing bacterial suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/ml) onto cotyledons of 1-week-old seedlings. Water soaking of cotyledons, followed by necrosis and seedling death, occurred within 5 days. These symptoms were indistinguishable from those caused by watermelon strains of Aac. Bacteria were reisolated from symptomatic seedlings. The source of the infection is not known. Watermelons had been grown in this field in 1996, but no BFB symptoms were observed. Citron fruit infected with Aac were found in nearby watermelon fields where BFB was present; the closest field was 50 m from the cowpea field. These observations suggest that citronmelon, a common weed in south Texas, has the potential to perpetuate Aac. This is the first documentation of a naturally occurring infection of citronmelon with Aac.

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Han, Kyung-Sook, Seung-Don Lee, Jong-Han Park, You-Kyoung Han, Dae-Hyun Kim, and Jung-Sup Lee. "Incidence of Bacterial Brown Spot of Phalenopsis Orchids Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. cattleyae." Research in Plant Disease 15, no. 3 (2009): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2009.15.3.183.

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Fessehaie, A., and R. R. Walcott. "Biological Control to Protect Watermelon Blossoms and Seed from Infection by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Phytopathology® 95, no. 4 (2005): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0413.

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The efficacy of biological control seed treatments with Pseudomonas fluorescens (A506), Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae (AAA 99-2), and an unidentified gram-positive bacterium recovered from watermelon seed (WS-1) was evaluated for the management of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon. In growth chamber and greenhouse experiments, seed treated with AAA 99-2 displayed superior disease suppression, reducing BFB transmission by 96.5%. AAA 99-2, P. fluorescens A506, and Kocide also suppressed the epiphytic growth of A. avenae subsp. citrulli when applied to attached watermelon blossoms 5 h prior to inoculation. Watermelon blossom protection reduced seed infestation by A. avenae subsp. citrulli. From blossoms treated with 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 63% of the resulting seed lots were infested with A. avenae subsp. citrulli. In contrast, for blossoms protected with WS-1, Kocide, P. fluorescens A506, and AAA 99-2, the proportion of infested seed lots were 48.3, 21.1, 24.1, and 13.8%, respectively. The effect of blossom treatments on seed lot infestation was statistically significant (P = 0.001) but WS-1 was not significantly different from PBS. These findings suggest that blossom protection with biological control agents could be a feasible option for managing BFB.

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Bahar, Ofir, Tal Goffer, and Saul Burdman. "Type IV Pili Are Required for Virulence, Twitching Motility, and Biofilm Formation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 8 (2009): 909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-8-0909.

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Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), a threatening disease of watermelon, melon, and other cucurbits. Despite the economic importance of BFB, relatively little is known about basic aspects of the pathogen's biology and the molecular basis of its interaction with host plants. To identify A. avenae subsp. citrulli genes associated with pathogenicity, we generated a transposon (Tn5) mutant library on the background of strain M6, a group I strain of A. avenae subsp. citrulli, and screened it for reduced virulence by seed-transmission assays with melon. Here, we report the identification of a Tn5 mutant with reduced virulence that is impaired in pilM, which encodes a protein involved in assembly of type IV pili (TFP). Further characterization of this mutant revealed that A. avenae subsp. citrulli requires TFP for twitching motility and wild-type levels of biofilm formation. Significant reductions in virulence and biofilm formation as well as abolishment of twitching were also observed in insertional mutants affected in other TFP genes. We also provide the first evidence that group I strains of A. avenae subsp. citrulli can colonize and move through host xylem vessels.

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Girard, J. C., J. Noëll, F. Larbre, P. Roumagnac, and P. Rott. "First Report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae Causing Sugarcane Red Stripe in Gabon." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (2014): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-0914-pdn.

