Journal articles: 'Actinomycetales, infection'

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HOLTZ, HOWARD A. "Actinomycetales Infection in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." Annals of Internal Medicine 102, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-203.

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Ablanedo-Terrazas, Yuria, Christopher E. Ormsby, and Gustavo Reyes-Terán. "Palatal Actinomycosis and Kaposi Sarcoma in an HIV-Infected Subject with DisseminatedMycobacterium avium-intracellulareInfection." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/679728.

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ActinomycesandMycobacterium avium-intracellulareare facultative intracellular organisms, members of the bacterial order actinomycetales. AlthoughActinomycescan behave as copathogen when anatomic barriers are compromised, its coinfection withMycobacterium avium-intracellularehas not previously been reported. We present the first reported case of palatal actinomycosis co-infection with disseminated MAC, in an HIV-infected subject with Kaposi sarcoma and diabetes. We discuss the pathogenesis of the complex condition of this subject.

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Berry, A. M., L. McIntyre, and M. E. McCully. "Fine structure of root hair infection leading to nodulation in the Frankia–Alnus symbiosis." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 292–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-043.

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Root hair infection by Frankia (Actinomycetales) is the means by which nitrogen-fixing root nodules are initiated upon the actinorhizal host, Alnus rubra. Structural details of the infectious process and the changes in host root hair cells are demonstrated at the prenodule stage for the first time using light and transmission electron microscopy. The Frankia hypha is the infective agent, extending from the rhizosphere through the root hair wall in a highly deformed region of the hair. There is no evidence of pleomorphism of the Frankia hypha. The primary wall fibrils of the root hair appear disorganized at the site of penetration. There is extensive secondary wall formation in the infected hair. At the site of penetration, root hair cell wall ingrowths occur that are structurally consistent with transfer cell wall formation. The ingrowths are continuous with the encapsulating wall layer surrounding the Frankia hypha The host cytoplasm is rich in ribosomes, secretory products, and organelles, including Golgi bodies, mitochondria, plastids, and profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. In an aborted infection sequence, some structural features of the host response to Frankia are observable, while other aspects of successful infection do not occur. Limited transfer cell wall is formed at the site of near infection. The root hair cytoplasm is senescent, however, and a callosic plug appears to surround the pathway of infection.

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Fontanella, G. H., M. F. Pascutti, L. Daurelio, A. R. Perez, A. L. Nocito, D. Wojdyla, O. Bottasso, S. S. Revelli, and J. L. Stanford. "Improved outcome of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rats following treatment in early life with suspensions of heat-killed environmental Actinomycetales." Vaccine 25, no. 17 (April 2007): 3492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.11.062.

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MacDonald, Ashlee, Irvin Oh, Alex Grier, Benjamin Smith, John Daiss, and Steven Gill. "Microbiome Analysis for Assessments of Treatment Response and Salvage Prognosis in Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 2473011417S0000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000060.

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Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics, Diabetes Introduction/Purpose: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) contribute to 80% of non-traumatic lower-extremity amputations. Surgeons are often forced to make surgical decision without adequate prognostic information. DFU infections are often polymicrobial, representing complex microbial communities. A microbiota is the ecological community of various microorganisms that share body space. Currently, the methods of detecting an active infection, identifying the pathogenic bacteria within the microbiome, measuring the response to therapy, and assessing prognosis are limited. Using a molecular genomic technique of 16 S rRNA sequencing, our goals are to assess the pathogenic bioburden of DFUs and to monitor the bacterial community changes in response to antibiotic treatment. Our hypothesis is that the microbiome in DFUs responding to debridement and antibiotics treatment is distinct from those that fail to respond. Methods: Patients with type I or II diabetes who presented with an infected DFU were enrolled. Infections were identified using clinical signs. The DFU size was measured and classified using the Wagner classification. Enrolled patients were initially managed with foot salvaging therapy (FST): irrigation and debridement followed by wet-to-dry dressings and 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Superficial and deep DFU samples were obtained and evaluated by 16 S rRNA microbiome analysis and qPCR for bacterial abundance. This was repeated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks following the initiation of FST. At 12 weeks, patients were divided into two groups, healed and non-healed, based on the change in the size of the wound and absence or presence of 12 secondary signs of infection. Alpha- and beta-diversity were measured by the Shannon index and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index to evaluate changes in the microbiome between the healed and non-healed groups. Results: From July 2015 to August 2016, 21 patients were enrolled and 3 deceased due to medical comorbidities. Of the 18 patients available for follow-up, 10 failed FST and 8 healed. The qPCR and microbiome analysis revealed that the bacterial abundance and diversity of the bacterial community were substantially reduced following debridement and intravenous antibiotic treatment. At the initial enrollment, those group that healed versus non-healed showed significant differences in microbiome composition, with the healed group enriched with Actinomycetales and Staphylococcus, and the non-healed group enriched with Bacteroidales and Streptococcus. At week 4, such differences disappeared and bacterial abundance significantly decreased. New differences were evident at week 8: the healed group was enriched with Actinomycetales and non-healed group with Bacilli. Conclusion: Abundant presence of Bacteroidales and Streptococcus at the initial presentation of infected DFU maybe a poor prognostic sign for healing with FST. Through molecular analysis of the wound microbiome, we can identify pathogens of prognostic value at the initial cultures and assess response to therapy with significant differences at 8 weeks after. Our study provides useful information for counseling patients of treatment prognosis and determining to pursuit further foot salvage versus amputation.

