Academic literature on the topic 'Acrylate monomer'
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Journal articles on the topic "Acrylate monomer":
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Hu Jing, Shao Long Wu, and Bai Yang Lou. "Research on Preparation of Transparent Hydrophilic Antifogging Acrylate Resin." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.92.
Abstract:
Solution polymerization method was used to prepare hydrophilic antifogging acrylate resin. By means of comparison, the optimum synthesis technology conditions was obtained that ethyl acrylate was used as soft monomer , methylcrylate was used as hard monomer. The best functional monomers was acrylic acid and methyl acrylic acid. The accessory functional monoer was β-hydroxyl ethyl acrylate. Cross-linking agent methylol acrylamide belongs to self-cross-linking system. Crosslinker was N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide.The quality rate of cross-linking agent and carboxylic acid is 4 to 1 .The resin can be cured perfectly at the temperature of 100°C in 40 min. The prepared acrylate resin had excellent water-solubility and antifogging.
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Wang, Ji Hui, Fei Dong, Shu Ping Ren, and Meng Jie Guo. "Synthesis and Humidity Controlling Properties of Hydrotalcite/poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) Composite." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1420.
Abstract:
Hydrotalcite/poly(sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite was synthesized by using inverse suspension polymerization method under different hydrotalcite content, neutralization degree and ratio of monomer with orthogonal experiments. The surface morphology, structure and humidity controlling properties of composite were observed and determined. The results show that hydrotalcite/poly (sodium acrylate-acrylamide) composite is in an irregular block like structure with different size. During the polymerization process, acrylate and acrylamide monomers are successfully intercalated into the interlayer of hydrotalcite, and the distance of (003) hydrotalcite plane is increased from 0.766nm to 1.146nm. The impact of three factors on the humidity controlling behavior of composites increases by the order of ratio of monomer, hydrotalcite content and neutralization degree. The optimum preparation parameters are hydrotalcite content of 4%, neutralization degree of 90% and ratio of monomer in 9:1.
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Grigale-Soročina, Zane, Elina Vindedze, Julija Kozela, and Ingmārs Birks. "Evaluation of Reactive Diluent Impact on Stability of Systems Viscosity in UV-Curable Compositions." Solid State Phenomena 320 (June 30, 2021): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.320.150.
Abstract:
This study investigated the impact of various reactive diluents on viscosity of uncured mixture at 50 °C over a 12-week period. This criterion is important to predict the shelf life of uncured composition. Studied mono-functional acrylate monomers were: hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), isobornyl methacrylate (IBOMA), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate (EOEOEA), acryloyl morpholine (ACMO), glacial methacrylic acid (GMAA) and phosphate acrylate monomer (PAM); and various solvents: isopropanol(IP) ethyl acetate (EA), butyl acetate (BA). There was found the difference of effect on the systems viscosity in time between the mono-functional monomers and solvents. HPMA and IPA showed the most stable viscosity values in time.
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Sharma, Amrita, Devendra Agarwal, and Jagabir Singh. "Studies on the Influence of Monomers on the Performance Properties of Epoxy Acrylate Resin." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2008): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/734290.
Abstract:
Twelve blend samples were prepared by physical mixing of epoxy acrylate resins with various monomersviz. ethoxylated phenol monoacrylate (EOPA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trimethylol propane tri acrylate(TMPTA), having weight ratio of epoxy acrylate resin and monomers are 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20. These samples were cured under UV radiation using 5% photo initiator by weight. These blends were evaluated for mechanical, chemical & thermal properties. It was found that the sample having mono & tri functional monomers shows better properties than the samples having di functional monomer.
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Maes, Lowie, Daniel Massana Roqeuro, Louis M. Pitet, Peter Adriaensens, and Tanja Junkers. "Sequence-defined nucleobase containing oligomers via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer single monomer addition." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 12 (2020): 2027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01853k.
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Zhu, Xian Mei, Gang Hu Cheng, and Hong Zhao Liu. "Preparation and Characterization of Cationic Emulsion of Styrene and Acrylate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 1886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.1886.
Abstract:
The control of particle size and its distribution has become more and more important both in theory and in practice of emulsion polymerization field. In this study, cationic styrene-acrylate copolymer containing functional monomer was converted into water-soluble polymers by reaction with quaternising agents and acids with the free-soap emulsion polymerization method. The latex was obtained at the existence of nitrogen by the copolymerization of hydrophobic monomer styrene and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, hydrophilic monomer dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, modified PVA-0588 as the emulsifiers. The influences of the amount of azoisobutyronitrile initiator, the amount of dimethyl sulphate quaternising agent, reactivity ratio between monomers, charge density and pH value on the preparation process were discussed. The particle size and particle distribution was strongly affected by these factors. The results showed that the latex with narrow particle distribution and mean particle size about 100nm was obtained under redox system by adjusting 33% monomer to become precursor and dropping the rest of 67% monomer, after polymerization, N,N-dimethylamino groups were fully quaternised with dimethyl sulphate to improve the stability of the solutions. The glass temperature of polymer was 58.1°C, as pH values range of solution was 3~5, the stability and charge density of polymer emulsion could improve.
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Yang, Zhe, Huan Ye, Tao Qing Fu, and Chang Qing Fu. "Synthesis and Properties of Polyacrylate Hybrid Latexes Containing Fluorine and Silicon." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.92.
Abstract:
In this paper, a series of fluoro-silicone -containing acrylate emulsion (FSiAE) have been prepared through pre-emulsified semi-continuous seed emulsion method with OP-10, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the emulsifier, ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as the main monomers, 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (G02) and methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl silane (KH-570) as the functional monomers, The effect of the content of fluoro-silicone -containing monomer on the properties of acrylate emulsion and their films, such as the contact angle, water absorption, viscosity and hardness was investigated. The results show that functional monomers had effectively copolymerized with acrylic monomers, and the introduction of fluoro-silicone into the polyacrylate emulsion system did make the viscosity of the emulsion increased, the water absorption and the surface energy of the film decreased.
