Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acier – Traitement thermique – Décarburation'
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Bracho-Troconis, Cora Beatriz. "Décarburation d'aciers doux : cinétique et mécanismes d'échange de matière, carbone, à l'interface métal-gaz, dans des atmosphères complexes." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD294.
Full textThe decarburization of low-carbon steel in a complex gas atmosphere (N2, CO, CH4, H2 et H2O) has been studied by thermogravimetric methods. The measurement rates were carried out under conditions (rate of flowing gas, thickness of steel sheet. . . ) such that the rates were not affected by any of the diffusional processes : the interface reactions are rate determining. The results demonstrate that the rate of decarburization increases with temperature of reaction and with water vapor content of the decarburizing gas mixture. The decarburization of y-iron is systematically slower than the decarburization of (α + γ)-iron. Methane content doesn't have any influence on reaction rate. The apparent heat of activation shows two kinetic domains which are function of water vapor content of the complex gas atmosphere. For more than 3 10-4 bar of contents pressure and in complex mixtures compound of H2-H2O-N2 and CH4-H2-H2O-N2, the heat of activation is constant and its value is identical for the one found with y-iron and (α + γ)-iron. This result shows that the step rate controlling is only one wharever the shape of the solid. At low H2O pressure the apparent heat of activation decreases with the water vapor content then the rate of decarburaization of iron must be controlled by several steps. For the complex mixture compound of CO-CH4-H2-H2O-N2 and CO-H2-H2O-N2, the heat of activation decreases with the water vapor content of the decarburization atmosphere. Finally, our results showed that at higher water pressures the global decarburization reaction is controlled by the adsorption-dissociation of water on iron surface
Habran, Catherine. "Contribution à la modélisation d'un four de décarburation par l'application de la méthode des plans d'expériences." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10408.
Full textMercier, David. "Caractérisation par indentation et comportement mécanique d'aciers à ressorts décarburés." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-17.pdf.
Full textLeguen, Claire. "Precipitation controlled prior austenite grain size in steels." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0018/these.pdf.
Full textDuring this study, the correlation between the evolution of the prior austenitic grain size and of the precipitation state during thermal treatment performed on steels is presented. To do this, the precipitation state has been finely characterized. Precipitate volume fractions were measured by plasma spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the precipitate size distributions (HAADF images) and the precipitate chemical composition (EDX, EELS for carbon and nitrogen). In order to treat ELLS spectra obtained on complex carbonitrides (V,Nb,Ti)(C,N), a routine based on the Least Mean square Fitting have been developed. Results obtained with this method are in good agreement with those obtained by EDX analysis for metallic elements (Nb, V, Ti, …). Then, grain size distributions were determined using a special etching called "Bechet-Beaujard", which reveals the prior austenite grain boundaries. Two alloys have been characterized in this study. (i) A model alloy, the FeVNbCN, which presents two precipitate types, NbC and VCN. This alloy was chosen to study the role of nitrogen on the precipitation state during reversion treatments. A model predicting the precipitation kinetics, coupled with a model for grain growth, give a good agreement with experimental results on grain sizes, precipitate sizes and on precipitate volume fraction. (ii) An industrial steel, the 16MnCr5+Nb was also studied. This alloy exhibits the presence of AlN and NbC precipitates. The correlation obtained between the Prior Austenite Grain Size and the evolution of the precipitation state shows that a large volume fraction of small precipitates allows a great pinning of grain boundaries. Finally, during thermo-mechanical treatments performed in the industry, some large grains may grow faster than smaller grains, leading to the so-called abnormal grain growth. This kind of growth can lead to undesirable mechanical instabilities. We have developed a criterium for abnormal grain growth which predicts the risk of such growth for a given precipitation state. This model presents a good agreement with all experimental results for both studied alloys
Bayraktar, Emin. "Grossissement du grain ferritique lors du soudage d'aciers sans interstitiels." Paris, CNAM, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CNAM0400.