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During a disease inspection at the sugarcane estate SUCAF near Franceville, Gabon, in March 2011, 1- to 3-mm wide and several dm long dark red stripes were observed on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) leaves of many plants of cultivar R570. These plants were 5.5 months old in the first ratoon crop. Additionally, spindle leaves of several stalks were rotted and could be easily pulled out of the top of the stalk. Longitudinal sections of diseased stalks showed reddish-brown discoloration of the upper stem and the rotted spindle had an unpleasant odor. Circular, convex, smooth, yellow-cream pigmented bacterial colonies with 2 to 3 mm diameter were isolated after 3 days at 28°C from young leaf lesions on YPGA (yeast extract 7 g/L, peptone 7 g/L, glucose 7 g/L, agar 15 g/L, pH 6.8 to 7.0). The 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of two representative colonies was PCR amplified, and the nucleotide sequences were shown to be 99% identical to the 16S-23S ITS sequence from the genome of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae strain ATCC 19860 (GenBank: CP002521.1). One of these A. avenae subsp. avenae isolates from Gabon was inoculated into greenhouse grown plants of sugarcane cultivar R570. Plants were inoculated by injection into the sheath of spindle leaves above the meristem with the bacterial strain (12 plants) or with a water control (six plants). In this method, the bacteria (108 CFU/ml) were injected using a syringe through the leaf sheath until filling the leaf whorl. Three weeks post-inoculation, one to several cm long red-brown stripes were observed on leaves of 11 of 12 inoculated plants. Seven weeks post-inoculation, all plants exhibited symptoms, from red, brown, or black stripes to leaf necrosis, rotting, and death of the spindle leaves (six plants). All six control plants were symptomless. In a second experiment, 6 of 12 plants showed symptoms 3 weeks post inoculation, and the pathogen was successfully re-isolated from all six symptomatic plants with YPGA medium. The 16S-23S ITS of three single colonies obtained each from different symptomatic plants were PCR amplified and the nucleotide sequences were again found 99% identical to the 16S-23S ITS sequence from the genome of A. avenae subsp. avenae ATCC 19860. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. avenae subsp. avenae, the causal agent of sugarcane red stripe (also reported as top rot), in Gabon. It is also the first description of the occurrence of the top rot form of the disease in R570, a cultivar that is grown in several locations of Africa, the Mascarene Islands, and the French West Indies. A large-scale survey needs to be undertaken to determine the distribution of red stripe in Gabon, a disease for which several outbreaks have been reported recently worldwide (1,2). References: (1) M. P. Grisham and R. M. Johnson. Phytopathology 101:564, 2011. (2) S. Zia-ul-Hussnain et al. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10:7191, 2011.

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Santa Brigida, Ailton B., Cristian A. Rojas, Clícia Grativol, et al. "Sugarcane transcriptome analysis in response to infection caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae." PLOS ONE 11, no. 12 (2016): e0166473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166473.

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Xie, G. L., G. Q. Zhang, H. Liu, et al. "Genome Sequence of the Rice-Pathogenic Bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae RS-1." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 18 (2011): 5013–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.05594-11.

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Somda, I., M. S. Veena, and C. N. Mortensen. "First Report on the Occurrence of Bacterial Stripe Organism Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in Rice Seeds from Burkina Faso." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (2001): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.804a.

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Breeder rice seeds from Burkina Faso harvesteds in 1999 were tested for Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae. This pathogen affects rice, maize, sorghum, and other Gramineae. Ten samples of 200 seeds in each sample were tested by the cassette holder method for detection of this bacterium (1). Seedlings were evaluated for symptom development after 14 days at 27 to 30°C and 100% relative humidity under fluorescent light (12 h photoperiod). Bacterial stripe symptoms were observed in seedlings raised from 9 of 10 seed samples tested, and incidence ranged from 5 to 20%. Diseased seedlings showed water-soaked areas on coleoptiles and brown stripes on leaf sheaths and mid-ribs. Twenty-six strains obtained from diseased seedlings were characterized using several criteria. Colonies were small, whitish-grey, raised, entire and translucent on nutrient agar and cream-tan, raised, entire, and did not produce fluorescent pigment on King's medium B. They were Gram negative, oxidase positive and nitrate positive. Variable reactions were recorded for starch hydrolysis; 22 strains reacted positively and 4 negatively. All 26 strains reacted positively in ELISA performed with antiserum against A. avenae subsp. avenae. Results using Biolog GN MicroPlates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA computer identification system, Release 4.0) showed all strains to be A. avenae subsp. avenae (sim. 0.709 to 0.802). Hypersensitive reactions on leaves of 2-month-old tobacco plants infiltrated with bacterial suspensions were recorded within 24 h. Strains were tested for pathogenicity by injecting stems of 21-day-old rice plants with bacterial suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/ml). Inoculated seedlings were incubated for 4 to 7 days under humid conditions at 28°C. Inoculated rice plants showed brown stripes and non-inoculated control seedlings remained symptomless. Based on biochemical, serological, and biological characteristics, strains were identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae. This is the first report of A. avenae subsp. avenae, causal agent of bacterial stripe of rice, in Burkina Faso. The common presence of A. avenae subsp. avenae in breeder rice seeds emphasizes the need for control measures to limit further spread to unaffected rice-growing areas and other cereal crops. Reference: (1) D. D. Shakya et al. Phytopathol. Z. 114:256–259, 1985.