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Sajnaga, Ewa, Marcin Skowronek, Agnieszka Kalwasińska, Waldemar Kazimierczak, Karolina Ferenc, Magdalena Lis, and Adrian Wiater. "Nanopore-Sequencing Characterization of the Gut Microbiota of Melolontha melolontha Larvae: Contribution to Protection against Entomopathogenic Nematodes?" Pathogens 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040396.

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This study focused on the potential relationships between midgut microbiota of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha larvae and their resistance to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) infection. We investigated the bacterial community associated with control and unsusceptible EPN-exposed insects through nanopore sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant bacterial phyla within the complex and variable midgut microbiota of the wild M. melolontha larvae. The core microbiota was found to include 82 genera, which accounted for 3.4% of the total number of identified genera. The EPN-resistant larvae differed significantly from the control ones in the abundance of many genera belonging to the Actinomycetales, Rhizobiales, and Clostridiales orders. Additionally, the analysis of the microbiome networks revealed different sets of keystone midgut bacterial genera between these two groups of insects, indicating differences in the mutual interactions between bacteria. Finally, we detected Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus as gut residents and various bacterial species exhibiting antagonistic activity against these entomopathogens. This study paves the way to further research aimed at unravelling the role of the host gut microbiota on the output of EPN infection, which may contribute to enhancement of the efficiency of nematodes used in eco-friendly pest management.

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Petrov, Vyacheslav A., María A. Fernández-Peralbo, Rico Derks, Elena M. Knyazeva, Nikolay V. Merzlikin, Alexey E. Sazonov, Oleg A. Mayboroda, and Irina V. Saltykova. "Biliary Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition in Cholelithiasis." BioMed Research International 2020 (July 2, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1242364.

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Background. A functional interplay between BAs and microbial composition in gut is a well-documented phenomenon. In bile, this phenomenon is far less studied, and with this report, we describe the interactions between the BAs and microbiota in this complex biological matrix. Methodology. Thirty-seven gallstone disease patients of which twenty-one with Opisthorchis felineus infection were enrolled in the study. The bile samples were obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease operative treatment. Common bile acid composition was measured by LC-MS/MS. Gallbladder microbiota were previously analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. The associations between bile acid composition and microbiota were analyzed. Results. Bile acid signature and Opisthorchis felineus infection status exert influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid both show positive associations with the presence of Chitinophagaceae family, Microbacterium and Lutibacterium genera, and Prevotella intermedia. Also, direct associations were identified for taurocholic acid concentration and the presence of Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales orders, Lautropia genus, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae as well as for taurochenodeoxycholic acid and Acetobacteraceae family and Sphingomonas genus. There were no differences in bile acid concentrations between O. felineus-infected and noninfected patients. Conclusions/Significance. Associations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota, and bile acid levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens.