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Hutchinson, Robin A., and Sabine Beuermann. "Critically evaluated propagation rate coefficients for radical polymerizations: acrylates and vinyl acetate in bulk (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 11 (November 26, 2019): 1883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-1108.
Abstract:
Abstract Arrhenius parameters capturing the temperature dependence of radical polymerization propagation rate coefficients, kp, for methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and vinyl acetate in bulk are reported, based on the fitting of benchmark data sets compiled from independent laboratories using the pulsed-laser polymerization/size exclusion chromatography method. The reported kp values for acrylates hold for secondary-radical propagation and are needed to calculate effective propagation rate coefficients in situations where there is a significant population of mid-chain acrylate radicals resulting from backbiting, as will be the case at technically relevant temperatures. The results are compared to those previously reported for styrene and methacrylates to highlight the large differences in kp values seen between the major monomer families.
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Iannelli, Mauro, Fabio Bergamelli, and Giancarlo Galli. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of a New Hydantoin Monomer for Antibacterial Polymeric Materials." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 3 (2009): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch08479.
Abstract:
11-(4,4-Dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)undecyl acrylate was synthesized in a two-step procedure using microwave irradiation. Poly(acrylates) containing fluorinated and hydantoin (5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione) moieties were prepared by free radical polymerization of 2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl acrylate and the synthesized monomer with the aim of obtaining low surface energy polymeric materials with properties of contact-active biocides. Polymeric films were treated with a bleaching solution in order to convert the hydantoin units to N-halamines, well-known contact-active biocides. The reversibility of the chlorination reaction, necessary to impart a renewable biocide effect, was investigated by Fourier Transform-Attenuated Total Reflection. Preliminary biological tests conducted against Bacillus megaterium demonstrated the effective biocide properties of the prepared materials.
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Goliszek, Marta, Beata Podkościelna, Tomasz Klepka, and Olena Sevastyanova. "Preparation, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of UV-Cured Polymer Biocomposites with Lignin." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051159.
Abstract:
The preparation and the thermal and mechanical characteristics of lignin-containing polymer biocomposites were studied. Bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA) was used as the main monomer, and butyl acrylate (BA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) or styrene (St) was used as the reactive diluent. Unmodified lignin (L) or lignin modified with methacryloyl chloride (L-M) was applied as an ecofriendly component. The influences of the lignin, its modification, and of the type of reactive diluent on the properties of the composites were investigated. In the biocomposites with unmodified lignin, the lignin mainly acted as a filler, and it seemed that interactions occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the lignin and the carbonyl groups of the acrylates. When methacrylated lignin was applied, it seemed to take part in the creation of a polymer network. When styrene was added as a reactive diluent, the biocomposites had a more homogeneous structure, and their thermal resistance was higher than those with acrylate monomers. The use of lignin and its methacrylic derivative as a component in polymer composites promotes sustainability in the plastics industry and can have a positive influence on environmental problems related to waste generation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Acrylate monomer":
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Schofield, Laura Jayne. "Exploring more sustainable routes to acrylate monomer manufacture." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31127/.
Abstract:
Acrylic based monomers are used to create a wide range of organic polymers with applications from false nails to lighting panels and from lightweight, scratch-proof laptop screens to viewing windows in aquariums and submarines. Petrochemicals have been the predominant feedstock for these monomers since their introduction, but moves to make the industry “cleaner” and “greener” have led to a growing interest in renewable resources. Exploiting such resources for bulk plastic manufacture is the focus of this project. This thesis describes the hydrothermal conversion of di- and tricarboxylic acids into acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. In order to produce these chemicals via sustainable routes, the di- and tri-carboxylic acid precursors used in this work are all available from biomass or from known biological processes that convert biomass into useful precursors. Previous work in this area has focussed on the production of methacrylic acid from itaconic acid and its isomers or from citramalic acid. However, the first section of this thesis investigates the production of acrylic acid from malic acid. Malic acid is readily available from biomass sources and can produce acrylic acid after decarboxylation and dehydration akin to the previously reported route from citramalic acid to methacrylic acid. However, significant levels of by-products and unselective extractions meant we were unable to present an industrially viable route that could compete with current processes. The focus of the project then returned to the production of methacrylic acid. Fermentation of sugar molasses using Aspergillus terreus yields itaconic acid. This acid can then be used in the continuous production of methacrylic acid in high temperature water (>200 °C), at elevated pressure (>2000 psi) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Our research looks at the stability of methacrylic acid under these reaction conditions, showing the hydration to 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and decomposition to acetone. By investigating the effect of temperature and residence time on the stability of methacrylic acid and 2 hydroxyisobutyric acid, it is suggested that reactions do not exceed 260°C and have a residence time shorter than 360 s. Finally, this thesis describes a proposed new process for methacrylic acid production to include the recycling of a sodium hydroxide catalyst. Subsequent acidification of reaction exit solutions releases free methacrylic acid that can be extracted with a suitable organic solvent. Previous work in this area demonstrated this process with the use of sulfuric acid to release free methacrylic acid and yield the free acid as well as aqueous sodium sulfate waste. However, by using an acidic precursor, such as itaconic acid, to acidify the exit solution, methacrylic acid can be extracted and the remaining aqueous solution can be cycled through the continuous flow equipment, recycling the base catalyst as sodium itaconate. This process is demonstrated up to 20 cycles, and collected methacrylic acid has been esterified and polymerised to yield a sample of poly(methyl methacrylate), demonstrating proof of the concept behind our new process as a route to bulk plastic manufacture from renewable resources.