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KADOTA, Ikuo, and Koushi NISHIYAMA. "A Medium to Differentiate Rice and Non-rice Strains of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 65, no. 6 (1999): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.65.635.

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Block, C. C., and L. M. Shepherd. "Long-term Survival and Seed Transmission of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli in Melon and Watermelon Seed." Plant Health Progress 9, no. 1 (2008): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2008-1219-01-br.

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Seed transmission of A. avenae subsp. citrulli is key in the dissemination of bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits. This study reports its survival and seed transmission from watermelon and melon seed lots that were more than 30 yr old. The longest previously-reported survival of A. avenae subsp. citrulli was from 19-yr-old watermelon seed and the longest reported survival for any seedborne bacterial plant pathogen was 24 yr for Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens from common bean seed. Accepted for publication 19 September 2008. Published 19 December 2008.

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Walcott, R. R., D. B. Langston, F. H. Sanders, and R. D. Gitaitis. "Investigating Intraspecific Variation of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Using DNA Fingerprinting and Whole Cell Fatty Acid Analysis." Phytopathology® 90, no. 2 (2000): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.2.191.

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To assess the diversity of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, 121 strains from watermelon, cantaloupe, and pumpkin were compared using pulse field gel electrophoresis of SpeI-digested DNA and gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters. Twenty-nine unique DNA fragments resulted from DNA digestion, and 14 distinct haplotypes were observed. Based on cluster analysis, two subgroups, I and II, were recognized, which accounted for 84.8% (eight haplotypes) and 15.2% (six haplotypes) of the strains, respectively. Results of cellular fatty acid analysis varied quantitatively and qualitatively for the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains and supported the existence of the two subgroups. Group I includes strains from cantaloupe and pumpkin as well as the ATCC type strain, which was first described in the United States in 1978, whereas group II represents the typical watermelon fruit blotch-causing strains that appeared in the mainland United States in 1989. Knowledge of the two A. avenae subsp. citrulli groups may be useful in screening for watermelon fruit blotch resistance.

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Isakeit, T., M. C. Black, L. W. Barnes, and J. B. Jones. "First Report of Infection of Honeydew with Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (1997): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.694c.

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Honeydew fruits (Cucumis melo var. inodorus Jacq. ‘Morning Ice,’ ‘Honeybrew,’ and ‘Green Flesh’) with circular, 3- to 10-mm-diameter lesions that did not extend into the flesh of the fruit were collected from a field in Frio County, TX, in October 1996. Lesions were either water-soaked or had a scabby center with a water-soaked edge. Non-fluorescent, gram-negative bacteria were consistently isolated from lesions. Eleven representative bacterial strains had 0.835 to 0.950 similarity to Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, using Biolog GN Microplates and the MicroLog data base release 3.50 (Biolog, Hayward, CA). Strains were tested for pathogenicity on watermelon (C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai ‘Royal Sweet’) and honeydew seedlings (cv. Morning Ice) by daubing suspensions (approximately 108 CFU/ml) of bacteria onto cotyledons of 1-week-old transplants. Water soaking, followed by necrosis, occurred after 3 to 5 days. A. avenae subsp. citrulli, the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon, was reisolated from lesions. Detached fruit of honeydew (various cultivars) and watermelon (cv. Emperor) were surface disinfested with 70% ethanol, injected sub-epidermally with bacterial suspensions in blemish-free areas, and incubated at 24°C. Water-soaked lesions developed on fruit 10 to 14 days later and the bacteria were reisolated from inoculated fruit. Fruit inoculated with sterile water did not develop symptoms. Female flowers of honeydew plants (cv. Honeybrew) were inoculated at the time of pollination with a suspension of bacteria daubed on the fruit surface. Pollinated fruits were sealed in a moist chamber for 48 h. Circular, water-soaked spots developed 10 to 14 days later. A. avenae subsp. citrulli was reisolated from these lesions. The affected 44-ha field utilized center pivot irrigation and the incidence of diseased fruit exceeded 50%. The source of the pathogen is unknown. Bacterial fruit blotch was identified in watermelon grown under overhead irrigation 0.8 km from this honeydew field 9 weeks earlier. In past years, bacterial fruit blotch has occurred in watermelon fields in Frio County (1). Honeydew from other fields in the vicinity, including one that was also sprinkler irrigated, did not show these symptoms. This is the first report of A. avenae subsp. citrulli causing a disease of honeydew fruit. Reference: M. C. Black et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.