Full textCette étude vise à comprendre du phénomène de grossissement du grain ferritique dans la zone à gros grain lors du soudage d'aciers sans interstitiels (IF). Nous avons examiné dans quelles conditions se produit le grossissement du grain dans des joints soudés. On a réalisé des essais de simulation thermique (dilatométrie, machine gleeble) afin de reproduire les conditions d'apparition des gros grains. On a constaté que le gros grain de l'ordre de 100 um observé en ZAC a un caractère très orienté en raison de l'écoulement de la chaleur et intervient dans quelques nuances d'aciers IF a une certaine distance du métal fondu correspondant à une température maximale légèrement supérieure à Ac. On a modélisé les phénomènes thermiques lors des différents modes de soudage dans les aciers IF et effectué des essais expérimentaux pour la validation du mécanisme proposé. On a constaté que le facteur essentiel a déterminer est la valeur du gradient thermique g (\c/mm) au moment de la transformation (austeniteferrite). On a alors expliqué ce phenomene dans les aciers if à partir de ce modèle en deux étapes ; germination et croissance. Les possibilités de croissance de ces germes de ferrite dépendent étroitement du paramètre (g) au moment de la transformation. Différents paramètres sont alors evalués en fonctions des conditions de soudage (par l'intermédiaire des équations thermiques) et de la composition chimique (par l'intermédiaire de la température de transformation, a r 3). Des abaques élaborés permettent de prévoir la valeur du paramètre g et la taille de grain résultante. On a construit le diagramme de soudabilite concernant la nuance et les conditions de soudage. Différents diagrammes élaborés à partir d'une approche paramétrique ont mis en evidence les principaux facteurs permettant d'obtenir une réduction de la taille de grain ferritique (l'énergie, l'épaisseur, la température de transformation, la composition, etc. . . ) Qui peuvent donnent des recommandations pratiques et simples au sidérurgiste et au soudeur. - les interactions possibles entre le phénomène de grossissement du grain et la dissolution des précipites ont ete examinées lors des cycles thermiques de soudage. L'état de précipitation initial joue également un rôle important, des carbures de titane sont les plus nombreux precipités et susceptibles de se remettre en solution dans un domaine de temperature correspondant à celui de l'apparition du gros grain. L'effet de la précipitation est d'ailleurs renforcé avec gradient thermique. Il peut etre modifié par la métallurgie (influence de la composition sur les températures de transformation. . . ) Ou les paramètres de soudage. - des essais de traction par choc realisés sur des joints soudés nous ont permis d'apprécier l'interêt des structures fines afin d'obtenir une meilleure résistance à la rupture
NICLAS, ANDRE. "Prise en compte des gradients de proprietes lies au traitement thermique dans le dimensionnement des pieces mecaniques." Paris, ENSAM, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENAM0031.
Full textSuwardi. "Modélisation thermique du traitement de surface par faisceau laser : application au traitement thermique superficiel." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL038N.
Full textPierronnet, Michel. "Optimisation du traitement thermique superficiel d'aciers 20MC5 cémenté et 45M5 : étude métallurgique et mécanique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10476.
Full textMeena, Anil. "Approche correlative vers une production durable de fonte ADI d'un traitement thermique intégré innovant et de son usinabilité." Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENAM0026.
Full textThe environmental impacts of material production and processing are rapidly increasing and critical. These impacts can be reduced, to some extent, by development of either a suitable material or by implementing a novel process route to improve the material efficiency. In such circumstances, the recent emergence of near-net shape austempered ductile iron (ADI) can be considered as a significant economic advantage to the increasing industrial demand of cost and weight efficient materials. The present study is thus dedicated to the development of an innovative methodology for austempered ductile iron (ADI) manufacturing considering all production aspects such as melt treatment, casting, heat treatment and machining. The innovative process design advances the integrated approach towards casting and heat treatment practices for ADI production in a permanent mould. It is based on the fundamental correlation between the production conditions and its combined influences on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ADI. Moreover, the present study introduces a correlative thermal methodology approach to understand the castability of ductile iron in a permanent mould for ADI production. The simulation tool correlates the combined influences of thermal characteristics, heat transfer at melt/mould interface, and melt's castability on the final casting quality. Finally, the ecological machining of ADI is introduced by implementing the dry and MQL machining process. The key aspect of the novel ADI machinability was investigated with respect to its microstructural characteristics, tool wear mechanisms, chip formation characteristics and the machined surface's quality. The combined correlative approaches provide the key findings aim to (i) understand the influence of microstructural characteristics of novel ADI on its mechanical properties, (ii) demonstrate the influence of thermal characteristics of melt on the castability of ductile iron in a permanent mould, and (iii) correlating the machining characteristics of ADI with its microstructure and production conditions
Oseguera-Peña, Joaquin Esteban. "Contribution à l'étude de la nitruration des aciers entre 3 et 500 hPa dans l'azote et différents mélanges gazeux N2-H2 ou Ar-N2 en conditions de post-décharge micro-onde en écoulement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL018N.
Full textNgansop, Nanjip Armand. "Exploration de nouvelles voies métallurgiques ouvertes par la mise en oeuvre d'installations à cycles de recuit rapide : application aux cas des aciers bas carbone calmés aluminium." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAL0125.
