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Quy, Nguyen Tran. "Acoustic properties of Vietnamese initial consonants." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 1, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v1i4.465.
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In acoustic phonetic research, phonetic data is needed to prove authenticity. The acoustic phonetic analysis method is valid for verifying previous phonetic hypotheses. Thereby, lay the foundations of science to reinforce the notion of phonetic or phonetic study. The formant frequencies F1, F2, F3 are considered as the basis for measuring vowels. According to consonants, the length of VOT, formant transitions, antiformants, and locus frequencies will be noted. In this article, we present the basis to measure Vietnamese initial consonants such as: voiced consonants, voiceless consonants, stop consonants, fricative consonants, nasal consonants. The voiced consonants will have a voice bar and voiceless consonants will have no voice bar. Fricative consonants always have higher frequencies than stop consonants. Based on the spectral image of a consonant, we can determine the articulation of consonants. The acoustic properties of the nasal consonant and lateral consonant are nearly identical to the acoustic properties of the vowels, because in the construction of these consonants, the vocal cords are more vibrating.
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Fröhlich, Matthias, Dirk Michaelis, Hans Werner Strube, and Eberhard Kruse. "Acoustic Voice Analysis by Means of the Hoarseness Diagram." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 3 (June 2000): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4303.706.
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The hoarseness diagram (Michaelis, Fröhlich, & Strube, 1998a) has been proposed as a new approach to describe different acoustic properties of voices. To test its performance in the analysis of pathologically disturbed and normal voices five requirements are suggested that should be met by any acoustic voice-analysis protocol to be used in voice research and clinical practice. The hoarseness diagram is then tested with regard to these requirements. Individual voices are found to show a satisfactory localization in the diagram. Aspects of stationarity are discussed in the context of four case studies. The different cases illustrate that changes in the acoustic analysis results are observed if the voice-generation conditions change, whereas results are stationary if phonation conditions do not change. Different pathological voice groups defined on grounds of the specific phonation mechanism are found to map to specific regions of the hoarseness diagram, with differences between group locations being significant. All results can be interpreted without exceptions if the two hoarseness diagram coordinates are taken to reflect the vibrational irregularity of the voice-generation mechanisms on the one side and the degree of closure of the vibrating structures on the other side. The hoarseness diagram and its underlying algorithms are thus shown to constitute a useful approach to acoustic voice analysis in research and clinical practice. The tests themselves demonstrate several application possibilities, including the quantitative monitoring of individual voices.
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Shoup-Knox, Melanie L., Grant M. Ostrander, Gabrielle E. Reimann, and R. Nathan Pipitone. "Fertility-Dependent Acoustic Variation in Women’s Voices Previously Shown to Affect Listener Physiology and Perception." Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 147470491984310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919843103.
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Previous research demonstrates that listeners perceive women’s voices as more attractive when recorded at high compared to low fertility phases of the menstrual cycle. This effect has been repeated with multiple voice recording samples, but one stimuli set has shown particularly robust replications. First collected by Pipitone and Gallup (2008), women were recorded counting from 1–10 on approximately the same day and time once a week for 4 weeks. Repeatedly, studies using these recordings have shown that naturally cycling women recorded at high fertility are rated as more attractive compared to voices of the same women at low fertility. Additionally, these stimuli have been shown to elicit autonomic nervous system arousal and precipitate a rise in testosterone levels among listeners. Although previous studies have examined the acoustic properties of voices across the menstrual cycle, they reach little consensus. The current study evaluates Pipitone and Gallup’s voice stimuli from an acoustic perspective, analyzing specific vocal characteristics of both naturally cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives. Results show that among naturally cycling women, variation in vocal amplitude (shimmer) was significantly lower in high fertility recordings compared to the women’s voices at low fertility. Harmonics-to-noise ratio and variation in voice pitch (jitter) also fluctuated systematically across voices sampled at different times during the menstrual cycle, though these effects were not statistically significant. It is possible that these acoustic changes could account for some of the replicated perceptual, hormonal, and physiological changes documented in prior literature using these voice stimuli.
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Abbasi, Abdul, Mansoor Channa, Masood Memon, Stephen John, Irtaza Ahmed, and Kamlesh Kumar. "Acoustic Characteristics of Pakistani English Vowel Sounds." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 5 (May 5, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n5p27.
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The purpose of this investigation was to document acoustic characteristics of Pakistani English (PaKE) vowel sounds. The experiment was designed to examine the properties of ten vowels produced by Pakistani ESL learners. The analysis is based on the voice samples of recorded 50 CVC words. Total 5000 (10 10 50=5000) voiced samples were analyzed. The data consisted of 50 words of ten English vowel sounds [i: ɪ e ɔ: æ ə ɑ: u: ɒ ʊ]. Ten ESL speakers recorded their voice samples on Praat speech processing tool installed on laptop. Three parameters were considered i.e., fundamental frequency (F0), vowel quality (F1-F2) and duration. Formant patterns were judged manually by visual inspection on Praat Speech Processing Tool. Analysis of formant frequency shows numerous differences between male and female of F1 and F2, fundamental frequency and duration of English vowels. The voice samples provide evidence for higher and lower frequency of vowel sounds. Additionally, the data analysis illustrates that there were statistical differences in the values of short and long vowels coupled with vowel space plot showing explicit differences in locating the production of vowels of male & female vowel space acoustic realizations.
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Manning, Robert Kevin, Donald Fucci, and Richard Dean. "College-Age Males' Ability to Produce the Acoustic Properties of an Aging Voice." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3 (June 2002): 767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3.767.
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The purpose of this study was to examine college-age males' ability to produce the acoustic properties of the normally aging voice when reading. The 17 subjects ( M age = 21.13 yr., SD = 1.0) selected for this study were undergraduates who were placed into a single group. The procedure involved recording the subjects while reading The Rainbow Passage aloud. The first reading was in the subject's natural speaking voice. During the second reading, the reader imitated the voice of a normally aging 70-yr.-old man. Fundamental frequency and temporal measures were analyzed for each voice sample. Mean scores for each measure were compared for the natural speaking-voice production and the production when imitating the voice of a normally aging 70-yr.-old man. Analysis showed that temporal measures appear to have the most significant influence on subjects' production when imitating the normally aging voice as seen in the overall increase in all temporal measures.
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Moon, Jerald B., and Bernd Weinberg. "Aerodynamic and Myoelastic Contributions to Tracheoesophageal Voice Production." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 3 (September 1987): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3003.387.