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Hopkins, D. L., C. M. Thompson, J. Hilgren, and B. Lovic. "Wet Seed Treatment with Peroxyacetic Acid for the Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch and Other Seedborne Diseases of Watermelon." Plant Disease 87, no. 12 (2003): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1495.

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Prevention of seed transmission of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli into the transplant house or field is the most effective control of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon currently available. Peroxyacetic acid was evaluated as a disinfectant that might efficaciously eradicate A. avenae subsp. citrulli from contaminated seed and also be efficacious against other seed-transmitted diseases of watermelon. Peroxyacetic acid at low concentrations eliminated A. avenae subsp. citrulli, Fusarium oxysporum, and Didymella bryoniae from microbial suspensions. Treatments of seed contaminated with A. avenae subsp. citrulli and D. bryoniae with peroxyacetic acid at 1,600 μg/ml and higher for 30 min were effective in preventing seed transmission of bacterial fruit blotch and gummy stem blight. Hydrochloric acid treatments at 10,000 μg/ml, while effective in eliminating seed transmission to watermelon seedlings, can adversely affect seed germination, especially with triploid seed. Efficacious dosages of peroxyacetic acid can be applied safely to freshly harvested triploid watermelon seed without concerns for reduction in seed quality. A most effective wet seed treatment protocol involved a 30-min treatment with peroxyacetic acid at 1,600 μg/ml followed by seed drying at low humidity in a 40°C drying oven for 48 h.

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O'Brien, R. G., and H. L. Martin. "Bacterial blotch of melons caused by strains of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 4 (1999): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98172.

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The watermelon fruit blotch organism (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli) was confirmed as the cause of a bacterial disease of rockmelon seedlings in January 1996. Further outbreaks occurred in commercial nurseries during 1996–98. An associated field disease was not observed in rockmelon and honeydew crops until May 1998 when wet conditions led to severe leaf spotting and fruit infection in many crops in the Burdekin district of North Queensland. Isolates of A. avenae subsp. citrulli originating from these outbreaks were considerably more pathogenic to rockmelon plants than isolates originating from watermelon crops in South Queensland. They were also less pathogenic to the weed host Cucumis myriocarpus and could constitute new strains of the fruit blotch organism. Tests showed the disease was readily seed transmissible from naturally infected rockmelon and honeydew fruit for at least 3 months after seed extraction.

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OYA, H., H. NAKAGAWA, N. SAITO, H. UEMATSU, and T. OHARA. "Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from seed using LAMP method." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 74, no. 4 (2008): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.74.304.

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Sung, I.-Hsin, Yi-Ru Lai, and Chien-Jui Huang. "First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae causing bacterial leaf blight of tea in Taiwan." Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 3 (2020): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00547-w.

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Bertani, Romina P., Maria F. Perera, Constanza M. Joya, et al. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae isolated from sugarcane in Argentina." Plant Pathology 70, no. 7 (2021): 1719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13413.

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Bertani, Romina Priscila, Constanza María Joya, Diego Daniel Henriquez, et al. "Assessment of inoculation techniques for screening sugarcane resistance to red stripe disease caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae." NOVEMBER 2020, no. 14(11):2020 (November 10, 2020): 1764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.11.p2517.

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The red stripe disease caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in sugarcane, has become a quite relevant issue in Argentina because of its high incidence in the sugarcane growing area. The resistance of host plants is the most promising method for controlling the disease. In that sense, the Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC) has a Sugarcane Breeding Program, which generates new varieties with higher productivity and good sanitary behavior. The lack of an effective screening technique to select resistant sugarcane genotypes limits the cultivar selection process. To develop a practical and affordable method for achieving the expression of the red stripe disease, three available inoculation techniques were evaluated under controlled conditions over two sugarcane varieties, with a previously adjustment of soil composition and nutrition and relative humidity. They consisted in (i) scrubbing the leaf surface with a cotton ball soaked in the suspension of A. avenae subsp. avenae; and spraying inoculum under two conditions: (ii) leaves pre-treated with a refined sand scarification and (iii) leaves with no scarification. Fifteen plants were inoculated per cultivar and treatment according to a randomized protocol with three replicates and the severity of the disease was evaluated on a scale of 1- 9 according to the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists. The spray inoculation using a bacterial suspension of A. avenae subsp. avenae without abrasives was also field tested. These results contribute to sugarcane breeding programs, providing a tool to assess the resistance to red stripe of their materials, overcoming the lack of bacterial pressure or favorable conditions for the disease.