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Mange, Siyabonga. "Synthesis, polymerisation and characterisation of a novel olefin-modified acrylate monomer, 1-methyl-1-propyl-hexel acrylate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50459.
Abstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Finding use for byproducts from the chemical industry holds many advantages for a country's economy. Synthesis of new monomers from such byproducts adds value to otherwise otherwise low-value material. The synthesis of a new olefin-modified acrylate monomer, 1-methyl-1-propyl-hexyl acrylate (1-MPHA), derived from 1-pentene, is reported. Homopolymerisation of the monomer 1-MPHA was carried out in both benzene and in toluene. The products of full-conversion of the homopolymer poly-(1-MPHA) were characterised by GPC, NMR, TGA and DMA. Kinetic studies of the homopolymerisation process of 1- MPHAwere also undertaken. The monomer 1-methyl-1-propyl-hexyl acrylate (1-MPHA) was copolymerised with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Samples obtained from full conversion copolymerisations at various 1-MPHAIMMAfeed ratios were characterised by GPC, NMR, TGA and DMA. Reactivity ratios of the two monomers were obtained from in situ 1H NMR kinetic studies. 1-MPHA was also copolymerised with vinyl acetate (VAc). Samples obtained from full conversion copolymerisation with a 1-MPHA content ranging from 2 to 16 wt% were characterised by GPC, NMR, TGA and DMA. The solubility parameter and the hydrophobicity of the VAc/1-MPHA copolymers were also determined. Reactivity ratios of the two monomers were obtained from in situ 1HNMR kinetic studies. Further copolymerisation studies with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate as comonomers were undertaken. The chemical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis of the copolymers are reported. In conclusion, the use of 1-methyl-1-propyl-hexyl acrylate as a comonomer results in a reduction in the glass transition temperature, better thermal stability, increased hydrophobicity with an insignificant loss in stiffness of the copolymers. These properties are due to the long and branched chain structure of the 1-MPHA monomer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gebruik van byprodukte van die chemiese nywerheid hou groot voordele in vir die land se ekonomie. Sintese van nuwe monomere vanuit sulke byprodukte dra by tot waardetoevoeging tot andersins lae-waarde byprodukte. Die sintese van 'n nuwe olefien-gewysigde akrilaatmonomeer afkomstig van 1-penteen, naamlik 1-metiel-1-propiel-heksielakrilaat (1-MPHA), word hier beskryf. Homopolimerisasie van die monomeer 1-MPHA is uitgevoer in beide benseen en tolueen. Die produkte van die volledige omskakeling van die homopolimeer is met behulp van GPC, KMR, TGA en DMA gekarakteriseer. Die reaksiekinetika van die homopolimerisasie van 1-MPHA is ook ondersoek. Die monomeer 1-MPHA is met metielmetakrilaat (MMA) gekopolimeriseer. Monsters van die volledig omgeskakelde kopolimere met verskeie 1- MPHNMMA voerverhoudings is m.b.v. GPC, KMR,' TGA en DMA gekarakteriseer. Die reaktiwiteitsverhoudings van die twee monomere is vanaf 1HKMR-studies bepaat. 1-MPHA is ook met vinielasetaat (VAc) gekopolimeriseer. Monsters van die produk van die volledige kopolimerisasie met 1-MPHA , met 'n inhoud van 2- 16 massa 0/0, is ook m.b.v. GPC, KMR, TGA en DMA gekarakteriseer. Die 1- MPHA het die hidrofobisiteit van VAc/1-MPHA aansienlik verhoog. Die reaktiwiteitsverhoudings van die twee monomere is vanaf in situ 1H KMRstudies bepaal. Verdere kopolimerisasiestudies met stireen en glisidielmetakrilaat as komonomere is onderneem. Chemiese- en termogravimetriese analises van die kopolimere is gedoen en gerapporteer. Ter afsluiting, die gebruik van 1-metiel-1-propiel-heksielakrilaat as komonomeer het 'n verlaging in die glasoorgangstemperatuur, verhoogde termiesestabiliteit, verhoogde hidrofobisiteit, en 'n klein verlies in die stewigheid (Eng. stiffness) van die kopolimeer tot gevolg. Hierdie eienskappe is as gevolg van die lang, vertakte kettingstruktuur van die 1-MPHA monomeer.
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Prandato, Emeline. "Relations structure-propriétés et résistance à l’endommagement de vernis acrylate photo-polymérisables pour substrats thermoplastiques : évaluation de monomères bio-sourcés et de nano-charges." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0103/document.