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Five laryngectomized, tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers completed a series of phonatory tasks developed to assess (a) aerodynamic and acoustic properties of TE voice and (b) aerodynamic and myoelastic contributions to the mediation of fundamental frequency change. These TE speakers' voices were characterized by increased trans-source airflow rates, comparable source driving pressures, and decreased airway resistances in comparison with standard esophageal speakers. TE speakers were capable of adjusting their voicing sources on a myoelastic basis to influence F o change. This result, coupled with findings that confirm aerodynamic contributions to TE phonation, are intepreted to suggest that TE voice production should be regarded as an aerodynamic-myeolastic event. Findings are integrated with existing data to highlight fundamental differences among TE, esophageal, and normal voice production.
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Lousada, Marisa, Luis M. T. Jesus, and Andreia Hall. "Temporal acoustic correlates of the voicing contrast in European Portuguese stops." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 3 (November 24, 2010): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000186.
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This study focuses on the temporal analysis of stops /p b t d k ɡ/ and devoicing analysis of voiced stops /b d ɡ/ produced in different word positions by six native speakers of European Portuguese. The study explores acoustic properties related to voicing. The following acoustic properties were measured: voice onset time (VOT), stop duration, closure duration, release duration, voicing into closure duration, duration of the preceding vowel and duration of the following vowel. Results suggested that when [b d ɡ] were devoiced, the acoustic properties stop duration, closure duration, duration of the following vowel, duration of the preceding vowel and duration of voicing into closure were relevant for the voicing distinction. Implications for research and practice in speech and language therapy are discussed. Further investigation is needed to find how the productions analysed in the present study were perceived by listeners, specifically productions of devoiced stops.
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Askenfelt, Anders G., and Britta Hammarberg. "Speech Waveform Perturbation Analysis." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 29, no. 1 (March 1986): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2901.50.
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The performance of seven acoustic measures of cycle-to-cycle variations (perturbations) in the speech waveform was compared. All measures were calculated automatically and applied on running speech. Three of the measures refer to the frequency of occurrence and severity of waveform perturbations in special selected parts of the speech, identified by means of the rate of change in the fundamental frequency. Three other measures refer to statistical properties of the distribution of the relative frequency differences between adjacent pitch periods. One perturbation measure refers to the percentage of consecutive pitch period differences with alternating signs. The acoustic measures were tested on tape recorded speech samples from 41 voice patients, before and after successful therapy. Scattergrams of acoustic waveform perturbation data versus an average of perceived deviant voice qualities, as rated by voice clinicians, are presented. The perturbation measures were compared with regard to the acoustic-perceptual correlation and their ability to discriminate between normal and pathological voice status. The standard deviation of the distribution of the relative frequency differences was suggested as the most useful acoustic measure of waveform perturbations for clinical applications.
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Maryn, Youri, Marc Leblans, Andrzej Zarowski, and Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer. "Objective Acoustic Quantification of Perceived Voice Tremor Severity." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 10 (October 25, 2019): 3689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0024.
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Purpose This study compared auditory-perceptual measures of presence/absence and severity of vocal tremor to acoustic markers of vocal tremor. The validity (both concurrent and diagnostic) of various acoustic markers of vocal tremor was also assessed. Method Fifty-six midvowel sustained [a:] recordings were selected to yield a representative convenience sample of vocal tremor. After training with 10 synthesized samples, 4 female audiologists rated these samples on “voice tremor severity” on a continuous 10-cm scale. Afterward, 15 randomly selected recordings were presented a 2nd time for intrarater reliability assessment. Customized audio signal processing in Praat yielded 12 acoustic measures of rate, extent and perturbation of fundamental frequency ( f 0 ), and intensity level (IL) modulation. Enter-type multiple linear regression analysis was applied to weight and combine these acoustic variables into an acoustic model of vocal tremor severity. Results After removing the vocal tremor severity ratings of 1 of the audiologists because of insufficient intra- and interrater reliability, mean single-measures consistency-type intraclass correlation coefficients equaled .83 within raters and .72 between raters. Correlation between mean ratings and the 12 acoustic markers ranged from .76 for median extent of f 0 modulation to .11 for rate of IL modulation. Correlation between mean ratings and the acoustic model was .89. Analysis of this model's receiver operating characteristics yielded an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of .93, denoting sensitivity of .87 and specificity of .91. Conclusions This study demonstrated that auditory-perceptual ratings of vocal tremor severity are guided primarily by f 0 and IL modulation extent, less by modulation perturbation, and least by modulation rate. The acoustic model covering all these modulation properties yielded acceptable results in terms of both concurrent and diagnostic validity. However, external cross-validation of this model is warranted before applying it in clinical voice/speech assessment.
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Saigusa, Julie. "The Effects of Forensically Relevant Face Coverings on the Acoustic Properties of Fricatives." Lifespans and Styles 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v3i2.2017.1866.
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This forensically motivated study investigates the effects of a motorcycle helmet, balaclava, and plastic mask on the acoustics of three English non-sibilant fricatives, /f/, /θ/, and /v/ in two individuals. It examines variation within the individual as an effect of the physical environment. Two speakers recorded a list of minimal pairs in each of the three guises and with no face covering. The results showed that facewear significantly affected fricative intensity and the four spectral moments: centre of gravity, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. The acoustic changes caused by facewear have implications for judging the reliability of earwitnesses’ content recall and voice identification as well as forensic speech scientists’ examination of content and speaker identity in disputed recordings.
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Kahn, Loren, and Heila Jordaan. "The Swallowing and Voicing Characteristics of Pharyngeal Dystonia: A Single Case Report." South African Journal of Communication Disorders 48, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v48i1.734.
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This paper describes the swallowing difficulty and abnormal voicing characteristics of a subject with pharyngeal dystonia. This rare form of dystonia, considered to be a neurological condition resulting in involuntary spasm of the muscles of the pharynx, has not been documented in terms of its effects on the acoustic properties of the voice. This study revealed that during pharyngeal spasm, there are significant delays in voice onset time, a reduction in fundamental frequency, an increased percentage of sub-harmonics and variability in the amplitude perturbation quotient as well as shimmer. There was also evidence of these characteristics during periods of 'spasm-free' voice production, suggesting that the condition might be more consistent than what the subject described. Resonance disturbances were observed in spasm, which might explain the 'hollow' and affected voice quality. The subject also reported severe swallowing difficulties during the periods of spasm, characterised by a tight constriction at the level of the subject's throat. It is clear that an abnormality at the level of the cricopharyngeal muscle has a dual effect on the acoustic properties of the voice and on swallowing.