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Magalhães, Joana, Nina Franko, Samanta Raboni, Giannamaria Annunziato, Päivi Tammela, Agostino Bruno, Stefano Bettati, et al. "Discovery of Substituted (2-Aminooxazol-4-yl)Isoxazole-3-carboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Bacterial Serine Acetyltransferase in the Quest for Novel Potential Antibacterial Adjuvants." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14020174.

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Many bacteria and actinomycetales use L-cysteine biosynthesis to increase their tolerance to antibacterial treatment and establish a long-lasting infection. In turn, this might lead to the onset of antimicrobial resistance that currently represents one of the most menacing threats to public health worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery required to synthesise L-cysteine is absent in mammals; therefore, its exploitation as a drug target is particularly promising. In this article, we report a series of inhibitors of Salmonella thyphimurium serine acetyltransferase (SAT), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of L-cysteine biosynthesis. The development of such inhibitors started with the virtual screening of an in-house library of compounds that led to the selection of seven structurally unrelated hit derivatives. A set of molecules structurally related to hit compound 5, coming either from the original library or from medicinal chemistry efforts, were tested to determine a preliminary structure–activity relationship and, especially, to improve the inhibitory potency of the derivatives, that was indeed ameliorated by several folds compared to hit compound 5 Despite these progresses, at this stage, the most promising compound failed to interfere with bacterial growth when tested on a Gram-negative model organism, anticipating the need for further research efforts.

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Lavire, Céline, Didier Blaha, and Benoit Cournoyer. "Selection of Unusual Actinomycetal Primary σ70 Factors by Plant-Colonizing Frankia Strains." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 2 (February 2004): 991–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.991-998.2004.

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ABSTRACT Functional adaptations of σ70 transcriptional factors led to the emergence of several paralogous lineages, each one being specialized for gene transcription under particular growth conditions. Screening of a Frankia strain EaI-12 gene library by σ70 DNA probing allowed the detection and characterization of a novel actinomycetal primary (housekeeping) σ70 factor. Phylogenetic analysis positioned this factor in the RpoD cluster of proteobacterial and low-G+C-content gram-positive factors, a cluster previously free of any actinobacterial sequences. σ70 DNA probing of Frankia total DNA blots and PCR screening detected one or two rpoD-like DNA regions per species. rpoD matched the conserved region in all of the species tested. The other region was found to contain sigA, an alternative primary factor. sigA appeared to be strictly distributed among Frankia species infecting plants by the root hair infection process. Both genes were transcribed by Frankia strain ACN14a grown in liquid cultures. The molecular phylogeny of the σ70 family determined with Frankia sequences showed that the alternative actinomycetal factors and the essential ones belonged to the same radiation. At least seven distinct paralogous lineages were observed among this radiation, and gene transfers were detected in the HrdB actinomycetal lineage.

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Hugonnet, Jean-Emmanuel, Nabila Haddache, Carole Veckerlé, Lionel Dubost, Arul Marie, Noriyasu Shikura, Jean-Luc Mainardi, Louis B. Rice, and Michel Arthur. "Peptidoglycan Cross-Linking in Glycopeptide-Resistant Actinomycetales." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 3 (January 6, 2014): 1749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02329-13.

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ABSTRACTSynthesis of peptidoglycan precursors ending ind-lactate (d-Lac) is thought to be responsible for glycopeptide resistance in members of the orderActinomycetalesthat produce these drugs and in related soil bacteria. More recently, the peptidoglycan of several members of the orderActinomycetaleswas shown to be cross-linked byl,d-transpeptidases that use tetrapeptide acyl donors devoid of the target of glycopeptides. To evaluate the contribution of these resistance mechanisms, we have determined the peptidoglycan structure ofStreptomyces coelicolorA(3)2, which harbors avanHAXgene cluster for the production of precursors ending ind-Lac, andNonomuraeasp. strain ATCC 39727, which is devoid ofvanHAXand produces the glycopeptide A40296. Vancomycin retained residual activity againstS. coelicolorA(3)2 despite efficient incorporation ofd-Lac into cytoplasmic precursors. This was due to ad,d-transpeptidase-catalyzed reaction that generated a stem pentapeptide recognized by glycopeptides by the exchange ofd-Lac ford-Ala and Gly. The contribution ofl,d-transpeptidases to resistance was limited by the supply of tetrapeptide acyl donors, which are essential for the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links by these enzymes. In the absence of a cytoplasmic metallo-d,d-carboxypeptidase, the tetrapeptide substrate was generated by hydrolysis of the C-terminald-Lac residue of the stem pentadepsipeptide in the periplasm in competition with the exchange reaction catalyzed byd,d-transpeptidases. InNonomuraeasp. strain ATCC 39727, the contribution ofl,d-transpeptidases to glycopeptide resistance was limited by the incomplete conversion of pentapeptides into tetrapeptides despite the production of a cytoplasmic metallo-d,d-carboxypeptidase. Since the level of drug production exceeds the level of resistance, we propose thatl,d-transpeptidases merely act as a tolerance mechanism in this bacterium.