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Walcott, R. R., D. B. Langston, F. H. Sanders, R. D. Gitaitis, and J. T. Flanders. "Natural Outbreak of a Bacterial Fruit Rot of Cantaloupe in Georgia Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli." Plant Disease 84, no. 3 (2000): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.3.372d.

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In April and July 1999, cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo) from commercial greenhouses and fields in Grady, Colquitt, Mitchell, and Tift counties, GA, exhibited severe foliar necrosis and a fruit rot. Foliar symptoms were V-shaped, necrotic lesions occurring at the margin of the leaf and extending inward toward the midrib. Symptoms on the fruit surface were observed after net development and occurred randomly as round, necrotic, sunken spots or cracks a few millimeters in diameter. A soft rot originating from lesions on the surface of the fruit expanded into the flesh. Approximately 5% of the fruits were affected. Bacteria recovered from cantaloupe fruit and leaf tissues produced nonfluorescent, smooth, off-white colonies on King's medium B. Characteristic of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, the bacteria produced pits in carboxymethyl cellulose media (WFB 44), and reduced Tween 80 to give a visible precipitate on WFB 68 media (1). Based on fatty acid analysis, all strains were identified as A. avenae subsp. citrulli by Microbial Identification System software, version 3.6 (MIDI, Newark, DE), and similarity indices of 0.06, 0.79, 0.21, and 0.43 were recorded for strains recovered form Grady, Tift, Colquitt, and Mitchell counties, respectively. Using specific oligonucleotide primers (WFB 1/2) (2), PCR conducted on DNA from each strain yielded a 390-bp DNA fragment, confirming similarity to A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with genus-specific antibodies also verified that the bacteria were Acidovorax spp. Pathogenicity of the A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains was confirmed by inoculating and observing symptom development on 2-week-old watermelon seedlings. Although all strains were identified and confirmed as A. avenae subsp. citrulli, restriction fragment length polymorphism data indicated that the Tift County strain was distinguishable from the others, suggesting that inoculum for these outbreaks may have originated from at least two different sources. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis. 1993. Development of a seedborne assay for watermelon fruit botch. Pages 9–18 in: Proc. 1st Int. Seed Testing Assoc. Plant Dis. Commit., Ottawa, Canada. (2) R. R. Walcott and R. D. Gitaitis. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 88(suppl.):S92, 1998.

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Xiao, Wang, Zhang Le, Xu Fu-Shou, Zhao Li-Han, and Xie Guan-Lin. "Immuno-capture PCR method for detecting Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli from watermelon." Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 4, no. 2 (2007): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479236207001465.

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AbstractAn immuno-capture polymerase chain reaction (IC-PCR) method for detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (AAC), the causal organism of bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of watermelon, was developed by combining the immunosorbent enrichment (ISE) method with classical PCR and comparing with the direct PCR and growth check methods. The results showed that all A. avenae subsp. citrulli strains tested have produced 360 bp specific fragments using IC-PCR and direct PCR methods, while other strains from 10 different genera showed negative PCR results. The minimum detection concentration was about 50–100 cfu/ml and 104 cfu/ml, respectively. The IC-PCR sensitivity was 100 times higher than that of direct PCR. The examination of seven batches of different melon seeds from the markets by IC-PCR showed that one cantaloupe, two honeydew melon and two watermelon seed varieties carried the pathogen, indicating that the IC-PCR is an accurate, sensitive, rapid and low-cost technique.

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Burdman, Saul, Nadia Kots, Giora Kritzman, and June Kopelowitz. "Molecular, Physiological, and Host-Range Characterization of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Isolates from Watermelon and Melon in Israel." Plant Disease 89, no. 12 (2005): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1339.

