Academic literature on the topic 'Aciers au cu'

De nombreux travaux ont été conduits au cours de ces dernières années afin de réduire l’excrétion d’azote, de phosphore, du cuivre et de zinc par les porcs. Les voies envisagées consistent d’une part à mieux ajuster les apports aux besoins des animaux et d’autre part à améliorer la biodisponibilité de ces nutriments dans les aliments. L’alimentation par phases combinée à une amélioration de l’équilibre en acides aminés du régime permet de réduite de façon substantielle les rejets d’azote. L’utilisation de régimes moins riches en protéines permet également de réduire les émissions d’ammoniac et dans une certaine mesure la production d’odeur. L’alimentation par phase est aussi efficace pour réduire l’excrétion de P. Cependant la faible digestibilité du P reste le principal problème, même si elle peut être significativement améliorée grâce à l’incorporation de phytases d’origine microbienne et l’utilisation de phosphates hautement digestibles. De la même manière la réduction des apports alimentaires de Cu et de Zn est très efficace pour en réduire l’excrétion. Au niveau de l’exploitation ces différentes approches permettent de réduire l’entrée de nutriments, en particulier d’azote de phosphore et d’éléments traces métalliques, et elles contribuent ainsi à réduire l’impact environnemental.

Aiming to verify the effects of the use of sources of amino acids associated to micronutrients on the final yield of common bean, was conducted an experiment at FAZU in Uberaba-MG, using Carioca kind of bean, cultivar Pérola. The design was in randomized blocks with eight treatments and four repetitions. The sowing was done in August 18, 2008, the final stand of 240.000 plants ha-1. Fertilization was held with 8-28-16 and coverage with urea. The treatments were constituted of T1: witness; T2: seed treatment (B: 0,1%; Cu: 0,1%; Mo: 2,%; Zn: 4,6%); T3: seed treatment + foliar fertilization at 25 DAE (B: 0,3%; Mn: 2,%; Mo: 1%; Zn: 3% + amino acids); T4: seed treatment + foliar application of amino acids at 25 DAE; T5: seed treatment + foliar application of amino aciads in the pre and post-bloom (40 and 50 DAE); T6: foliar fertilization at 25 DAE (B: 0,3%; Mn: 2%; Mo: 1,%; Zn: 3% + amino acids); T7: foliar application of amino acids at 25 DAE; T8: foliar application (B: 0,3%; Mn: 2%; Mo: 1,%; Zn: 3% + amino acids) in the pre and post-bloom (40 and 50 DAE). It was evaluated: final yield, number of pods/plants, number of grains/pods and the mass of 100 grains. The results did not show relevant difference.

The objectives of this study were to analyse the relationship between the contents of elements and free amino acids (AAs) in fronds of As-hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica cv. Albo-lineata (PC) and non-hyperaccumulator Pteris straminea (PS) during reversible senescence. The time-course effect on senescence was also investigated. The two ferns were grown in a pot experiment with soil containing 16 mg As_total/kg soil for 160 days. The contents of elements and AAs in both ferns and in individual sampling periods differed. The highest accumulation of elements and AAs was measured in PS fronds after 83 days; however, the accumulation of As, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P and asparagin in PC fronds was highest after 160 days. The results of principal component analysis showed more rapid senescence of PS compared to PC. This was caused by changes in the relationship between the contents of elements (cofactors of metalloenzymes, stress metabolites) and AAs (transport of NH₂ group and stress metabolites). The hyperaccumulator plant (PC) was more resistant than the bioindicator plant (PS) to the conversion from reversible to irreversible senescence.

The minerals in the tailings, subject to the action of water and atmospheric oxygen, can generate Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). The latter is considered the most important environmental issue facing the mining industry. Its environmental impacts include the destruction of the flora and fauna in infected rivers and contamination of groundwater. The abandoned mine site Kettara, located about 32 km northwest of Marrakech (Morocco), chosen as a pilot site for this study, more than 3 million tons of tailings stored at ground level without any concern for their environmental consequences. These solid residues, with high concentrations of heavy metals (As, Pb, Fe, Cu ...), produce leachate very acidic (pH <2.9) may contaminate the water resources of the region. To mitigate the DMA phenomenon in this mining site, different protocols have been proposed using candy sludge (Mud Pulp Sweets: MPS), rich in carbonates from the Moroccan Sugar Company Unit (COSUMAR) and red clays (Clays: CLY) of the city of Safi. Physicochemical characterization and mineralogical of these two materials was performed an provided promising results regarding the effectiveness of the use of alkaline materials in the stabilization of tailings Kettara. Indeed, these starting materials are provided with a net neutralizing power which is of the order of 878.5 kg CaCO3 / t for MPS and 299 kg CaCO3 / t for CLY. The valuation of MPS and CLY, as a main component of an alkaline amendment, is likely to significantly reduce the effects of DMA in this semiarid climate mine.