Abstract:
L’objectif de ces travaux a été de développer des vernis acrylate photo-polymérisables à 100% d’extrait sec, destinés à protéger des pièces thermoplastiques en polycarbonate contre les endommagements mécaniques, en particulier contre la rayure. Les relations entre la composition, la structure et les propriétés de ces revêtements ont été explorées. Pour ce faire ont été étudiées la morphologie, les propriétés thermomécaniques ainsi que la résistance à la rayure des matériaux. Cette dernière a été évaluée par des tests de micro-scratch. La cinétique de formation des réseaux polymères a elle aussi été étudiée, par photo-DSC. Tous les matériaux étudiés présentent, en analyse thermomécanique dynamique, un module élevé à l’état caoutchoutique ainsi qu’une large relaxation mécanique. Un vernis pétro-sourcé à 100% d’extrait sec, qualifié de standard, a servi de point de départ à ces travaux. Il a tout d’abord été comparé à un vernis commercial solvanté photo-polymérisable, spécialement conçu pour la protection de pièces thermoplastiques. Celui-ci s’est avéré être plus efficace en termes de résistance à la rayure. Dans un deuxième temps, a été étudiée l’influence sur les propriétés du vernis standard pétro-sourcé d’un monomère multicyclique entrant dans sa composition. La modification de son pourcentage n’a permis d’apporter aucun bénéfice en termes de résistance à la rayure. Des nanoparticules de silice, d’alumine ou de zircone, disponibles sous forme de dispersion dans un monomère acrylate, ont ensuite été incorporées dans le vernis standard pétro-sourcé. Une organisation particulière de la nano-silice et de la nano-alumine au sein des matériaux étudiés a pu être observée par microscopie électronique en transmission. Il a été constaté que le taux de charge doit être élevé pour observer une augmentation du module élastique et une amélioration de la résistance à la rayure du vernis (≥15% massique dans le cas de la nano-silice). Par ailleurs, l’ajout de 5% massique de nano-silice dans le vernis n’a conduit à aucune modification de sa cinétique de photo-polymérisation. Enfin, une partie des composés acrylate pétro-sourcés du vernis standard a été substituée par des acrylates bio-sourcés disponibles industriellement. La cinétique de photo-polymérisation des deux types de vernis est similaire. Les conclusions de la comparaison entre les vernis bio-sourcés et le vernis standard pétro-sourcé en termes de résistance à la rayure dépendent de l’épaisseur des revêtements étudiés. L’ajout d’un composé monoacrylate bio-sourcé à la formulation des vernis tend à améliorer la recouvrance élastique des revêtements de faible épaisseur. L’acrylate d’isobornyle est en particulier intéressant, car il a aussi tendance à retarder l’apparition des craquelures au cours de la rayureThe aim of this work was to develop 100% solids photo-polymerizable acrylate coatings, intended to protect thermoplastic pieces made of polycarbonate against mechanical damage, in particular scratches. The relationships between the composition, the structure and the properties of these coatings were examined. For this purpose the morphology, the thermomechanical properties and the scratch resistance of the materials, assessed by micro-scratch tests, were studied. The kinetics of the polymer network formation was also studied by photo-DSC experiments. All the materials feature a high elastic modulus and a broad mechanical relaxation in dynamic thermomechanical analysis. A 100% solids petro-based coating (standard) constituted the starting point of this work. First it was compared to a commercial photo-polymerizable coating containing solvents, specially designed to protect thermoplastic pieces. This commercial coating turned out to be more efficient against scratches. In a second time was studied the influence of the percentage of a multicyclic monomer, taking part in the composition of the standard petro-based coating, on the properties of the latter. The modification of its proportion does not bring any advantage concerning the scratch resistance. Silica, alumina and zirconia nanoparticles, dispersed in an acrylate monomer, were then incorporated in the standard petro-based coating. A particular organization of the silica or alumina nanoparticles in the materials could be observed by transmission electron microscopy. A high filler content is required to observe an increase in the elastic modulus and an enhancement of the scratch resistance of the coating (≥15% by weight for the nano-silica). Moreover, no change of the photo-polymerization kinetics was noticed through the addition of 5% by weight of nano-silica in the coating. Finally, some of the petro-based acrylate compounds of the standard coating were substituted by commercially available bio-based acrylate monomers. Both types of coatings feature similar polymerization kinetics. The conclusions concerning the comparison of the scratch resistance of the bio-based and standard petro-based coatings depend on their thickness. The incorporation of a bio-based monoacrylate compound in low thickness coatings tends to improve the elastic recovery. Isobornyl acrylate is particularly interesting since it also tends to delay the apparition of cracks along the scratch
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Lo, David. "Photostability and photostabilisation of amine acrylated monomers." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359825.
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Back, Alan Joseph. "Mass transfer and radical flux effects in dispersed-phase polymerization of highly hydrophobic monomers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11295.
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Schrooten, Jens. "Investigations into the Propagation and Termination Kinetics of the Radical Polymerization of Polar Monomers in Aqueous Solution." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-001D-ADC2-A.
Abstract:
