Journal articles on the topic 'Action program to combat desertification'

Land-use planning (LUP), an instrument of land governance, is often employed to protect land and humans against natural and human-induced hazards, strengthen the resilience of land systems, and secure their sustainability. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) underlines the critical role of appropriate local action to address the global threat of land degradation and desertification (LDD) and calls for the use of local and regional LUP to combat LDD and achieve land degradation neutrality. The paper explores the challenges of putting this call into practice. After presenting desertification and the pertinent institutional context, the paper examines whether and how LDD concerns enter the stages of the LUP process and the issues arising at each stage. LDD problem complexity, the prevailing mode of governance, and the planning style endorsed, combined with LDD awareness, knowledge and perception, value priorities, geographic particularities and historical circumstances, underlie the main challenges confronting LUP; namely, adequate representation of LDD at each stage of LUP, conflict resolution between LDD-related and development goals, need for cooperation, collaboration and coordination of numerous and diverse actors, sectors, institutions and policy domains from multiple spatial/organizational levels and uncertainty regarding present and future environmental and socio-economic change. In order to realize the integrative potential of LUP and foster its effectiveness in combating LDD at the local and regional levels, the provision of an enabling, higher-level institutional environment should be prioritized to support phrοnetic-strategic integrated LUP at lower levels, which future research should explore theoretically, methodologically and empirically.

A desertificação é um problema multifacetado que atinge regiões áridas, semiáridas e subúmidas do planeta, em decorrência de diversos fatores, tal como: impactos humanos, variações climáticas e fenômenos biofísicos. Ele encontra, em muitos casos, meios de erradicá-los ou de mitigar seus efeitos através de legislações internacionais e/ou locais. Baseado nesse fato, o presente artigo propõe responder: quais são as principais características da legislação de combate à desertificação do estado de Pernambuco (Lei nº 14.091 de 17 de junho de 2010)? O artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que maneira o estado vem enfrentando o problema da desertificação em seu território. Para isso, serão descritas as principais características da Política Estadual de Combate à Desertificação e Mitigação dos Efeitos da Seca (Lei nº 14.091). A técnica utilizada será a de Análise de Conteúdo (AC), que consiste em sintetizar as principais informações expressas em um texto, e estruturar o conteúdo da legislação por meio de padrões da Teoria do Programa. Os principais resultados demonstram uma consistente política pública de combate à desertificação e atenta a normas e padrões das legislações ambientais internacionais e ao cotidiano dos moradores da região. A B S T R A C TDesertification is a multifaceted problem affecting arid regions, semi-arid and sub-humid of the planet, several factors, such as: human impacts, climatic variations and biophysical phenomena. It findings, in many cases, the means of eradicating it or to mitigate its effects through international and/or local legislation. Based in this fact, the present article propose to respond: what are the main characteristics of the legislation to combat desertification in the state of Pernambuco (Law nº 14.091 of June 17, 2010)? The article aims to analyze how the state has been facing the problem of desertification in its territory. For this, we will describe the main characteristics of the State Policy to Combat Desertification and Mitigation of the Effects of Drought (Law nº 14091) athwart the Content Analysis (AC) technical, which consists in synthesizing the main information expressed in a text, and structuring the content of the legislation through the standard of the Program Theory. The main results demonstrate a consistent public policy to combat desertification and attentive to norms and standards of international environmental legislation and the daily of the region residents.Keywords: desertification, legislation, state of Pernambuco.

In this paper we use parallel computation to improve computer action detection and recognition system, use of VC programming control to realize parallel calculation algorithm, use Step 7 software to establish data interface of parallel communication, which realizes the data parallel exchange. Finally we design the computer system of human action recognition and optimization, and introduce the system into the design and development of free combat movement. In order to verify the effectiveness and stability of the system, we carry on debugging on the program, and obtain the test results curve of VC++ debugging. At the end of this paper, we use visual visualization function of VC program to achieve the visualization display of free combat movement. According to the visual display we can guide physical teaching. It provides a new computer method for research on free combat sports curriculum.

The paper considers the biodiversity and climate change perceptions in the semi-arid landscape of Botswana. Ecosystem services are essential to the planet’s equilibrium/wellbeing. However, anthropogenic influences, including climate change remain a stressor to the biodiversity resources. For Botswana, the land degradation and droughts, climate change and livelihoods are intertwined to divulge distinctive vulnerabilities and impacts. The existing action plans such as National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), the Botswana National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (BNAP-CCD) and climate change’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) point to the need for synergies. Research projects highlight increased vulnerabilities for various sectors, which challenge the country’s sustainability initiatives to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), National Development Plan 11 (NDP11) and the Vision 2036 imperatives. The perception study reveals the general public’s interpretations of what is good and what are challenges, at district levels. These reveal that biodiversity or climate change are not perceived to contribute much to the ‘good’ of the country, except for 2 district groups in northern Botswana. The national challenges hinge much on biodiversity loss and climate change – hence restricting attainment of the national development priorities.

On 5 February 2016, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (hereinafter, NOAA),within the United States (hereinafter, US) Department of Commerce, published a Proposed Rule to create a seafood traceability programme. The programme intends to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (hereinafter, IUU) fishing, prevent fraudulent trade and to serve as the contribution of the US to the global action to combat IUU fishing, along the lines of other similar regulatory frameworks, such as the EU's extensive regulationon IUU fishing. However, despite the legitimate objectives of the measure, it is imperative that regulators take into account the potential consequences for international trade when designing such programmes.

Abstract Limited to fourth percent or less of the country’s total land area, Egypt’s agricultural landscape is threatened by the repercussions of climate change, desertification, soil depletion, and looming water scarcity. Outside of the Nile river valley and scattered fertile pockets in the desert oases, the vast majority of land is desert: rocky, parched and unable to support conventional farming. According to Egyptian National Action Program 2005 (ENAP), Egypt covers an area of about one million km2 ~ 100 million hectares, out of which about of 76.5 thousands km2 ~ 7.6% of the total area are inhabited, and the remaining (92.4%) area is desert. Desertification is a very complex process governed by several variables which influence each other. It is thus not possible to conclude for the general picture from a single factor alone. This process has a high rate in arid and hyper-arid countries such as Egypt. The main objective of this research was to evaluation the present-day climate-induced desertification in El-Dakhla Oasis, so in this study, the newest method for evaluating and mapping of desertification was used. The mathematic method was carried out by European Commission (EC), (MEditerranean Desertification And Land Use) at the MEDALUS project and booked as ESAs in 1999 integrated with remote sensing and GIS. All indices of the model were revised before using, and regarding to the region condition these indices were defined as key indices which were: Temperature, precipitation, wind, albedo, ground water and soil benchmark, and each benchmark has some sub-layers getting from their geometric mean. Based on the MEDALUS model, each sub-benchmark was quantified according to its quality and given a weighting of between 1.0 and 2.0. All benchmarks should be reinvestigated and adjusted to local conditions. Ultimately, desertification severity was classified in four level including low, moderate, Severe and high Severe. ArcGIS 10 was used to analysis and prepares the layers of quality maps using the geometric mean to integrate the individual sub-indicator maps. In turn the geometric mean of six quality maps was used to generate a single desertification status map. Remote sensing data have great potential to improve models mapping spatial variability of temperature and precipitation since they are available as time worldwide, and have high spatial resolution. The HYDRA visualization software was used to measure the present surface albedo from MODIS product (MOD43C1). Results showed that 60% of the area is classified as Severe, 14 % as moderate and 12%, 16% as low and none affected by desertification respectively. In addition the climatic variations including rainfall, temperature, sunlight, wind indicators were the most important factors affecting desertification process in El-Dakhla Oasis.