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Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, is a serious disease of cucurbit plants. The first important occurrence of BFB in Israel was during 2000 to 2003 on watermelon and melon. Twelve bacterial isolates associated with these outbreaks were confirmed as A. avenae subsp. citrulli by pathogenicity assays, gas chromatography of fatty-acid methyl esters, and substrate-utilization profiles. The isolates were characterized in terms of their aggressiveness in different hosts by seed, seedling, and fruit inoculations, and according to their DNA fingerprinting profiles using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive-PCR approaches. Results from the present work agree with previous studies supporting the existence of two differentiated groups within A. avenae subsp. citrulli, one including strains that are more associated with watermelon (group II), the other consisting of strains that are usually associated with nonwatermelon cucurbits (group I). This study indicates that isolates from both groups have been introduced to Israel. PFGE analysis revealed that the 12 analyzed isolates can be divided into five different haplotypes, of which four were previously unreported. Additional differentiating features between group I and II strains are presented.

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Dong, Qiaolin, Ju Luo, Wen Qiu, et al. "Inhibitory Effect of Camptothecin against Rice Bacterial Brown Stripe Pathogen Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae RS-2." Molecules 21, no. 8 (2016): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080978.

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Krittidetch, Anan, Chuaboon Wilawan, and Athinuwat Dusit. "Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in commercial corn seeds and its correlation with seedling transmission." African Journal of Biotechnology 12, no. 45 (2013): 6376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2013.12965.

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Myung, I. S., J. K. Choi, J. M. Wu, J. Y. Lee, H. L. Yoo, and H. S. Shim. "Bacterial Stripe of Hog Millet Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, a New Disease in Korea." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (2012): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0320-pdn.

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In July 2011, bacterial stripe was observed on a commercial field of hog millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Chuncheon, Korea, with a disease incidence of 37% in the field. Symptoms on leaves included reddish-brown, long, narrow stripes that varied in length and were sharply delineated by uninfected adjacent vascular bundles. Eleven bacterial isolates (BC3107, BC3214 to BC3223) were recovered on trypticase soy agar from lesions surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min. The isolates, all obtained from different plants, were gram negative, oxidase positive, aerobic rods with two to four flagella. The isolates produced circular, cream-colored, nonfluorescent, butyrous colonies with entire margins on King's B medium. Using the Biolog Microbial Identification System, Version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), the isolates were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae with Biolog similarity indices ranging from 0.52 to 0.72 after 24 hr. Characters for differentiating between Acidovorax spp. were tested according to Schaad et al. (2). The isolates were positive for gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, utilization of D-mannitol, sodium citrate, and alkaline in litmus milk. The isolates were negative for utilization of D-arabitol and did not amplify with PCR primer sets Aaaf5, Aaaf3/Aaar2, and Aacf2/Aacr2. Colonies were V–, V+, and V+ for utilization of D-fucose, maltose, and ethanol, respectively. Regions of the 16S rRNA (rrs) and the IGS were sequenced to aid in the identification of the isolates using reported PCR primer sets (1,4). A 1,426 bp fragment of the rrs region shared 100% similarity with all strains of A. avenae available in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed for the 11 isolates in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science), and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by clip inoculation with sterilized scissors dipped into cell suspensions containing 105 CFU/ml on three 8-day-old leaves of hog millet (two plants per isolate), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hopyeong), and sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Daehak) in a greenhouse maintained at 28 to 32°C and 90% relative humidity. The isolates induced similar symptoms as those originally observed on hog millet 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants (hog millet, rice, and sweet corn), which were clipped with scissors dipped in sterilized distilled water. The identity of bacteria reisolated from the stripes on inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (IGS) (1). On the basis of physiological, pathological, and sequence data, the isolates were identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial stripe of hog millet caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae in Korea. The spread of the bacterial disease is expected to have a significant economic impact on hog millet culture in the fields of Gangwon Province in Korea. Nucleotide sequence data reported are available under accession numbers JQ743877 to JQ743887 for rrs of BC 3207 and BC3214 to BC3223, and JQ743877 to JQ743887 for IGS of BC3207 and BC3214 to BC3223. References: (1) T. Barry et al. The PCR Methods Appl. 1:51, 1991. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Syst, Appl. Microbiol. 31: 434, 2008. (3) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173: 697, 1991.

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Lai, Yi-Ru, and Chien-Jui Huang. "First report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae causing bacterial brown stripe disease of rice in Taiwan." Journal of Plant Pathology 100, no. 3 (2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0100-4.

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Shan, Hongli, Wenfeng Li, Yingkun Huang, et al. "First detection of sugarcane red stripe caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae in Yuanjiang, Yunnan, China." Tropical Plant Pathology 42, no. 2 (2017): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-017-0132-x.