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Döllinger, M., M. Schuster, U. Eysholdt, U. Hoppe, and J. Lohscheller. "The Laryngectomee Substitute Voice: Image Processing of Endoscopic Recordings by Fusion with Acoustic Signals." Methods of Information in Medicine 42, no. 03 (2003): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634361.
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Summary Objectives: The most radical cancer therapy of the throat is the total excision of the larynx which postoperatively results in the loss of voice. A widely-used method of voice rehabilitation is the insertion of a silicone valve, which establishes an unidirectional connection between trachea and esophagus. Thus, during exhalation, air can be directed from the trachea into the esophagus. This air stream excites tissue vibrations of the esophagus and the hypo-pharynx which act as a substitute voice generator. Purpose of the current study is to present a technique for visualizing the dynamics of the substitute voice generating element. Methods: Digital high speed videos of the vibrating tissue are simultaneously recorded with the emitted acoustic signal. The high speed sequences are directly evaluated by a three-step knowledge based algorithm. It considers correlation between image and acoustic data, information about the gray value of each pixel, and continuity of tissue vibration. The temporal properties of an image series are investigated by evaluating the time dependent gray value at each pixel position. Results: The applicability of the algorithm is exemplar-ily demonstrated using the data of one male patient. It enables the identification of the regions within an image series which are mainly responsible for the acoustic signal. Additionally, the dynamics of tissue vibrations are visualized. The main propagation direction can be clearly identified. Conclusions: The new methodology summarizes the information about endoscopic and acoustic recordings of substitute voice into a single image. The results allow a first estimation of tissue velocity and elastic properties of oscillating tissue.
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Dmitrieva, Olga, Allard Jongman, and Joan A. Sereno. "The Effect of Instructed Second Language Learning on the Acoustic Properties of First Language Speech." Languages 5, no. 4 (October 26, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040044.
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This paper reports on a comprehensive phonetic study of American classroom learners of Russian, investigating the influence of the second language (L2) on the first language (L1). Russian and English productions of 20 learners were compared to 18 English monolingual controls focusing on the acoustics of word-initial and word-final voicing. The results demonstrate that learners’ Russian was acoustically different from their English, with shorter voice onset times (VOTs) in [−voice] stops, longer prevoicing in [+voice] stops, more [−voice] stops with short lag VOTs and more [+voice] stops with prevoicing, indicating a degree of successful L2 pronunciation learning. Crucially, learners also demonstrated an L1 phonetic change compared to monolingual English speakers. Specifically, the VOT of learners’ initial English voiceless stops was shortened, indicating assimilation with Russian, while the frequency of prevoicing in learners’ English was decreased, indicating dissimilation with Russian. Word-final, the duration of preceding vowels, stop closures, frication, and voicing during consonantal constriction all demonstrated drift towards Russian norms of word-final voicing neutralization. The study confirms that L2-driven phonetic changes in L1 are possible even in L1-immersed classroom language learners, challenging the role of reduced L1 use and highlighting the plasticity of the L1 phonetic system.
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Lavan, Nadine, Luke FK Burston, Paayal Ladwa, Siobhan E. Merriman, Sarah Knight, and Carolyn McGettigan. "Breaking voice identity perception: Expressive voices are more confusable for listeners." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 9 (March 21, 2019): 2240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819836890.
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The human voice is a highly flexible instrument for self-expression, yet voice identity perception is largely studied using controlled speech recordings. Using two voice-sorting tasks with naturally varying stimuli, we compared the performance of listeners who were familiar and unfamiliar with the TV show Breaking Bad. Listeners organised audio clips of speech with (1) low-expressiveness and (2) high-expressiveness into perceived identities. We predicted that increased expressiveness (e.g., shouting, strained voice) would significantly impair performance. Overall, while unfamiliar listeners were less able to generalise identity across exemplars, the two groups performed equivalently well when telling voices apart when dealing with low-expressiveness stimuli. However, high vocal expressiveness significantly impaired telling apart in both the groups: this led to increased misidentifications, where sounds from one character were assigned to the other. These misidentifications were highly consistent for familiar listeners but less consistent for unfamiliar listeners. Our data suggest that vocal flexibility has powerful effects on identity perception, where changes in the acoustic properties of vocal signals introduced by expressiveness lead to effects apparent in familiar and unfamiliar listeners alike. At the same time, expressiveness appears to have affected other aspects of voice identity processing selectively in one listener group but not the other, thus revealing complex interactions of stimulus properties and listener characteristics (i.e., familiarity) in identity processing.
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GAO, Jiayin, and Pierre HALLÉ. "Phonetic and phonological properties of tones in Shanghai Chinese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 46, no. 1 (2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04601001.
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This study investigates the relations between tone, voicing, and voice quality in modern Shanghai Chinese. In low tone syllables, word-initial obstruent onsets are traditionally described as voiceless and breathy, and sonorant onsets as voiced and breathy.Our study is based on acoustic and electroglottographic (EGG) data from speakers of two age groups (20–30 vs. 60–80 years). Our results are globally in line with previous studies, but with notable differences. In low tone syllables, while word-initial stops are phonetically voiceless most of the time, fricatives are quite often phonetically voiced. While low tone obstruent onsets are followed by breathier vowels than high tone onsets, this pattern is not clear-cut for nasal onsets. Furthermore, our transversal data show that low tone breathiness is more systematically produced by elderly – especially male – speakers, rather than young speakers, suggesting an on-going change towards the loss of breathiness.
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Starr, Rebecca L. "Sweet voice: The role of voice quality in a Japanese feminine style." Language in Society 44, no. 1 (January 26, 2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404514000724.
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Abstract‘Sweet voice’, a distinctive Japanese vocal style, illustrates the role played by voice quality as a marker of authenticity in the construction of linguistic styles. The acoustic properties and sociopragmatic functions of sweet voice, as performed by professional voice actresses, are analyzed using data from anime programs, paraphernalia, and fan discourse. Sweet voice is shown to be connected to a traditional notion of Japanese femininity, and licenses the positive use of grammatical features of Japanese Women's Language. The mature, traditional image conveyed by sweet voice contrasts with the youthful cuteness of burikko and related vocal styles, illustrating that multiple notions of femininity operate within Japanese popular culture. The interplay of voice quality and grammatical features suggests that perceptions of conscious control at different levels of language play a crucial role in social meaning. (Voice quality, Japanese, language and gender, style, authenticity)*
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Lew, Sigrid, and James Gruber. "An acoustic analysis of tone and register in Louma Oeshi." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 1 (June 12, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3740.