Soil erosion is a form of land degradation. It is the process of moving surface soil with the action of external forces such as wind or water. Tillage also causes soil erosion. As outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDG) #15, it is a global challenge to “combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.” In order to advance this goal, we studied and modeled the soil erosion depth of a typical watershed in Taiwan using 26 morphometric factors derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) and 10 environmental factors. Feature selection was performed using the Boruta algorithm to determine 15 factors with confirmed importance and one tentative factor. Then, machine learning models, including the random forest (RF) and gradient boosting machine (GBM), were used to create prediction models validated by erosion pin measurements. The results show that GBM, coupled with 15 important factors (confirmed), achieved the best result in the context of root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). Finally, we present the maps of soil erosion depth using the two machine learning models. The maps are useful for conservation planning and mitigating future soil erosion.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, individuals around the world, particularly those in newly decolonized African countries, called on churches, both Protestant and Catholic, to rethink their mission and the role of Christianity in the world. This article explores these years and how they played out in Angola. A main forum for global discussion was the World Council of Churches (WCC), an ecumenical society founded alongside the United Nations after World War II. In 1968 the WCC devised a Program to Combat Racism (PCR), with a particular focus on southern Africa. The PCR's approach to combating racism proved controversial. The WCC began supporting anti-colonial organizations against white minority regimes, even though many of these organizations relied on violence. Far from disavowing violent groups, the PCR's architects explicitly argued that, at times, violent action was justified. Much of the PCR funding went to Angolan revolutionary groups and to individuals who had been educated in U.S. and Canadian foreign missions. The article situates global conversations within local debates between missionaries and Angolans about the role of the missions in the colonial project and the future of the church in Africa.

The disproportional representation of students from various demographic subgroups within identified gifted and talented populations has long frustrated policy makers, education advocates, researchers practitioners within the field, and those concerned with societal inequality in general. Despite the prevalence of articles in the media reporting on disproportional representation, little research has been conducted to track whether (a) the representation of these student subgroups, particularly students with limited English proficiency or students with disabilities, has changed over time or (b) states with and without policies differ in proportional representation of students identified with gifts and talents. For example, increasingly, gifted education advocates have pushed for mandates that all students be screened for gifted program eligibility as a way to combat disproportionality, despite little evidence that such methods influence proportionality. Therefore, this study sought to understand whether and how state and national gifted program demographics have changed over time and how proportionality is correlated with state mandates for gifted education identification or services. A preprint of this paper as well as additional figures are available at: https://osf.io/325m9/ .

China launched the Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program (TNSFP) in 1978 in northern China to combat desertification and dust storms, but it is still controversial in ecologically fragile arid and semi-arid areas, which is partly due to the uncertainties of monitoring of the spatial-temporal changes of forest distribution. In this study, we aim to provide an overall retrospect of the forest changes (i.e., forest gain and forest loss) in northern China during 2007–2017, and to analyze the forest changes in different precipitation zones. We first generated annual forest maps at 30 m spatial resolution during 2007–2017 in northern China through integrating Landsat and PALSAR/PALSAR-2 data. We found the PALSAR/Landsat-based forest maps outperform other four existing products (i.e., JAXA F/NF, FROM-GLC, GlobeLand30, and NLCD-China) from either PALSAR or Landsat data, with a higher overall accuracy 96% ± 1%. The spatial-temporal analyses of forests showed a substantial forest expansion from 316,898 ± 34,537 km2 in 2007 to 384,568 ± 35,855 km2 in 2017 in the central and eastern areas. We found a higher forest loss rate (i.e., 35%) in the precipitation zones with the annual mean precipitation less than 400 mm (i.e., the arid and semi-arid areas) comparing to that (i.e., 25%) in the zones with more than 400 mm (i.e., the humid areas), which suggests the lower surviving rate in the drylands. This study provides satellite-based evidence for the forest changes in different precipitation zones, and suggests that the likely impacts of precipitation on afforestation effectiveness should be considered in future implementation of ecological restoration projects like TNSFP.

There is motivation in many rural areas and communities to resolve the issues slowing achievement of a sustainable future, and to embrace the concept of the circular economy for agro-food systems. Increased consumption of resources is not an option and therefore best use must be made of capital, incorporating the “reduce, re-use, recycle” mantra. Research projects addressing sustainable land use can help to accomplish this aim, and the studies have demonstrated that stakeholders may be helped to understand and act on new knowledge especially if they are involved in more than one project. This is because they gain confidence to evaluate research ideas in the light of their own experience. In the Basilicata region of southern Italy there has been a succession of research projects since the 1990s to study the processes of land degradation and appropriate technologies to combat the risk of desertification. Most recently, the attitudes and perceptions of groups of cereal farmers included in both the DESIRE and REACT projects, or the REACT project alone, were compared using a Questionnaire, and the results highlighted the success of the iterative approach. This is an important finding, and can encourage understanding and action to overcome constraints and support the circular economy in agro-food systems.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the sustainability of a forestry management strategy in checkmating desert encroachment and it also examines the impacts of the Forestry II program on agricultural productivity in the rural communities. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopted a quantitative approach in assessing the rural farmers’ level of participation in the Forestry II program in which 201 respondents were interviewed in the study area. Structured questionnaires’ were also administered to afforestation officials/extension workers in the two states regarding the different components of the projects and probable cause(s) of failures/successes as well as the level of involvement of the community in the project. Field observations of the project sites were also carried out with a view to examining the level of achievements on the physical components of the projects. Findings – The findings of this study revealed that, involvement of the stakeholders and participation of the community was lacking at the early stage of the program and the negligence of indigenous knowledge as well as the influence of bottom up approach was not incorporated in the project. The study further revealed that, appreciable positive impacts have been recorded at various levels of its implementation. The improvement of livelihood of the rural people through increased forest products supply was noted, fuel-wood and poles supply were also increased and this had gone a long way in creating employment for the rural dwellers. Research limitations/implications – The study involved the establishment of shelterbelts, windbreaks, woodlots, orchards and nurseries which were complimented by social forestry, and which raised public awareness through campaigns such as school forestry programs, forestry extension services and a fuel-wood conservation program. Originality/value – The study articulated success and failure as well as a detailed assessment of the Forestry II project. The study showed that government could significantly combat desertification in the arid zones through sustainable afforestation if adequate resources were employed.

Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines are serving in complex occupational specialties that sustain national policy and ensure combat effectiveness of our forces. Their roles have evolved from supportive roles during early conflicts to active roles in combat support and counterinsurgency operations today. Although women have received military health care over the past three decades, sex- and gender-specific care has been limited to reproductive needs and has rarely addressed military-specific health risks and outcomes. The complexity of military jobs and increased deployments to combat operations has led to increased occupational and health risks for women. As differences have been noted between men and women’s deployment-related health outcomes, it is incumbent on the Military Health Care System (MHS) to create an evidence base that addresses sex and gender differences in the health of its service members. A working group of military women’s health advanced practice nurses (APN) and research experts proposes to address this gap in knowledge and practices through sex- and gender-specific research. A sex-and gender-based research agenda for military women’s health will be a valuable instrument to those who are dedicated to the health of this population, including members of the Army, Navy, and Air Force military nursing community. Using the knowledge that the research agenda generates, military health care providers can develop clinical practice guidelines, influence policy, and participate in program development to improve the health of servicewomen. Shaping a sex- and gender-specific military women’s health research agenda will create the foundation for future evidence-based care.

This study speaks to the limited literature on economics way that preservice teachers in an urban teaching program conceptualize the function of economics within social studies. Utilizing case study methods and a theoretical framework that intersects critical pedagogy as part of a broader, critical, social studies pedagogy. Specifically, it seeks to understand the pedagogical tenets of social analysis with the idea of a counter-hegemonic stance, the study offers insight into the role of economics as part of a broadly critical social studies teacher education program. The results indicate that preservice teachers’ purpose for teaching social studies and the function of economics were aligned in the mission to critically analyze society. However, preservice teachers’ purposes for social studies extended beyond the function of economics into the past, and informed active citizenship for future action. These results show that economics can be a significant part of a social studies education practice that seeks to analyze society, understand the past, and take action for a better future. Unfortunately, limited familiarity and content knowledge inhibit a broader application of the function of economics. Social studies teacher education must purposefully integrate economics content into the exploration of the past and a discussion of future action for justice in order to combat prevailing content knowledge issues in preservice teachers and to help them reconcile their purpose for teaching social studies through economics.

AbstractThe primary mission of the military physician assigned to a combat-arms unit is to sustain the unit's fighting strength through prevention, primary medical care, and trauma resuscitation. Technical and organizational details of civic action assistance are not emphasized routinely during training. Real-world deployment, however, presents challenges approachable only with flexibility and improvisation. Historically, combatant commanders have recognized the health of civilians in their operational area as a target through which local acceptance of United States (US) intervention may be achieved. The medium-unit (battalion and brigade) physician may be charged with providing care to the host-nation populace. Because the mission's emphasis is one of public relations and not sustainable development, lasting medical benefits are not attained. This article addresses the challenge of on-the-spot military civic assistance. The experience of the 173d Airborne Brigade (Bde) Medical Section is used to color concepts with real events. The unit attempted to reach beyond the immediate directive in order to create a program of lasting results.

This paper argues the need and the mechanism to localize the indicators of SDG[Sustainable Development Goals] for Indian Himalayan States in the context of SDG Goal 13 and SDG Goal 15.Goal 13 of the SDG is to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts while Goal 15 of SDG aims to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. These two goals out of the seventeen goals are directly related to environment, ecology and climate change. The Indian Himalayan Region[IHR] being the life sustaining system of millions of people and vast species of flora and fauna in uplands and much more in lowland areas due to its vast bio physical diversity also acts as a climate regulator for the continent. This paper first develops the context arguing why Goal 13 and 15 should be topmost priority for the Indian Himalayan states. The paper then recommends some sequential suggestive steps to develop a schema for monitoring the indicators suggested by UN, MoSPI, NITI Ayog. The paper suggests that the same can be substantiated into actual monitoring mechanism by mapping the relevant Centrally Sponsored Schemes( CSS),State Schemes ( SS) and EAP( Externally Aided Projects)in consonance with such indicators. The paper thus proposes the need for localized implementation of schemes for achieving the Goals and thereafter relevant monitoring of the same considering the basic characteristic of Himalayan states. The paper also insists for the research and study needs to identify the data gaps in each indicator proposed , by taking a case of Uttarakhand as a representative of Himalayan states of India and presents a model on how a Himalayan state should decentralize the monitoring mechanism of each indicator in different departments by following the model of the State of Uttarakhand. The paper finally presents policy asks for achieving those time bound targets by substituting SDG with HDG[Himalayan Development Goal].Indicators of UN, MoSPI, NITI Ayog, DES of Uttarakhand and some other Indian Himalayan states and various state government level departments have been used to carry out the study.

Emerging trends of antimicrobial resistance and development of multidrug resistance and pan resistant strains have become a significant public health problem worldwide. The rate at which newer drugs are developing has slowed down and clinicians are left with only limited therapeutic options for treatment of the patient. We are heading towards the pre antibiotic discovery phase where mortality was high due to unavailability of appropriate drugs; however, in current situation due to misuse or over use of antibiotics, microbes have developed newer methods of resistance, thus rendering these antimicrobials ineffective in their action which has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality among patient and increase in the health care expenditure. Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major public health problem of international concern. As there is alarming situation globally due to development of multi and pan resistant bacteria which are also known as superbugs, these superbugs have resulted in havoc as these infections are not treatable and is of great concern to the treating physician. Judicious use of antibiotics and implementation of antibiotic stewardship program are the only ways to combat the current situation. The present review aims to provide information on framing of antibiotic policy and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship program.

Abstract Introduction The importance of developing military strategies to decrease preventable death by mitigating hemorrhage and reducing time between the point of injury and surgical intervention on the battlefield is highlighted in previous studies. Successful implementation of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) throughout elements of the USA and allied militaries begins to address this need. However, TCCC implementation is neither even nor complete in the larger, conventional force. Army Aviators are at risk for preventable death as they do not receive prehospital care training and are challenged to render prehospital care in the austere environment of helicopter operations. Army aviators are at risk for preventable death due to the challenges to render prehospital care in the austere environment of helicopter operations. Helicopters often fly at low altitudes, engage in direct action in support of ground troops, operate at a great distance from medical facilities, typically do not have medical personnel onboard, and can have long wait times for medical evacuation services due to the far forward nature of helicopter operations. Materials and Methods This is a quality improvement pre–post-intervention design study evaluating the implementation of a combat casualty care training program for Army aviators using well-established evidence-based guidelines for providing care to casualties on the battlefield. The evaluation consisted of participants’ self-perceived confidence in providing care to a casualty and change in knowledge level in combat casualty care in a pre/post-intervention design. Clinical skills of tourniquet application, nasopharyngeal airway placement, and needle chest decompression were assessed on a pass/fail grading standard. Results A total of 18 participants completed the pre- and post-education surveys. A paired t-test showed a statistically significant increase in total composite scores from pre (M = 24.67, SD = 5.06) to post-education self-efficacy (M = 37.94, SD = 2.10), t (17) = −11.29, p < 0.001. A paired t-test revealed a significant increase in exam scores from pre (M = 70.22, SD = 9.43) to post (M = 87.78, SD = 7.19), t (17) = −7.31, p < 0.001. There was no pre-intervention skills assessment, however, all participants (n = 18, 100%) passed the tourniquet application, needle chest compression, and insertion of nasopharyngeal airway. Conclusion TCCC for Army Aviators is easily implemented, demonstrates an increase in knowledge and confidence in providing prehospital care, and provides effective scenario-based training of necessary psychomotor skills needed to reduce preventable death on the battlefield. TCCC for Army Aviators effectively takes the TCCC for All Combatants curriculum and modifies it to address the unique considerations in treating wounded aviators and passengers, both in flight and after crashes. This project demonstrates on a small scale how TCCC can be tailored to specific military jobs in order to successfully meet the intent of the upcoming All Service Member TCCC course mandated in DoD 1322.24. Beyond Army aviation, this program is easily modifiable for aviators throughout the military and civilian sector.