Full text[The low carbon aluminium killed sheets are widely used in automotive and packaging industry owing to their high formability and deep drawability. From an industrial point of view, these steels are generally continuously annealed at a temperature below Ac1 for about 30 s. However, in laboratory, due to the development of new installations, ultra-rapid annealing cycles combining a high heating rate, a short annealing time and a controlled cooling stage can be performed. In this context, the objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of the parameters (heating rate, annealing time and temperature, cooling rate) of a rapid annealing cycle on the microstructure and on the mechanical properties of low carbon Al-killed steels. To this end, two Al-killed steel sheets differing mainly by their coiling temperature (high : 700°C or low : 600°C) were subjected to different ultra-rapid annealing cycles and their microstructure (grain size, interstitial content in solution) and mechanical properties (microhardness and tensile properties) were evaluated. In the case of the steel coiled at low temperature, it was observed that an annealing temperature just above Ac3 leads to a grain refinement responsible for an improvement of the yield and tensile strengths of the steel without significant modification of its mean plastic ration (rm) and that this improvement increase with increasing the heating and cooling rates. In the case of the steel coiled at high temperature, no grain refinement could obtained. This led us to the conclusion that the size of the carbides and their distribution in the ferritic matrix could play an important role on the microstructure obtained after rapid annealing. ]*
Dublanche, David. "Contribution à l'étude d'un procédé de durcissementd'acier par jet de plasma d'arc." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0248.
Full textVeaux, Michaël. "Étude expérimentale et prévisions par le calcul des cinétiques de transformation de phases, des contraintes résiduelles et des déformations lors de la transformation bainitique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL050N.
Full textA fully bainitic microstructure is required for some mechanical steel parts. The simulation of the dedicated heat treatment process is necessary to optimise the parts in terms of final microstructures (i. E. Mechanical properties), residual stresses and distortions. The first part of the work deals with the experimental study of the bainitic transformation kinetics, the thermomechanical behaviour of the formed microstructures and the effect of an applied stress on the bainitic transformation (transformation plasticity and kinetic effect) for a middle alloyed steel. Different models for the prediction of phase transformation kinetics and thermomechanical behaviour (macroscopic and microscopic cnes) have been used at the scale of specimen without gradients. The. Experimental validations at that scale have allowed to move to the scale of massive specimen (with high gradients) for whlch the dlfferent coupllngs between thermal, metallurglcal and mechanlcal phenomena have been taken into account in finite element simulations. The influence of phase transformations on the development of internai stresses and deformations during cooling have been analysed in details. Moreover, quenching experiments with in-situ temperature measurements have allowed to validate the numerical simulations. It has been pointed out that it is necessary to take into account the effect of internai stresses on bainitic transformation kinetics to predict final microstructure and hardness distributions
Aliaga, Charles. "Simulation numérique par éléments finis en 3D du comportement thermomécanique au cours du traitement thermique d'aciers : application à la trempe de pieces forgées ou coulées." Paris, ENMP, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENMP0882.
Full textClaudinon, Stéphane. "Contribution à l’étude de la distorsion des aciers au traitement thermique : suivi en continu par vision artificielle et simulation numérique par éléments finis." ENSMP, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENMP0875.
Full textMauriès, Sébastien. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la séquence de précipitation de carbures au cours du traitement thermique d'aciers martensitiques alliés." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00001195/.
Full textMartensitic steels containing 5% chromium, mainly used for forging and high-pressure die casting tools show limited lifetime due to severe thermo-mechanical working conditions. The resistance to stress at high temperatures is directly related to the stability of nanometer sized alloyed cabides which are formed beyond 450°C during tempering. The study aims to characterize alloyed carbides in the early stages of tempering and determine how the sequence of precipitation is changed. In that way, carbides forming elements (V, MO) as well as influencing the precipitation (NI, CO) were added to change the precipitation of a low-silicon AISI H11 steel previously studied, especially at temperatures near the peak hardness
Boufoussi, M'Barek. "Modélisation thermique, métallurgique et mécanique du traitement thermique superficiel par faisceau laser." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL046N.
Full textBielousova, Oleksandra. "Etude de la structure et des propriétés de revêtements composites obtenus par la projection gazodynamique à froid." Ecole nationale d'ingénieurs (Saint-Etienne), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENISE019.
Full textIntensive development of the industry in the direction of design and optimisation of novel materials and coatings leads to invention and elaboration of new powder coating technologies. One of these technologies is Cold Spray of various materials and composites. The properties of composites materials depend on their phase composition and structure of various phases. For this reason, it seems to be reasonable to manage the cold sprayed material structure by following heat treatment. Such a combined technology opens the new opportunities to control the phase comporition, dislocation and gain structure of materials. In this case, the new opportunities to obtain various phase composition and properties of materials are opened. The main goal of the work is to examine the specific features of cold spraying process of composite coatings obtained by deposition of powder mixtures or separate layers of soft and hard materials, and to define their influence on composite structure and properties in order to obtain and to develop the new composite coating applications. Three main groups of coating are studied : Al-SS coating for possible application as a thermal barrier coating, Ti-Al intermetallic coating and naw anti-frictional SS-SiC coating. Thermal tratment of the coatings is performed to favour the formation of intermetallic components and stainless steel matrix graphitisation in case of SS-SiC coatings. Mechanical properties of the coatings such as microhardness and elastic modulus are evaluated on the base of straingradient plasticity theory and the parameters of the depth dependence of the materials are calculated. Possible applications of the deposited coatings are developed and discussed
Gueydan, Valérie. "Modélisation numérique du flambage de bandes en acier dans les recuits continus." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Gueydan.Valerie.SMZ9734.pdf.
