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Saptani, Parli. "TINDAK TUTUR DALAM WACANA KELAS VB SD NEGERI 62 KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN PELAJARAN 2012/2013." Diksa : Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/diksa.v1i2.3145.
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Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tindak tutur yang dominan dalam membuka, menerangkan , dan menutup pelajaran dalam wacana kelas menyimak pada kelas Vb saat membuka pelajaran di SDN 62 Kota Bengkulu tahun pelajaran 2012/2013 didasarkan pada kategori tindak tutur (speech act categories) menurut Sinclair dan Coulthard’s (IRF) Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian wacana kelas yang mendeskripsikan wacana kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini, yaitu observasi rekaman video. Dari hasil analisis data, diketahui bahwa tindak tutur yang dominan saat pembelajaran, yakni tindak tutur reply sebanyak 82 tindak tutur atau 12, 4% dari seluruh tindak, directive sebanyak 57 tindak tutur atau 8,6% dari seluruh tindak tutur, elicitation sebanyak 53 tindak tutur atau 8% dari seluruh tindak tutur dan nomination 52 atau 7,9% dari seluruh tindak tutur yang mengarah pada tanya jawab dalam pembelajaran dan penunjukkan pada nama siswa untuk meminta respon. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) data yang dominan ditemukan tidak cukup menonjol sebagai data yang menjadi penguatan pembelajaran (2) tindak tutur guru sangat dominan dalam pembelajarqn sehingga mengabaikan pembelajaran siswa aktif. Implikasi dalam pembelajaran dikhawatirkan akan berdampak pada tercapainya komunikatif pembelajaran yang dalam kurun waktu lama akan berdampak pada mutu pendidikan.
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de Vilhena, Ditza, Inês Gambôa, Delfim Duarte, and Gustavo Lopes. "Vestibular Disorders after Stapedial Surgery in Patients with Otosclerosis." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6830648.
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Introduction and Objectives. Vertigo is a described complication of stapedial surgery. Many studies have been conducted to assess the improvement of hearing loss, but there are few studies that assess vestibular function after stapedial surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and characterize the vertigo after stapedial surgery.Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study. Patients undergoing stapedial surgery in our hospital between October 2013 and December 2014 were invited to participate. The vertigo was assessed before and 4 months after surgery, using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory.Results. We included 140 patients in the study. 12 patients (8.6%) reported vertigo before surgery, and all of them denied vertigo after surgery. 36 patients (25.7%) reported vertigo four months after surgery, and none of them had vertigo before surgery. Postoperative total scores in patients with vertigo ranged between 2 and 18 points.Conclusion. The study shows that vestibular disorders may remain after the immediate postoperative period and reinforces the need for clarification of the patient in the informed consent act.
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Oliveira, Lúcio Garcia de, Letícia Maria de Araújo de Souza, Lúcia Pereira Barroso, Marcela Júlio César Gouvêa, Carlos Vinícius Dias de Almeida, Daniel Romero Muñoz, and Vilma Leyton. "Occupational conditions and the risk of the use of amphetamines by truck drivers." Revista de Saúde Pública 49 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005944.
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OBJECTIVE To test whether the occupational conditions of professional truck drivers are associated with amphetamine use after demographic characteristics and ones regarding mental health and drug use are controlled for.METHODS Cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 684 male truck drivers, which was collected in three highways in Sao Paulo between years 2012 and 2013. Demographic and occupational information was collected, as well as data on drug use and mental health (sleep quality, emotional stress, and psychiatric disorders). A logistic regression model was developed to identify factors associated with amphetamine use. Odds ratio (OR; 95%CI) was defined as the measure for association. The significance level was established as p < 0.05.RESULTS The studied sample was found to have an average age of 36.7 (SD = 7.8) years, as well as low education (8.6 [SD = 2.3] years); 29.0% of drivers reported having used amphetamines within the twelve months prior to their interviews. After demographic and occupational variables had been controlled for, the factors which indicated amphetamine use among truck drivers were the following: being younger than 38 years (OR = 3.69), having spent less than nine years at school (OR = 1.76), being autonomous (OR = 1.65), working night shifts or irregular schedules (OR = 2.05), working over 12 hours daily (OR = 2.14), and drinking alcohol (OR = 1.74).CONCLUSIONS Occupational aspects are closely related to amphetamine use among truck drivers, which reinforces the importance of closely following the application of law (Resting Act (“Lei do Descanso”); Law 12,619/2012) which regulates the workload and hours of those professionals. Our results show the need for increased strictness on the trade and prescription of amphetamines in Brazil.
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Sokolov, Vladislav. "MONITORING OF LEGAL REGULATION OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN TERMS OF LEGAL PRACTICE IN IMPLEMENTING THE “REGULATORY GUILLOTINE” IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION." Science Governance and Scientometrics 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 589–626. http://dx.doi.org/10.33873/2686-6706.2020.15-4.589-626.
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Introduction. At present, there are a large number of obsolete regulatory requirements, including those dating back to the USSR. The President and the Government of the Russian Federation decided to implement the “regulatory guillotine”, within the framework of which, by 1 January 2021, the totality of regulations imposing mandatory requirements must be replaced by new ones, including in the field of education. This goal requires the monitoring of existing laws, identifying their particularities, possible conflicts and gaps. Monitoring Tools. The authors of the paper applied methods of analysis, scientific and regulatory material analysis and synthesis as well as formal and legal, systemic and structural, functional, specific and sociological methods and the method of interpreting legal norms. The object of the study was the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Education of Russia as well as regulatory legal acts of other federal executive bodies adopted on the basis of the federal law on education. Results. The system of legal regulation of education is a structured system of acts of varying legal force, regulating a wide range of public relations. The monitoring results of this legal framework are systematised and presented in a table. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, the following suggestions are made: 1) to merge Order No. 462 of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science dated 14 June 2013 and Order No. 1324 of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science dated 10 December 2013 regulating the field of self-evaluation of educational organisations; 2) to merge Order No. 844 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 28 July 2014 and Order No. 1304 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 3 October 2014 regulating public relations in the field of granting foreign citizens and stateless persons the right to obtain various levels of education; 3) in terms of defining the measures of state support for students and postgraduate students in higher professional education institutions – to incorporate Presidential Decree No. 1556 of 16 November 1996 into Presidential Decree No. 443 of 12 April 1993; 4) to merge Presidential Decree No. 1198 of 14 September 2011 and Presidential Decree No. 181 of 13 February 2012 establishing scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate students; to create a new act regulating the procedure for granting state academic scholarships and/or state social scholarships to students. Conclusion. Improvement of the abovementioned specific laws will qualitatively improve the legal regulation of certain aspects of education in the Russian Federation, which will contribute to better legal regulation of the education sector as a whole. The results of the study will also be helpful to lawyers and academics who apply the legislation governing the education system in their professional or academic work.
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Sussmann, R., F. Forster, M. Rettinger, and P. Bousquet. "Renewed methane increase for five years (2007–2011) observed by solar FTIR spectrometry." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2012): 4885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4885-2012.
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Abstract. Trends of column-averaged methane for the time period (1996, Sep 2011) are derived from the mid-infrared (mid-IR) solar FTIR time series at the Zugspitze (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2964 m a.s.l.) and Garmisch (47.48° N, 11.06° E, 743 m a.s.l.). Trend analysis comprises a fit to the de-seasonalized time series along with bootstrap resampling for quantifying trend uncertainties. We find a positive trend during [1996, 1998] of 9.0 [3.2, 14.7] ppb yr−1 for Zugspitze (95% confidence interval), an insignificant growth during [1999, mid 2006] of 0.8 [−0.1, 1.7] ppb yr−1 (Zugspitze), and a significant renewed increase during [mid 2006, Sep 2011] of 5.1 [4.2, 6.0] ppb yr−1 for Garmisch, which is in agreement with 4.8 [3.8, 5.9] ppb yr−1 for Zugspitze. The agreement of methane trends at the two closely neighboring FTIR sites Zugspitze and Garmisch within the uncertainties indicates a good station-to-station consistency as a basis for future trend analyses by the ground-based mid-IR FTIR network on the global scale. Furthermore, the Zugspitze FTIR trend for the time interval [Jul 2006, Jun 2009] is found to agree with the trend derived from SCIAMACHY (WFM-DOAS v2.0.2) data within the 95% confidence intervals. In case a 1000-km pixel selection radius around the Zugspitze is used, the confidence interval is narrower for the FTIR trend (6.9 [4.2, 9.5] ppb yr−1) compared to SCIAMACHY (7.1 [5.1, 8.6] ppb yr−1). If, however, a loosened pixel selection is used (&approx;1000-km half-width latitudinal band), the SCIAMACHY trend significance interval is narrower (6.8 [5.1, 8.6] ppb yr−1) compared to Zugspitze FTIR (5.7 [3.0, 8.3] ppb yr−1). While earlier studies using surface network data revealed changes of 8.0 ± 0.6 ppb in 2007, 6.4 ± 0.6 ppb in 2008, and 4.7 ± 0.6 ppb in 2009 (Dlugokencky et al., 2011), our updated result proves that the renewed methane increase meanwhile has been persisting for >5 years [mid 2006, Sep 2011]. This is either the longest and largest positive trend anomaly since the beginning of systematic observations more than 25 years ago or the onset of a new period of strongly increasing CH4 levels in the atmosphere. Several scenarios have been developed to explain the persistent increase observed, mainly invoking an increase in emissions from natural wetlands, an increase in fossil fuel-related emissions or a decrease in OH concentrations. However, more work is needed to fully attribute this increase to a particular source or sink.