The article discusses the issues of effectiveness of the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) certification systems in relation to enterprises and the level to which the systems which present sustainability as a part of their ethos are accepted by consumers. The justifiability and topicality of this issue result from the increasingly strong interest in sustainability of the society as a whole as well as from the long-term vision of sector policies with respect to meeting the objectives of sustainable development. The increasing demand for natural resources exerts pressure on our planet. Sustainability is hence essential for our future and has long been in the centre of the European project. Its economic, social and environmental aspects which form the common objective of society have been acknowledged in EU agreements. A principal document of a global nature is the 2030 UN Agenda for Development, a sustainability programme which has the sustainability of forest ecosystems established in its Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. Visions, direction and goals of sustainable development have also been stipulated in the Paris Agreement on climate change (COP21), in the Addis Ababa action programme and in The Future We Want declaration, namely in its Chapter II, which appeals to enterprises and industries for developing strategies which would contribute to sustainable development. This study aims to analyse and assess the justifiability of the existence of certification systems in relation to processing operators and end consumers in the Czech Republic. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that, despite the strong representation of selected certification systems in the Czech Republic, their effectiveness in economic, social and environmental terms is not perceived exclusively positive by businesses and consumers.

We analyze the content of components of The Navy of the Russian Federation as a type of the state armed forces. The methodological basis of this analysis was the interpretation of the concept of “content” in the context of the fact that it represents a set of elements that form the system of their interactions and the perspective changes caused by them. On the basis of the study of specialties of the Navy we produce a generalized integration of homogeneous types of professional activities of soldiers, based on the analysis of more than 300 heterogeneous names. It is specified that the Navy of the Russian Federation at the present stage of evolutionary development is a set of five relatively interrelated and mutually conditioned units: underwater forces and surface ships; flight-lifting structure of naval aviation; marines, combat swimmers, reconnaissance, sabotage and other special units; coastal anti-aircraft missile and artillery units; support services, radio engineering, communications, rear area, engineers and equipment, including naval aviation. The above-mentioned integration of the common structure of combat operations of specialists for the purpose is the basis for the development and availability of five appropriate utilized programs for physical training, since the physical readiness of military personnel is an integral part of the system of combat improvement of the fleet. Beyond the range of specialties we reveal the feasibility of separate sixth program of physical training for units of the Navy of the Russian Federation, involving, if necessary, to implement the peacekeeping functions in the areas of likely military action. The above approach of justification of the required optimal number of physical training programs on the management scale of fleet forces of the Russian Federation is for the first time applied in the theory and technique of physical training of the military personnel.

Abstract Objective Physical exercise shows benefits to executive functioning (EF), a cognitive process that is relevant to goal-directed planning, application of complex rules, and dynamic control of action. However, many older adults have not engaged in exercise due to social distancing measures implemented to combat the Covid-19 pandemic. The present study aims to administer a remote physical exercise training program to older adults in Canada and examine its effects on EF and mood, beginning with the collection of the following baseline data. Methods So far, nine older adults (78% females, 66–78 years-old) have completed a remote assessment that examines current physical exercise engagement, Covid-related distress, general mood, and executive behavior. In addition, the assessment included computerized tasks measuring various aspects of EF. Pattern analyses were used to characterize trends in baseline data. Results 67% of participants reported undergoing no moderate-vigorous physical exercise in a typical week. Compared to other participants, more individuals in this subgroup performed at a lower rate on a higher-order EF task (i.e., the Balloon Analogue Risk Task). Similarly, more participants who endorsed higher Covid-related psychological distress performed worse in the same task compared to others (40% in the lower third of performance vs. 0%), and also endorsed more difficulties with organization. Conclusions These results suggest that those who do not engage in physical exercise are potential candidates to experience the mental health and cognitive benefits of a physical exercise training program.

India contributes one fifth to the global burden of maternal mortality, which is a mostly preventable health outcome. The government of India and the city legislators of Mumbai have been working to reduce the number of maternal and infant deaths in the urban poor communities by innovative governmental health programs and improving of the healthcare system, yet due to the low female literacy rate of 65% in the nation just population based programs combat only some aspects of the program. The Society for Nutrition, Education and Health Action (SNEHA), a Mumbai based non-profit, aims to work with women in vulnerable communities through one on one home-based educational intervention through local community workers. Literature reviews on educational intervention and health promotion stressed on the success of community health worker programs.This thesis aims to study the factors that lead to maternal compliance or non-compliance to educational intervention by the community workers in SNEHA. This was done through qualitative interviews with a random set of beneficiaries of the SNEHA’s Maternal and Newborn Health promotion program. The beneficiaries were asked questions about compliance of medical check ups, vaccination, and other factors of maternal and infant health. The conclusions of the thesis show that increased maternal compliance is related to better relationships with thecommunity organizers, and the negative perceptions of the public medical providers leads to lower compliance of medical check-ups.

The Ministry of Public Health in Qatar developed the NAP (National Action Plan to combat Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in collaboration with WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (WHO/EMRO). Among the major factors shaping AMR is antimicrobial prescribing and use. Tailoring Antimicrobial Resistance Program is a behavior change methodology that is utilized to adapt behavior change in relation to antimicrobial use. This study explores barriers of appropriate antibiotic (AB) prescription from the physicians’ and pharmacists’ perspectives at primary healthcare centers in Qatar. Data were collected from 50 participants across two PHCCs: 30 physicians and 20 pharmacists. Two different interview guides were constructed: One for physicians and one for pharmacists. In-depth, face-to-face, five focus groups were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Inductive qualitative analysis, involving discovering the themes in the interviews, was followed. Data were analyzed using constant comparative techniques. The Major themes arose from the analysis revealed that patients, practitioners mainly physicians, and the organization itself, played a role in shaping these barriers in the two primary healthcare centers. The findings would help develop and pilot behavior change interventions among patients, physicians and pharmacists with the aim of optimizing appropriate antibiotic prescription and use, which would support the implementation of the antibiotic stewardship program. Effective behavior change interventions should consider multiple factors including individual and organizational factors to optimize appropriate antibiotic prescription.

