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Journal articles on the topic 'Acousto-optical modulation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Papanikolaou, Nikos, IE Psarobas, Nikos Stefanou, Rouhani Bahram Djafari, Bernard Bonello, and Vincent Laude. "Light modulation in phoxonic nanocavities." Microelectronic engineering 90 (May 8, 2011): 155–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.04.069.

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We report on the occurrence of strong nonlinear acousto-optic interactions in phoxonic structures, that support, simultaneously, acoustic and optical localized resonant modes, under the influence of acoustic losses. Deploying a detailed theoretical investigation of the acousto-optic coupling in the specific case of a one-dimensional phoxonic cavity, realized by homogeneous SiO2 and Si layers, we demonstrate the possibility for an enhanced modulation of light with sound through multi-phonon exchange mechanisms. A full electrodynamic and elastodynamic multiple scattering approach is employed to

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2

Eitle, J., G. R. Fox, P. Muralt, and N. Setter. "PZT Coated optical fibers for acousto-optical modulation." Ferroelectrics 223, no. 1 (1999): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199908260597.

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3

Kotov, V. M. "Broadband Acousto-Optic Modulation of Optical Radiation." Acoustical Physics 65, no. 4 (2019): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063771019040080.

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4

Bzhenchakivskyi, Valentyn. "Methods of active light modulation." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 14, no. 2 (2024): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2024.02.001.

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Active light modulation enables precise control over such light properties as intensity, phase, frequency, and polarization. This article examines electrooptic (EO), acousto-optic (AO), and magneto-optic (MO) modulation methods, analyzing their principles, advantages, and limitations for high-speed optical systems. The EO modulation, based on changes in the refractive index under the influence of an electric field, provides ultrafast signal modulation but is sensitive to electromagnetic interference. The AO modulation uses acoustic waves to periodically vary the refractive index, allowing high

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5

Voloshinov, V. B., and V. Ya Molchanov. "Acousto-optical modulation of radiation with arbitrary polarization direction." Optics & Laser Technology 27, no. 5 (1995): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(95)98689-p.

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6

Chong, Shau Poh, Chee Howe Wong, Kit Fei Wong, Colin J. R. Sheppard, and Nanguang Chen. "High-speed focal modulation microscopy using acousto-optical modulators." Biomedical Optics Express 1, no. 3 (2010): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.1.001026.

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7

Kastelik, Jean-Claude, Konstantin B. Yushkov, Samuel Dupont, and Vitaly B. Voloshinov. "Cascaded acousto-optical system for modulation of unpolarized light." Optics Express 17, no. 15 (2009): 12767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.012767.

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8

Kulakov, Sergey V., Gennady V. Kulak, and Oleg V. Shakin. "Acousto-optical modulation of airy light beams in crystals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 6 (2022): 062010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/6/062010.

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Abstract The non-collinear diffraction of Airy light beams on ultrasound in the regime of weak and strong acousto-optical (AO) interaction is investigated. Expressions are obtained for the complex amplitudes of diffracted waves in the general case of an anisotropic medium. It is shown that with an increase in the dimensionless parameter of the Airy beam, the efficiency of Bragg diffraction decreases. At the same time, however, the shape of the modulation curve remains unchanged. It is established that the greatest efficiency of anisotropic Bragg diffraction is achieved for a case when the diff

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9

Belyi, V. N., G. V. Kulak, G. V. Krokh, and O. V. Shakin. "Polarization-Independent Acousto-Optical Modulation of Bessel Light Beams." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 81, no. 1 (2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10812-014-9889-6.

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10

В.Э., ПОЖАР, та ДЬЯКОНОВ Е.А. "О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ СПЕКТРАЛЬНОЙ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ШИРОКОАПЕРТУРНОГО АКУСТООПТИЧЕСКОГО ФИЛЬТРА". Автометрия 60, № 5 (2024): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/aut20240513.

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Рассмотрена проблема построения электронно-перестраиваемого оптического фильтра с синтезируемой спектральной характеристикой. В качестве технической основы взят фильтр на базе дифракции света на акустических волнах, в котором все главные характеристики определяются параметрами фазовой объёмной дифракционной решётки, создаваемой в кристаллической среде акустическим полем, формируемым пьезоизлучателем. Исследована возможность формирования передаточной функции (спектральной характеристики) акустооптического перестраиваемого фильтра путём формирования управляющего сигнала и создания в среде неодно

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11

Lu, Junlin, Yufan Zhang, Amjad Ali, et al. "Simultaneous underwater beam steering and PAM4 transmission enabled by the acousto-optic effect." Optics Express 32, no. 21 (2024): 37678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.536476.