Propagations- und Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten radikalischer Polymerisationen in wässriger Lösung wurden durch Pulslaser-induzierte Polymerisationen und durch chemisch initiierte Polymerisationen bestimmt. Pulslaser-induzierte Polymerisationen wurden von N,2‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid, N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid, 2‑Methylprop‑2‑enamid und Prop‑2‑enamid durchgeführt. Anschließende Analyse der Produkte mittels Größenausschlusschromatographie ermöglichte die Bestimmung der Propagationsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten. Die beobachtete Änderung des Propagationsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten mit der Monomerkonzentration kann durch die Stärke, mit der innere Rotationen und Vibrationen im Übergangszustand des Propagationsschritts gehindert sind, erklärt werden. Die Abhängigkeit der Stärke der Hinderung von der Monomerkonzentration lässt sich zurückführen auf sich mit steigendem Monomeranteil verstärkende intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen der Übergangszustandsstruktur mit solvatisierenden Molekülen. Zur Bestimmung der Aktivierungsvolumina und der Arrhenius-Aktivierungsenergien der Propagation wurden Druck und Temperatur von Umgebungsdruck bis 2 000 bar beziehungsweise von 10 °C bis 80 °C variiert. Sowohl die Aktivierungsenergie als auch der Betrag des Aktivierungsvolumens sind im Fall von 2‑Methylprop‑2‑enamid größer verglichen mit N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid. Diese Beobachtung kann dem Umstand, dass N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid keine α‑Methylgruppe aufweist, zugeschrieben werden. Beide Aktivierungsparameter sind im Fall von N,2‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid denen des N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid ähnlich. Dies ist unerwartet, da N,2‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid eine α‑Methylgruppe aufweist. Unterschiede zwischen beiden Monomeren hinsichtlich der Konformation der Kohlenstoff–Kohlenstoff-Doppelbindung relativ zur Kohlenstoff–Sauerstoff-Doppelbindung könnten diese Beobachtung erklären.Zur Bestimmung von Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten wurde die Polymerisation durch einen einzelnen Laserpuls initiiert und der Monomer-zu-Polymer-Umsatz anschließend mittels zeitaufgelöster Nahinfrarotspektroskopie verfolgt. Die Zeitauflösung ist auf 0.33 μs verbessert worden. Wiederholte Einstrahlung von Laserpulsen in Kombination mit nahinfrarotspektroskopischer Analyse liefert Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten als Funktion des Grades des Monomerumsatzes. Untersuchungen der Terminierungskinetik von Prop‑2‑enamid, 2‑Methylprop‑2‑enamid, N,2‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid, N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid und 1‑Vinylpyrrolidin‑2‑on wurden, aufgrund des besseren Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses bei hohen Drücken, bei 2 000 bar durchgeführt. Weitere Messungen wurden im Fall der meisten Prop‑2‑enamide bei Drücken von 500 bar, 1 000 bar und 1 500 bar durchgeführt. Die dadurch erhaltenen Aktivierungsvolumina können zur Abschätzung des Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten bei Umgebungsdruck verwendet werden. Die Aktivierungsvolumina der Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten von N,2‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid und von Prop‑2‑enamid belaufen sich auf 12.4 cm3·mol−1 beziehungsweise 14.3 cm3·mol−1. Das Aktivierungsvolumen im Fall von N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid (4.9 cm3·mol−1) ist kleiner als erwartet. Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten von 1‑Vinylpyrrolidin‑2‑on konnten für einen großen Bereich der Anfangsmonomerkonzentration und des Grades des Monomerumsatzes erhalten werden. Diese Daten ermöglichen eine detaillierte Analyse der Parameter, die zur Beschreibung der Monomerumsatzabhängigkeit des Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten verwendet werden. Es wird angenommen, dass der Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizient innerhalb des untersuchten Monomerumsatzbereichs durch Segment-, Translations- und Reaktionsdiffusion kontrolliert ist.
Im Fall von N,N‑Dimethylprop‑2‑enamid und 1‑Vinylpyrrolidin‑2‑on wurden dynamische Viskositäten von Monomer–Wasser-Gemischen bei Umgebungsdruck bestimmt, um das Verständnis der Terminierungskinetik zu erleichtern. Für diese beiden Monomere wurde durch Pulslaser-induzierte Polymerisation eine große Anzahl von Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten in Abhängigkeit von der Anfangsmonomerkonzentration erhalten.
Zur Bestimmung des Terminierungsgeschwindigkeitskoeffizienten von Prop‑2‑enamid in Abhängigkeit vom Monomerumsatz wurden chemisch initiierte Polymerisationen bei Umgebungsdruck durchgeführt. Die erhaltenen Werte stimmen gut mit Daten überein, die mit Hilfe von Pulslaser-induzierten Polymerisationen ermittelt wurden.
Untersuchungen der binären Copolymerisation von 1‑Vinylpyrrolidin‑2‑on und Natriumacrylat zeigten einen ausgeprägten Einbau von Natriumacrylat in das gebildete Copolymer. Dies wurde mittels Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie gemessen. Die Monomerreaktivitätsverhältnisse wurden mit Hilfe der Lewis–Mayo-Gleichung bestimmt.
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Hamid, S. M. "Synthesis, aggregation behavior and polymerisation of novel amphiphilic (meth)acrylate monomers." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381475.
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Evans, Stacy Alexandria Banford. "Dithiafulvene (1,3-dithiole) and acrylate liquid crystals: Synthesis of monomers and polymers with possible electronic and electro-optic applications, and investigations in the synthesis of pure (meth)acrylates." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184777.
Abstract:
In this work, using the idea of an electrically conducting "functional unit," monomers and polymers with possible electronic and electro-optic applications were synthesized. The synthesis and polymerizations were, in many cases, novel and non-trivial. Dithiafulvene (1,3-dithiole) and variations of this functional unit were synthesized and incorporated into new condensation polymers. Polyesters, polyamides and polyhydrazones were all successfully synthesized and could be cast into films. These new polymers might be applicable as processable conducting materials if compatible dopants are employed or by themselves in the area of third order non-linear optics. Using a (meth)acrylate backbone, a spacer group of six methylene units, and a phenyl-CO₂-phenyl mesogen, linked by an ester group to a strongly polar optically active center containing a methoxy group, three new novel monomers and polymers were designed to exhibit smectic C* liquid-crystal phases. The polymers exhibited liquid crystalline behavior as was shown in differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. Further studies and investigations in the synthesis of pure (meth)acrylate esters and their homopolymers yielded surprising results with regard to the Schotten-Baumann reaction. Interestingly, the use of meth(acryloyl) chloride in this scheme leads to (meth)acrylic anhydride, which is not easily isolable from distillable products. This anhydride is responsible for gelation in the polymerization of glycolate esters, and cannot be removed by work-up with various nucleophiles without disrupting desired ester functions. An S(N)2 method is recommended in this work.
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Geisler, Emma. "Développement d'objets de qualité optique par photopolymérisation frontale." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022MULH4947.