The aim of this article is to show the theoretical and methodological foundations and stages of a research program that began more than ten years ago. This program emphasizes the complex relationship between social exclusion and education, and specifically between inclusion/exclusion and the governance of education in the framework of general policies and institutional practices. This program combines two analytical approaches: the approach of equity and the approach of knowledge, according to a political and cultural perspective. Both have epistemological and even ideological differentiated roots, but not contradictory. Both, in one way or another, are presented in three successive projects of this program’s research: 1. Education Governance and Social Integration and Exclusion in Europe (EGSIE); 2. Students at Risk of Educational Exclusion in Compulsory Secondary Education; 3. Social and Educational Exclusion in Children and Young People with AIDS. First, this program is based on the idea that certain changes in the governance of education can become mechanisms of inclusion/exclusion, in terms of social and cultural differentiation and stratification. It means that changes in educational policy can severely affect the ability of education to combat social exclusion. We argue about changes that concern the construction of social solidarity and political thinking in order to establish ways of understanding individuals, that is, their politics of knowledge. Using several concepts and categories such as transition and narration, we try to examine how the changes are produced or the principles that order politics, pedagogy, school success or even statistics are modified. In other words, how some systems of reason are introduced to play their role in an unequal field, including some rules of action that reward or punish, qualify or disqualify, integrate or marginalize individuals or groups.

Climate change is a global issue that all governments have to encounter nowadays. In recent years, many governments are aware of the environmental issues necessary to agenda setting in their development objectives. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) conducted by the United Nations gives guidelines for the governments to integrate both economic and environmental issues in a sustainable development framework. Meanwhile, the rural development has also become a global agenda in reducing the disparity between urban and rural areas. Many governments have conducted development strategies for ensuring economic prosperity along with ecological sustainability, yet for generating rural-urban equality as well. Low Carbon Green Growth Program is one of the strategies aimed to meet those objectives. The main purpose of the program is to reduce carbon dioxide emission to minimize the effects of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) as the main cause of climate change and global warming. An immediate action useful to implement the program is managing and utilizing biochar in agricultural process. Previous studies have proved that the biochar reduces CO2 emission and also restores soil fertility. One of the best applicable Low Carbon Green Growth Programs might be the pilot project conducted in Kameoka City of Japan called The Carbon Minus Project. The project’s main purpose is to reduce carbon emission by promoting a low-carbon lifestyle, yet economically profitable. Nganjuk Regency generates abundant biomass from agriculture products, livestock, plantation, and forestry. The solid biomass can be converted into biochar through a pyrolysis process. The result of this study is expected to be taken into consideration by the local governments to promote low carbon lifestyle, to combat climate change, and yet to reduce the rural-urban disparity.

<p class="p1"><span class="s1">This article explores a doctoral sustainability leadership course in an interdisciplinary leadership program. Learners in the course study sustainability and sustainability leadership from a systemic design perspective. They are invited to become visionaries who work across boundaries and disciplines with cooperative and reflective spirits to find integrated solutions for complex organizational problems. The first section of the article examines the different understandings of sustainability, its ambiguity, why little progress has been made in the area of sustainability, and why a systemic design platform might provide a more expansive vessel for sustainability leadership and projects. The second section delves into course content and investigates systems thinking, design action, the nature of change, and dialogue-the core of good design. The third section uses a leader-practitioner’s case study <em>Air Combat Command Sustainability Design Project</em> to illustrate how a leader built a sustainability plan unique to his organization. Five domains (Ben-Eli, 2012) provided the overarching infrastructure. Although each domain embodies a separate area, together they make up a unified organizing principle that works toward integrating essential elements into a strong infrastructure. The article concludes with reflections from both the leader-practitioner and the instructor.</span></p>

In 2012, the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) was established to provide information that would enable countries to initiate or improve research capacity, surveillance systems, program development, and policymaking to increase physical activity levels. Findings from the first GoPA! Country Cards showed an unequal distribution of physical activity surveillance, research productivity, and policy development and implementation around the world. Regular global monitoring of these factors, especially in countries with the largest data gaps, was recommended to combat the global pandemic of physical inactivity. After 6 years and using standardized methods, GoPA! is launching the second set of Country Cards based on data up to 2019 from 217 countries. Overall results showed that periodic national surveillance of physical activity was less common in low-income countries, compared with middle- and high-income countries. Large inequities were seen with more than a 50-fold difference in publications between high- and low-income countries and 32% of the countries worldwide had no physical activity policy. GoPA! has a critical role in facilitating evidence-based physical activity promotion building on international guidelines and the World Health Organization Global Action Plan. GoPA! will continue to monitor progress as we battle the global pandemic of physical inactivity.

La dégradation des terres, causée par l’action des eaux et du vent, renforcée par les activités humaines, réduit le rendement et les revenus agricoles et fait baisser la croissance économique notamment dans les pays pauvres comme le Bénin. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’estimer le financement du programme de lutte contre la dégradation des terres dans le département du Couffo, au Sud-Ouest du Bénin. La méthode d’évaluation contingente (MEC) a permis d’obtenir le consentement à payer (CAP) des ménages à l’aide du modèle probit. Ensuite le modèle tobit (Tobin, 1958) est testé par la méthode à deux étapes de Heckman (1979) pour contrôler le biais de sélection de l’échantillon de 267 ménages. Les résultats de l’estimation donnent un CAP moyen de 1557 FCFA / mois / hectare. Pour une campagne agricole de 201 739 hectares en 2019, le CAP total est évalué à 3 769 291 476 FCFA/an. Ce montant permettra de lutter contre la dégradation des terres agricoles dans le Couffo au Bénin.Mots clés : Dégradation des terres, modèle de sélection, Couffo, Bénin. English Title: Fighting against agricultural land degradation in the Couffo division in BeninLand degradation, caused by the action of water and wind, reinforced by human activities, reduces agricultural yields and incomes and lowers economic growth, especially in poor countries like Benin. The objective of this research was to estimate the funding of the program to combat land degradation in the division of Couffo, in the southwest of Benin. The contingent valuation method (CVM) obtained households' willingness to pay (WTP) using the probit model. Then the tobit (Tobin, 1958) model is tested by Heckman's two-step method (Heckman, 1979) to control the sample selection bias of 267 households. The results of the estimate give an average WTP of 1,557 FCFA / month / hectare. For an agricultural campaign of 201,739 hectares in 2019, the total WTP is estimated at 3,769,291,476 FCFA / year. This amount will help combat the degradation of agricultural land in Couffo, Benin.Keywords: Land degradation, selection model, Couffo, Benin.

AbstractThe evolution of herbicide resistance is making it extremely difficult for US rice producers to use chemical control on weed species such as barnyardgrass and red rice. To combat herbicide resistance, it is imperative that alternative herbicide sites of action (SOAs) be incorporated into rice whenever possible. There are currently no very-long-chain fatty acid–inhibiting herbicides (WSSA Group 15) labeled for use in US rice; however, pethoxamid is one such herbicide currently under development. If appropriate rice tolerance and weed control can be established, pethoxamid would represent a unique herbicide SOA for use in US rice. We conducted field trials near Stuttgart, AR, in 2015 and near Colt and Lonoke, AR, in 2016 to assess selectivity of pethoxamid and weed control alone and in combination with other herbicides as a delayed preemergence (DPRE) application in drill-seeded rice. Pethoxamid was applied at 0, 420, or 560 g ai ha–1 alone and in combination with clomazone, imazethapyr, pendimethalin, and quinclorac. Minimal rice injury occurred with any treatment assessed. A reduction in rice shoot density and plant height compared to the nontreated control followed the use of pethoxamid; however, no decrease in yield resulted. The highest levels of barnyardgrass control followed the use of imazethapyr at 91% and quinclorac at 89% regardless of the presence of pethoxamid near Lonoke; however, pethoxamid applied at both rates in combination with clomazone and quinclorac increased barnyardgrass control compared to clomazone and quinclorac applied alone. Near Colt, barnyardgrass control of 92% and 96% resulted from pethoxamid alone, averaged over the high and low rates. Based on these data, rice can tolerate pethoxamid when applied DPRE, and adequate levels of barnyardgrass control can be achieved at the rates evaluated within a program; hence, pethoxamid appears to be a viable option for use in rice to allow for increased rotation of herbicide SOAs to combat herbicide-resistant and difficult-to-control weeds.