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Kajiwara, Hideyuki, Masatoshi Sato, and Akiko Suzuki. "Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli using PCR and MALDI-TOF MS." Journal of Electrophoresis 56, no. 1 (2012): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2198/jelectroph.56.13.

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Martin, H. L., R. G. O'Brien, and D. V. Abbott. "First Report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli as a Pathogen of Cucumber." Plant Disease 83, no. 10 (1999): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.965d.

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In March 1999, a foliar bacterial disease was observed in a commercial crop of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv. Jetset in Gumlu in northern Queensland, Australia. Initial symptoms consisted of angular, chlorotic, water-soaked lesions that later dried to necrotic areas of light brown, dead tissue. White bacterial ooze was commonly found on the undersides of young water-soaked lesions. Lesions were delimited by veins and distributed uniformly over leaf surfaces, and more than 20% of the crop was affected. No symptoms were observed on plant stems or fruits. Bacterial streaming from the edges of freshly cut young lesions was clearly visible in a droplet of water under ×100 magnification in the laboratory. Isolations were made from young lesions on King's medium B (1). A slow-growing, white, gram-negative, nonfluorescent bacterium was consistently isolated. Three isolates of the bacterium were identified, using the Biolog software program (Biolog, Hayward CA), and in each instance, the bacterium was confirmed as Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, with a similarity of >0.80. Koch's postulates were completed with 8-day-old glasshouse-grown cucumber (cv. Jetset) seedlings. Seedlings were misted until runoff with a bacterial suspension of 3 × 108 CFU/ml and enclosed in plastic bags for ≈30 h at 22°C. Water-soaked lesions were observed on cucumber cotyledons 4 days after inoculation. This is the first report of A. avenae subsp. citrulli as a pathogen of cucumber. Reference: (1) E. O. King et al. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301, 1954.

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Gitaitis, R., J. Wilson, R. Walcott, H. Sanders, and W. Hanna. "Occurrence of Bacterial Stripe of Pearl Millet in Georgia." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (2002): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.326b.

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Bacterial stripe, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, was observed on breeding lines of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in Georgia in 1999 and 2001. A gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produced circular, cream-colored, nonfluorescent, butyrous colonies with entire margins on King's medium B was consistently isolated from leaf lesions. The bacterium was identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae by gas-chromatography of extracted, whole-cell, fatty acid methyl esters using the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIDI, Newark, DE) and by substrate utilization patterns using the Biolog Identification System (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA). Isolates from pearl millet produced amplicons of expected size (360 bp) from 16S rDNA after conducting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers WFB1 and WFB2, which are specific for A. avenae. When bacterial suspensions of 1 × 108 CFU/ml were infiltrated into the intercellular spaces of leaves of pearl millet seedlings in the greenhouse, typical water-soaked, reddish-brown stripes developed and were identical to those observed in the field. In contrast to previous reports (1), the pearl millet strains produced atypical symptoms on sweet corn (cvs. Merit and Primetime). Necroses were restricted, lacked customary water-soaking, and were similar to symptoms produced by the watermelon pathogen, A. avenae subsp. citrulli, which was used as a negative control. In contrast, three strains of A. avenae subsp. avenae previously isolated from corn in Georgia produced typical water-soaked stripes in both millet and the sweet corn ‘Merit’. However, like the millet strains, A. avenae subsp. avenae strains from corn produced atypical symptoms on the sweet corn ‘Primetime’. Using immunomagnetic separation and PCR (2), A. avenae subsp. avenae was detected in remaining samples of pearl millet seed planted in Georgia in 2001, as well as in remnant samples of seed sent to Puerto Rico for increase in 2000. The A. avenae subsp. avenae strain recovered from seed was identified by the methods listed above, and in the greenhouse it was identified by the production of typical water-soaked stripes after inoculation of pearl millet. This is the first report of A. avenae subsp. avenae infecting pearl millet in the United States. The detection and distribution of seedborne inoculum in breeding lines is significant since the program at Tifton represents a major effort by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to develop higher-yielding, disease-resistant pearl millet hybrids. Furthermore, the strains from pearl millet appear to be different from previous A. avenae subsp. avenae strains isolated from corn in Georgia, because they did not produce typical disease symptoms when infiltrated in corn leaves. References: (1) L. E. Claflin et al. Plant Dis. 73:1010, 1989. (2) R. R. Walcott and R. D. Gitaitis. Plant Dis. 84:470, 2000.