Full textDuring rolling, the work hardening is very increased on steel plate products. Continuous annealing is then used to recrystallise steel, in order to obtain characteristics that will be well adapted for further applications. The observed production tendency is to propose products more and more wide, and more and more thin. As a result, the probability of buckling is increased during the annealing process. This buckling leads to the formation of weves on the ribbons nears the cylinders present on the annealing lines. The aim of this work is to solve this problem by determining the origin of these waves. In this study, the buckling problem of a structure submitted to tensile loading is treated. Finite element simulation under static conditions have permitted to predict the different stages of buckling (i. E. Pre-buckling, buckling and post-buckling). It has been shown that the compression stress which leads this type of structure to buckle is to secondary type. It depends on one hand of the mechanical and dimensional characteristics of the steel band and on the other hand of dimensional characteristics of the cylinder. The critical levels of buckling and the buckling modes are also depending on these characteristics. The amplitudes of the waves vary also with the tension applied to the structure. Comparisons between finite element simulation results and experimental ones have permitted to validate quantitatively the modeling developed here
Vanderschaeve, Frédérique. "Influence de l'azote en forte concentration sur les phénomènes de précipitation dans les aciers." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10120.
Full textArbab, Alireza. "Modélisation métallurgique du laminage à chaud des tôles d'aciers au carbone non alliés." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0661.
Full textVanoverberghe, Laurent. "Anticipation des déformations lors du traitement thermique de pignons de boîtes de vitesses." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004771.
Full textDanylova, Olena. "Etude des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques des aciers bas carbone microallies, en fonction des paramètres du traitement thermique et thermomécanique." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0038.
Full textLow carbon micro-alloyed steels produce today a lot of metallic materials having high level of potentialities because of the possibility to use an elaboration processing more economic in association with interesting mechanical properties. Especially ' such steels have high mechanical strength coupled with a high toughness and a low brittle/ductile transition temperature. Our study has consisted in approach of characterization at two levels: - First one is a micro structural characterization by using of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and microanalysis devices. - the second corresponds to a mechanical testing investigation such as tensile test, Charpy-V or U-notched test, BDWTT test, nano-hardness. The finality of these investigations has to carry out the correlation between the varied types of “bainitic” microstructures and the mechanical properties. The mixing of the bill type bainite and the tempered martensite provides the better compromise between the requirements asked for applications. However, this compromise is accessible only with the contribution of the micro-alloyed elements, which originate a precipitation under the form of the carbonitrides. These last contribute to the grain refinement in steels. This condition is absolutely necessary in order to have a high level of mechanical properties
Mebarki, Nadia. "Relation microstructure-propriétés mécaniques d'aciers martensitiques revenus destinés aux outillages de mise en forme d'alliage légers." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1124.
Full textAubry, Cécile. "Modélisation et étude expérimentale des cinétiques de revenu/autorevenu d'aciers trempés : prévision des contraintes résiduelles de trempe dans un acier cémenté en incluant l'autorevenu." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL030N.
Full textDessieux, Roger. "Élaboration d'aciers au chrome par métallurgie des poudres." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112208.
Full textShiekhelsouk, Mohamad Najeeb Cherkaoui Mohammed. "Modélisation polycristalline et étude expérimentale du comportement mécanique d'aciers Fe-Mn à l'effet TWIP. Prise en compte du traitement thermique d'élaboration sur le maclage et les contraintes internes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2007/Shielkhezsouk._Najeeb.SMZ0738.pdf.
Full textKopia, Agnieszka. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation de la réactivité chimique au sein de matériaux multiphasés ferrite - supraconducteurs." Toulon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUL0008.