The work is devoted to the current theme, because in today's socio-psychological insecurity in Ukraine there is no comprehensive approach to the organization of socio-psychological prevention of the consequences of psychotraumatic exacerbations of destructive aggression of servicemen who suffered in the conditions of participation in hostilities. The aim of the work is not only a theoretical analysis of the problem, but also a practical study of the current situation. This allows us to make conclusions and preventive recommendations, which in the future can be introduced into the professional practice of not only social workers, psychologists, but also commanders and rehabilitants. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to explore the main individual and psychological determinants of the formation of destructive aggressiveness and to develop on the basis of these appropriate directions of rehabilitation work to prevent it from servicemen. Empirical methods (observation, expert assessment of staff psychologists and commanders) were used for the study in order to identify soldiers who had destructive aggression after engaging in combat operations, interviewing, forming experiment, testing with psychodiagnostic techniques.The developed corrective program revealed a positive dynamics of personality changes that began to occur in the behavior of servicemen under the action of the measures taken. The training resulted in a significant decrease in physical aggression, a slight decrease in verbal aggression, a slight increase in indirect aggression. It is proved that the individual correction of consciousness and behavior of each serviceman inclined to aggressive actions, as well as the neutralization of negative interpersonal influences, provoking aggressive manifestations in the military. Such prevention can be carried out during a stressful situation, manifestation of aggression or after the end of an aggressive state. This program can be carried out during the service in part and after returning from the area of hostilities.

The aim of the article is to investigate, on the basis of American sources, the forms and means of support provided by the United States of America (both unilateral and mediated by the Allies) to the Afghan Resistance Movement in 1978–1980, as well as the factors that influenced the nature of that support. At the core of the research methodology is the method of a content analysis of historical sources, problem-chronological, typological and comparative methods. Main results and conclusions. The US support for the Afghan opposition from 1978 to 1980 in the USSR was exaggerated and became only an excuse used to justify the Soviet intervention in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. From April 1978 to December 1979, Carter Administration limited itself to an information campaign and to providing non-military assistance to the Afghan insurgents. This support included medicines, food rations, communications equipment, etc. It was not until the early 1980s that the United States developed the Hidden Action Program with a budget of $ 30 million which provided the Mujahideen with Soviet-made small arms, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, China and Egypt had been involved in the implementation of the Program. However, the volume of military assistance as well as the quality of the weapons could not significantly increase the Mujahideen’s combat capability. The military and technical superiority of the Soviet and Afghan troops remained significant. The US politicians, analysts as well as the Mujahideen field commanders noted insufficiency and lack and effectiveness of the US aid. However, the Carter Administration had managed to forge contacts with the Afghan opposition, to form a coalition of states around the Hidden Action Program, to develop and test ways to acquire weapons and their delivery routes to Pakistan and beyond to Afghanistan. This experience would later be taken into account and used by the R. Reagan Administration. In addition, the US support had a positive effect on the moral and psychological state of the Afghan insurgents. Practical significance. The main conclusions and factual material can be used to study the Afghan crisis as part of the Cold War. Originality. The US policy regarding the Afghan Resistance Movement is examined against the backdrop of deteriorating Soviet-American relations in connection with the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Scientific novelty. The ways and forms of the US support for the Afghan Resistance Movement at the initial stage of the Afghan crisis are specified for the first time. Type of article: descriptive.

Currently, the use of anthelmintic agents is considered to be one of the fastest and most practical ways to combat strongylates sheep's digestive tract. Despite the wide assortment of anthelmintic preparations both in the world market and in Ukraine, veterinary specialists are increasingly noticing the low level of efficacy of medicines. Scientists have found that the emergence of resistance in nematodes to the action of anthelmintic agents is due to their excessive and uncontrolled use. In view of the above, regular monitoring of the state of anthelmintic resistance, as part of the program for the control of strongylatoses sheep digestive canal, is a priority area of research. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of drugs of different chemical groups (benzimidazoles, imidotiazole, macrolides, and combination drugs) for strongylatoses sheep digestive canal with regard to their method of administration. Medicines (Brovalsen, Albendazole-250, Albendazole 10%; Brovalevamisole 8%, Levavet 10%; Univerm, Ivermekvet 1%; Kloziveron, Kombitrem) have been shown to have anthelmintic action (EE – 50–100%, IE – 76.20–100%) against the pathogens of gastrointestinal strongylates. It was noted that their effectiveness depended on the method of administration and the chemical group to which they belonged. The most effective (EE and IE reached 100%) were injectable drugs Ivermekvet 1%, Kloziveron and Levavet 10 %, administered by single subcutaneous injection. Less effective was the use of a suspension of Albendazole 10% and Kombitrem emulsion for individual feeding, as well as powders of Brovalevamisole 8% and the Univerm for both individual and group feeding. The indicators of their EE and IE varied between 60–90% and 88.45–92.63% respectively. The Brovalsen drug, which was administered to animals by group feeding, was ineffective, with EE and IE being 50 and 76.20%, respectively. The results of the obtained data will allow to increase the efficiency of conducting therapeutic and preventive measures for strongylatoses digestive canal in sheep farms of different forms of ownership.

Abstract In recent years, programmes aimed at improving environmental conditions in river valleys within urban spaces have been initiated in many of the European Community countries. An example is the project “Revitalization of Urban River Spaces – REURIS” which was implemented in 2009-2012. Its main aim was to revitalize a part of the valley of the River Ślepiotka in Katowice. One of the tasks of the project was a comprehensive treatment to combat invasive plant species occurring in this area, carried out by using a combination of chemical and mechanical methods. Chemical treatment involved the application of herbicide mixtures, and mechanical treatment included, among others, mowing and/or removal of the undesirable plants. The work focused primarily on reducing the spread of two species of the Impatiens genus: I. glandulifera and I. parviflora, and the species Padus serotina, Reynoutria japonica and Solidago canadensis. Currently, the maintenance works on this section of the river are performed by the Urban Greenery Department in Katowice, which continues the elimination of invasive plants, according to the objectives of the REURIS program. In 2012 the Department of Botany and Nature Protection at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection started to monitor the implementation and the effects of the implemented actions for elimination and participated in the action of removal of selected invasive plant species: Impatiens parviflora and Reynoutria japonica within specific areas. These actions led to a reduction in the area occupied by invasive plants and a weakening of their growth rate and ability to reproduce.