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Nickovic, S., A. Vukovic, M. Vujadinovic, V. Djurdjevic, and G. Pejanovic. "Technical Note: High-resolution mineralogical database of dust-productive soils for atmospheric dust modeling." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2012): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-845-2012.
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Abstract. Dust storms and associated mineral aerosol transport are driven primarily by meso- and synoptic-scale atmospheric processes. It is therefore essential that the dust aerosol process and background atmospheric conditions that drive dust emissions and atmospheric transport are represented with sufficiently well-resolved spatial and temporal features. The effects of airborne dust interactions with the environment determine the mineral composition of dust particles. The fractions of various minerals in aerosol are determined by the mineral composition of arid soils; therefore, a high-resolution specification of the mineral and physical properties of dust sources is needed. Several current dust atmospheric models simulate and predict the evolution of dust concentrations; however, in most cases, these models do not consider the fractions of minerals in the dust. The accumulated knowledge about the impacts of the mineral composition in dust on weather and climate processes emphasizes the importance of including minerals in modeling systems. Accordingly, in this study, we developed a global dataset consisting of the mineral composition of the current potentially dust-producing soils. In our study, we (a) mapped mineral data to a high-resolution 30 s grid, (b) included several mineral-carrying soil types in dust-productive regions that were not considered in previous studies, and (c) included phosphorus.
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Collins, David, Ian Dewing, and Peter Russell. "Auditors and regulatory work (1987–2013)." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 7 (September 16, 2019): 2088–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2354.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the jurisdictional expansion of audit into the area of UK financial regulation. The paper draws on the analytical framework of new audit spaces (Andon et al., 2014, 2015), which built on the concept of regulatory space (Hancher and Moran, 1989), and characterises this new audit space as regulatory work. Design/methodology/approach Through an intensive reading of a variety of publicly available documentary sources, the paper investigates the role of auditors and accountants in the reporting accountants’ and skilled persons’ regimes in the UK under the Banking Act 1987 and the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Findings The paper identifies a new audit space characterised as regulatory work, which is made up of three distinct phases (and suggests the recent emergence of a fourth phase), and considers the extent to which these phases of regulatory work share common themes across new audit spaces identified by Andon et al. (2015) as independence, reporting, accreditation and mediating. Originality/value The paper identifies a further jurisdictional expansion of audit into a new audit space, characterised as regulatory work.
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Uzma, Shigufta Hena. "Corporate governance practices: global convergence and Indian perspective." Qualitative Research in Financial Markets 10, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrfm-12-2016-0049.
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Purpose This paper aims to study from three perspectives: the developed countries corporate governance (CG) practices, the role of OECD in the global convergence of CG standards and India as an emerging country. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the various CG codes and regulations enacted in the Indian paradigm with special reference to the Indian Companies Act 2013 (cited as Act 2013). Findings The Act 2013 endeavours to provide a governance landscape in India with reforms. The new CG codes comprehensively introduce more accountability, transparency and stringent disclosure requirements. However, these changes are affected by the ownership structure, the level of enforcement and regulatory compliance of CG disclosure practices imposed on companies. Research limitations/implications Further research can be carried out in three domains in emerging countries: ownership structure, the effect of legal and regulatory environment and impact of mandatory compliance. Practical implications Legal and regulatory environment are notable extent that can effectively govern the CG codes. An increase in the board size, investor protection and gender diversity, with strong governance structure, can enhance the transparency of companies. Originality/value The paper examines the prominence of CG norms with the ratification of the Indian Companies Act 2013, which is analogous with global CG policies and regulations.
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SCHNEIDER, MARY ELLEN. "Act by June 30 to Avoid E-Rx Penalties for 2013." Internal Medicine News 45, no. 9 (May 2012): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(12)70418-3.
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Andraka-Christou, Barbara. "Policy process lessons from the Orphan Drug Act: applications for health policy advocates." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-12-2013-0052.
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Purpose – The Orphan Drug Act has provided the pharmaceutical industry with incentives to research and develop drugs for orphan diseases: rare diseases with little profit potential. It is considered very successful legislation by legal scholars, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and orphan drug activists. The policy process of the Act provides an important model of the policy process for future incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the important incentives of the Act and the historical events leading up to the Act. The paper applies three different theoretical models of the public policy process to understand the emergence of the Orphan Drug Act: Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model, the Advocacy Coalition Framework, and Social Constructionism Theory. The paper then synthesizes the public policy process lessons from each perspective and provides four recommendations for other social activists seeking to propel incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation for under-researched diseases. Design/methodology/approach – The author analyzes the history of the Orphan Drug Act based on publicly available scholarly research, government documents, and interest group publications. The author then applies three public policy theories to the history of the Orphan Drug Act to explain the emergence of the Act and to extract policy process lessons for future disease activists. Findings – Regardless of which theoretical perspective the Orphan Drug Act is analyzed from, some common themes of the policy process emerge. First, focussing events are instrumental in capturing the public’s sympathy and Congress’s attention. Second, in its activities and proposed legislation, a coalition should provide a role for all relevant and important actors. Third, the target groups of the legislation were construed positively, increasing the pressure for Congressmen to pass some kind of bill. Finally, the proper construction of “the problem” is instrumental to passing effective legislation as a “solution.” Originality/value – The Orphan Drug Act is widely considered successful incentive-based pharmaceutical legislation. However, because it was originally passed in 1983 and has not had public attention since the early 1990s (when it was amended), it has rarely been written about in recent years. However, its lessons are still highly relevant to policy activists, especially disease activists. Furthermore, existing articles focus on the impact of the legislation and ways to amend it, rather than on the passage of the Act.
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A'laa Taghi Al-Azawi and Ali A. F. Al Hamadani. "The Effect of Different Absorber Configurations On The Exergy and The Energy of Parabolic Solar Dish." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 3 (April 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol7.iss3.133.
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Abstract— The solar energy is the most important type of energy. The parabolic dish solar collector (PDSC) is the best type among other solar collectors because it is always tracking the sun movement. The exergy and the energy performances of a PDS were analyzed experimentally and numerically. The effect of different coil geometries and different mass flow rates of heat transfer fluid (HTF) were investigated. The PDS has parabolic dish and receiver with diameter (1.5) m and (0.2) m respectively. Concentration ratio is 56.25. The parabolic polar dish was supported by a tracking system with two axes. The types of the copper absorber were used which are: (spiral –helical) coil (SHC) and spiral-conical coil (SCC). The results showed that the useful energy and thermal efficiency are varying with solar radiation variation. The useful energy varying between (480-765) W for (SHC), the thermal efficiency varying between (35.2-39.8) % for (SHC). Exergy efficiency varying between (6.9 –8.6) %. It was shown that the higher values of useful energy for (spiral – helical) absorber was 0.1L/min flow rate.
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Henneberg, A., L. Elsgaard, B. K. Sorrell, H. Brix, and S. O. Petersen. "Does <i>Juncus effusus</i> enhance methane emissions from grazed pastures on peat?" Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2015): 8467–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-8467-2015.
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Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from drained organic soils are generally low, but internal gas transport in aerenchymatous plants may result in local emission hotspots. In a paired-sample field study at three different sites we measured fluxes of CH4 with static chambers from adjacent sampling quadrats with and without Juncus effusus during four field campaigns. At all three sites, CH4 was observed in the soil at all sampling depths (5–100 cm), and in most cases both above and below the groundwater table. During spring, local maxima suggested methanogenesis took place above the water table at all three sites. We found significant CH4 emissions at all three sites, but emission controls were clearly different. Across the three sites, average emission rates (±1 SE) for sampling quadrats with and without J. effusus were 1.47 ± 0.28 and 1.37 ± 0.33 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 respectively, with no overall effect of J. effusus on CH4 emissions, but a significant effect at one of the three sites. At this site, local CH4 maxima were closer to the soil surface than at the other sites, and the upper soil layers were dryer. This could have affected both root CH4 accessibility and CH4 oxidation respectively, and together with limited gas diffusivity in the soil column, cause elevated CH4 emissions from J. effusus. We conclude that aerenchymatous plants has the potential to act as point sources of CH4 from drained peatlands, but more studies on the specific conditions under which there is an effect, are needed before the results can be used in modelling of CH4 emissions.
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Laakso, L., V. Vakkari, A. Virkkula, H. Laakso, J. Backman, M. Kulmala, J. P. Beukes, et al. "South African EUCAARI measurements: seasonal variation of trace gases and aerosol optical properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2012): 1847–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1847-2012.