Full textGranular composite systems made of ferrite NiFejO^ and superconducting phase Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox. (noted as F/S composites) have been elaborated and characterized. These multiphase systems depend on three parameters: the ferrite volume fractions (<£), the temperature (T) and the time (t) of thermal treatment- The chemical degradation of the solid composite was controlled by determining the evolution of each phase using various techniques: X-ray diffraction analyses, scanning electron microscopy including X-ray local analyses, magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistance measurements at low temperature. High temperature electrical impedance spectroscopy analyses has been performed to better understand the chemical evolution of the system during a thermal treatment. Using the X-ray diffraction analyses, a kinetics study led to a modeling of the reaction kinetics in this composite system. Two types of reactions were considered: a S/F inter-grain reaction and a S/S self-degradation reaction. Using scanning electron microscopy and ED AX equipment, the concentration profiles of the elements of each phase S and F have been determined: diffusion coefficients have been defined using a simplified Pick law. High temperature electrical impedance spectroscopy analyses have delivered new kinetics data: two types of evolutions forthe resistance of the composite system are evidenced. New kinetics parameters are proposed through a mode! of evolution describing the degradation of a system. Finally the electrical resistances at low temperature of specific composites have been analyzed as a function of variable applied magnetic fields. Giant magnet oresi stive effects have been observed: they strongly depend on the thermal treatment parameters (temperature and time for a fixed composition)
Nicot, Christophe. "Etude des mécanismes d'endommagement d'aciers a roulement sollicites en fatigue : effet de défauts de surface simulant des conditions de lubrification polluée et rôle du traitement thermique." Lyon, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAL0023.
Full textThis work constitutes one part of a more global project which is aimed at defining a new bearing life calculation method. We have studied the damage mechanisms of bearing steels cyclically stressed in contaminated lubricant simulating conditions. More precisely, we have examined crack initiation mechanisms. Firstly, a bibliographical study allows us to pose the problem and to show the importance of heat treatment, and therefore microstructure, towards this kind of solicitation. The percentage of retained austenite must be higher with a correct hardness. Secondly, we present experimental engeneering and our method of analysis. Theo, we show how interrupted quench cycles allow us, without autenisation conditions modification, to obtain in the same time, sufficient hardness and high percentage of retained austenite, which is also more thermo-mechanically stable. We have a thermodynamic interpretation of the whole part of our results based on TEM observations. Then, we have perfected a very simple fatigue test in which lubricant contamination effect is simulated by an indentation. This kind of test allows us to study the influence of microstructure obtained for different heat treatment and steel compositions, on crack initiation resistance. Finally, we have analysed fatigue test results with the assistance of a model available in the laboratory, based on the concept of physical metallurgy. To this end. We have developed a calculation method of stresses based on the FEM method (stress concentrations), dislocation approach (residual stresses) and ESHELBY concept (deformation incompatibilities)
Demeulier, Luc. "Absorption et désorption de l'hydrogène dans les aciers liées aux opérations d'électrozingage." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0558.
Full textDetourbe, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude des traitements mixtes de nitruration et d'oxydation assistés par plasma en vue d'améliorer la résistance à la corrosion atmosphèrique des aciers." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10399.
Full textDaniélou, Armelle. "Etude métallurgique du comportement en fatigue d'aciers sans interstitiels au voisinage de la température ambiante." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ECAP0714.
Full textIacob, Constantin. "Transfert thermique et transfert de masse en lit fluidise. Application à la nitruration d'aciers." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES020.
Full textHédin, Marc. "Sensibilité aux conditions initiales de l'évolution microstructurale de la ferrite d'aciers austéno-ferritiques vieillis dans le domaine 300-400°C." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES080.
Full textAvril, Ludovic. "Elaboration de revêtements sur acier inoxydable : simulation de la fusion par l'irradiation laser : caractérisation structurale, mécanique et tribologique." Paris, ENSAM, 2003. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000681.
Full textKaza, Guy. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance thermique de contact et à sa modélisation à travers l'écrasement de l'interface tôle-outil dans la mise en forme à chaud de tôles d'acier." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1249/.
Full textAn exploratory study has been conducted to estimate the thermal contact resistance (TCR) in hot forming at the sheet/tool interface, in order to understand its relationships with pressure and surface roughness parameters. The importance of the TCR in applications such as hot stamping comes from the fact that it controls the heat exchanges directly and has an indirect effect on the properties of the final parts. The study is focused on the feasibility of measuring the TCR between a tool made of X38CrMoV5 steel and a steel sheet made especially for hot stamping. The grade of sheet used in the study is 22MnB5 grade. Two facilities developed at the LETEE and at ICA-Albi have helped to assess the influence of contact pressure on TCR in constant thermal conditions for the LETEE and transient conditions for the ICA-Albi respectively. A range of pressures between 4 and 80 MPa has been explored on the LETEE facility. A decrease in TCR from 2 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-5 m2KW-1 in order of magnitude was measured. The influence of surface roughness has been investigated through two surface states on X38CrMoV5 tool samples: one is a ground surface and the other is a polished state. The results showed slightly larger values of TCR for rectified samples. The trend of decreasing TCR with an increase in pressure has been confirmed on the ICA-Albi facility. Variations between 3. 4 × 10-4 m2KW-1 and 2. 7 × 10-4 m2KW-1 have been measured for a range of pressures from 40 to 160 MPa. In comparison, the values obtained are on average twice as high than those measured at the LETEE and with lower measurement variations. The TCR has then been subject to a two steps modelling process. The first step is focused on site crushing of asperities taking into account their rheological behavior (elastic, plastic or elastoplastic) to assess the contact area. The second step consisted in defining a relationship between the TCR and the contact pressure from a predefined model, linking the contact area to the TCR. From the resulting conductance model, a simulation of contact has been conducted under ABAQUSTM. By simulation, the evolution of temperatures according to contact pressure has been reproduced with a maximum deviation of 5°C from experimental temperature measurements
Wang, Yuanli. "Étude des échanges d'énergie entre un plasma d'arc et une surface métallique : application au traitement thermique superficiel des aciers et des fontes." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD497.