In this study, the effects were investigated of salinity, foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the growth and mineral nutrients uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10), and the comparison was carried out of the soil and foliar applications of humic acid treatments at different NaCl levels. Soil organic contents are one of the most important parts that they directly affect the soil fertility and textures with their complex and heterogenous structures although they occupy a minor percentage of the soil weight. Humic acids are an important soil component that can improve nutrient availability and impact on other important chemical, biological, and physical properties of soils. The effects of foliar and soil applications of humic substances on the plant growth and some nutrient elements uptake of Corn (Hagein, Fardy10) grown at various salt concentrations were examined. Sodium chloride was added to the soil to obtain 20 and 60mM saline conditions. Solid humus was applied to the soil one month before planting and liquid humic acids were sprayed on the leaves twice on 20^th and 40^th day after seedling emergence. The application doses of solid humus were 0, 2 and 4 g/kg and those of liquid humic acids were 0, 0.1 and 0.2%. Salinity negatively affected the growth of corn; it also decreased the dry weight and the uptake of nutrient elements except for Na and Mn. Soil application of humus increased the N uptake of corn while foliar application of humic acids increased the uptake of P, K, Mg,Na,Cu and Zn. Although the effect of interaction between salt and soil humus application was found statistically significant, the interaction effect between salt and foliar humic acids treatment was not found significant. Under salt stress, the first doses of both soil and foliar application of humic substances increased the uptake of nutrients.

Les aciers perlitiques tréfilés et les nanocomposites filamentaires Cu/Nb sont élaborés par tréfilage à froid. La déformation plastique conduit à un allongement des grains le long de l'axe du fil et à une réduction importante de leurs dimensions dans la section transverse. Ainsi, les lamelles de cémentite des aciers perlitiques ne font plus que quelques nanomètres d'épaisseur et les fibres de niobium des composites Cu/Nb ont un diamètre moyen compris entre 10 et 60 nm. Ces nanostructures ont été caractérisées en microscopie ionique, sonde atomique, MET et METHR. Dans les aciers perlitiques, la dissolution partielle de la cémentite a pu être clairement mise à jour. Plus les lamelles sont fines, plus elles sont dissoutes. La dissolution est parfois totale et les zones transformées semblent alors évoluer vers une structure de type martensitique. La dissolution de la cémentite résulterait de l'accroissement considérable de la proportion d'interfaces. En considérant un effet de type Gibbs-Thomson, cette dissolution a pu être simulée. Toutefois, le taux de cémentite dissoute est sous-estimé car la modélisation de la cinétique ne prend pas en compte un terme de transport lié au champ de contraintes internes. Dans les nanocomposites filamentaires Cu/Nb, la déformation plastique n'affecte généralement pas la nature des différentes phases : le niobium et le cuivre restent purs. Toutefois, dans les zones où la taille de grains est inférieure à 15 nm, les analyses en sonde atomique révèlent une interdiffusion du cuivre et du niobium. Ces zones de mélange pourraient être amorphes comme le suggèrent nos observations en METHR. Cette amorphisation résulterait de l'accroissement considérable de l'énergie d'interface et de l'énergie élastique résultant des contraintes internes. La cinétique serait, quant à elle, favorisée par l'accroissement de la densité de lacunes au cours du tréfilage et par le champ de contraintes internes.

.L'objectif de cette étude était, en premier lieu, de mettre en place en Thaïlande un testd'adhésion par traction-écaillage sur une machine de traction classique (test" macroscopique "), de le comparer au test " microscopique " Grenoblois fonctionnant dansla chambre du MEB et de l'utiliser pour évaluer l'adhérence des calamines de process sur desaciers industriels. Deux paramètres ont été étudiés, la vitesse de déformation et la teneur desaciers en silicium. Il apparaît que l'écaillage des calamines au cours du test augmente quandaugmente la vitesse de déformation. Une vitesse de déformation élevée entraîne unedéformation au premier écaillage plus faible, donc une adhérence mesurée plus faible. Ceteffet est lié aux phénomènes de relaxation. On a pu alors montrer que la présence d'oxyde(s)contenant Si, situé(s) à l'interface avec le métal, augmentait l'adhérence. Les étudesd'oxydation dans la vapeur d'eau qui ont aussi été réalisées ont révélé que la présence desilicium réduisait la vitesse d'oxydation. En augmentant la teneur en Si, les couches defayalite et de wüstite s'épaississent ; par contre, les couches externes s'amincissent. Pour lesaciers contenant du cuivre, la vitesse d'oxydation est réduite quand la teneur en Cu estaugmentée. De la même façon, les couches internes sont plus épaisses et on observe uneaugmentation du nombre de précipités de Cu quand la teneur en cet élément augmente.