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Abstract. In this paper we introduce new in situ observations of atmospheric aerosols, especially chemical composition, physical and optical properties, on the eastern brink of the heavily polluted Highveld area in South Africa. During the observation period between 11 February 2009 and 31 January 2011, the mean particle number concentration (size range 10–840 nm) was 6310 cm3 and the estimated volume of sub-10 μm particles 9.3 μm3 m−3. The aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients at 637 nm were 8.3 Mm−1 and 49.5 Mm−1, respectively. The mean single-scattering albedo at 637 nm was 0.84 and the Ångström exponent of scattering was 1.5 over the wavelength range 450–635 nm. The mean O3, SO2, NOx and H2S-concentrations were 37.1, 11.5, 15.1 and 3.2 ppb, respectively. The observed range of concentrations was large and attributed to the seasonal variation of sources and regional meteorological effects, especially the anticyclonic re-circulation and strong winter-time inversions. In a global context, the levels of gases and particulates were typical for continental sites with strong anthropogenic influence, but clearly lower than the most polluted areas of south-eastern Asia. Of all pollutants observed at the site, ozone is the most likely to have adverse environmental effects, as the concentrations were high also during the growing season. The measurements presented here will help to close existing gaps in the ground-based global atmosphere observation system, since very little long-term data of this nature is available for southern Africa.
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Mukwiri, Jonathan. "British law on corporate bribery." Journal of Financial Crime 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2013-0072.
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Purpose – This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of the Bribery Act 2010 in curbing corporate bribery. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes a doctrinal focus in assessing UK bribery law using both primary and secondary sources. Findings – This paper finds that the effectiveness of the Bribery Act 2010 in curbing bribery lies in its approach of changing the basis for corporate criminal liability from focusing on the guilt of personnel within the company to focusing on the quality of the system governing the activities of the company. Companies have to address the risks of bribery or risk facing liability for failure to prevent bribery. With its regulatory approach to corporate liability, coupled with its extraterritorial reach, the Bribery Act is likely to change business cultures that facilitate bribery, thereby proving an effective law to corporate bribes. Originality/value – This paper highlights the deficiency of earlier laws in tackling corporate bribery, examines the crime of bribery from a company law perspective and argues that the regulatory strategy in the Bribery Act is likely to be an effective tool against bribery.
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Yeo, Roland K., and Michael J. Marquardt. "Think before you act: organizing structures of action in technology-induced change." Journal of Organizational Change Management 28, no. 4 (July 13, 2015): 511–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-12-2013-0247.
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Vakkari, V., J. P. Beukes, H. Laakso, D. Mabaso, J. J. Pienaar, M. Kulmala, and L. Laakso. "Long-term observations of aerosol size distributions in semi-clean and polluted savannah in South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1751–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1751-2013.
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Abstract. This study presents a total of four years of sub-micron aerosol particle size distribution measurements in the southern African savannah, an environment with few previous observations covering a full seasonal cycle and the size range below 100 nm. During the first 19 months, July 2006–January 2008, the measurements were carried out at Botsalano, a semi-clean location, whereas during the latter part, February 2008–May 2010, the measurements were carried out at Marikana (approximately 150 km east of Botsalano), which is a more polluted location with both pyrometallurgical industries and informal settlements nearby. The median total concentration of aerosol particles was more than four times as high at Marikana than at Botsalano. In the size ranges of 12–840 nm, 50–840 nm and 100–840 nm the median concentrations were 1856, 1278 and 698 particles cm−3 at Botsalano and 7805, 3843 and 1634 particles cm−3 at Marikana, respectively. The diurnal variation of the size distribution for Botsalano arose as a result of frequent regional new particle formation. However, for Marikana the diurnal variation was dominated by the morning and evening household burning in the informal settlements, although regional new particle formation was even more frequent than at Botsalano. The effect of the industrial emissions was not discernible in the size distribution at Marikana although it was clear in the sulphur dioxide diurnal pattern, indicating the emissions to be mostly gaseous. Seasonal variation was strongest in the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm, which was clearly elevated at both locations during the dry season from May to September. In the absence of wet removal during the dry season, the concentration of particles larger than 100 nm had a correlation above 0.7 with CO for both locations, which implies incomplete burning to be an important source of aerosol particles during the dry season. However, the sources of burning differ: at Botsalano the rise in concentration originates from regional wild fires, while at Marikana domestic heating in the informal settlements is the main source. Air mass history analysis for Botsalano identified four regional scale source areas in southern Africa and enabled the differentiation between fresh and aged rural background aerosol originating from the clean sector, i.e., western sector with very few large anthropogenic sources. Comparison to size distributions published for other comparable environments in Northern Hemisphere shows southern African savannah to have a unique combination of sources and meteorological parameters. The observed strong link between combustion and seasonal variation is comparable only to the Amazon basin; however, the lack of long-term observations in the Amazonas does not allow a quantitative comparison. All the data presented in the figures, as well as the time series of monthly mean and median size distributions are included in numeric form as a Supplement to provide a reference point for the aerosol modelling community.
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Dowden, Malcolm. "Law briefing." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 32, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-12-2013-0067.
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Purpose – This legal update examines the implications for commercial landlords of regulations required to be made under Energy Act 2011, and to come into force by 1 April 2018. Under those regulations, a landlord “may not let” commercial premises falling below a specified energy performance rating (likely to be E). The sanction of market deprivation arguably represents a significant shift in the balance between incentive and compulsion as the key policy tool adopted by the UK Government in seeking to improve the energy performance of commercial buildings. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper sets out and reflects a practitioner's concerns relating to the proposed new sanction of market deprivation. It identifies and highlights practical difficulties likely to be encountered when considering the interaction of the proposed regulations with existing statute (e.g. Landlord and Tenant Act 1954) and contractual provisions such as tenant break clauses. Findings – The prospect of being unable to let commercial premises that fall below a specified energy efficiency rating must focus landlord attention on rights to enter to carry out improvement works. The paper identifies a potentially significant trap for landlords in the model green lease clauses issued by the Better Buildings Partnership where tenant consent is required. Research limitations/implications – The paper does not reflect extensive or exhaustive academic research. Consistently with its purpose a legal update, it identifies key issues likely to be encountered by practitioners. Practical implications – The principal practical implication is the need for landlords and their professional advisors to consider as part of any current lease negotiations the need to secure rights of entry for landlords to carry out improvement works where premises are at risk of falling below the energy performance rating likely to be specified in regulations to be made under Energy Act 2011, s 49. Originality/value – The paper reflects a practitioner's views, developed through client matters and also through designing and delivering professional training sessions, on the likely implications of the requirement for regulations under Energy Act 2011.
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Cherian, R., C. Venkataraman, S. Ramachandran, J. Quaas, and S. Kedia. "Examination of aerosol distributions and radiative effects over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea region during ICARB using satellite data and a general circulation model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2012): 1287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1287-2012.
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Abstract. In this paper we analyse aerosol loading and its direct radiative effects over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Arabian Sea (AS) regions for the Integrated Campaign on Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) undertaken during 2006, using satellite data from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, the Aerosol Index from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board the Aura satellite, and the European-Community Hamburg (ECHAM5.5) general circulation model extended by Hamburg Aerosol Module (HAM). By statistically comparing with large-scale satellite data sets, we firstly show that the aerosol properties measured during the ship-based ICARB campaign and simulated by the model are representative for the BoB and AS regions and the pre-monsoon season. In a second step, the modelled aerosol distributions were evaluated by a comparison with the measurements from the ship-based sunphotometer, and the satellite retrievals during ICARB. It is found that the model broadly reproduces the observed spatial and temporal variability in aerosol optical depth (AOD) over BoB and AS regions. However, AOD was systematically underestimated during high-pollution episodes, especially in the BoB leg. We show that this underprediction of AOD is mostly because of the deficiencies in the coarse mode, where the model shows that dust is the dominant component. The analysis of dust AOD along with the OMI Aerosol Index indicate that missing dust transport that results from too low dust emission fluxes over the Thar Desert region in the model caused this deficiency. Thirdly, we analysed the spatio-temporal variability of AOD comparing the ship-based observations to the large-scale satellite observations and simulations. It was found that most of the variability along the track was from geographical patterns, with a minor influence by single events. Aerosol fields were homogeneous enough to yield a good statistical agreement between satellite data at a 1° spatial, but only twice-daily temporal resolution, and the ship-based sunphotometer data at a much finer spatial, but daily-average temporal resolution. Examination of the satellite data further showed that the year 2006 is representative for the five-year period for which satellite data were available. Finally, we estimated the clear-sky solar direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF). We found that the cruise represents well the regional-seasonal mean forcings. Constraining simulated forcings using the observed AOD distributions yields a robust estimate of regional-seasonal mean DARF of −8.6, −21.4 and +12.9 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), at the surface (SUR) and in the atmosphere (ATM), respectively, for the BoB region, and over the AS, of, −6.8, −12.8, and +6 W m−2 at TOA, SUR, and ATM, respectively.