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This study describes the acoustic properties associated with tone and register in Louma Oeshi, a previously unstudied Akoid language of Laos. Louma Oeshi uses three tones (High, Mid, and Low) which overlap with a tense/lax register distinction to yield a six-way suprasegmental contrast. In this paper, we (1) offer a first account of the pitch and voice quality characteristics associated with each Tone-Register pair, (2) examine further the variability in glottalization strategies signaling the constricted register, and (3) explore the influence of contrastive voice quality on pitch and vice versa, particularly as a predictor of the variation in glottalization.
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Esposito, Christina M., and Sameer ud Dowla Khan. "Contrastive breathiness across consonants and vowels: A comparative study of Gujarati and White Hmong." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42, no. 2 (August 2012): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000047.
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Gujarati and White Hmong are among a small handful of languages known to maintain a phonemic contrast between breathy and modal voice across both obstruents and vowels. Given that breathiness on stop consonants is realized as a breathy-voiced aspirated release into the following vowel, how is consonant breathiness distinguished from vocalic breathiness, if at all? We examine acoustic and electroglottographic data of potentially ambiguous CV sequences collected from speakers of Gujarati and White Hmong, to determine what properties reliably distinguish breathiness associated with stop consonants from breathiness associated with vowels comparing both within and across these two unrelated languages. Results from the two languages are strikingly similar: only the early timing and increased magnitude of the various acoustic reflexes of breathiness phonetically distinguish phonemic consonantal breathiness from phonemic vocalic breathiness.
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MANNING, ROBERT KEVIN. "COLLEGE-AGE MALES' ABILITY TO PRODUCE THE ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF AN AGING VOICE." Perceptual and Motor Skills 94 (2002): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.94.2.767-771.
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MacCallum, Julia K., Li Cai, Liang Zhou, Yu Zhang, and Jack J. Jiang. "Acoustic Analysis of Aperiodic Voice: Perturbation and Nonlinear Dynamic Properties in Esophageal Phonation." Journal of Voice 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.004.
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Radolf, Vojtěch. "Sensitivity of Acoustic Resonance Properties to a Change in Volume of Piriform Sinuses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 821 (January 2016): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.821.671.
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Piriform sinuses (PS), side branches of the human vocal tract, produce extra resonances and antiresonances which influence the quality of produced voice. These acoustic resonant characteristics can be numerically simulated by 3D finite element models of the vocal tract with lateral cavities. Computations that use these accurate methods are very time consuming, therefore this study introduces a simplified 1D mathematical model to analyse acoustical effects of side branches. Although the 1D model cannot capture higher-frequency transversal mode shapes, the resulted changes caused by piriform sinuses partially correspond to recent findings of 3D computational models. New pair of resonances around 5 kHz followed by an antiresonance frequency were detected in the results of the model including PS. The first four resonance frequencies lying below the first new resonance of PS decreased with increasing PS volume and similarly both the new resonances of PS. The higher original resonances increased with increasing PS volume.
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Abbasi, Abdul Malik, Mansoor Ahmed Channa, Stephen John, Masood Akhter Memon, and Rabia Anwar. "An Acoustic Investigation of Pakistani and American English Vowels." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 4 (March 17, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n4p115.
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Acoustic analysis tests the hypothesis that the physical properties of Pakistani English (PaKE) vowels differ in terms of acoustic measurements of Native American English speakers. The present paper aims to document the physical behavior of English vowels produced by PaKE learners. The major goal of this paper is to measure the production of sound frequencies coupled with vowel duration. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the different frequencies and duration of the vowels involved in articulation of PaKE. English vowels selected for this purpose are: /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/ and /ə/. Total ten samplings were obtained from the department of computer science at Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi. The study was based on the analysis of 500 (10×5×10=500) voice samples. Five vowel minimal pairs were selected and written in a carrier phrase [I say CVC now]. Ten speakers (5 male & five female) recorded their 500 voice samples using Praat speech processing tool and a high-quality microphone on laptop in a computer laboratory with no background sound. Three parameters were considered for the analysis of PaKE vowels i.e., duration of five vowels, fundamental frequency (F1 and F2). It was hypothesized that the properties of PaKE vowels are different from that of English native speakers. The hypothesis was accepted since the acoustic measurements of PaKE and English Native American speakers’ physical properties of sounds were discovered different.
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Erkudov, Valeriy O., Elena A. Ogorodnikova, Andrey P. Pugovkin, Ivan V. Sergeev, Tatiana N. Slyaptsova, Eugenia O. Kundrat, Paulina A. Lupanova, Maria A. Pakhomova, Marya D. Denisenko, and Aleksey L. Balashov. "Target announcer voice detection by shcoolchildren of different psychophysiological status in case of vocal competition." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 10, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped10451-59.
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Management of variability of the cardiac rhythm (VCR) is widely applied as a marker of psycho emotional state in educational institutions. This approach is suitable for testing properties of the pupils for the detection of vocal signals.
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of VCR as an objective parameter corresponded with psycho-emotional tension and acoustic perception of the speech in youngsters under sophisticated condition of the competition between vocal signals pronounced by different individuals.
Methods. VCR was measured in 44 male and female youngsters 1316 years old with the comparison of identification of competing acoustic signals random sequences of words simultaneously pronounced by male or female voice. VCR analysis provided distinction the prevalence of sympathetic versus parasympathetic tone reflecting high or moderate level of psycho-emotional tension.
Results. Identification of target words pronounced by female voice in subjects with prevalence of sympathetic or parasympathetic tone was correct in 96% and 87% respectively. Target words pronounced by the male voice were correctly identified in 88% cases in both groups. It is suggested that in primary schools where women compose majority of teachers, the developing juvenile brain imprints the corresponding acoustic wave band. Under the conditions of psycho-emotional tension these links are realized with maximal effectiveness.
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Tai, Hwan-Ching, Yen-Ping Shen, Jer-Horng Lin, and Dai-Ting Chung. "Acoustic evolution of old Italian violins from Amati to Stradivari." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 23 (May 21, 2018): 5926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800666115.