Full textThe thermal exchange between the plasma arc and the metallic surface was studied by using the reference marks, to which is heated up the substrate, provided by the phase transformation during the thermal cycles. With these references marks, the thermal exchange coefficient was determined by a numeric calculation. The different parameters (the plasma power, the speed of the torch relative to the substrate, the nature and the flow rates of the plasma gases, the distance between the torch and the substrate, and the cooling modes) were studied. The surface hardening was applied to the steels 35CD4, 20CD4, 100C6, C55 and cast irons, with the hardening depth to 1,5 mm and the hardening width to 5 mm
Shiekhelsouk, Mohamad Najeeb. "Modélisation polycristalline et étude expérimentale du comportement mécanique d'aciers Fe-Mn à l'effet TWIP : prise en compte du traitement thermique d'élaboration sur le maclage et les contraintes internes." Thesis, Metz, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007METZ038S/document.
Full textSteels having TWIP effect (TWinning Induced Plasticity) are very interesting for the worldwide siderurgy, because they simultaneously combine very high mechanical strength and ductility. These excellent mechanical properties are related to the presence of mechanical twinning, the so-called TWIP effect. The major objective of this thesis is to study the TWIP effect on several grades of Fe-Mn steels (entirely austenitic, austeno-ferritic duplex) in order to develop a predictive behavior law of steels with TWIP effect. The first part of this work consisted of the modelling of the behavior of Fe-Mn-C austenitic steels having TWIP effect. A micromechanical model using the scale transition method in elastoviscoplasticity has been developed. It is based on a physical description of the deformation mechanisms considered in this study: crystallographic slip and mechanical twinning. The twin-slip and twin-twin interactions in relation with the hardening behaviour at the polycrystal scale and the grain scale have been finely analyzed.The second part of this work is concentrated on the characterization of the behavior of Fe-Mn-Al-C duplex steels by X-rays diffraction in order to evaluate the initial internal stresses in the two phases as well as their evolution with the deformation during an in situ tensile test. A modeling of the duplex steel behavior was established in order to develop an optimization tool of the microstructure (proportion of the ferritic/austenitic phase) in an approach "Alloy design". Then, tests of heat treatment were made in order to generate the TWIP effect in the duplex steels
Matula, Martin. "Etude du rôle de la microstructure sur les caractéristiques électrochimiques de la corrosion intergranulaire des aciers inoxydables austénitiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECAP0658.
Full textFourmentin, Richard. "Modélisation thermodynamique du système Fe-Zn-Al-Cr à 460°C et son impact sur les procédés de galvanisation." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-Fourmentin.pdf.
Full textNicaise, Grégory. "Sensibilité de l'acier martensitique Z10CDNbV9-1 à la fragilisation par les métaux liquides." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-179.pdf.
Full textDalloz, Alexandre. "Étude de l'endommagement par la découpe des aciers dual phase pour application automobile." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260080.
Full textUn premier travail d'observation et de caractérisation (MEB, microdureté, essais mécaniques...), a été effectué de manière à mettre en évidence les effets de la découpe à la cisaille sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques des tôles. Ces résultats révèlent l'existence d'une zone affectée par la découpe qui s'étend sur environ 200 μm. Cette zone se caractérise par un écrouissage et une déformation microstructurale importants. Cette déformation conduit localement à la décohésion des phases ferritique et martensitique.
La formation de cette zone en cours de découpe a été étudiée à travers deux approches distinctes : d'une part, le développement d'un montage de cisaille instrumentée permettant d'observer l'évolution de la microstructure, et, d'autre part, la simulation numérique du procédé qui donne accès aux grandeurs mécaniques locales dans la tôle. Il apparait que l'endommagement et la rupture de l'acier sont pilotés par la décohésion des interfaces ferrite-martensite, elle-même fortement dépendante de
l'état de triaxialité des contraintes.