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Beyramienanlou, Hamed, and Nasser Lotfivand. "Shannon’s Energy Based Algorithm in ECG Signal Processing." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8081361.
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Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) database is electrocardiograms (ECGs) set from healthy volunteers and patients with different heart diseases. PTB is provided for research and teaching purposes by National Metrology Institute of Germany. The analysis method of complex QRS in ECG signals for diagnosis of heart disease is extremely important. In this article, a method on Shannon energy (SE) in order to detect QRS complex in 12 leads of ECG signal is provided. At first, this algorithm computes the Shannon energy (SE) and then makes an envelope of Shannon energy (SE) by using the defined threshold. Then, the signal peaks are determined. The efficiency of the algorithm is tested on 70 cases. Of all 12 standard leads, ECG signals include 840 leads of the PTB Diagnostic ECG Database (PTBDB). The algorithm shows that the Shannon energy (SE) sensitivity is equal to 99.924%, the detection error rate (DER) is equal to 0.155%, Positive Predictivity (+P) is equal to 99.922%, and Classification Accuracy (Acc) is equal to 99.846%.
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Yu, Yu, and Yi Zhao. "The effect of Affordable Care Act on the competition in the post-patent ethical drug market." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 8, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 314–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-12-2013-0066.
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Purpose – This paper aims to study the post-patent ethical drug market and simulate the impact of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on individuals, health-care providers and pharmaceutical firms. US policymakers have been looking at various ways to curb rising health-care costs in USA, including ways to promote the use of generic drugs in lieu of brand drugs. In this broader context, the implementation of ACA in December 2013 will introduce major changes in the pharmaceutical market. Design/methodology/approach – To fully understand the impact of such policy changes, we develop a structural model to study consumers’ buying behavior and firm competition in the post-patent ethical drug markets. We use the estimated model parameters to conduct four policy simulations to illustrate the effect of Obamacare on increasing the relative size of price-insensitive segment, reducing price sensitivity in the price-sensitive segment, providing brand price discount to Medicare patients previously in the “donut hole” and the effect of change in people’s attitude toward generics. Findings – Our model estimation reveals two classes of consumers with different price sensitivities. This heterogeneity explains the increase in the brand price after generic entry. We identify consumers’ switching costs between generic and brand drugs, as well as among different generics. From the policy simulation, we find that except the closure of Medicare donut hole, all other policy changes lead to increased usage of the focal molecule, and the efforts to increase insurance coverage and reduce the out of pocket payment for prescription drugs lead to increase in firm profit. Originality/value – This paper is the first to illustrate the potential policy effect of Obamacare through a structural model on post-patent ethical drug market.
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Pretorius, J. Loot. "The Use of Official Languages Act: Diversity Affirmed?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i1a2313.
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A full sixteen years after the coming into force of the 1996 Constitution, Parliament responded to the constitutional obligation to regulate and monitor, by legislative and other means, the use of official languages by adopting the Use of Official Languages Act 12 of 2012. The Act represents a very limited normative appreciation of this constitutional instruction. The official language clause of the Constitution expresses a normative commitment regarding the positive affirmation of linguistic diversity, which is directly informed by and closely aligned to the core normative values of the Constitution. The Constitution’s positive evaluation of difference, including linguistic difference, inter alia, flows from the values of substantive equality, equal citizenship, dignity and proportionality. However, the way in which the Act institutionalises the promotion of inclusive linguistic diversity does not reflect an unambiguous recognition of this obligation being normatively embedded in the foundational value structure of the Constitution. The real responsibility for decisions regarding official language use is located in the policy-making competence of non-independent administrative bodies. The Act itself is devoid of instructive standards of its own to guide administrative decision-making regarding official language use. This results in the responsibility for making the most important normative choices regarding the use of official languages not being reserved for the legislative process, but entrusted to non-independent advisory administrative bodies. The nature of the Act confirms that it never was the intention of the government to be bound by legislation in this respect. This modus operandi is democratically deficient and compromises both the separation of powers and the principle of legal certainty as fundamental tenets of the rule of law.
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Jeßberger, P., C. Voigt, U. Schumann, I. Sölch, H. Schlager, S. Kaufmann, A. Petzold, D. Schäuble, and J. F. Gayet. "Aircraft type influence on contrail properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 23 (December 11, 2013): 11965–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11965-2013.
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Abstract. The investigation of the impact of aircraft parameters on contrail properties helps to better understand the climate impact from aviation. Yet, in observations, it is a challenge to separate aircraft and meteorological influences on contrail formation. During the CONCERT campaign in November 2008, contrails from 3 Airbus passenger aircraft of types A319-111, A340-311 and A380-841 were probed at cruise under similar meteorological conditions with in situ instruments on board DLR research aircraft Falcon. Within the 2 min-old contrails detected near ice saturation, we find similar effective diameters Deff (5.2–5.9 μm), but differences in particle number densities nice (162–235 cm−3) and in vertical contrail extensions (120–290 m), resulting in large differences in contrail optical depths τ at 550 nm (0.25–0.94). Hence larger aircraft produce optically thicker contrails. Based on the observations, we apply the EULAG-LCM model with explicit ice microphysics and, in addition, the Contrail and Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model to calculate the aircraft type impact on young contrails under identical meteorological conditions. The observed increase in τ for heavier aircraft is confirmed by the models, yet for generally smaller τ. CoCiP model results suggest that the aircraft dependence of climate-relevant contrail properties persists during contrail lifetime, adding importance to aircraft-dependent model initialization. We finally derive an analytical relationship between contrail, aircraft and meteorological parameters. Near ice saturation, contrail width × τ scales linearly with the fuel flow rate, as confirmed by observations. For higher relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI), the analytical relationship suggests a non-linear increase in the form (RHI-12/3. Summarized, our combined results could help to more accurately assess the climate impact from aviation using an aircraft-dependent contrail parameterization.
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Laldin, Mohamad Akram, and Hafas Furqani. "Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) 2013 and the Sharīʿah-compliance requirement of the Islamic finance industry in Malaysia." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 10, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-12-2017-0052.
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Purpose This paper aims to observe the development of the Sharīʿah governance framework (SGF) and practice in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach The study is a qualitative-based research. It uses various documents and content analysis approach to understand and analyze the structure, process and practice of SGF in IFIs in Malaysia. Findings It is found that the Central Bank of Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia, has attempted to develop a comprehensive framework of Sharīʿah governance for IFIs in Malaysia. The framework governs the practice of the industry, covers stakeholders’ scope of duties and responsibilities and provides details on processes and procedures in the operations of IFIs to achieve the objective of Sharīʿah compliance. To maintain the relevance of the SGF to the needs of the industry, the framework has also been updated recently in 2017. The amendments aim to strengthen the effectiveness of Sharīʿah governance implementation within the Islamic finance industry. Originality/value This study attempts to comprehensively examine the evolution of the SGF Sharīʿah governance framework for IFIs in Malaysia. The Malaysian model of the SGF is unique and could be emulated by other countries in developing the Islamic finance industry in their respective jurisdictions.
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Parise, Teresa, and Vijay Shenai. "The Value Effect of Financial Reform on U.K. Banks and Insurance Companies." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6030081.
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In response to the financial crisis, a number of reforms to bank regulation have been introduced. Many of these reforms seek to improve the resilience of banks through making changes to their structure. In the U.K., the Banking Reform Act 2013 was enacted. This study attempts to examine the market’s reaction to this important financial reform, on the stock price of banks and insurance companies and contributes to the current regulatory debate. As reform proposals take time to get converted into Law, this paper focuses on three legislative events extracted from the Parliament website; the third reading at the House of Commons, the third reading at the House of Lords, and the Royal Assent, effectively the stages from which reform proposals convert to Law. This study employs an event study methodology, based on a sample consisting of 24 major banks and insurance companies listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) for which data are available from 30/11/2012 to 18/12/2013 covering all three events. The findings are that banks’ shares reacted positively, whereas insurance companies’ shares reacted negatively to the passage of the Banking Reform Act 2013 in the House of Commons (first event); insurance companies experienced negative returns, whereas banks’ returns did not react significantly in relation to the passage of the Act in the House of Lords (second event); and finally, banks’ shares reacted positively while insurance companies’ shares reacted negatively when the Act received the Royal Assent (third event). One of the main intentions of the Banking Reform Act 2013, was to contain the risk taken by banks. Market reaction on banks’ shares shows that the market accepted this; on the other hand, the negative effect on the shares of insurance companies would imply that insurance companies are perceived to have taken on some additional risk as a consequence of the Act.
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Arifin, Zaenal. "PENERAPAN PASAL 59 UNDANG-UNDANGNOMOR 12 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG CALON PIMPINAN DAERAH DARI CALON PERSEORANGANDALAM PILWALI TAHUN 2013 DI KOTA KEDIRI." DIVERSI : Jurnal Hukum 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/diversi.v1i1.130.