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Kurtböke, Ipek. "From Actinomycin onwards: Actinomycete success stories." Microbiology Australia 33, no. 3 (2012): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12108.

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The discovery, development and exploitation of antibiotics was one of the most significant advances in medicine in the 20th century. In a golden era lasting from the 1940s to the late 1960s, antibiotic research provided mankind with a wide range of structurally diverse and effective agents for the treatment of microbial infections. Since then, the members of the order Actinomycetales, most notably the genus Streptomyces have proved to be a particularly rich source of antibiotics (Table 1) with extensive therapeutic applications, possibly because of the extra-large DNA complement of these bacteria.

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Rivera-Toledo, Evelyn, Alan Uriel Jiménez-Delgadillo, and Patricia Manzano-Gayosso. "Antifúngicos poliénicos. Mecanismo de acción y aplicaciones." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 63, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fm.24484865e.2020.63.2.02.

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The first compounds with specific antifungal activity were identified in the middle of the last century as a product of the secondary metabolism of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales, and their clinical use significantly diminished the morbidity and mortality associated with severe fungal infections. Many of such biosynthetic compounds are characterized by a chemical polygenic structure, with a variable number of carbon-carbon double bonds. Currently, besides polygenic antimycotics, there are other antifungal agents, such as the azole compounds, that have less toxicity in patients; however, cases of therapeutic failure with such compounds have been documented, therefore, the use of polygenics is still the best alternative in such cases. This review presents data about the properties and applications of antifungal-polygenic compounds using amphotericin B as a model. Key words: Amphotericin B; antifungal polyenes; ergosterol

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Brinkmann, Candice, and Ipek Kurtböke. "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis-causing actinomycetes in indoor and farm environments." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18045.

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Suspended airborne particles, of biological origin, can constitute bioaerosols1,2 and they can be of different origin ranging from farm environments dealing with hay, sugar cane, tobacco, mushroom and cotton to refuse disposal sites to military equipment test chambers. These bioaerosols might carry allergenic and pathogenic agents like viruses, spore forming bacteria and fungi, excreta of insects and mites, moss and fern spores, algal and plant cells; enzymes, antibiotics, endotoxins, mycotoxins and fungal glucans1. Although infections from pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi may occur in these work environments the commonly reported symptoms relate to allergic rhinitis and asthma, allergic alveolitis (granulomatons pneumonitis) or organic dust toxic syndrome (inhalation fever or toxic pneumonitis)1,2. This article will only provide an overview on the non-infectious lung diseases resulting from long-term exposure to the spores of thermoactinomycetes of the order Bacillales and thermophilic actinomycetes of the order Actinomycetales in indoor and farm environments.

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Savini, Vincenzo, Chiara Catavitello, Gioviana Masciarelli, Daniela Astolfi, Andrea Balbinot, Azaira Bianco, Fabio Febbo, Claudio D'Amario, and Domenico D'Antonio. "Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0.

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Organisms in the genus Kocuria are Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, coccoid actinobacteria belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, suborder Micrococcineae, order Actinomycetales. Sporadic reports in the literature have dealt with infections by Kocuria species, mostly in compromised hosts with serious underlying conditions. Nonetheless, the number of infectious processes caused by such bacteria may be higher than currently believed, given that misidentification by phenotypic assays has presumably affected estimates of the prevalence over the years. As a further cause for concern, guidelines for therapy of illnesses involving Kocuria species are lacking, mostly due to the absence of established criteria for evaluating Kocuria replication or growth inhibition in the presence of antibiotics. Therefore, breakpoints for staphylococci have been widely used throughout the literature to try to understand this pathogen's behaviour under drug exposure; unfortunately, this has sometimes created confusion, thus higlighting the urgent need for specific interpretive criteria, along with a deeper investigation into the resistance determinants within this genus. We therefore review the published data on cultural, genotypic and clinical aspects of the genus Kocuria, aiming to shed some light on these emerging nosocomial pathogens.