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The shape and design of the modern violin are largely influenced by two makers from Cremona, Italy: The instrument was invented by Andrea Amati and then improved by Antonio Stradivari. Although the construction methods of Amati and Stradivari have been carefully examined, the underlying acoustic qualities which contribute to their popularity are little understood. According to Geminiani, a Baroque violinist, the ideal violin tone should “rival the most perfect human voice.” To investigate whether Amati and Stradivari violins produce voice-like features, we recorded the scales of 15 antique Italian violins as well as male and female singers. The frequency response curves are similar between the Andrea Amati violin and human singers, up to ∼4.2 kHz. By linear predictive coding analyses, the first two formants of the Amati exhibit vowel-like qualities (F1/F2 = 503/1,583 Hz), mapping to the central region on the vowel diagram. Its third and fourth formants (F3/F4 = 2,602/3,731 Hz) resemble those produced by male singers. Using F1 to F4 values to estimate the corresponding vocal tract length, we observed that antique Italian violins generally resemble basses/baritones, but Stradivari violins are closer to tenors/altos. Furthermore, the vowel qualities of Stradivari violins show reduced backness and height. The unique formant properties displayed by Stradivari violins may represent the acoustic correlate of their distinctive brilliance perceived by musicians. Our data demonstrate that the pioneering designs of Cremonese violins exhibit voice-like qualities in their acoustic output.
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Erickson, Molly L. "Acoustic Properties of the Voice Source and the Vocal Tract: Are They Perceptually Independent?" Journal of Voice 30, no. 6 (November 2016): 772.e9–772.e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.11.010.
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Fratoni, Giulia, Dario D’Orazio, and Luca Barbaresi. "Acoustic comfort in a worship space made of cross-laminated timber." Building Acoustics 26, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x19826250.
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The construction of a new worship space in cross-laminated timber provides a good opportunity to include acoustic needs in the whole design development. The surface porosity and the lightweight of wooden elements may be carefully considered in order to improve the intelligibility of priests’ voice. In this work, a practical approach for obtaining a global acoustic comfort using sustainable materials is provided, using geometrical acoustic simulations. Material properties and architectural geometries were taken into account in order to evaluate subjective reverberation, speech intelligibility, and spatial perception over the whole audience. Results show how the sound energy distribution in the case study follows the sound field models proposed by scholars and how the ceiling shape—inspired by industrial sheds—contributes to the acoustic comfort of the faithfuls.
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Whiteside, S. P. "College-Age Males' Ability to Produce the Acoustic Properties of an Aging Voice: Some Suggestions for Further Exploration." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3 (December 2002): 843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3.843.
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Manning, et al. recently reported on the ability of college-age males to imitate the voice of an aging male. This commentary briefly discusses how their data could be extended to support their published findings.
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Reigado, João, and Helena Rodrigues. "Vocalizations produced in the second year of life in response to speaking and singing." Psychology of Music 46, no. 5 (July 21, 2017): 626–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735617719335.
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We compared infants’ vocalizations produced both in singing and speaking conditions. In this study we collected the vocalizations of 12 infants aged between 12 and 24 months. Each 30-minute session integrated two stimulus conditions – speaking and singing. An acoustic analysis was developed in order to measure both segmental properties and melodic and rhythmic features. The results showed significant differences in the vocalizations to which the two stimulus conditions gave rise: in the duration of the vocalizations and the duration of the phonation, the number of nuclei and the duration of each nucleus present in the vocalizations. In particular, the greater extension of vowels in vocalizations in response to the singing condition seems to be distinctive from those produced in response to the speaking condition. This may reveal that there is a precocious distinction between the singing voice and the speaking voice. The acoustic analysis that we used shows promise in monitoring children’s sequential singing development from early infancy onwards.
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Cinar, Goktug T., James P. Sain, and Jose C. Principe. "A Study of Musical Pitch Distance Using a Self-Organized Hierarchical Linear Dynamical System on Acoustic Signals." Computer Music Journal 40, no. 3 (September 2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/comj_a_00375.
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The hierarchical linear dynamical system (HLDS) is a self-organizing architecture to cluster acoustic time series. The HLDS architecture is equivalent to a Kalman filter whose top-layer state learns to create subspaces that tessellate the acoustic signal in regions that correspond to different musical pitches. The observation layer of the HLDS is built from a biologically plausible gammatone filter bank that provides the representation space for the state assignments. An important characteristic of the methodology is that it is adaptive and self-organizing, i.e., previous exposure to the acoustic input is the only requirement for learning and recognition. In this article we show that the representation space that the algorithm learns from acoustic signals preserves the organization found in monophonic notes, and exhibits (for isolated pitches and triads) properties suggested in the theory of efficient chromatic voice leading and neo-Riemannian theories.
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Ragab, Sameh M., Mohamed N. Elsheikh, Magdy E. Saafan, and Sayed G. Elsherief. "Radiophonosurgery of benign superficial vocal fold lesions." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 12 (December 2005): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221505775010670.
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Objective: To conduct a prospective randomized controlled trial describing and investigating the efficacy and safety of radiosurgical excision of benign superficial vocal fold lesions.Materials and methods: Fifty patients with benign superficial vocal fold lesions (20 vocal nodules, 27 vocal polyps and three Reinke’s oedema) who failed conservative therapy were included in the study. They were equally randomized into cold knife or radiosurgical excision. Clinical and voice assessments were done pre-operatively and after surgery. Voice analysis included a subjective visual analogue scale (VAS) and a perceptual assessment with a simplified version of the GRBAS scale (GRB) consisting of G (grade), R (roughness), and B (breathiness). Acoustic voice evaluation included jitter and shimmer. Post-operative voice therapy was provided for all patients. Complications, smoothness of post-operative recovery, and administration of analgesia were reported.Results: Both groups experienced significant improvement in VAS, perceptual evaluation and acoustic analysis after surgery, with no evidence of significant differences between the cold knife and radiofrequency groups. The radiofrequency group showed a decrease of 17 per cent in the mean operative time when compared with the cold knife group, but this was not statistically significant. No evidence of a significant difference was noticed in the smoothness of post-operative recovery, administration of analgesia and complication rate.Conclusion: Radiophonosurgery opens a new therapeutic approach for patients with benign superficial vocal fold lesions. It combines the advantages of both cold knife and laser phonosurgery, being easy, safe, precise and effective, and having excellent tactile and haemostatic properties.
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Thoret, E., C. Gauriau, T. Andrillon, D. Pressnitzer, and D. Leger. "0293 Sleep Deprivation Affects the Acoustic Properties of Human Speech." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.290.