L'étude du comportement des bords découpés, au cours de sollicitations postérieures à la découpe, a permis de confirmer l'amorçage rapide des fissures dans la zone affectée par la découpe et l'impact direct de la taille de cette dernière sur la perte de ductilité des pièces découpées.
Enfin, de nombreux traitements thermiques, appliqués à une nuance sélectionnée, ont permis de désigner deux voies distinctes d'amélioration du comportement des nuances dual phase face à la découpe: d'une part la transformation d'une troisième phase lors du recuit, d'autre part le rééquilibrage des propriétés au sein de la microstructure par l'application d'un traitement de revenu.
Becker, Eric. "Investigations experimentales et numeriques pour l’identification des parametres clefs du procede de thixoforgeage de l’acier sur le produit mis en forme." Paris, ENSAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENAM0038.
Full textIndustry is permanently looking for minimizing production time and cost, simplifying their manufacturing process while maximizing the quality of their products. This is applied by the metal forming industry. In this context, an innovative forming process, the thixoforging, is developed, making it possible to manufacture complex parts with elevated mechanical properties. Moreover the thixoforging permit to minimize the number of phases of the manufacturing process. This process uses the semi-solid state properties of metal alloys, this state being obtained by partial fusion of the solid. For steel thixoforging, the difficulties related to the work temperature and the lack of knowledge of the mechanical and thermomechanical behavior of the material. These make the industrial process development difficult. This thesis contributes to improve comprehension of the steel behaviour during thixoforging. The objective is also to develop the exploitation of the original multi-scale model “micro-macro”, and its implementation in the 2D and 3D Forge2007®. Software. To achieve this goal, experimental testing with a specific and innovative device was carried out. The main thixoforging parameters were identified and studied. These parameters are the forming speed, the initial steel temperature and the initial tool temperature. For each test, the evolution of the forming load, the nature of the plastic flow and the quality of the thixoforged parts characterised by the macrographic and micrographic observations of their metallurgical structure and mechanical tests, were studied. Tests with instrumented tools also allowed a characterization of heat exchange between the tool and the part during forming. This big number of tests made it possible to describe the influence and to show the importance of the forming speed, the initial temperature of the steel and the initial temperature of the tool during thixoforging of a part. These tests were also used as a basis for calibration of the “micro-macro” model multi-scale and the heat exchange coefficients between the tool and the part. The tests and simulations were compared in order to determine and improve the predictive model capacity implemented in Forge2007® software
Alwan, Raad Aboud. "Analyse des évolutions structurales et du comportement mécanique d'un acier au chrome-nickel-molybdène à très bas carbone du type Z1CNDA 12-09-02, en fonction des traitements thermiques." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112002.
Full textWe have studied the structural behavior of a stainless steel capable of age hardening, with a very low carbon content. The martensitic alloy concerned by this research has the following composition : Fe-11. 7 Cr-9. 2 Ni-1. 99 Mo-0. 71 Al-0. 34Ti. The thermal treatments have been undertaken in the temperature range of -160°C and 1150°C. The kinetics of the austenitic transformation and the volumic fraction of reversed austenite stabilizes at ambient temperature have been caracterized as a function of the treatment conditions (isothermal and/or isochronal). During isothermal tempering three stages of hardening may occure before the overaging phenomenon and the formation of reversed austenite. Finally, interesting mechanical properties (Rm and R0. 002) and the improvement of A % and KCV for this alloy, can be obtained when the tempering is performed in the range of 525-550°C, the increase in ductility and toughness being obtained to the detriment of a small decrease in mechanical proof
Li, Bin. "Ségrégation majeure dans les aciers coulés en continu." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ECAP0120.
Full textOllat, Mélanie. "Characterization and modeling of microstructural evolutions during the thermal treatment of cold-rolled Dual-Phase steels." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI097/document.
Full textDual-Phase steels (DP) are one of the most used Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) for automotive applications because they present good strength/ductility compromise and they adapt to number of industrial constraints (low price, shaping, welding, coating etc.). Nowadays, the development of DP steels seems to be promising and sustainable for the body-in-white structure. The typical ferrite-martensite microstructure, characteristic of DP steels, are obtained by a thermal treatment composed of different stages during which metallurgical evolutions occur. Major difficulties of their processing are due to the fact that (i) microstructural evolution kinetics are influenced by cycle parameters (heating rate, annealing temperature etc.), (ii) different stages are interconnected and (iii) some microstructural evolutions may overlap and, therefore, interact. This PhD-work aimed at getting a better understanding of microstructural evolutions during the thermal cycle of DP steel and, namely, the influence of cycle parameters. Different microstructural evolutions occurring during the thermal cycle were first characterized coupling different experimental techniques (dilatometry, hardness, TPE etc.) and with a particular protocol in order to decorrelate overlapping and interconnected phenomena. As example, two major evolutions occurring during the intercritical annealing were first studied individually ((1) recrystallization was investigated below austenite formation temperature and (2) austenite formation was investigated on prior recrystallized steels) before investigated cold-rolled steel case where recrystallization and austenite formation overlap. The study was then attached to develop some predictive tools to describe microstructural evolutions based on phenomenological approaches (JMAK law) towards more physical based models (mixed-mode, diffusive models). A particular care was attached to discuss on model reliability, versatility, strengths and limitations
Kozelkova, Ivana. "Transformations martensitiques par trempe et induite par déformation plastique dans les alliages Fe-Ni-C." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0441.