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Act of 2008 regulates the candidates for regional heads of individual candidates. This article is actually adopting a sociological developments and the
insistence of the people of Indonesia who want democracy from the people by the people for the people. The desire was already accommodated in Act Number12 of 2008. The researchers used the method of normative legal research which researchesall the rules involved in the elections. In this study it can be concluded that the candidates of Mayor of Verification of Political Parties and individual Election Commission which is committed by election commission lawsin Kediri that is in conformity with that stipulated in Article 59 of Law Number 12 of 2008
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Kitaura, Hideki, Keisuke Kimura, Masahiko Ishida, Haruka Kohara, Masako Yoshimatsu, and Teruko Takano-Yamamoto. "Immunological Reaction in TNF-α-Mediated Osteoclast Formation and Bone ResorptionIn VitroandIn Vivo." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/181849.
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Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) is a cytokine produced by monocytes, macrophages, and T cells and is induced by pathogens, endotoxins, or related substances. TNF-αmay play a key role in bone metabolism and is important in inflammatory bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Cells directly involved in osteoclastogenesis include macrophages, which are osteoclast precursor cells, osteoblasts, or stromal cells. These cells express receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to induce osteoclastogenesis, and T cells, which secrete RANKL, promote osteoclastogenesis during inflammation. Elucidating the detailed effects of TNF-αon bone metabolism may enable the identification of therapeutic targets that can efficiently suppress bone destruction in inflammatory bone diseases. TNF-αis considered to act by directly increasing RANK expression in macrophages and by increasing RANKL in stromal cells. Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 12, IL-18, and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) strongly inhibit osteoclast formation. IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-γinduce apoptosis in bone marrow cells treated with TNF-α in vitro, and osteoclastogenesis is inhibited by the interactions of TNF-α-induced Fas and Fas ligand induced by IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-γ. This review describes and discusses the role of cells concerned with osteoclast formation and immunological reactions in TNF-α-mediated osteoclastogenesisin vitroandin vivo.
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Zagayko, Andriy L., Ganna B. Kravchenko, Oksana A. Krasilnikova, and Yuri O. Ogai. "Grape Polyphenols Increase the Activity of HDL Enzymes in Old and Obese Rats." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/593761.
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HDL particles are protein-rich particles that act as a vehicle for reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver. The purpose of this study was to investigate age-dependent changes in the functional activity of HDL and the effect of high-energy diet on this index, as well as to correct it under the influence of grape polyphenols from “Enoant” obtained fromVitis viniferagrapes. We observed the age-dependent composition changes in HDL particle. It was shown that total lipids and triacylglycerol (TG) levels were higher in 24-month-old animals. In obese rats, HDL total lipids and TG levels were higher in 24-month-old than in the 3-month-old and 12-month-old groups but did not differ from 24-month-old group. The plasma HDL paraoxonase (PON) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity levels were decreased in old-aged rats, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity was higher in old rats. Keeping 12-month-old animals on high-fructose diet completely leveled the age differences in the data that have been measured between 12-month-old and 24-month-old rats. After “Enoant” administration, an increase of HDL PON and LCAT activity levels and a reduction of CETP activity were found in 24-month-old and obese rats.
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Cobb, Dustin, Siqi Guo, and Ronald B. Smeltz. "CpG and Interleukin-15 Synergize to Enhance IFN-γ Production by Activated CD8+T Cells." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/924023.
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Interleukin-15 (IL-15) regulates the development and maintenance of memory CD8+T cells. Paradoxically, we previously reported that IL-15 could enhance CD8+T-cell responses to IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine required for optimal priming of effector CD8+T cells. To expand the physiological relevance of these findings, we tested IL-15 for its ability to enhance T-cell responses to bacterial CpG. Expectedly, CpG enhanced the production of IFN-γby CD8+T cells polyclonally activated with anti-CD3. However, addition of IL-15 to CpG-stimulated cultures led to a striking increase in IFN-γproduction. The effect of CpG and IL-15 was also evident with CD8+T cells recovered from mice infected with the parasiteTrypanosoma cruzi(T. cruzi) and restimulated with antigen. The observed synergy between CpG and IL-15 occurred in an IL-12-dependent manner, and this effect could even be demonstrated in cocultures of activated CD8+T cells and CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells. Although IFN-γwas not essential for CpG-induced IL-12, the ability of CpG and IL-15 to act on CD8+T cells required expression of the IFN-γ-inducible transcription factor T-bet. These data have important implications for development of vaccines and design of therapies to boost CD8+T-cell responses to infectious agents and tumors.
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Veličković, Sonja. "THE ROLE OF THE PREPARATORY PRESCHOOL PROGRAM FOR THE SCHOOL START OF THE CHILDREN." International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 3, no. 1 (June 20, 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2015-3-1-105-109.
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The main objective of this paper is to determine the contribution of the Preparatory Preschool Program (PPP) coordination between Preschool and primary education process and analysis of all factors affecting the preliminary introduction of children for school through the implementation of the Preparatory Preschool Program.The survey was conducted in 6 Preschool institutions and 12 primary schools in the following towns: Bujanovac, Vranje, Vladi?in Han, Leskovac and Niš; the sample consisting of 173 Preschool child care workers, 180 teachers and 32 professional associates with total number of 385 respondents.It is expected that the research results will initiate all people involved in children’s education from Preschool to primary elementary school education to act and work together in order to achieve a strategic and important aim - to prepare children for school effectively, i.e. to realize successfully the basic and very important prerequisite for easy adaptation of the children in the school environment.
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Turenne, Sophie. "FREE SPEECH AND SCANDALISING THE COURT IN MAURITIUS." Cambridge Law Journal 74, no. 1 (March 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000124.
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AT the behest of the Law Commission, Contempt of Court: Scandalising the Court (18 December 2012), Parliament recently abolished the common law offence of scandalising the court (s. 33 of the Crime and Courts Act 2013). But the offence is still frequently found in many parts of the common law world and the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Dhooharika v DPP of Mauritius [2014] UKPC 11; [2014] 3 W.L.R. 1081 may indicate its future in common law jurisdictions. The Privy Council was asked to decide, inter alia, whether the common law offence was compatible with s. 12 of the Constitution of Mauritius. Section 12 protects a person's freedom of expression but also makes saving for any law, or any act done pursuant to law, which aims to maintain the authority and independence of the courts and which is reasonably justifiable to that end.
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van Miltenburg, Niels, and Dawa Ometto. "Free Will and Mental Powers." Topoi 39, no. 5 (November 30, 2018): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-9615-8.
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Abstract In this paper, we investigate how contemporary metaphysics of powers can further an understanding of agent-causal theories of free will. The recent upsurge of such ontologies of powers and the understanding of causation it affords promises to demystify the notion of an agent-causal power. However, as we argue pace (Mumford and Anjum in Analysis 74:20–25, 2013; Am Philos Q 52:1–12, 2015a), the very ubiquity of powers also poses a challenge to understanding in what sense exercises of an agent’s power to act could still be free—neither determined by external circumstances, nor random, but self-determined. To overcome this challenge, we must understand what distinguishes the power to act from ordinary powers. We suggest this difference lies in its rational nature, and argue that existing agent-causal accounts (e.g., O’Connor in Libertarian views: dualist and agent-causal theories, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002; Lowe in Personal agency: the metaphysics of mind and action, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) fail to capture the sense in which the power to act is rational. A proper understanding, we argue, requires us to combine the recent idea that the power to act is a ‘two-way power’ (e.g., Steward in A metaphysics for freedom, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012b; Lowe (in: Groff, Greco (eds) Powers and capacities in philosophy: the new aristotelianism, Routledge, New York, 2013) with the idea that it is intrinsically rational. We sketch the outlines of an original account that promises to do this. On this picture, what distinguishes the power to act is its special generality—the power to act, unlike ordinary powers, does not come with any one typical manifestation. We argue that this special generality can be understood to be a feature of the capacity to reason. Thus, we argue, an account of agent-causation that can further our understanding of free will requires us to recognize a specifically rational or mental variety of power.
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Du Toit, Pieter, and Gerrit Ferreira. "The Regulation of the Possession of Weapons at Gatherings." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2419.