Abstract:
Aujourd’hui, la création d’objets de qualité optique, tels que les verres de lunettes, est gérée par l’utilisation de moule. Ces moules permettent d’obtenir des objets finis ou « semi-finis » qui sont volontairement surdimensionnés. Les semi-finis, après production, sont taillés, usinés, et façonnés pour palier aux différentes corrections et montures existantes. Ces dernières étapes entrainent 90% de déchets qui sont peu valorisés. Afin de limiter cette production de déchets, le concept de fabrication additive a été proposé. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer un procédé de fabrication additive qui permette la fabrication d’objets de qualité optique. Avec le bon procédé de photopolymérisation, il est possible de former de manière continue un objet 3D sous l’action de la lumière UV. Cette étude s’est décomposée en plusieurs parties distinctes. Une première partie s’articule autour de l’étude de la formulation afin de contrôler le front de photopolymérisation. Une deuxième partie s’intéresse à la modélisation des fronts de photopolymérisation par une équation, en partant d’équations fondamentales utilisées dans le cas de la fabrication additive classique. Finalement, une dernière partie applicative, décrit le problème industriel avec la description d’objets de qualité optique, et le transfert des connaissances sur un système d’irradiation semi-industrielToday, optical quality object fabrication, such as ophtalmic lenses, uses a mould process. Those moulds allow obtaining object named “semi-finished” or “finished” voluntarily oversized. Then, those are cut, machined and shaped in order to fit different eyeglasses corrections, and frames. 90% of the initial material used are wasted, and will be hardly recycled The additive manufacturing processes seem to be a good idea to avoid the waste production. This PhD thesis objective is to develop a new additive manufacturing process to obtain optical quality objects. With the good photopolymerization process, it is possible to manage a continuous polymerization front under an UV light beam. This study was organised into several separated parts. The first one is the study of the formulation, and the chemistry, to control the polymerization front propagation. The second one is the equation modelization of the front propagation, using a well-known equation in the additive manufacturing process field. Finally an applicative part describes the industrial problem starting with the optical quality description of the object, and the knowledge transfer on a semi-industrial irradiation system
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Jahny, Karsten. "Amphiphile Polyurethan-Makromere als Emulgatoren und Comonomere für die heterophasige Polymerisation hydrophober Monomere." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2002. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1025614462796-67942.
Abstract:
Die Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese und Charakterisierung von amphiphilen Polyurethanen mit Emulgatoreigenschaften für die Polymerisation hydrophober Monomere in wässriger Phase. Der Emulgator wurde mit kolloid- und polymerchemischen Methoden hinsichtlich seiner grenzflächenaktiven Eigenschaften sowie einer Strukturbildung in wässriger Phase charakterisiert. Die Emulsionspolymerisation mit dem polymeren PU-Emulgator am Beispiel von Styrol ist untersucht worden. Dabei sind die Partikelgrössen und deren Verteilung in Abhängigkeit von Reaktionsparametern mittels Photonen-Korrelations-Spektroskopie und durch Fluss-Feldfluss-Fraktionierung (F-FFF) bestimmt worden. Weiterhin wurde mittels Dilatometrie und Reaktionskalometrie die Polymerisationskinetik untersucht. Die Partikelmorphologie konnte durch Festkörper-NMR modelliert werden. Durch Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) im Tapping mode konnte die Oberfläche und die Phasenseparation der polymeren Phasen charakterisiert werdenThis paper describes the synthesis of a reactive amphiphilic polyurethane, and its use as an emulsifier for the emulsion polymerization of styrene. The colloid properties and the structure of the emulsifier in the aqueous phase have been investigated. When the acrylic polymerization is carried out with hydrophobic monomers, we obtain a composite particle structure. The variation of particle size and particle size distribution as a function of the reaction parameters was measured by light scattering methods and Flow-fieldflow-fractionation (F-FFF) . Through investigation by dilatometry and reaction calorimetry it was possible to compare the polymerization process with that of common emulsion polymerization. Solid State NMR analysis allowed us to develop a core-shell model for the composite particle structure, and to determine the presence of an interphase layer between core and shell. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) methods were used to characterize the surface of the films, and tapping mode AFM was used to characterize the polymer phase separation on the micro scale
Book chapters on the topic "Acrylate monomer":
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Roed-Petersen, J. "A New Glove Material Protective Against Epoxy and Acrylate Monomer." In Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis, 603–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74299-6_117.
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Nguyen, Chau K., T. Brian Cavitt, Charles E. Hoyle, Viswanathan Kalyanaraman, and Sonny Jönsson. "A Mechanistic Description of the Sensitized N-Substituted Maleimide Initiated Photopolymerization of an Acrylate Monomer." In ACS Symposium Series, 27–40. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0847.ch003.
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Hartsough, Robert R., and Charles G. Gebelein. "The Controlled Release of 5-Fluorouracil from Acrylate Copolymers of 1-(N-2-Ethylmethacrylcarbamoyl)-5-Fluorouracil Monomer." In Polymeric Materials in Medication, 115–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2245-8_10.
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Minoofar, Ghazal, Hengameh Honarkar, and Mehdi Barikani. "Spectroscopic Study of Waterborne Polyurethane/Acrylate Hybrids Based on Acrylate Monomers Contents." In Eco-friendly and Smart Polymer Systems, 153–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45085-4_37.
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Ishizone, Takashi, Yuki Kosaka, and Raita Goseki. "Anionic Polymerization of Polar Vinyl Monomers: Vinylpyridines, (Meth)acrylates, (Meth)acrylamides, (Meth)acrylonitrile, Phenyl Vinyl Sulfoxide, Benzofulvene, and Other Monomers." In Anionic Polymerization, 127–89. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54186-8_4.
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Zhang, Xiaoming, Wenwen Deng, and Jing Wang. "Preparation and Characteristic of Waterborne Acrylate Adhesive." In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Smart Manufacturing and Material Processing (SMMP2022). IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220836.