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In this paper, an underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system that can simultaneously achieve beam steering and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) enabled by the acousto-optic effect is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. An approach to manipulate the driving signal of an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is utilized to simultaneously achieve precise laser emission angle control and signal modulation, which enables high-speed link-switching for multi-user access. The system is tested in a 7-m water tank with a water attenuation coefficient of 0.87 dB/m, and a bit error rate (BER) o

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12

Kucherenko, Oleg K. "DETERMINATION OF THE ACOUSTO-OPTICAL DEFLECTOR PARAMETERS FOR A LASER-RADIATION ROCKET GUIDANCE SYSTEM." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 62(2) (December 24, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.62(2).2021.249110.

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The work is devoted to the development of an acousto-optic deflector for a laser-beam guidance system (LLSN) of missiles. LLSN is used in semiautomatic portable missile systems to destroy hostile targets of various types. An analysis of the methods for constructing such systems has shown that the most promising devices with pulse-code modulation using semiconductor pulsed lasers. The article provides a diagram and describes the principle of operation of the LLSN with pulse-code modulation. A problematic issue in the implementation of such a system is the development of a device for defle

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13

KAPPE, PHILIP, ALEXANDER STRÄßER, and MARTIN OSTERMEYER. "Investigation of the impact of SBS-parameters and loss modulation on the mode locking of an SBS-laser oscillator." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 1 (2007): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607070188.

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A Nd:YAG laser oscillator Q-switched and mode locked via a nonlinear mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and aided by an acousto optical modulator (AOM) has been realised. A rate equation model and a round trip model are used to describe the longitudinal mode dynamics. Parameter variations of the nonlinear SBS mirror and the loss modulating AOM in the resonator are investigated with regard to their effect on the pulse duration and spectra of the pulses.

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14

Kotov, V. M., S. V. Averin, and G. N. Shkerdin. "Acousto-optical modulation of light at a doubled sound frequency." Quantum Electronics 46, no. 2 (2016): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel15929.

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15

Cai, Lutong, Ashraf Mahmoud, Msi Khan, et al. "Acousto-optical modulation of thin film lithium niobate waveguide devices." Photonics Research 7, no. 9 (2019): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.7.001003.

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16

Wu, Jianhua, Xiaofeng Zhang, and Liang Chen. "Research on the Dual Modulation of All-Fiber Optic Current Sensor." Sensors 22, no. 2 (2022): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020430.

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Acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and electro-optical modulator (EOM) are applied to realize the all-fiber current sensor with a pulsed light source. The pulsed light is realized by amplitude modulation with AOM. The reflected interferometer current sensor is constructed by the mirror and phase modulation with EOM to improve the anti-interference ability. A correlation demodulation algorithm is applied for data processing. The influence of the modulation frequency and duty cycle of AOM on the optical system is determined by modeling and experiment. The duty cycle is the main factor affecting the n

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17

Ho, Quang Quy, Van Thinh Nguyen, and Van Luu Mai. "MICROLENS FOCAL LENGTH CONTROLING FOR OPTICAL TWEEZER ARRAYS BY ACOUSTO-OPTIC MODULATION IN GERMANIUM." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 9, no. 2 (2015): 2388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v9i2.1396.

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The microlens arrays created by ultrasonic waves in acousto-optical material Germanium (Ge) is theoretically proposed. The simulated results show the proposed microlens arrays can be used for optical tweezers arrays to trap an assembly micro-beads. Moreover, with the control by changing of the ultrasonic intensity and frequency, the optical tweezers arrays will act as the dynamical one, which can sieve the beads in (X,Y) plane in the embedding fluid. The focal length of microlens in GermaniumÂ controling by frequency and intensity of ultrasonic wave is discussed. Â Â Â Â Â Â

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18

Papanikolaou, Nikos, I. E. Psarobas, and Nikos Stefanou. "Absolute spectral gaps for infrared light and hypersound in three-dimensional metallodielectric phoxonic crystals." Applied physics letters 96 (June 11, 2010): 231917. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3453448.