In recent years, an increase of fattening turkey flocks positive for Salmonella spp. was noted in the European Union. Considering these latest trends, there is a high need to increase knowledge on specific risk factors for fattening turkey flocks in conjunction with successful control measures to combat Salmonella infections on farm. Here, we report a commercial turkey fattening farm that was found positive for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for two consecutive batches. By means of the Food Safety Program, a risk assessment developed by Elanco (Antwerpen, Belgium) and a farm walk, a Food Safety Index was generated, highlighting specific risk factors. Consequently, an action plan was set up, leading to a favorable increase in the Food Safety Index from 45% to 67%. Among others, vaccinating fattening turkeys was an important control measure. Monitoring of the Salmonella status of the batches was performed by sampling paper coming from the transport boxes at day of arrival and boot sock samples at the age of 14 weeks. Finally neck skin samples were taken at the slaughterhouse. Uptake of the vaccine was evaluated by sampling of the caeca and taking cloacal swabs 24 hours after first and second vaccination, respectively. Results coming from the analysis of the caeca indicate that vaccination at day one was efficient. Analysis of the cloacal swabs taken after second vaccination was inconclusive. Cooperatively, these actions improved the overall biosecurity of the farm as shown by the negative Salmonella stat us of the boot sock and neck skin samples in the third batch.

INTRODUCTION. The article, using the example of the Republic of Finland, analyzes the activities of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU) to improve the legal regulation of countering extremism. The influence of the EU on the tackling against extremism and radicalism in the Republic of Finland is examined. The role of the EU in countering global threats, the position of Finland in relation to international co- operation in countering extremism and radicalism is assessed. The methods used in Finland to counter violent extremism are being studied.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article examines the conceptual documents of the UN, EU and Finland; Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, an action plan to prevent violent extremism, Commission Staff Working Paper; Comprehensive assessment of the EU security policy; Message from the Commission to the European Parliament, European Council Ninth report on progress towards an effective and genuine Security Union; Finland's response to OHCHR's request for information on how the protection and promotion of human rights contribute to preventing and combating violent extremism; Finland's Chairmanship Program for the Sustainable Europe Sustainable Future program; Decision of the Commission on the creation of the Expert Group of the HighLevel Commission on Radicalization, Report of the Council of Europe Committee on Counter-Terrorism, Anti-Terrorism Profiles Finland, Report of the Government of Finland on human rights for 2014; decisions of the Expert Group of the High-Level Commission on Radicalization; Human Rights Council materials.RESEARCH RESULTS. The author puts forward the thesis that the measures used to counter violent extremism depend on the needs of Member States and require the development of various approaches, depending on specific circumstances. In the addition, there is a common interest in EU member states in further expanding the exchange of experience and close cooperation between various national actors at the pan-European and international levels to counter extremism and radicalism. These measures require the development of new regulatory measures, including international ones. The author believes it is possible and interesting, using the example of the Republic of Finland, to study the level of interaction and cooperation between the Member States and the European Union in the field of im- proving the legal regulation of countering extremism, as well as the measures used in Finland to prevent and combat violent extremism.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. In EU Member States, the European Union plays a key role in shaping international cooperation, which includes strengthening the existing governance system and, when necessary, reforming the existing system for preventing and countering violent extremism, subject to the fundamental principles of the United Nations. The Republic of Finland fully supports the efforts of the international community to prevent and counter extremism, through the development of international anti-extremism instruments to help states collectively combat this threat. The educational system of Finland can successfully form the fundamental foundations for countering violent extremism.

Cybercrime is a combination of information, financial and personal security threats. The purpose of this research is to target statistical data to allocate the most effective preventive measures against cybercrime that would contribute to the combat at the level of potential (or real) cyber victims and cyber criminals. Brining the so-called Cyberethics into the life of people will be preventive against cybercrimes, as it will add to their culture of cyberspace through educational and popular science projects (such-like program that was put into action in Nigeria stroke positively). With the rapid spread of cybercrime, preventive measures geared towards individuals such as anti-criminalization, anti-bullying and anti-phishing propaganda, the practice of shaping negative attitude towards crimes, and discovery of responsibility for committing cybercrimes gain in importance. Society improvement as a counter-move to cut out criminal factors provoking a positive or neutral attitude to cybercrimes should be geared towards better living, as the higher is the standard the lower is the level of cybercrime. Taking individualized preventing measures to people prone to commit cybercrimes will prevent against such even before they take place (with cyber extortion and ransomware threats, such actions gain in relevance). For the fight against cybercrime, special programs are to level down victimization in the field of cybersecurity by fostering a shielding attitude in persons who can become victims. The path of designing such programs will lead to a drop cybercrime activity. Specific public authorities and non-governmental organizations should take part in the preventive process. All-encompassing preventive measures against cybercrime approaching individual at the international level will allow designing specific pilot programs for individualized prevention

The health sector is complex, involving many stakeholders, multiple goals, and different beneficiaries. Health policy is an instrument to decide, plan and action that are undertaken to achieve health care goals within a society to combat the health problems. It is crucial for understanding it influences on health systems and prioritizing the health needs of the population.1 In 2015, Nepal became a federal republic and replaced a unitary government with a federal government at the central level, seven provincial and 753 local governments having more authority and resources in planning and managing than before. In the spirit of Constitution of Nepal 2015 and with the vision to make the health services of the country universal and qualitative, Ministry of health and population of Nepal (2019) revised National health policy in 2019. National Health policy 2019 of Nepal has expanded its plan and strategies according to federal structure of the country to improve health sector.2 The revision of health policy paved the way forward towards health system reform in the country which is further supported by Local Government operation act 2017.3 With the new governance structure, accountability has also been divided among the three tiers and the local level is responsible for the program implementation responsibilities.4 5 The Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) is responsible for managing the health system at the federal level, whereas at the provincial level leads by the Ministry of Social Development and local governments metro/sub-metropolitan, municipality and rural municipality are responsible for its management.6 This indicates that the health system must gear up to meet the escalating healthcare needs of every citizen and upgrading the system as per the structure of the country.