Abstract:
Aqueous emulsion acrylic adhesive was prepared by batch emulsion polymerization With 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) and butyl acrylate (BA) as soft monomers, methyl methacrylate (MMA) as hard monomer, acrylic acid (AA), acrylic amide (AM) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as hydrophilic functional monomers, dodecanethiol (NDM) as molecular weight regulator, Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether (op-10) as mixed emulsifiers, ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, and distilled water (H2O) as solvent. The effects of monomer, emulsifier, initiator, reaction temperature and time on the properties of the synthetic adhesive were also discussed. The emulsifier accounted for 4% of the monomer, and the initiator accounted for 1%. This method greatly reduces the preparation time, improves the preparation efficiency, and facilitates the operation and production. The prepared aqueous acrylate emulsion was white and blue light, stable and small odor, good water resistance, solid content of 42.13%, viscosity of 857.1 mPa·s, peel strength of 2.647 N·(25mm)–1 through calcium stability. waterborne acrylate adhesive by water as a dispersion medium and have the advantages of high solid content, safety, non-toxicity and low cost, which can meet the needs of packaging and printing fields.
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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, and Basudam Adhikari. "Acrylic Acid (AA) Based Polyaniline Composite for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Sensors." In Polyaniline based Composite for Gas Sensors, 106–48. IOR PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ioriip2124.
Abstract:
N-substituted PANI-ES was obtained from N-phenyl-β-alanine (N-substituted aniline). N-phenyl-β-alanine was synthesized chemically from methyl acrylate and aniline precursor. ESI-MS, H1NMR spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy are employed to characterise the N-phenyl-β-alanine for structure elucidation. The structure and properties of corresponding polymers were investigated by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV-Visible, H1NMR, FESEM, solubility, and DC conductivity. On the basis of experimental results of prepared N-substituted aniline monomer and its corresponding polymer is proposed. At room temperature, the average DC conductivity of as-prepared PANI polymers was found in semiconducting range, which is 0.153 S/cm for poly (3-methyl (phenyl amino) propionic acid. We also were analysed temperature dependent DC conductivity with and without magnetic field of as prepared PANI polymers to understand the conduction mechanism and it was followed variable-range hopping (VRH) process. In addition, we were discussed the response of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with polyaniline based sensor materials.
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Song, Hong, Guilong Xu, Yun Liang, Jin Yang, Yi Wang, and Jian Hu. "Preparation of fluorinated poly-acrylate resin with excellent hydrophobicity and oleophobicity using low fluorine monomer content." In Advances in Energy Equipment Science and Engineering, 245–48. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19126-51.
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Sandler, Stanley R., Wolf Karo, Jo-Anne Bonesteel, and Eli M. Pearce. "Seeded emulsion terpolymerization of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, and vinyl neodecanoate with gradual monomer and initiator additions." In Polymer Synthesis and Characterization, 73–76. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012618240-8/50018-6.
Conference papers on the topic "Acrylate monomer":
1
Pinto-Iguanero, Bernardina, Arturo Olivares-Perez, Maria R. Gomez-Colin, Mauricio Ortiz-Gutierrez, Mario Perez-Cortes, Jose L. Juarez-Perez, and Israel Fuentes-Tapia. "Holographic material film composed by acrylate monomer with mercapato adhesive." In Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, edited by Bernard Kippelen and Donal D. C. Bradley. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.470451.
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Wellinghoff, S. T., D. P. Nicolella, D. P. Hanson, H. R. Rawls, and B. K. Norling. "Photopolymerizable Liquid Crystal Monomer-Oxide Nanoparticle Composites." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39367.
Abstract:
Methacrylate and acrylate terminated monomers can be rapidly polymerized to polymer glasses useful in biomaterials, photolithography and rapid prototyping, optical coatings and composites. Unfortunately, polymerization shrinkage results in loss of tolerance and the development of internal stresses which can be especially critical in the case of highly crosslinked glasses. Structurally complicated oligomeric mixes of dimethacrylate monomers that exhibit a nematic liquid crystal to isotropic transition above room temperature have been synthesized in a low cost one pot synthesis to surmount the problem of polymerization shrinkage and the propensity of single component monomers to crystallize from the liquid state. Photopolymerization from the ordered liquid crystal state into a less ordered glass minimizes volumetric shrinkages to between 1–2% at greater than 90% polymerization conversion. These polymer glasses exhibited elastic bending moduli of 1.2 GPa to 1.5GPa, fracture strengths of 70–100MPa and fracture toughness of K=0.3–0.4 (MPa)1/2. In some cases the glasses exhibited ductile behavior which is unusual for highly crosslinked materials. Room temperature viscosities of 100P–2000P permit facile processing of the liquid crystal monomers with inorganic particles to make dental restorative composites.
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Beyler Çiğil, Aslı, Hatice Birtane, and Okan Esentürk. "Preparation of conductive and flame-retardant PU/GO/DOPO printed films." In 11th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2022-p13.
Abstract:
Printed electronics are emerging technology products that we use in every moment of our daily lives. It is used in many fields from health, textile, electronics to communication. Inks with nanometal or organic content can be used in printed electronics. The ability of printed electronics to withstand temperature makes its use widespread in the electronics industry. Main aim of the study is to combine surface modified graphene oxide-based conductive inks with flame retardant materials. In this study, an effective and simple approach for the preparation of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) screen printing ink containing surface modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which has flame retardant activity. A new and effective flame-retardant additive; 9,10-dihydro-9,10-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), silane coupling agent and reduced graphene oxide was synthesized. In this synthesis, first reduced graphene oxide was modified with (methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane, and then reacted with DOPO to obtain a flame-retardant monomer containing P and Si. Based on the successful modification reactions, screen-printing ink containing polyurethane acrylate and different amounts of modified graphene oxide content (0, 5 and 10 wt%) were prepared and screen printed on the paper surface. In addition, coatings were made on the paper surface to determine some the properties. LOI values, thermal properties, contact angle values, conductivity and surface properties of the obtained prints and coatings films were investigated. As a result, conductive screen-printing ink resistant to high temperatures was successfully produced and printed coatings and free films were formed.