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By means of full electrodynamic and elastodynamic multiple-scattering calculations we study the optical and acoustic properties of three-dimensional lattices of metallic nanospheres implanted in a dielectric host. Our results show that such structures exhibit omnidirectional spectral gaps for both telecom infrared light and hypersound, with relatively low absorptive losses. This class of dual phoxonic band-gap materials is an essential step toward the hypersonic modulation of light and could lead to the development of efficient acousto-optical devices.

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19

Yang, Yang, Yin Xu, Dongmei Huang, et al. "Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Based Acousto-Optic Modulation Working at Higher-Order TE1 Mode." Photonics 9, no. 1 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9010012.

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Acousto-optic modulation (AOM) is regarded as an effective way to link multi-physical fields on-chip. We propose an on-chip AOM scheme based on the thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) platform working at the higher-order TE1 mode, rather than the commonly used fundamental TE0 mode. Multi-physical field coupling analyses were carried out to obtain the refractive index change of the optical waveguide (>6.5×10−10 for a single phonon) induced by the enhanced acousto-optic interaction between the acoustic resonator mode and the multimode optical waveguide. By using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZ

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20

Schermer, Ross T., and Jason D. McKinney. "Non-Uniform Sub-Nyquist Optical Sampling by Acousto-Optic Delay Modulation." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 21 (2018): 5058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2843288.

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21

Xie, Tuqiang, Zhenguo Wang, and Yingtian Pan. "High-speed optical coherence tomography using fiberoptic acousto-optic phase modulation." Optics Express 11, no. 24 (2003): 3210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.11.003210.

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22

Fleury, R., D. L. Sounas, and A. Alù. "Non-reciprocal optical mirrors based on spatio-temporal acousto-optic modulation." Journal of Optics 20, no. 3 (2018): 034007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aaaa3e.

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23

Pozhar, Vitold, Vladislav Pustovoit, and Sergey Beryoza. "Differential properties of acousto‐optical tunable filters in phase‐modulation mode." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (2008): 3144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933134.

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24

Laude, Vincent, Abderrahmane Belkhir, Abdullah F. Alabiad, et al. "Extraordinary nonlinear transmission modulation in a doubly resonant acousto-optical structure." Optica 4, no. 10 (2017): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.4.001245.

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25

Gantzounis, G., Nikos Papanikolaou, and Nikos Stefanou. "Nonlinear interactions between high-Q optical and acoustic modes in dielectric particles." PHYSICAL REVIEW B 84 (September 29, 2011): 104303. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.104303.

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The interaction between acoustic breathing modes and optical Mie resonances in a spherical particle made of a chalcogenide glass material is investigated by means of rigorous calculations, correct to any order in the acousto-optic coupling parameter. Our results reveal the occurrence of strong effects beyond the linear-response approximation, which lead to enhanced modulation of light by acoustic waves through multiphonon exchange mechanisms when both photons and phonons have a very long lifetime inside the particle.

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26

Li, Jian, and Shuang Zhang. "Electro Optic Conversion Methods in Intra-Body Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 4458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4458.

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Galvanic coupling method has been observed to be the best method for data transmission in intra-body communication, which is proposed by Zimmerman in 1995. With the increasing transmission requirements and the development of optical fiber communication, a high speed data transmission system is required and it is possible to design an apparatus to realize the electro optic conversion. In this paper, the characteristics of the intra-body communication system are introduced. Principles and structures of the electro-optic modulation methods for intra-body communication are reviewed. Internal and e

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27

Gondane, Jyoti, and Meena S. Panse. "Development of an Optical System for Non-Contact Type Measurement of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 3 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4030048.

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Self-mixing optical coherent detection is a non-contact measurement technique which provides accurate information about the vibration frequency of any test subject. In this research, novel designs of optical homodyne and heterodyne detection techniques are explained. Homodyne and heterodyne setups are used for measuring the frequency of the modulated optical signal. This technique works on the principle of the optical interferometer, which provides a coherent detection of two self-mixing beams. In the optical homodyne technique, one of the two beams receives direct modulation from the vibratio

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28

Wang, Tao, Bo Wang, Liqi Liu, et al. "15 Mbps underwater wireless optical communications based on acousto-optic modulator and NRZ-OOK modulation." Optics & Laser Technology 150 (June 2022): 107943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.107943.