Full textStonawska, Zuzana. "Nouvelles possibilités d'évaluation de la stabilité stucturale des aciers inoxydables austénitiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ECAP0967.
Full textNew method for quantitative evaluation of oxalic acid etch test has applied for measurement of number of attacked grain boundaries and attacked twins boundaries related to total number of grain boundaries (GBatt/GB), (Tatt/T) and it proved following: area of intergranular corrosion (IGC) has moved to longer annealing duration of structural sensitization for mettalurgical pure variant PS opposite to commercial variant of steel 316L. Data obtained using AFM method were quantitatively evaluated. The frequent non symmetry of grooves of etched large angle grain boundaries was observed. New way for evaluation of structural stability with AFM was exerted for assessment of etching influences after electrochemical tests and long annealing duration at 650°C of 316L steel. Morphological featuresof sigma-phase were visible after long annealing duration of structural sensitization in both steel variants 316L and SEM EDAX analysis corresponded with information about chemical composition presented in literature. Topography of etching surface evaluated by AFM is efficient tool for study of influence of metallurgical purity and structural stability in austenitic stainless steels. Perspectivelly, AFM can be used for evaluation of corrosive effects of selective etching of material, including detailed research of surface active effects of different corrosive solutions and electrochemical parameters
Dakhlaoui, Rim. "Analyse du comportement mécanique des constituants d'un alliage polycristallin multiphasé par diffraction des rayons X et neutronique." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00141001.
Full textPour rendre compte du comportement mécanique du matériau étudié, le modèle micromécanique polycristallin auto-cohérent pour une déformation élastoplastique a été adapté et confronté aux expériences menées. La texture cristallographique et les contraintes résiduelles initiales ont été prises en compte dans cette analyse. Les cissions critiques et les paramètres d'écrouissage de chacune des phases de l'acier duplex étudié ont été identifiés. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que la phase austénitique représente la phase la moins dure et la plus écrouissable. Lors du calcul, la prise en compte des contraintes résiduelles initiales dans l'échantillon non déformé a expliqué l'asymétrie du comportement mécanique des phases en traction et en compression. Il a été montré que les contraintes initiales modifient considérablement les valeurs des limites d'élasticité des phases. Une bonne correspondance a été notée en comparant les résultats obtenus par DRX à ceux obtenus par la diffraction neutronique. Le problème de la relaxation de la contrainte normale à la surface irradiée par les rayons X a été analysé et discuté.
En utilisant la DRX et la modélisation auto-cohérente, l'effet de la composition chimique de l'acier inoxydable austéno-ferritique ainsi que l'influence d'un vieillissement à 400°C pendant 1000h, sur le comportement mécanique de chacune des phases austénitique et ferritique, ont été mis en évidence.
Mondière, Aurélien. "Contrôle des propriétés mécaniques de l’acier Ferrium® M54® par la maîtrise de sa microstructure au cours du traitement thermique dans l’optique d’applications aéronautiques." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0006/document.
Full textFerrium® M54® steel presents an optimized composition, based on 40 years of research and development on secondary hardening steels. This alloy exhibits an excellent Rm/KIC/KISCC balance that allows considering its use in landing gears applications of wide-body aircrafts in the future. However, initial mechanical tests performed by the end-user have shown variability in mechanical properties depending on the applied heat treatment. The main goal of this work is to describe the microstructural evolutions of the alloy M54® during heat treatment and their impact on the resulting mechanical properties with a specific focus on the effect of the cryogenic treatment.The different austenitizing and tempering conditions investigated have shown a stability of the tempering precipitation and mechanical properties. This precipitation has been characterized at different scales and compared with other grades of the same family. On the other hand, depending on cryogenic treatment conditions, a significant variation of the mechanical properties and in particular of the yield strength is observed without any modification in the precipitation distribution and volume fraction or size. Austenite content is critical for the yield strength and is very sensitive to the cryogenic treatment conditions: time and temperature before cryogenic treatment and temperature of cryogenic treatment. An improved heat treatment to obtain reduced and constant austenite content is proposed