Ce travail est consacre a l'etude de l'influence des elements d'alliage, azote, molybdene, tungstene seuls ou associes, sur la tenue a la corrosion dans les domaines actif et passif des aciers inoxydables de type 17cr 13 ni. Les techniques electrochimiques, courbes courant-tension, courbes courant-temps et spectrometrie d'impedance ont ete systematiquement associees a des analyses de surface. On a montre d'une part l'effet nefaste de l'azote et du tungstene sur la corrosion active et d'autre part l'action benefique du molybdene seul ou associe a d'autres elements. A la tension d'abandon on a observe selon les elements d'addition soit un enrichissement soit un appauvrissement en chrome dans les couches superficielles. La presence d'azote dans les aciers accelere la formation des films passifs uniquement lorsque ceux-ci sont formes sur une surface activee cathodiquement. L'azote a de plus un effet favorable sur le vieillissement des films passifs. A la tension d'abandon, les mecanismes reactionnels sont sous controle diffusionnel pour les aciers allies au molybdene et au tungstene

Dans ce travail nous étudions les aspects physicochimiques et mécaniques des joints brasés cuivre/acier inoxydable et cuivre/alumine. Dans la partie physicochimique nous étudions la mouillabilité, la réactivité aux interfaces et la microstructure des joints brasés. La partie mécanique porte sur les joints cuivre/alumine obtenus par brasage réactif et comprend des tests de traction et des essais de décollement par poinçon. A partir de résultats obtenus nous proposons des solutions optimales d'assemblage en terme de température, de durée de brasage et de composition des alliages de brasure
In this work we study the physico-chemical and mechanical aspects of the copper/stainless steel and copper/alumina brazed joints. In the physico-chemical part we study the wettability, the reactivity at the interfaces and the microstructure of the brazed joints. The mechanical part relates to the copper/alumina joints obtained by reactive brazing and includes tensile tests and shaft loaded blister tests. From the results we propose optimal solutions of assemblies in term of temperature, brazing time and composition of the braze

Una molècula està activada quan, per acció d'un agent extern, mostra una reactivitat diferent que en el seu estat normal. Vies d'activació freqüents són per interacció amb cations metàl·lics, per absorció de radiació ionitzant o ultraviolada com també per adsorció en superfícies sòlides. Aquest treball tracta sobre l'activació de petites biomolècules, en concret d'aminoàcids i pèptids, per interacció amb cations de coure i aluminosilicats. Avui en dia es poden generar sistemes metall-lligand en fase gas i estudiar-ne la reactivitat induïda per la interacció amb els cations metàl·lics gràcies a les tècniques d'espectrometria de masses, les quals són rellevants en àrees com la proteòmica o la bioquímica. Aquesta tesi, doncs, es centra en el context de la química metal·loiònica en fase gas on es combinen càlculs teòrics amb experiments d'espectrometria de masses. No obstant, també tracta des d'un punt de vista mecanoquàntic l'activació de biomolècules per interacció amb superfícies de minerals degut a la seva importància en la química prebiòtica.
A molecule is activated when, owing to an external agent, it displays different reactivity than in its normal state. The activation can be given by interaction with metal cations, by absorption of ionizing or UV radiation as well as by adsorption on solid surfaces. This work addresses the activation of small biomolecules, in particular amino acids and peptides, by the interaction with copper cations and aluminosilicates. Nowadays generating metal-ligand systems in the gas phase and studying the reactivity induced by the metal cations is feasible by means of recent mass spectrometry techniques, which are relevant in the areas of proteomics and biochemistry. This thesis, thus, is focused on the gas phase metal ion chemistry, in which theoretical calculations are combined with mass spectrometry experiments. Nevertheless, the activation of biomolecules by interaction with mineral surfaces has also been addressed from a quantum mechanic point of view, since its importance in the prebiotic chemistry.

Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text]
Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text]

Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.

Micronutrients needed by plants are Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cl, Ni, Co, V, Si, and Na. The required amounts of each of these elements is very small but still essential for desirable plant growth and reproduction. These elements must be applied to soils cautiously for the range between deficient and toxic is very small. It is unwise to use a fertilizer containing all of these micronutrients. Any one of them may already be high enough in soils to cause toxicity from that particular element. If a micronutrient is suspected of being deficient, it would be wise to get soil tests and plant tissue tests to corroborate your suspicions. If a micronutrient is deficient, one should apply only the amount recommended but no more. Sometimes a toxicity of an element is more difficult to correct than a deficiency. Copper, iron, manganese, cobalt, and zinc can be present in soils as (a) several types of precipitates, (b) adsorbed onto the surface of soil particles, (c) present in primary minerals (rocks) and secondary minerals (clays), and (d) present as complex ring compounds. These forms may or may not be available to plants. Precipitates of Cu, Fe, Mn, or Zn often form in soils at high pH (after liming Fig. 14.1). This may occur in soils near buildings from the lime used in the mortar. Soil acids dissolve the lime into Ca++ or Mg++ that migrate into the soil raising the pH and cause these micronutrients to precipitate. Often an Fe deficiency is evident, particularly on acid-loving plants, such as azaleas, rhododendrons, or hollies. If this is extensive, the soil near the buildings may need to be replaced. With limited areas, the soil can be acidified by adding elemental S near the plants affected. The elements Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn can exist as soluble forms or precipitates, depending on the pH of the soil. The soluble forms as cations are present when soils have poor internal drainage (poorly drained soils), whereas the oxides of these elements are present where the soil is well aerated.

Sisir K. Mandal of Asian Paints R&T Centre, Mumbai used (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 530) a Ru catalyst to couple 2 with an electron-rich arene 1 to give 3. Jun-ichi Yoshida of Kyoto University (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 5000) and John F. Hartwig of the University of California, Berkeley (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 8480) also reported direct amination protocols. Tommaso Marcelli of the Politecnico di Milano and Michael J. Ingleson of the University of Manchester effected (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 474) the electrophilic borylation of the aniline 4 to give 5. The regioselectivity of Ir-catalyzed borylation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 7572; Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 140) is complementary to the electrophilic process. Professor Hartwig carried (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 933) the borylated product from 6 onto Ni-mediated coupling to give the alkylated product 7. Weiping Su of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter devised (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1718) an intriguing Pd-mediated oxidative coupling of nitroethane 9 with 8 to give 10. The coupling is apparently not proceeding via nitroethylene. Peiming Gu of Ningxia University developed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1124) an azide-based cleavage that converted the aldehyde 11 into the formamide 13. Zhong-Quan Liu of Lanzhou University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 3079) that an aromatic carboxylic acid 14 could be oxidatively decarboxylated to the chloride 15. Gérard Cahiez of the Université Paris 13 found (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 790) mild Cu-catalyzed conditions for the reductive decarboxylation of aromatic carboxylic acids, and Debabrata Maiti of the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai found (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 252) Pd-mediated conditions for the dehydroxymethylation of benzyl alcohols (neither illustrated). Pravin R. Likhar of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology prepared (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 751) a Cu catalyst that effected Castro-Stephens coupling of 16 with 17 at room temperature. Arturo Orellana of York University (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 5420) and Patrick J. Walsh of the University of Pennsylvania (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 2298) showed that a cyclopropanol 20 can couple with an aryl halide 19 to give 21.

Abstract IC packages have been greatly improved over the past several years. With the adoption of Cu wires and new green EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound), the suppression of lead, the use of Cu pillars and the increased number of dies, the verification of the quality of the assembly and failure analysis becomes critical. Starting twelve years ago, LASER ablation was introduced as a means to facilitate the pre-decapsulation of packages aiming at a completion by wet chemistry (acids) or dry chemistry (plasma). The decapsulation process with acid at medium temperature (75°C) does not permit to keep the Cu wires intact. Our studies and work in the past several years has consisted in lowering the temperature of acid use in order to minimize the effect of acid attack on the Al pads and Cu wires. Currently the thinnest wires used are 0.6 mil in diameter (approximately 15 μm). In this article we will demonstrate that decapsulations at sub-ambient temperatures are now possible and give expected results. Moreover, openings at near ambient temperature reduce the component deformation and also the deformation of its constituents compared to decapsulations at medium or high temperature.