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29

Zhang, Wending, Zhen Chen, Biqiang Jiang, et al. "Optical Heterodyne Microvibration Detection Based on All-Fiber Acousto-Optic Superlattice Modulation." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 18 (2017): 3821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2017.2717868.

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30

Xie, Tuqiang, Zhenguo Wang, and Yingtian Pan. "Dispersion compensation in high-speed optical coherence tomography by acousto-optic modulation." Applied Optics 44, no. 20 (2005): 4272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.004272.

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31

Zhang, Xuping, Yunyin Zheng, Chi Zhang, et al. "A Fading Tolerant Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry Based on Phasing-Locking Structure." Electronics 10, no. 5 (2021): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050535.

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The demand for phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR), which is capable of reconstructing external disturbance accurately, is increasing. However, φ-OTDR suffers from fading where Rayleigh backscattering traces (RBS) have low amplitude and may be lower than the noise floor. Therefore, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is reduced. In conventional coherent φ-OTDR, an acoustic optical modulator (AOM), which consists of an RF driving source and an acousto-optic crystal, is commonly used to generate optical pulses and frequency shifts. Since RF driving and external modulation signals

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32

Chiang, Kin S. "Acousto-optical modulation method for measuring the beat length of a linearly birefringent optical fiber." Optics Letters 14, no. 18 (1989): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.14.001029.

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33

Poon, Ting-Chung, Mark D. McNeill, and Daniel J. Moore. "Modern optical signal processing experiments demonstrating intensity and pulse-width modulation using an acousto-optic modulator." American Journal of Physics 65, no. 9 (1997): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18683.

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34

Wang, Lihong V. "Ultrasound-Mediated Biophotonic Imaging: A Review of Acousto-Optical Tomography and Photo-Acoustic Tomography." Disease Markers 19, no. 2-3 (2004): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/478079.

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This article reviews two types of ultrasound-mediated biophotonic imaging–acousto-optical tomography (AOT, also called ultrasound-modulated optical tomography) and photo-acoustic tomography (PAT, also called opto-acoustic or thermo-acoustic tomography)–both of which are based on non-ionizing optical and ultrasonic waves. The goal of these technologies is to combine the contrast advantage of the optical properties and the resolution advantage of ultrasound. In these two technologies, the imaging contrast is based primarily on the optical properties of biological tissues, and the imaging resolut

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35

Manneville, Sebastien, Ronald A. Roy, Charles C. DiMarzio, and David A. Boas. "A model for the ultrasonic modulation of optical path in acousto–photonic imaging." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110, no. 5 (2001): 2734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777483.

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36

Paul, Joseph S., Deep Sen, and Socrates Dokos. "Acousto-optic modulation by pulsed optical excitation: implications to imaging in turbid media." Optics Letters 35, no. 16 (2010): 2780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.002780.

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37

Bechtold, Peter, Oliver Hentschel, and Michael Schmidt. "Analytic and experimental investigations on influence of harmonic generation on acousto-optical modulation." Optics Express 20, no. 17 (2012): 19168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.019168.

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38

Paul, Joseph S., Socrates Dokos, and Paul Duchateau. "On the eigenfunctions of acousto-optic modulation in a homogeneously absorbing optical medium." Optics Letters 34, no. 16 (2009): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.002528.

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39

Li, Yao, and Yan Zhang. "Optical analog-to-digital conversion using acousto-optic theta modulation and table lookup." Applied Optics 30, no. 30 (1991): 4368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.004368.

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40

Turunen, Jari, Eero Tervonen, and Ari T. Friberg. "Acousto‐optic control and modulation of optical coherence by electronically synthesized holographic gratings." Journal of Applied Physics 67, no. 1 (1990): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345232.

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41

Oon, F. E., and Rainer Dumke. "Compact single-seed, module-based laser system on a transportable high-precision atomic gravimeter." AVS Quantum Science 4, no. 4 (2022): 044401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0119151.

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A single-seed, module-based compact laser system is demonstrated on a transportable [Formula: see text]-based high-precision atomic gravimeter. All the required laser frequencies for the atom interferometry are provided by free-space acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) and resonant electro-optic phase modulators (EOMs). The optical phase-locked loop between the two optical paths derived from the same laser provides an easy frequency manipulation between two laser frequencies separated by the hyperfine frequency of 6.835 GHz using an AOM and an EOM, respectively. Our scheme avoids parasite Raman tr

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42

GOEDGEBUER, Jean-Pierre, Nadia BUTTERLIN, and Henri PORTE. "DIGITAL OPTICAL COMPUTING: A NEW APPROACH OF SYSTOLIC ARRAYS BASED ON COHERENCE MODULATION OF LIGHT AND INTEGRATED OPTICS TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics C 04, no. 02 (1993): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183193000318.