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The Dangerous Weapons Act 15 of 2013 provides for certain prohibitions and restrictions in respect of the possession of a dangerous weapon and it repeals the Dangerous Weapons Act 71 of 1968 as well as the different Dangerous Weapons Acts in operation in the erstwhile TBVC States. The Act also amends the Regulation of Gatherings Act 205 of 1993 to prohibit the possession of any dangerous weapon at a gathering or demonstration. The Dangerous Weapons Act provides for a uniform system of law governing the use of dangerous weapons for the whole of South Africa and it furthermore no longer places the onus on the individual charged with the offence of the possession of a dangerous weapon to show that he or she did not have any intention of using the firearm for an unlawful purpose. The Act also defines the meaning of a dangerous weapon. According to our court’s interpretation of the Dangerous Weapons Act 71 of 1968 a dangerous weapon was regarded as an object used or intended to be used as a weapon even if it had not been designed for use as a weapon. The Act, however, requires the object to be capable of causing death or inflicting serious bodily harm if it were used for an unlawful purpose. The possession of a dangerous weapon, in circumstances which may raise a reasonable suspicion that the person intends to use it for an unlawful purpose, attracts criminal liability. The Act also provides a useful set of guidelines to assist courts to determine if a person charged with the offence of the possession of a dangerous weapon had indeed intended to use the weapon for an unlawful purpose. It seems, however, that the Act prohibits the possession of a dangerous weapon at gatherings, even if the person carrying the weapon does not intend to use it for an unlawful purpose. The state will, however, have to prove that the accused had the necessary control over the object and the intention to exercise such control, as well as that the object is capable of causing death and inflicting serious bodily harm if it were used for an unlawful purpose. The Act does not apply to the following activities: (a) possession of dangerous weapons in pursuit of any lawful employment duty or activity; (b) possession of dangerous weapons during the participation in any religious or cultural activities or lawful sport, recreation or entertainment or (c) legitimate collection, display or exhibition of weapons. It is suggested that these exclusions are acceptable if the religious and cultural events referred to are not of a "protesting" or "confrontational" nature. If such events are indeed "protesting" or "confrontational" in nature, they are covered by section 17 of the Constitution (which authorises only peaceful and unarmed assembly, demonstration, picketing and the presentation of petitions). Religious and cultural events of a "protesting" or "confrontational" character, where dangerous weapons are displayed, run the serious risk of turning violent, and may result in a violation of section 12(1)(c) of the Constitution, which embodies the right of everyone to be free from all forms of violence.
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Oster, Jan. "Communication, defamation and liability of intermediaries." Legal Studies 35, no. 2 (June 2015): 348–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12064.
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The legal framework concerning liability of communication intermediaries for defamation is under-conceptualised. The paper thus develops a holistic doctrinal approach to liability of speech intermediaries, such as Internet service providers (ISPs), booksellers and newspaper vendors, for defamation. It views intermediary liability for defamatory speech against the backdrop of communication theory and freedom of expression doctrine. If properly conceptualised, as suggested in this paper, the law of defamation can accommodate the cyberspace-specific legislation in Arts 12–15 of the e-commerce Directive and s 5 of the Defamation Act 2013, as well as the innocent dissemination defence in s 1 of the Defamation Act 1996, now to be read together with s 10 of the Defamation Act 2013. The paper establishes six tenets of intermediary liability for defamatory content. In particular, it argues that ‘publication’ is to be conceptualised as a merely factual requirement for defamation, whereas the defence of ‘innocent publication’, also known as ‘innocent dissemination’, is a fault-based concept. Communication intermediaries are thus to be considered ‘publishers’, even if they have a merely automatic role in the publication process, but they may avail themselves of the defence of ‘innocent publication’. This defence has to be applied in compliance with the human rights of the parties involved.
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Liu, Wei, Hong-Li Jiang, and Bing Mao. "Chinese Herbal Medicine for Postinfectious Cough: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/906765.
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Chinese herbal medicine has been commonly used in the treatment of postinfectious cough. The aim of this review is to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for postinfectious cough. An extensive search for RCTs was performed using multiple electronic databases, supplemented with a manual search. All studies included were confirmed with specific inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of each study was examined according to the Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Quality of evidence was evaluated using rating approach developed by GRADE working group. The literature search yielded 352 results, of which 12 RCTs satisfied the inclusion criteria, offering moderate-to-high levels of evidence. Methodological quality was considered high in three trials, while in the other nine studies the unclear risk of bias was in the majority. Findings suggested that, compared with western conventional medicine or placebo, Chinese herbal medicine could effectively improve core symptoms of postinfectious cough, act better and have earlier antitussive effect, and enhance patients’ quality of life. No serious adverse event was reported.
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De la Cruz, Rhodieleen Anne R., and Rene S. Tuazon. "Motorcycle related cranio-maxillofacial injuries at a tertiary hospital in the Philippines." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 31, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v31i2.231.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the type and determine the number of motorcycle related cranio-maxillofacial injuries that were seen by the ORL service in the emergency room of a tertiary hospital from January 2013 to December 2013
METHODS
Study Design: Cross sectional retrospective chart review
Setting: Tertiary National University Hospital
Subjects: One hundred nine charts of patients seen at the emergency room from January 2013 to December 2013 were reviewed
RESULTS: Of the 109 charts of patients involved in vehicular accidents, there were 76 documented cases of motorcycle related accidents. Of these, 91% involved males and 9% involved females. Seventy one percent did not wear helmets, of whom 36% were young adult males between the ages of 18-30 years. Those that wore helmets had a total of 27 different facial fracture sites: 19% zygomatic tripod fractures, 15% temporal bone fractures and 11% with no fractures noted. Among those who did not wear helmets 75 fractures were noted. Twenty four percent were tripod fractures, 15% temporal bone fractures and 12% maxillary fractures. Only one did not incur any fractures.
CONCLUSION: Most cranio-maxillofacial fractures seen at the emergency room were from motorcycle related injuries (70%). Despite implementation of Republic Act 10054 (The Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009) majority of motorcycle-related accidents are still incurred by riders without helmets.
Keywords: cranio-maxillofacial fractures, motorcycle accidents, helmet, tripod fracture, temporal bone fracture
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Becagli, Silvia, Fabrizio Anello, Carlo Bommarito, Federico Cassola, Giulia Calzolai, Tatiana Di Iorio, Alcide di Sarra, et al. "Constraining the ship contribution to the aerosol of the central Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 3 (February 10, 2017): 2067–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2067-2017.
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Abstract. Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters lower than 10 µm, (PM10) aerosol samples were collected during summer 2013 within the framework of the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) at two sites located north (Capo Granitola) and south (Lampedusa Island), respectively, of the main Mediterranean shipping route in the Straight of Sicily. The PM10 samples were collected with 12 h time resolutions at both sites. Selected metals, main anions, cations and elemental and organic carbon were determined. The evolution of soluble V and Ni concentrations (typical markers of heavy fuel oil combustion) was related to meteorology and ship traffic intensity in the Straight of Sicily, using a high-resolution regional model for calculation of back trajectories. Elevated concentration of V and Ni at Capo Granitola and Lampedusa are found to correspond with air masses from the Straight of Sicily and coincidences between trajectories and positions of large ships; the vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer also appears to play a role, with high V values associated with strong inversions and a stable boundary layer. The V concentration was generally lower at Lampedusa than at Capo Granitola V, where it reached a peak value of 40 ng m−3. Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), La and Ce in particular, were used to identify possible contributions from refineries, whose emissions are also characterized by elevated V and Ni amounts; refinery emissions are expected to display high La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios due to the use of La in the fluid catalytic converter systems. In general, low La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios were observed in the PM samples. The combination of the analyses based on chemical markers, air mass trajectories and ship routes allows us to unambiguously identify the large role of the ship source in the Straight of Sicily. Based on the sampled aerosols, ratios of the main aerosol species arising from ship emission with respect to V were estimated with the aim of deriving a lower limit for the total ship contribution to PM10. The estimated minimum ship emission contributions to PM10 were 2.0 µg m−3 at Lampedusa and 3.0 µg m−3 at Capo Granitola, corresponding with 11 and 8.6 % of PM10, respectively.
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BOTO ÁLVAREZ, Alejandra. "Simplificación procedimental y optimización del funcionamiento de la Administración francesa." RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 719–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.028.
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LABURPENA: Artikulu honek Frantziako azaroaren 12ko 2013-1005 legea du aztergai. Lege hori, hain zuzen, administrazio-sinplifikazioa lortzeko prozesuan emandako azken legea da, eta administrazioaren eta herritarren arteko harremanak optimizatzea du ardatz. Legearen edukia aztertzen da, eta arintze-, modernizazio-, gardentasun- eta kodetze-neurriak bereizten dira. Ikusiko denez, neurri horiek badute zerikusirik Espainiako testuinguruarekin. Erabilitako ikuspegia, batez ere, zuzenbide konparatua da, kontuan hartuta gure herrialdean administrazio-justiziako Frantziako ereduan dutela oinarria administrazio publikoen funtzionamenduaren erreforma- eta sinplifikazio-prozesurako funtsezko zenbait elementuk; esaterako, administrazioaren isiltasunak. RESUMEN: Este articulo tiene por objeto la Ley francesa 2013-1005, de 12 de noviembre, la ultima en un proceso abierto hacia la simplificacion administrativa y que se centra en la optimizacion de las relaciones entre la Administracion y los ciudadanos. Se analiza su contenido distinguiendo entre las medidas de agilizacion, modernizacion, transparencia y codificacion que contiene y que, como se vera, no resultan ajenas al contexto espanol. La vision es fundamentalmente de derecho comparado, teniendo en cuenta que figuras centrales en el proceso de reforma y simplificacion del funcionamiento de las Administraciones publicas, como el silencio administrativo, tienen en nuestro pais como origen la recepcion del modelo frances de justicia administrativa. ABSTRACT: This paper presents Act 2013-1005, 12 November, the latest one along the administrative simplification process undergoing in France. The Act sets as its aim to improve relationship between Public Administrations and citizens. The measures launched on speeding-up, modernization, transparency and codification of Administrative procedure are hereby analyzed, taking into account that they are not unconnected to Spanish context. The comparative approach is justified as the Spanish configuration of essential issues of administrative reforms, such as silence procedure, has a historical French origin.