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Abstract Introduction Lack of sleep drastically affects many aspects of human behavior. The early detection of sleepiness is thus a major challenge for health and security reasons. Here we investigated the effect of sleep deprivation on the acoustic properties of human speech. Methods Twenty-four participants were sleep deprived for two days (two successive nights with only 3 hours of sleep). They were recorded reading a short text aloud before and after sleep deprivation. An auditory model, based on spectro-temporal modulations, was used to analyse the acoustic properties of their speech and served as a front-end to machine-learning classifiers. Results Results showed that sleepiness could be accurately detected with individually-trained classifiers. However,we were not able to fit a generic classifier for all participants. As we relied on an auditory-inspired model,we could identify and interpret the acoustic features impacted by sleep deprivation. Again,no simple diagnostic feature could be easily identified in the group- level analyses of the speech signals. We therefore developed a novel probing method, combining signal detection theory and noise activation of the classifier, to understand what made the classifier successful for each participant. This led to a diagnostic map for each participant, specifying which frequency region and modulation rates were impacted by sleep deprivation for this particular individual Conclusion In addition to suggesting a practical machine learning algorithm to detect sleep deprivation, combining our probing method with considerations about voice production could help uncover the physiological impact of sleep deprivation at the level of each individual. Support
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Fant, Gunnar, and Anita Kruckenberg. "Voice source properties of the speech code." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (October 1996): 2633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417754.
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Lee, Hyunjung, and Allard Jongman. "Effects of Sound Change on the Weighting of Acoustic Cues to the Three-Way Laryngeal Stop Contrast in Korean: Diachronic and Dialectal Comparisons." Language and Speech 62, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918786305.
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Both segmental and suprasegmental properties of the South Kyungsang dialect of Korean have changed under the influence of standard Seoul Korean. This study examines how such sound change affects acoustic cues to the three-way laryngeal contrast among Korean stops across Kyungsang generations through a comparison with Seoul Korean. Thirty-nine female Korean speakers differing in dialect (Kyungsang, Seoul) and age (older, younger) produced words varying in initial stops and lexical accent patterns, for which voice onset time and fundamental frequency (F0) at vowel onset were measured. This study first confirms previous findings regarding age and dialectal variation in distinguishing the three Korean stops. In addition, we report age variation in the use of voice onset time and F0 for the stops in Kyungsang Korean, with younger speakers using F0 more than older speakers as a cue to the stop distinction. This age variation is accounted for by the reduced lexical tonal properties of Kyungsang Korean and the increased influence of Seoul Korean. A comparison of the specific cue weighting across speaker groups also reveals that younger Kyungsang speakers pattern with Seoul speakers who arguably follow the enhancing F0 role of the innovative younger Seoul speakers. The shared cue weighting pattern across generations and dialects suggests that each speaker group changes the acoustic cue weighting in a similar direction.
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Bodaghi, Dariush, Qian Xue, Xudong Zheng, and Scott Thomson. "Effect of Subglottic Stenosis on Vocal Fold Vibration and Voice Production Using Fluid–Structure–Acoustics Interaction Simulation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031221.
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An in-house 3D fluid–structure–acoustic interaction numerical solver was employed to investigate the effect of subglottic stenosis (SGS) on dynamics of glottal flow, vocal fold vibration and acoustics during voice production. The investigation focused on two SGS properties, including severity defined as the percentage of area reduction and location. The results show that SGS affects voice production only when its severity is beyond a threshold, which is at 75% for the glottal flow rate and acoustics, and at 90% for the vocal fold vibrations. Beyond the threshold, the flow rate, vocal fold vibration amplitude and vocal efficiency decrease rapidly with SGS severity, while the skewness quotient, vibration frequency, signal-to-noise ratio and vocal intensity decrease slightly, and the open quotient increases slightly. Changing the location of SGS shows no effect on the dynamics. Further analysis reveals that the effect of SGS on the dynamics is primarily due to its effect on the flow resistance in the entire airway, which is found to be related to the area ratio of glottis to SGS. Below the SGS severity of 75%, which corresponds to an area ratio of glottis to SGS of 0.1, changing the SGS severity only causes very small changes in the area ratio; therefore, its effect on the flow resistance and dynamics is very small. Beyond the SGS severity of 75%, increasing the SGS severity, leads to rapid increases of the area ratio, resulting in rapid changes in the flow resistance and dynamics.
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Mohammed, Dr Bushra Abdul razzaq. "The Intonation Patterns to The Vocal PauseIn Surat Al-Adiyat - Study laboratory-." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 226, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v226i2.78.
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This research deals with the subject of The Intonation Patterns to The Vocal Pause of its sides functional and physicist, was taken from al-adiyat a model, came in three sections: The first, how to measure The Intonation Patterns to The Vocal Pause acoustic , stopping second on Time tempo to Pause in linguistic text, eat a third of whom, phonetics and physical analysis The Intonation Patterns to The Vocal Pause in Surat Antiquities, which consisted of Quranic comma. It adopted an analytical study of the physical properties (acoustic) of this Surah on Praat voice analysis program, and the program Cool Edit pro for cutting art audio and configured to search, and the sample is studied the performance of Sheikh Mahmoud Khalil exclusive (1980).
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Pater, Joe. "The perceptual acquisition of Thai phonology by English speakers: task and stimulus effects." Second Language Research 19, no. 3 (July 2003): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658303sr220oa.
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This article presents a follow-up to Curtin et al.’s study of the perceptual acquisition of Thai laryngeal contrasts by native speakers of English, which found that subjects performed better on contrasts in voice than aspiration. This finding - surprising in light of earlier cross-linguistic voice onset time (VOT) research - was attributed to the fact that the task tapped lexical representations, which are unspecified for aspiration according to standard assumptions in generative phonology. The present study further investigated possible task effects by examining the discrimination and categorization of the same stimuli in various experimental conditions. Stimulus effects were also investigated by performing token-based analyses of the results, and by comparing them to acoustic properties of the tokens. The outcome of the discrimination experiment was the opposite of the earlier study, with significantly better performance on contrasts in aspiration than voice, even on a lexical task. A second finding of this experiment is that place of articulation interacts with the perception of the laryngeal distinctions; the aspiration distinction is discriminated better on the labials, and voice on alveolars. A parallel effect of place of articulation was also found in a categorization experiment.
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Karjalainen, Suvi, Jonas K. Brännström, Jonas Christensson, Birgitta Sahlén, and Viveka Lyberg-Åhlander. "A Pilot Study on the Relationship between Primary-School Teachers’ Well-Being and the Acoustics of their Classrooms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062083.
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Although teachers’ well-being and vocal health are affected by noise, research on classroom sound environment from the teachers’ perspective is scarce. This study investigated the relationship between teachers’ well-being and classroom acoustics. The possible influence of teachers’ age, experience, teaching grade and class size on the relationship was also investigated. In this study, well-being refers to self-reported vocal health, stress, burnout and self-efficacy. Twenty-three primary-school teachers answered questionnaires on well-being. In each teacher’s classroom, the acoustical properties were measured with the variables reverberation time, clarity of speech (C50) and ventilation system noise (VSN). A series of non-parametric correlations were run to determine the relationship between teachers’ well-being and classroom acoustics. Initially, there was a significant bivariate correlation between burnout and VSN, as well as voice symptoms correlated with VSN and teaching grade. Although the results became not significant after correction for multiple tests, the findings indicate that higher degree of burnout is associated with higher levels of VSN in classrooms, and voice symptoms increase with higher VSN. Teachers working in lower grades had more voice symptoms than those working in higher grades.