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Noh, Jin-Taek, and Yong-Hwa Choi. "Search for Plant-originated Antibacterial Compounds Against Pathogen (Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli) of Watermelon Bacterial Fruit Blotch." Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue 23, no. 1 (2015): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11625/kjoa.2015.23.1.77.

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Martin, H. L., and C. M. Horlock. "First Report of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli as a Pathogen of Gramma in Australia." Plant Disease 86, no. 12 (2002): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.12.1406a.

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In March 2001, a foliar bacterial disease was observed on gramma seedlings (Cucurbita moschata L.) cv. Ken Special Hybrid 864 in a commercial nursery in Bowen, north Queensland, Australia. Symptoms included chlorosis of cotyledons and angular, water-soaked lesions from the tips of the cotyledons to the petioles. Brown, angular, water-soaked lesions that were delimited by the leaf veins were also present on newly emerged true leaves. Streaming of bacterial cells from the edges of cut lesions was seen in a droplet of water with ×100 magnification. Isolations attempted on King's medium B consistently yielded a slow-growing, cream to white, gram-negative bacterium. Bacterium was identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli based on carbon source utilization profiles (Biolog, Hayward CA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a primer pair based on the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer region. When tested in rep-PCR with the BoxA1R primer (2), the isolate produced a banding pattern similar to other Australian A. avenae subsp. citrulli isolates previously shown to be pathogenic to rockmelon (1). Koch's postulates were completed with 20 2-week-old glasshouse-grown gramma (cv. Ken Special Hybrid 864) seedlings. Seedlings were misted until runoff with a 3 × 108 CFU/ml bacterial suspension and enclosed in plastic bags for 48 h at 23°C. Water-soaked lesions developed on cotyledons of all seedlings 6 days after inoculation, and bacterium was reisolated from symptomatic tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. avenae subsp. citrulli as a pathogen of C. moschata References: (1) R. G. O'Brien and H. L. Martin. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39:479, 1999 (2) J. Versalovic et al. Methods Mol. Cell Biol. 5:25, 1994.

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Ha, Y., A. Fessehaie, K. S. Ling, W. P. Wechter, A. P. Keinath, and R. R. Walcott. "Simultaneous Detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli and Didymella bryoniae in Cucurbit Seedlots Using Magnetic Capture Hybridization and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction." Phytopathology® 99, no. 6 (2009): 666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-6-0666.

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To improve the simultaneous detection of two pathogens in cucurbit seed, a combination of magnetic capture hybridization (MCH) and multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed. Single-stranded DNA hybridization capture probes targeting DNA of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch, and Didymella bryoniae, causal agent of gummy stem blight, were covalently attached to magnetic particles and used to selectively concentrate template DNA from cucurbit seed samples. Sequestered template DNAs were subsequently amplified by multiplex real-time PCR using pathogen-specific TaqMan PCR assays. The MCH multiplex real-time PCR assay displayed a detection threshold of A. avenae subsp. citrulli at 10 CFU/ml and D. bryoniae at 105 conidia/ml in mixtures of pure cultures of the two pathogens, which was 10-fold more sensitive than the direct real-time PCR assays for the two pathogens separately. Although the direct real-time PCR assay displayed a detection threshold for A. avenae subsp. citrulli DNA of 100 fg/μl in 25% (1/4 samples) of the samples assayed, MCH real-time PCR demonstrated 100% detection frequency (4/4 samples) at the same DNA concentration. MCH did not improve detection sensitivity for D. bryoniae relative to direct real-time PCR using conidial suspensions or seed washes from D. bryoniae-infested cucurbit seed. However, MCH real-time PCR facilitated detection of both target pathogens in watermelon and melon seed samples (n = 5,000 seeds/sample) in which 0.02% of the seed were infested with A. avenae subsp. citrulli and 0.02% were infested with D. bryoniae.

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Wu, Z. R., Y. Y. Zhou, G. J. Tan, L. X. Zhang, and Z. Y. Li. "First Report of Bacterial Leaf Stripe Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae on Foxtail Millet in China." Plant Disease 102, no. 12 (2018): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-18-0685-pdn.

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Dhkal, Manmohan, Mandeep Singh Hunjan, Harleen Kaur, and Pushpinder Pal Singh Pannu. "Characterization of Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae causing bacterial leaf streak of maize in Punjab state of India." Journal of Plant Pathology 101, no. 1 (2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0138-3.

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