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Sood, Ridhi, Ruchita Tyagi, Pavneet Kaur Selhi, Gursheen Kaur, Harpreet Kaur, and Akashdeep Singh. "Role of FNA and Special Stains in Rapid Cytopathological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nocardiosis." Acta Cytologica 62, no. 3 (2018): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488134.

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Background: Nocardia, a gram-positive aerobic bacillus of the Actinomycetales family, is a significant opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Clinical and radiological features of pulmonary nocardiosis are nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, pneumocystis, staphylococcal or fungal infections, or as malignancy. Aspiration cytology with special stains is a quick and effective approach for accurate diagnosis. Materials and Methods: We present 7 cases of pulmonary nocardiosis, admitted to the pathology department in a tertiary-care hospital in Punjab. Clinical findings, immune status, laboratory tests, chest radiographs, and computed tomography scans were reviewed. Cytologically, special stains like 1% Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), 20% ZN, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grocott methenamine silver (GMS), and reticulin stains were studied along with May-Grünwald Giemsa, Papanicolaou, and hematoxylin and eosin. Results: All the patients were immunocompromised. The radiological changes were nonspecific. Cytomorphology showed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates with necrosis. None of the cases showed well-defined granulomas. GMS, modified 1% ZN and, Gordon and Sweet reticulin stains highlighted the delicate filamentous bacteria in all cases. PAS and 20% ZN stain for tuberculous bacilli were uniformly negative. Conclusion: FNAC can provide a quick and accurate diagnosis of nocardiosis and thereby facilitate timely medical management.

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Heuer, Holger, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Jana Lottmann, Gabriele Berg, and Kornelia Smalla. "Effects of T4 Lysozyme Release from Transgenic Potato Roots on Bacterial Rhizosphere Communities Are Negligible Relative to Natural Factors." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 3 (March 2002): 1325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1325-1335.2002.

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ABSTRACT Rhizosphere bacterial communities of two transgenic potato lines which produce T4 lysozyme for protection against bacterial infections were analyzed in comparison to communities of wild-type plants and transgenic controls not harboring the lysozyme gene. Rhizosphere samples were taken from young, flowering, and senescent plants at two field sites in three consecutive years. The communities were characterized in a polyphasic approach. Cultivation-dependent methods included heterotrophic plate counts, determination of species composition and diversity based on fatty acid analysis of isolates, and community level catabolic profiling. Cultivation-independent analyses were based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from rhizosphere DNA using primers specific for Bacteria, Actinomycetales, or α- or β-Proteobacteria. Several bands of the DGGE patterns were further characterized by sequence analysis. All methods revealed that environmental factors related to season, field site, or year but not to the T4 lysozyme expression of the transgenic plants influenced the rhizosphere communities. For one of the T4 lysozyme-producing cultivars, no deviation in the rhizosphere communities compared to the control lines was observed. For the other, differences were detected at some of the samplings between the rhizosphere community structure and those of one or all other cultivars which were not attributable to T4 lysozyme production but most likely to differences observed in the growth characteristics of this cultivar.

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Tuominen, Tapani, and Heikki Rosenqvist. "Annual variations in the microflora of some varieties of Finnish malting barley." Agricultural and Food Science 4, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72618.

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Three major Finnish malting barley varieties were studied for annual variations in the incidence of seed-derived fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. In 1990-1992, 114 characterized fungal, 59 uncharacterized bacterial and 12 uncharacterized actinomycetal isolates were extracted from samples of seed intended for use in malting. When the yield of the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (lAA), from enriched microbial cultures was weighed against the microbial biomass and the endogenous lAA concentration of the barley harvests, it was concluded that potential exists for bacterial lAA production in biologically significant amounts, given some minor annual variations. As expected from the average rainfall and temperature during the growing season, microbial counts in all cultivars were highest in 1992. Most of the fungal species found were of saphrophytic character, and field fungi were dominant in the samples. On the whole, microbial counts and spectra in all samples confirmed that each harvest of all cultivars was of good vigour and well suited for malting purposes. Strains of plant pathogenic character included species of Septoria nodorum (Berk) Berk, Drechlera teres (Sacc) Subraim & Jain, D. sorokiniana (Sacc) Subram & Jain and D. graminea (Rab.) Shoem. A consistent difference was noted in the microbial infection severities of the cultivars.