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Karpiński, Maciej. "Acoustic Features of Filled Pauses in Polish Task-Oriented Dialogues." Archives of Acoustics 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0008.
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Abstract Filled pauses (FPs) have proved to be more than valuable cues to speech production processes and important units in discourse analysis. Some aspects of their form and occurrence patterns have been shown to be speaker- and language-specific. In the present study, basic acoustic properties of FPs in Polish task-oriented dialogues are explored. A set of FPs was extracted from a corpus of twenty task- oriented dialogues on the basis of available annotations. After initial scrutiny and selection, a subset of the signals underwent a series of pitch, formant frequency and voice quality analyses. A significant amount of variation found in the realisations of FPs justifies their potential application in speaker recognition systems. Regular monosegmental FPs were confirmed to show relatively stable basic acoustic parameters, which allows for their easy identification and measurements but it may result in less significant differences among the speakers.
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Gordon, Matthew, and Ayla Applebaum. "Phonetic structures of Turkish Kabardian." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 2 (December 2006): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100306002532.
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This paper reports results of a quantitative phonetic study of Kabardian, a Northwest Caucasian language that is of typological interest from a phonetic standpoint. A number of cross-linguistically rare properties are examined. These features include the phonetic realization of Kabardian's small vowel inventory, which contains only three contrastive vowel qualities (two short vowels and one long vowel), spectral characteristics of the ten supralaryngeal voiceless fricatives of Kabardian, as well as the acoustic, palatographic, and aerodynamic characteristics of ejective fricatives, an extremely rare type of segment cross-linguistically. In addition, basic properties of the consonant stop series are explored, including closure duration and voice onset time, in order to test postulated universals linking these properties to place of articulation and laryngeal setting.
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Havel, M., L. Ertl, D. Bauer, M. Schuster, K. Stelter, and J. Sundberg. "Resonator properties of paranasal sinuses: preliminary results of an anatomical study." Rhinology journal 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino13.097.
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Background: The contribution of the nasal and paranasal cavities to vocal tract resonator properties is unclear as are voice effects of sinus surgery. Here we investigate resonance phenomena of paranasal sinuses with and without selective occlusion of the middle meatus and maxillary ostium in a cadaver. Methodology: Nasal and paranasal cavities of a Thiel-embalmed cadaver were excited by sine-tone sweeps from an earphone in the epipharynx. The response was picked up by a microphone at the nostrils. Different conditions with blocked and unblocked middle meatus were tested. Additionally, infundibulotomy was performed allowing direct access to and selective occlusion of the maxillary ostium. Results: Responses showed high reproducibility. Minor effects appeared after removal of meatal occlusion. A marked low frequency dip was detected after removal of occlusion of maxillary ostium following infundibulotomy. Conclusion: Reproducible frequency responses of nasal tract can be derived from cadaver measurements. Marked acoustic effects of the maxillary sinus appeared only after direct exposure of the maxillary ostium following infundibulotomy.
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Pouplier, Marianne, Stefania Marin, and Susanne Waltl. "Voice Onset Time in Consonant Cluster Errors: Can Phonetic Accommodation Differentiate Cognitive From Motor Errors?" Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 5 (October 2014): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-12-0412.
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Purpose Phonetic accommodation in speech errors has traditionally been used to identify the processing level at which an error has occurred. Recent studies have challenged the view that noncanonical productions may solely be due to phonetic, not phonological, processing irregularities, as previously assumed. The authors of the present study investigated the relationship between phonological and phonetic planning processes on the basis of voice onset time (VOT) behavior in consonant cluster errors. Method Acoustic data from 22 German speakers were recorded while eliciting errors on sibilant-stop clusters. Analyses consider VOT duration as well as intensity and spectral properties of the sibilant. Results Of all incorrect responses, 28% failed to show accommodation. Sibilant intensity and spectral properties differed from correct responses irrespective of whether VOT was accommodated. Conclusions The data overall do not allow using (a lack of) accommodation as a diagnostic as to the processing level at which an error has occurred. The data support speech production models that allow for an integrated view of phonological and phonetic processing.
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Wang, Wei, Jiqing Han, Tieran Zheng, Guibin Zheng, and Xingyu Zhou. "Speaker Verification via Modeling Kurtosis Using Sparse Coding." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 30, no. 03 (February 22, 2016): 1659008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001416590084.
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This paper proposes a new model for speaker verification by employing kurtosis statistical method based on sparse coding of human auditory system. Since only a small number of neurons in primary auditory cortex are activated in encoding acoustic stimuli and sparse independent events are used to represent the characteristics of the neurons. Each individual dictionary is learned from individual speaker samples where dictionary atoms correspond to the cortex neurons. The neuron responses possess statistical properties of acoustic signals in auditory cortex so that the activation distribution of individual speaker’s neurons is approximated as the characteristics of the speaker. Kurtosis is an efficient approach to measure the sparsity of the neuron from its activation distribution, and the vector composed of the kurtosis of every neuron is obtained as the model to characterize the speaker’s voice. The experimental results demonstrate that the kurtosis model outperforms the baseline systems and an effective identity validation function is achieved desirably.
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Palaparthi, Smith, and Titze. "Mapping Thyroarytenoid and Cricothyroid Activations to Postural and Acoustic Features in a Fiber-Gel Model of the Vocal Folds." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (November 1, 2019): 4671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214671.
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Any specific vowel sound that humans produce can be represented in terms of four perceptual features in addition to the vowel category. They are pitch, loudness, brightness, and roughness. Corresponding acoustic features chosen here are fundamental frequency (fo), sound pressure level (SPL), normalized spectral centroid (NSC), and approximate entropy (ApEn). In this study, thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) activations were varied computationally to study their relationship with these four specific acoustic features. Additionally, postural and material property variables such as vocal fold length (L) and fiber stress (σ) in the three vocal fold tissue layers were also calculated. A fiber-gel finite element model developed at National Center for Voice and Speech was used for this purpose. Muscle activation plots were generated to obtain the dependency of postural and acoustic features on TA and CT muscle activations. These relationships were compared against data obtained from previous in vivo human larynx studies and from canine laryngeal studies. General trends are that fo and SPL increase with CT activation, while NSC decreases when CT activation is raised above 20%. With TA activation, acoustic features have no uniform trends, except SPL increases uniformly with TA if there is a co-variation with CT activation. Trends for postural variables and material properties are also discussed in terms of activation levels.