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Fontecchio, Adam K., Christopher C. Bowley, and Gregory P. Crawford. "Improvement in holographically formed polymer-dispersed liquid crystal performance through acrylated monomer functionality studies." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Iam-Choon Khoo. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.365808.
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Dalle Vacche, Sara. "Biobased composites from renewable monomers and cellulosic reinforcements by photoinduced processes." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ingy4050.
Abstract:
Polymeric materials are under tremendous pressure for improving their greenness: despite their important role in several essential aspects of human life, in public opinion they are mostly associated with single-use plastics pollution and use of fossil resources. Sustainable polymer-based materials may be prepared from biobased monomers and polymers, through photoinduced processes. Owing to low energy requirements, high reaction rates at room temperature, and low VOC emissions, photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a green technology. Among the biobased monomers explored in this field, those derived from cardanol (a natural phenolic lipid obtained from cashew nutshell liquid) and from unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, are interesting for industrial applications, being commercially available.However, polymers obtained by photoinduced polymerization of biobased monomers often have low thermomechanical properties; biobased monomers are thus typically used as co-monomers to increase the biobased content of fossil-based polymers, in non-structural applications, such as coating or adhesives, or are added with reinforcements to obtain composite materials. The latter option is particularly interesting when natural fillers, such as cellulosic fibers, are used, thus obtaining fully biobased composites.
In our group we exploited photoinduced reactions to produce composites from biobased monomers, using wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose from hemp waste fibers as reinforcements. Two routes were explored: (i) epoxidized and (meth)acrylated monomers derived from cardanol and from soybean oil, were polymerized by photoinduced radical or cationic chain growth reactions; (ii) copolymer latexes obtained from derivatives of eugenol and coumarin were crosslinked through a photocycloaddition reaction. In the latter case, the potential reversibility of the crosslinking was explored in view of recyclability.
The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reactions were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopies; high degrees of conversion were obtained. The thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of these composites make them interesting for e.g packaging applications.
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Dalle Vacche, Sara. "Bio-based cationic waterborne polyurethane dispersions from high oleic soybean oil." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/xdga8424.
Abstract:
Polymeric materials are under tremendous pressure for improving their greenness: despite their important role in several essential aspects of human life, in public opinion they are mostly associated with single-use plastics pollution and use of fossil resources. Sustainable polymer-based materials may be prepared from biobased monomers and polymers, through photoinduced processes. Owing to low energy requirements, high reaction rates at room temperature, and low VOC emissions, photoinduced polymerization is recognized as a green technology. Among the biobased monomers explored in this field, those derived from cardanol (a natural phenolic lipid obtained from cashew nutshell liquid) and from unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, are interesting for industrial applications, being commercially available. However, polymers obtained by photoinduced polymerization of biobased monomers often have low thermomechanical properties; biobased monomers are thus typically used as co-monomers to increase the biobased content of fossil-based polymers, in non-structural applications, such as coating or adhesives, or are added with reinforcements to obtain composite materials. The latter option is particularly interesting when natural fillers, such as cellulosic fibers, are used, thus obtaining fully biobased composites. In our group we exploited photoinduced reactions to produce composites from biobased monomers, using wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose from hemp waste fibers as reinforcements. Two routes were explored: (i) epoxidized and (meth)acrylated monomers derived from cardanol and from soybean oil, were polymerized by photoinduced radical or cationic chain growth reactions; (ii) copolymer latexes obtained from derivatives of eugenol and coumarin were crosslinked through a photocycloaddition reaction. In the latter case, the potential reversibility of the crosslinking was explored in view of recyclability. The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reactions were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopies; high degrees of conversion were obtained. The thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of these composites make them interesting for e.g., packaging applications.
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Skauge, Tormod, Per Arne Ormehaug, Ali Alsumaiti, Shehadeh Masalmeh, and Arne Skauge. "Polymer Stability at Harsh Temperature and Salinity Conditions." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200178-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract Polymer flooding has a large potential for unlocking EOR reserves in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East. ADNOC has developed an EOR roadmap to realize some of these reserves. A milestone on this roadmap is to identify and verify polymers that have good performance at high temperature and high salinity conditions. The reservoir conditions include temperatures in the range of 100 – 130 ºC and formation brines of more than 200 000 ppm TDS with high concentrations of divalent ions in carbonate rock. These conditions have been beyond the limitations of synthetic polymers and most biopolymers. Here we report thermal stability measurements performed at anaerobic conditions for a number of synthetic polymers at high temperature, high salinity (HTHS) conditions. A custom thermal stability chamber and flooding rig was designed and produced where storage and measurements were performed without contact with oxygen or iron. A series of synthetic polymers with different ratios of the monomers amide, acrylate, ATBS and NVP were tested for temperature stability for up to 2 years at 120 ºC. Shear viscosity was measured frequently from the start while the time between tests was increased after trends in viscosity versus temperature was established. The viscosity was determined by measuring the differential pressure over a long coiled tubing. Three different brines ranging from ~200 to ~180 000 mg/L TDS were used as solvents. The results show that polymers with a low degree of ATBS and/or NVP have poor stability at the combined conditions of high temperature and high salinity and degrade within a short time. Polymers with a high degree of ATBS showed good stability at HTHS conditions. For these polymers high salinity improved stability, probably by stabilizing polymer conformation. In this paper, we report thermal stability at HTHS conditions for a number of polymers using a custom designed thermal stability chamber and flooding rig for storage and viscosity measurement. The design gives significant improvement over other methods where samples are either removed and exposed to air during measurement or opened to inert atmosphere during measurement. Polymers stable at HTHS conditions were identified, expanding the boundaries for polymer EOR applications to carbonate reservoirs with temperatures up to 120 ºC and high salinity formation water.