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Alden, Sarah Louise. "Welfare reform and the street level bureaucrat in homelessness services." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 35, no. 5/6 (June 8, 2015): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2013-0102.
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Purpose – Lipsky’s street level bureaucrat conceptual framework is employed to assist in understanding the ways in which statutory frontline homelessness practitioners are engaging with the current welfare reform agenda. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Draws the street level bureaucrat framework. A national baseline survey of homelessness practitioners was followed by targeted qualitative interviews involving 12 local authorities in England. Findings – Homelessness practitioners are facing a twofold crisis due to an increase in service users and corresponding decrease in feasible housing options or resources to tackle this. It was reported that effective service provision for all who required it was becoming increasingly difficult, which in turn fostered an environment in which unlawful gatekeeping practices could thrive. Further, it was found that a service user’s position may be additionally weakened due to the new powers conferred in the Localism Act. Research limitations/implications – Qualitative data were limited to North East Authorities due to limited research resources. Social implications – The current austere climate is negatively impacting upon the delivery of statutory homelessness provision. Differing implementation of the Localism Act will lead to inequitable service outcomes. Originality/value – Application of the street level bureaucrat implementation framework to English homelessness services, a national survey of English frontline service delivery in an austere climate.
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Ranslem, Duncan. "‘Temporary’ relocation: spaces of contradiction in South African law." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 7, no. 1 (April 13, 2015): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-12-2013-0041.
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Purpose – This study aims to examine how temporary relocation areas (TRAs), urban forms that facilitate evictions and forced relocations, have been written into South African legal and governmental structures through contested urban planning and legal regimes. Design/methodology/approach – Proceeding from the macro-scale of TRAs spread across the nation, to the mezzo-scale of the Delft Symphony Way TRA in Cape Town, to the micro-scale of an individual “blikkie” (housing unit) within this camp, the article looks at the form and function of the TRA in urban resettlement practices. Special attention is given to relocation areas’ designation as “temporary” spaces and the consequences of this temporal designation in law and on the ground. Findings – These sites have developed as technologies for negotiating competing demands on the state, and their presence foregrounds some of the deeply rooted contradictions in post-apartheid South Africa. They are places both within and apart from the city, often managed by city officials according to municipal specifications, but located proximally to key urban amenities, utilities services and employment centers. They also place contradictory demands on their residents, for whom making the TRA liveable also legitimates it as a form of housing. Originality/value – This article uncovers several concerns about TRAs, including their inadequacy for long-term settlement, their problematic usage as tools of dispossession and the spatial-material-legal imbrications by which TRAs exist, persist and act back upon both individual lives and policy spheres.
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L. Finn, Rachel, and Kush Wadhwa. "The ethics of “smart” advertising and regulatory initiatives in the consumer intelligence industry." info 16, no. 3 (May 6, 2014): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-12-2013-0059.
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Purpose – This paper aims to study the ethics of “smart” advertising and regulatory initiatives in the consumer intelligence industry. Increasingly, online behavioural advertising strategies, especially in the mobile media environment, are being integrated with other existing and emerging technologies to create new techniques based on “smart” surveillance practices. These “smart” surveillance practices have ethical impacts including identifiability, inequality, a chilling effect, the objectification, exploitation and manipulation of consumers as well as information asymmetries. This article examines three regulatory initiatives – privacy-by-design considerations, the proposed General Data Protection Regulation of the EU and the US Do-Not-Track Online Act of 2013 – that have sought to address the privacy and data protection issues associated with these practices. Design/methodology/approach – The authors performed a critical literature review of academic, grey and journalistic publications surrounding behavioural advertising to identify the capabilities of existing and emerging advertising practices and their potential ethical impacts. This information was used to explore how well-proposed regulatory mechanisms might address current and emerging ethical and privacy issues in the emerging mobile media environment. Findings – The article concludes that all three regulatory initiatives fall short of providing adequate consumer and citizen protection in relation to online behavioural advertising as well as “smart” advertising. Originality/value – The article demonstrates that existing and proposed regulatory initiatives need to be amended to provide adequate citizen protection and describes how a focus on privacy and data protection does not address all of the ethical issues raised.
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Stefunková, Michaela. "Potential of criminological research in evaluation of victim-focused policy and legislation in the Czech Republic." Temida 19, no. 1 (2016): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1601025s.
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For effective victim-focused legislation, evidence-based knowledge is essential, thus making criminological research of great importance. Victimization surveys represent a globally recognized type of criminological investigation. Although they are primarily focused on measuring the dark figure of crime, they can also provide a broad spectrum of information on victimization-related issues. The latest victimization survey was carried out in the Czech Republic by the Institute of Criminology and Social Prevention in 2013. Through face to face interviews, victimization was explored through eight selected offences in the period of 12 months prior the survey. The representative sample included 3000 respondents 15 years of age and older. The next round is planned for 2017. Since 2013, a new Act no. 45/2013 Coll., on Victims of Crime has come into effect in the Czech Republic. This paper will discuss how victimization surveys can enrich the knowledge on victimization-related issues and how they can help in the evaluation of criminal policy.
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Shrestha, Khadga Bahadur. "Challenges for Transforming Family Planning Rights into Practices in Nepal." Health Prospect 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2014): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9874.
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Transforming family planning rights into practices is not an easy task especially in a developing nation like Nepal where society is patriarchal and literacy is low. Besides, coverage and quality of reproductive health services and active involvement of the community is crucial in the transformation. For properly addressing these challenges, all the sectors that provide family planning services need to act on advocacy, creating demand, reshaping service delivery, sustainability (financial and self-reliance) and high level political and financial commitments are necessary.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v12i2.9874 Health Prospect Vol.12(2) 2013: 42-46
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Dehghanpour, Ali, and Zeinab Rezvani. "The profile of unethical insurance customers: a European perspective." International Journal of Bank Marketing 33, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-12-2013-0143.
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Purpose – Although perceived as a wrong act, insurance fraud is a prevalent phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to understand the psychological factors that lead to reporting an exaggerated/false insurance claim would enable insurance companies and policy makers to devise better preventive policies. Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing data-driven clustering techniques on psychological and demographic measures from 985 insurance customers in Europe, this study outlines profiles of segments of customers as it relates to dishonesty in dealing with insurance companies. The segmentation criteria include attitude toward insurance fraud, perceived probability of punishment, basic human values and morals, religiosity, life satisfaction and demographic characteristics. Findings – Results reveal the existence of four market segments. The segments include non-conservatives (sensitive to both perception of wrong behavior and the monetary payoff for a fraudulent claim), self-protectionists (sensitive to the probability of being caught), hedonists (sensitive to the personal pleasure and monetary payoffs for insurance fraud) and socially focused individuals (sensitive to social norms regarding admitting to having committed insurance fraud). Among the demographic variables, only education and among psychological variables, universalism, hedonism, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, moral philosophy, religiosity, perceived probability of punishment and attitude toward insurance fraud were significantly different among the four identified segments. Practical implications – Specific policies are proposed in order to prevent insurance fraud, tailored to the specific profile of each segment. Originality/value – Using a psychological perspective and a data-driven methodology, this study identifies four heterogeneous segments of unethical insurance customers with dissimilar values, attitudes toward fraud and perception of punishment probability.
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Ranger, Tom A., Wendy M. Braybon, Craig R. Purdam, and Jill L. Cook. "Forearm Position’s Alteration of Radial-Head Impingement on Wrist-Extensor Tendons." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (February 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0073.
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Context:Lateral epicondylalgia, pain at the lateral elbow, is commonly associated with extensor carpi radialis brevis tendinopathy. The radial head, which abuts the extensor tendons and is elliptical in shape, may affect the extensor tendons during pronation of the forearm. Cadaverous studies have shown that the radial head may act as a cam in pronation, to offer a mechanical advantage to the common extensor tendon and to mitigate load on the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon.Objective:To determine the effect of radial-head position on the wrist-extensor tendons in vivo.Design:Repeated-measures design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:22 participants (12 male, 2 left-handed).Main Outcome Measures:Distance (mm) from subcutaneous fascia to radial head measured by ultrasound.Results:The radial head in supination was significantly deeper than either pronation or midprone, indicating a smaller cam effect in supination.Conclusion:The authors recommend that the effect of radial-head position and its relationship to the area of tendon pathology be considered clinically in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from lateral epicondylalgia.
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Almirall, Pedro, Angel A. Escobedo, Yohana Salazar, Maydel Alfonso, Ivonne Ávila, Sergio Cimerman, and Isabel V. Dawkins. "Parental Perceptions of Giardiasis: A Study in an Outpatient Paediatric Hospital Setting in Havana, Cuba." ISRN Preventive Medicine 2013 (December 3, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/364647.