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Matthews, H. A. "Early impressions concerning actinomycetal infections that may play a role in the pathogenesis of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) and other ‘new illnesses’." Medical Hypotheses 38, no. 1 (May 1992): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(92)90155-6.

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Rivero, María, Javier Alonso, María Fernanda Ramón, Nancy Gonzales, Ana Pozo, Itxaso Marín, Ana Navascués, and Regina Juanbeltz. "Infections due to Cellulosimicrobium species: case report and literature review." BMC Infectious Diseases 19, no. 1 (September 18, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4440-2.

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Abstract Background Cellulosimicrobium species, formely known as Oerskovia species, are gram-positive bacilli belonging to the order Actinomycetales. They rarely cause human infections. The genus comprises two pathogenic species in humans: C. cellulans and C. funkei. Based on a case report, we provide a review of the literature of infections caused by Cellulosimicrobium/Oerskovia, in order to improve our knowledge of this unusual infection. Case presentation An 82-year-old woman with aortic prosthetic valve presented to the hospital with fever and heart failure. Further work up revealed the diagnosis of C. cellulans infective endocarditis (IE). The strain was identified by MALDI-TOF MS, API Coryne and 16S rRNA sequencing. The patient was deemed not to be an operative candidate and died despite the antibiotic therapy 35 days after admission. Conclusions Reviewing cases of Cellulosimicrobium species infections and communicating the successful and unsuccessful clinical experiences can assist future healthcare providers. Our case and those previously reported indicate that Cellulosimicrobium species usually infect immunocompromised patients or foreign body carriers. The most frequent pattern of infection is central venous catheter related bacteremia. The optimal treatment should include foreign body removal and valve surgery should be considered in case of IE.

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"Development, life cycle, ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of Pasteuria ramosa Metchnikoff 1888: rediscovery of an obligate endoparasite of Daphnia magna Straus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 351, no. 1348 (December 29, 1996): 1689–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0151.

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The development, life cycle, ultrastructure and phylogenetic position of an obligate, spore-forming endoparasite of Daphnia magna Straus is described. The microparasite was found in the body cavity of three Daphnia species (D. magna , D. pulex and D. longispa )collected in England and Russia during 1992-1994 and maintained in artificial culture by co-cultivation with D. magna . Transmission of the endoparasite occurred horizontally through waterborne spores released from the remains of dead infected hosts. Progeny of infected hosts were never infected, indicating that vertical transmission does not occur. Egg production by infected mothers ceased soon after infection and death ensued after 46 days ( ± 7 standard error) at 20 °C. Phase contrast light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the infection process showed the endoparasite to have a polymorphic life cycle beginning with the appearance of branched ‘cauliflower-like’ rosettes and ended with the development of single, oval endospores, nippled at one end and with complex internal structure. Endospore formation resembled that found in endosporeforming bacteria. Morphologically the parasite has strong resemblance to the Pasteuria ramosa that Metchnikoff isolated from D. magna and D. pulex in Ukraine and described in 1888. Identification of this parasite has been an enduring puzzle since Metchnikoff. The previously confused phylogenetic position of P. ramosa (it has been classified as bacterium, yeast and protozoa) was resolved by sequencing the 16SrDNA molecule. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations confirmed that the 16S rDNA sequence obtained from the spores within the D. magna body cavity originated from the endoparasite. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analysis showed that P. ramosa belongs to the low G + C Gram positive branch of the eubacteria and resides within a clade containing Bacillus tusciae , Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus and A. acidocaldarius as its nearest neighbours. These results confirm suggestions that this parasite is a bacterium and refute its previous tentative placement based on its morphological complexity among the Actinomycetales.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Actinomycetales, infection'

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