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Molis, Michelle R., and Randy L. Diehl. "First formant spectral properties and initial stop–consonant [voice] judgments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99, no. 4 (April 1996): 2591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.415261.
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Zhu, Xiaonong, and Ying Hong. "The Phonetic Nature of the Entering Tones in Chaozhou Dialect." Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2010): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526963-90000523.
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One of the most important features of the entering tones (rusheng) of the Min dialect of Chaozhou is that yinru has a lower pitch than yangru. This project demonstrates the acoustic properties of 200 Chaozhou rusheng syllables by examining their spectrogram patterns, spectral tilt and HNR. Our findings show that the tonal flip-flop in Chaozhou dialect has resulted from changes in phonation type of the rusheng syllables. The yinru syllables drop their final glottal stop and have changed their phonation into creaky voice, which induced low pitch. Yangru syllables are more complicated. There are two variants of yangru, one having a final glottal stop, the other having a compound phonation called creaky-falsetto
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Krull, Diana. "Relating acoustic properties to perceptual responses: A study of Swedish voiced stops." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88, no. 6 (December 1990): 2557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.399977.
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Khosla, Sid, Liran Oren, and Ephraim Gutmark. "An Example of the Role of Basic Science Research to Inform the Treatment of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis." Perspectives on Voice and Voice Disorders 24, no. 1 (March 2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/vvd24.1.37.
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An alternative and complementary approach to randomized trials or other clinical research in unilateral vocal fold paralysis is to use basic science research in animal models to answer the following two questions: (1) how and why do asymmetries affect voice production?, and (2) how do various surgical procedures affect these asymmetries? In this article, we will discuss some of our approaches to the first question. All experiments discussed center around the presence and effects of vortices, or areas of rotational motion, between the folds due to a phenomenon known as flow separation. Therefore, the formation and properties of intraglottal flow separation vortices will be briefly discussed. Then, we will describe experiments that look at the effects of the flow separation vortices on three measures of laryngeal physiology important to voice production: flow skewing, acoustic intensity, and glottal efficiency. Finally, we will explore the effects of some asymmetries on the flow separation vortices and discuss implications for the treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Our work is early and has some clear limitations. Therefore, the goal of this article is not to fully answer any question, but to show an example of the type of information that can be addressed by research in excised canine larynges.
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Langner, Florian, Andreas Büchner, and Waldo Nogueira. "Evaluation of an Adaptive Dynamic Compensation System in Cochlear Implant Listeners." Trends in Hearing 24 (January 2020): 233121652097034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216520970349.
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Cochlear implant (CI) sound processing typically uses a front-end automatic gain control (AGC), reducing the acoustic dynamic range (DR) to control the output level and protect the signal processing against large amplitude changes. It can also introduce distortions into the signal and does not allow a direct mapping between acoustic input and electric output. For speech in noise, a reduction in DR can result in lower speech intelligibility due to compressed modulations of speech. This study proposes to implement a CI signal processing scheme consisting of a full acoustic DR with adaptive properties to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and overall speech intelligibility. Measurements based on the Short-Time Objective Intelligibility measure and an electrodogram analysis, as well as behavioral tests in up to 10 CI users, were used to compare performance with a single-channel, dual-loop, front-end AGC and with an adaptive back-end multiband dynamic compensation system (Voice Guard [VG]). Speech intelligibility in quiet and at a +10 dB signal-to-noise ratio was assessed with the Hochmair–Schulz–Moser sentence test. A logatome discrimination task with different consonants was performed in quiet. Speech intelligibility was significantly higher in quiet for VG than for AGC, but intelligibility was similar in noise. Participants obtained significantly better scores with VG than AGC in the logatome discrimination task. The objective measurements predicted significantly better performance estimates for VG. Overall, a dynamic compensation system can outperform a single-stage compression (AGC + linear compression) for speech perception in quiet.
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Vicenik, Chad. "An acoustic study of Georgian stop consonants." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 1 (March 15, 2010): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100309990302.
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This study investigates the acoustic properties of ejective, voiced and voiceless aspirated stops in Georgian, a Caucasian language, and seeks to answer two questions: (i) Which acoustic features discriminate the three stop types? and (ii) Do Georgian stops undergo initial strengthening, and if so, is it syntagmatic or paradigmatic strengthening? Five female speakers were recorded reading words embedded in carrier phrases and stories. Acoustic measures include closure duration, voicing during the closure, voicing lag, relative burst intensity, spectral moment of bursts, phonation (H1-H2) and F0. Of these, voicing lag, voicing during the closure, mean burst frequency, H1-H2 and F0 could all be used to discriminate stop type, but stop types did not differ in closure duration or relative burst intensity. Georgian stops did show initial strengthening and showed only syntagmatic enhancement, not paradigmatic enhancement. Stops showed longer closure durations, longer voicing lags, and higher H1-H2 values in higher prosodic positions.
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Puts, David A., Coren L. Apicella, and Rodrigo A. Cárdenas. "Masculine voices signal men's threat potential in forager and industrial societies." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (July 13, 2011): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0829.
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Humans and many non-human primates exhibit large sexual dimorphisms in vocalizations and vocal anatomy. In humans, same-sex competitors and potential mates attend to acoustic features of male vocalizations, but vocal masculinity especially increases perceptions of physical prowess. Yet, the information content of male vocalizations remains obscure. We therefore examined relationships between sexually dimorphic acoustic properties and men's threat potential. We first introduce a new measure of the structure of vocal formant frequencies, ‘formant position’ ( P f ), which we show is more sexually dimorphic and more strongly related to height than is the most widely used measure of formant structure, ‘formant dispersion’, in both a US sample and a sample of Hadza foragers from Tanzania. We also show large sexual dimorphisms in the mean fundamental frequency ( F 0 ) and the within-utterance standard deviation in F 0 ( F 0 − s.d.) in both samples. We then explore relationships between these acoustic parameters and men's body size, strength, testosterone and physical aggressiveness. Each acoustic parameter was related to at least one measure of male threat potential. The most dimorphic parameters, F 0 and P f , were most strongly related to body size in both samples. In the US sample, F 0 predicted testosterone levels, P f predicted upper body strength and F 0 − s.d. predicted physical aggressiveness.