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Background. Giardia lamblia is an important cause of diarrhoeal disease throughout the world. Giardiasis— a mild and self-limiting disease that this protozoan causes— is perceived as a harmful disease. Aim. To explore the general level of awareness about giardiasis, clinical features, mode of transmission, prevention, and consequences and describe the sources and channels of information caregivers would prefer using to be informed about this disease. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among caregivers attending to the outpatient paediatric hospital setting in Havana. Results. A total of 202 caregivers were interviewed. Nearly 73% considered giardiasis as a modern problem, and 39% considered that it could be a fatal disease. Although 76.7% were aware that small intestine is the organ affected, other localizations were cited. Abdominal pain and diarrhoea were recognized as the commonest symptoms. Around one-third could identify that giardiasis may spread through drinking unboiled water and unwashed vegetables other incorrect ways were mentioned; respondents with more than 12 years of formal education were more likely to have better knowledge. Discussion. Strategies to control giardiasis need to be through an integrated approach aiming at boosting caregivers’ knowledge and encouraging healthcare workers to act as a readily available source for health information.
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Kojima, Naoya, Mariko Ishii, Yoko Kawauchi, and Hideaki Takagi. "Oligomannose-Coated Liposome as a Novel Adjuvant for the Induction of Cellular Immune Responses to Control Disease Status." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562924.
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Professional phagocytic cells, such as dendritic cells, are mainly responsible for phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion, which induce subsequent activation of T cell-mediated immunity. Thus, strategies that deliver antigens and stimulatory signals to the cells have significant implications for vaccine design. In this paper, we summarize the potential for liposomes coated with the neoglycolipids containing oligomannose residues (OMLs) as a novel adjuvant for induction of Th1 immune responses and CTLs specific for the encased antigen. OMLs preferentially take up peripheral phagocytic cells. In response to OML uptake, the cells secrete IL-12 selectively, enhance the expression of costimulatory molecules, and migrate into lymphoid tissues from peripheral tissues. OMLs also have the ability to deliver encapsulated protein antigens to the MHC class I and class II pathways to generate antigen-specific CTLs and Th1 cells, respectively, and lipid antigen to CD1d to activate NKT cells. Since administration of OML-based vaccines can eliminate an established tumor, inhibit elevation of the serum IgE level, and prevent progression of protozoan infections in several murine, human, and bovine models, OML-based vaccines have revealed their potential for clinical use in vaccination for a variety of diseases in which CTLs and/or Th1 cells act as effector cells.
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Saadawy, M. "An important world crop – barley – as a new green inhibitor for acid corrosion of steel." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2013-1333.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to test the extract of barley as an environmentally friendly inhibitor for the acid corrosion of steel due to its wide availability as a popular major crop and its richness with different chemical constituents reported in literature (40) like alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, leucine, valine, tyrosine and isoleucine with various number of functional groups that are able to chelate metal cations and to discuss the effect of temperature on its inhibition efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements were carried out using frequency response analyzer Gill AC instrument. The frequency range for EIS measurements was 0.1 ≤ f ≤ 1 × 103 with an applied potential signal amplitude of 10 mV around the rest potential. Polarization measurements were carried out at a scan rate of 30 mV/min, utilizing a three-electrode cell. A platinum sheet and saturated calomel electrode were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The working electrode was constructed with steel specimens that have the following composition (weight per cent): C, 0.21; S, 0.04; Mn, 2.5; P, 0.04; Si, 0.35; and balance Fe. Findings – Barley extract could act as an effective corrosion inhibitor for the acid corrosion of steel. The inhibiting action of the barley extract was attributed to its adsorption over the metal surface that blocks the available cathodic and anodic sites. Adsorption isotherms indicated that the adsorbed extract molecules cover one active center over the metal surface. Originality/value – The research included the first use of an important world crop as an effective corrosion inhibitor that can reduce the corrosion of steel to an extent of 94 per cent.
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Woodall, James, Jenny Woodward, Karl Witty, and Shona McCulloch. "An evaluation of a toothbrushing programme in schools." Health Education 114, no. 6 (September 30, 2014): 414–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-12-2013-0069.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of a toothbrushing intervention delivered in primary schools in Yorkshire and the Humber, a Northern district of England. The toothbrushing intervention was designed with the intention of improving the oral health of young children. The paper reports the effectiveness of the intervention and explores process issues related to its co-ordination and delivery. Design/methodology/approach – The evaluation had three data gathering approaches. These were: in-depth case studies of three selected schools participating in the toothbrushing programme; interviews with oral health promoters responsible for the programme in the district; and a small scale questionnaire-based survey which was sent to the 18 schools participating in the intervention. Findings – The intervention was accepted by children and they enjoyed participating in the toothbrushing scheme. Children had often become more knowledgeable about toothbrushing and the consequences of not regularly cleaning their teeth. The scheme was contingent on key staff in the school and the programme was more successful where school's embraced, rather than rejected the notion of improving children's health alongside educational attainment. Whether the intervention made differences to brushing in the home requires further investigation, but there is a possibility that children can act as positive “change agents” with siblings and other family members. Practical implications – This paper suggests that schools can be an effective setting for implementing toothbrushing interventions. Originality/value – Toothbrushing in schools programmes are a relatively new initiative that have not been fully explored, especially using qualitative approaches or focusing on the views of children. This paper makes a particular contribution to understanding the process and delivery of toothbrushing interventions delivered in primary schools. The implications for programmes outside of the UK context are discussed.
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Aditya, A. A. Kompiang Dhipa, I. Nyoman Gede Sugiartha, and Ni Made Sukaryati Karma. "Pemidanaan bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Perkosaan terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas." Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jkh.1.1.2121.7-12.
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Persons with disabilities refer to people who have physical, intellectual, mental, or sensory deficiencies so that in living their lives they find hindrances, as an opposite to normal people. Oftentimes the persons with disabilities receive poor treatment in society, be it discriminatory treatment or criminal acts, one of which is rape. Unfortunately, criminal sanctions for perpetrators of rape against persons with disabilities in Indonesia have not been explicitly regulated. Grounded with this phenomenon, this study examines the legal protection for persons with disabilities as victims of the criminal act of rape and sanctions for the perpetrators of the said criminal acts. To achieve these goals, this study was conducted using a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach and a case approach. Legal protection for persons with disabilities is contained in Article 3 and Article 5 Paragraph (2) of Law Number 8 of 2016 which regulates the rights and legal protection for persons with disabilities as victims of criminal acts. Protection for the rape victims takes the form of restitution and rehabilitation assistance. Sanctions for the perpetrators of the criminal act of rape against persons with disabilities have not been regulated strictly. In the Criminal Code, the criminal acts of rape are regulated in general sphere that is in Articles 285, 286, 287, 288. Thus, the legal protection for persons with disabilities aims to safeguard and maintain the persons with disabilities from the criminal acts of rape. In the Cassation Decision Number 736K/PID/2013 PN Cn, the sanction for perpetrators of rape against persons with disabilities is the imposition of sanctions in the provisions of Article 285 of the Criminal Code.
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Bergman, Zinette, Yael Teschemacher, Bimal Arora, Rijit Sengupta, Klaus Michael Leisinger, and Manfred Max Bergman. "Developing the business-society nexus through corporate responsibility expectations in India." critical perspectives on international business 16, no. 2 (January 14, 2019): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-12-2017-0087.
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Purpose The Government of India dramatically altered the dynamic between business and society when it introduced the Companies Act 2013, which mandated firms to expend at least 2 per cent of average net profits on corporate responsibility (CR) programmes. This reconfiguration of social value creation may serve as a template for a closer and participatory relationship between the private sector and government in emerging economies and beyond. This paper aims to analyse how CR expectations have taken shape in the print media in India. Specifically, the authors ask the following: What are the dimensions of CR expectations in mainstream Indian newspapers?, and Why, according to the newspaper narratives, do corporations have these responsibilities? Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, the authors randomly selected and analysed 50 per cent (n = 442) of the newspaper articles that dealt explicitly with CR. The articles appeared in the top five Indian English-language newspapers and the top two Hindi-language newspapers between 1 January and 31 December 2015. Using Content Configuration Analysis (CCA), the authors developed a typology of CR expectations and analysed their associated justifications. Finally, they used CCA to analyse how this typology and its justifications connect to the two main stakeholders: the business sector and government. Findings The analyses reveal how the introduction of the Companies Act 2013 had a major impact on CR expectations by explicitly and legally casting the business sector as the engine of social development. The authors were able to describe how contextual and cultural dimensions frame evolving interests and societal demands towards corporations, and how difficult it may be for corporations to fulfil CR expectations that are well beyond their core business and that reach domains usually pertaining to government. Originality/value This study contributes an empirical exploration of media discourse on contemporary CR expectations in India and its associated notions of social value creation, and how these are shaped by various cultural and contextual influences. The authors discuss how this novel approach to CR modifies the relations between business and society, and they reflect on the opportunities and limits of this model for other emerging economies, which struggle to formulate a symbiotic relationship between business and society.