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In optical computing, matrix-vector products are usually computed using systolic processors formed by acousto-optic cells illuminated by laser beams. We report a new approach based on coherence modulation of light. In this method, matrix-vector products are implemented electro-optically by a cascade of modulators forming a computing array. Several inputs can be operated on in parallel, and a number of operations can be performed digitally at one time. The demonstrator that was built in the frame of the European Programme "ESPRIT II Basic Research Action" to test this concept, is reported toget

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43

Klingmann, Fabian, Mario Montes-Usategui, Estela Martín-Badosa, and Jordi Tiana-Alsina. "Parallel illumination for depletion microscopy through acousto-optic spatial light modulation." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328711004.

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Several types of super-resolution microscopy, such as Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED), Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions (RESOLFT) or Switching Laser Mode (SLAM) microscopies, employ Laguerre-Gaussian beams (also called vortex or doughnut beams) to obtain fluorescence information within a sub-wavelength region of the specimen under observation, thus breaking the diffraction limit and producing images of greatly improved quality. However, in general, these techniques operate on a point-by-point basis, so we need to raster scan the sample in order to build a full, meanin

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44

Oliveira, Jackson Moreira, Hudson Afonso Batista da Silva, Fabio Barros de Sousa, et al. "Verification of All-Optical Regeneration with Hybrid Modulation and with On-Off Keying Modulation with Return to Zero and Non-Return to Zero Coding." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 11 (2020): 4875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9628.

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In this work we study the non-linear effects through the analysis of the operating results of three alloptical 3R regeneration (re-amplifying, re-shaping and re-timing) under the effects of cross-phase modulation (XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM), being a system with hybrid modulation and two other communication systems with modulation on-off keying (OOK) with return to zero (RZ) and non-return to zero (NRZ) coding. The main part of the 3R regeneration system proposed here is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composed of an acousto optical filter (AOF) and a highly nonlinear photonic crystal

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Tian, Ruiyang, Tao Wang, Xiaoyu Shen, et al. "108 m Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Using a 490 nm Blue VECSEL and an AOM." Sensors 24, no. 8 (2024): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24082609.

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Advanced light sources in the blue-green band are crucial for underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) can produce high output power and good beam quality, making them suitable for UWOC. This paper presents a 108 m distance UWOC based on a 100 mW 490 nm blue VECSEL and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). The high-quality beam, which is near diffraction-limited, undergoes relatively small optical attenuation when using a conventional avalanche photodiode (APD) as the detector and employing 64-pulse position modulation (PP

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46

Lei Yanyang, 雷艳阳, 姜桃飞 Jiang Taofei, 马云宾 Ma Yunbin та ін. "基于宽带声光调制的高保真相位敏感光时域反射计系统". Acta Optica Sinica 44, № 1 (2024): 0106017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos231426.

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Ji Xiang, 冀翔, 王小林 Wang Xiaolin, 周朴 Zhou Pu, 陆启生 Lu Qisheng, 侯静 Hou Jing, and 赵伊君 Zhao Yijun. "Supercontinuum source using Q-switched all-fiber nanosecond pulsed laser based on acousto-optical modulation." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 1 (2013): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132501.0119.

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48

He, Yang, Fei Chen, Deyang Yu, et al. "Pulse operation of linearly polarized diode-pumped cesium-vapor laser based on acousto-optical modulation." Optics Express 27, no. 13 (2019): 18883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.018883.

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Zaytsev, Kirill I., Alexey V. Perchik, Nikita V. Chernomyrdin, Konstantin G. Kudrin, Igor V. Reshetov, and Stanislav O. Yurchenko. "Hyper-spectral modulation fluorescent imaging using double acousto-optical tunable filter based on TeO2-crystals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 584 (January 30, 2015): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/584/1/012017.

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Shcherbakov, Alexandre S., and A. Aguirre Lopez. "Binary encoded modulation of light based on collinear three-wave acousto-optical weakly coupled states." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 5, no. 5 (2003): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/5/5/307.

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