This paper aims to portray the overall picture of poverty in the world and mentions the key solution to overcome poverty from a critical perspective. The data and figures were quoted from a number of researchers and organizations in the field of poverty around the world. Simultaneously, the information strengthens the correlations among poverty and lack of education. Only appropriate philosophies of education can improve the country’s socio-economic conditions and contribute to effective solutions to worldwide poverty. In the 21st century, despite the rapid development of science and technology with a series of inventions brought into the world to make life more comfortable, human poverty remains a global problem, especially in developing countries. Poverty, according to Lister (2004), is reflected by the state of “low living standards and/or inability to participate fully in society because of lack of material resources” (p.7). The impact and serious consequences of poverty on multiple aspects of human life have been realized by different organizations and researchers from different contexts (Fraser, 2000; Lister, 2004; Lipman, 2004; Lister, 2008). This paper will indicate some of the concepts and research results on poverty. Figures and causes of poverty, and some solutions from education as a key breaker to poverty will also be discussed. Creating a universal definition of poverty is not simple (Nyasulu, 2010). There are conflicts among different groups of people defining poverty, based on different views and fields. Some writers, according to Nyasulu, tend to connect poverty with social problems, while others focus on political or other causes. However, the reality of poverty needs to be considered from different sides and ways; for that reason, the diversity of definitions assigned to poverty can help form the basis on which interventions are drawn (Ife and Tesoriero, 2006). For instance, in dealing with poverty issues, it is essential to intervene politically; economic intervention is very necessary to any definition of this matter. A political definition necessitates political interventions in dealing with poverty, and economic definitions inevitably lead to economic interventions. Similarly, Księżopolski (1999) uses several models to show the perspectives on poverty as marginal, motivation and socialist. These models look at poverty and solutions from different angles. Socialists, for example, emphasize the responsibilities of social organization. The state manages the micro levels and distributes the shares of national gross resources, at the same time fighting to maintain the narrow gap among classes. In his book, Księżopolski (1999) also emphasizes the changes and new values of charity funds or financial aid from churches or organizations recognized by the Poor Law. Speaking specifically, in the new stages poverty has been recognized differently, and support is also delivered in limited categories related to more specific and visible objectives, with the aim of helping the poor change their own status for sustainable improvement. Three ways of categorizing the poor and locating them in the appropriate places are (1) the powerless, (2) who is willing to work and (3) who is dodging work. Basically, poverty is determined not to belong to any specific cultures or politics; otherwise, it refers to the situation in which people’s earnings cannot support their minimum living standard (Rowntree, 1910). Human living standard is defined in Alfredsson & Eide’s work (1999) as follows: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” (p. 524). In addition, poverty is measured by Global Hunger Index (GHI), which is calculated by the International Food Policy Institute (IFPRI) every year. The GHI measures hunger not only globally, but also by country and region. To have the figures multi-dimensionally, the GHI is based on three indicators: 1. Undernourishment: the proportion of the undernourished as a percentage of the population (reflecting the share of the population with insufficient calorie intake). 2. Child underweight: the proportion of children under age 5 who are underweight (low weight for their age, reflecting wasting, stunted growth or both), which is one indicator of child under-nutrition. 3. Child mortality: the mortality rate of children under 5 (partially reflecting the fatal synergy of inadequate dietary intake and unhealthy environments). Apart from the individual aspects and the above measurement based on nutrition, which help partly imagine poverty, poverty is more complicated, not just being closely related to human physical life but badly affecting spiritual life. According to Jones and Novak (1999 cited in Lister, 2008), poverty not only characterizes the precarious financial situation but also makes people self-deprecating. Poverty turns itself into the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance. It leads the poor to the end of the road, and they will never call for help except in the worst situations. Education can help people escape poverty or make it worse. In fact, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from people in many places around the world, in both developed and developing countries (Lipman, 2004). Lipman confirms: “Students need an education that instills a sense of hope and possibility that they can make a difference in their own family, school, and community and in the broader national and global community while it prepare them for multiple life choices.” (p.181) Bradshaw (2005) synthesizes five main causes of poverty: (1) individual deficiencies, (2) cultural belief systems that support subcultures of poverty, (3) economic, political and social distortions or discrimination, (4) geographical disparities and (5) cumulative and cyclical interdependencies. The researcher suggests the most appropriate solution corresponding with each cause. This reflects the diverse causes of poverty; otherwise, poverty easily happens because of social and political issues. From the literature review, it can be said that poverty comes from complex causes and reasons, and is not a problem of any single individual or country. Poverty has brought about serious consequences and needs to be dealt with by many methods and collective effort of many countries and organizations. This paper will focus on representing some alarming figures on poverty, problems of poverty and then the education as a key breaker to poverty. According to a statistics in 2012 on poverty from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), nearly half the world's population lives below the poverty line, of which is less than $1.25 a day . In a statistics in 2015, of every 1,000 children, 93 do not live to age 5 , and about 448 million babies are stillborn each year . Poverty in the world is happening alarmingly. According to a World Bank study, the risk of poverty continues to increase on a global scale and, of the 2009 slowdown in economic growth, which led to higher prices for fuel and food, further pushed 53 million people into poverty in addition to almost 155 million in 2008. From 1990 to 2009, the average GHI in the world decreased by nearly one-fifth. Many countries had success in solving the problem of child nutrition; however, the mortality rate of children under 5 and the proportion of undernourished people are still high. From 2011 to 2013, the number of hungry people in the world was estimated at 842 million, down 17 percent compared with the period 1990 to 1992, according to a report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) titled “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013” . Although poverty in some African countries had been improved in this stage, sub-Saharan Africa still maintained an area with high the highest percentage of hungry people in the world. The consequences and big problems resulting from poverty are terrible in the extreme. The following will illustrate the overall picture under the issues of health, unemployment, education and society and politics ➢ Health issues: According a report by Manos Unidas, a non- government organization (NGO) in Spain , poverty kills more than 30,000 children under age 5 worldwide every day, and 11 million children die each year because of poverty. Currently, 42 million people are living with HIV, 39 million of them in developing countries. The Manos Unidas report also shows that 15 million children globally have been orphaned because of AIDS. Scientists predict that by 2020 a number of African countries will have lost a quarter of their population to this disease. Simultaneously, chronic drought and lack of clean water have not only hindered economic development but also caused disastrous consequences of serious diseases across Africa. In fact, only 58 percent of Africans have access to clean water; as a result, the average life expectancy in Africa is the lowest in the world, just 45 years old (Bui, 2010). ➢ Unemployment issues: According to the United Nations, the youth unemployment rate in Africa is the highest in the world: 25.6 percent in the Middle East and North Africa. Unemployment with growth rates of 10 percent a year is one of the key issues causing poverty in African and negatively affecting programs and development plans. Total African debt amounts to $425 billion (Bui, 2010). In addition, joblessness caused by the global economic downturn pushed more than 140 million people in Asia into extreme poverty in 2009, the International Labor Organization (ILO) warned in a report titled The Fallout in Asia, prepared for the High-Level Regional Forum on Responding to the Economic Crisis in Asia and the Pacific, in Manila from Feb. 18 to 20, 2009 . Surprisingly, this situation also happens in developed countries. About 12.5 million people in the United Kingdom (accounting for 20 percent of the population) are living below the poverty line, and in 2005, 35 million people in the United States could not live without charity. At present, 620 million people in Asia are living on less than $1 per day; half of them are in India and China, two countries whose economies are considered to be growing. ➢ Education issues: Going to school is one of the basic needs of human beings, but poor people cannot achieve it. Globally, 130 million children do not attend school, 55 percent of them girls, and 82 million children have lost their childhoods by marrying too soon (Bui, 2010). Similarly, two-thirds of the 759 million illiterate people in total are women. Specifically, the illiteracy rate in Africa keeps increasing, accounting for about 40 percent of the African population at age 15 and over 50 percent of women at age 25. The number of illiterate people in the six countries with the highest number of illiterate people in the world - China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Bangladesh and Egypt - reached 510 million, accounting for 70 percent of total global illiteracy. ➢ Social and political issues: Poverty leads to a number of social problems and instability in political systems of countries around the world. Actually, 246 million children are underage labors, including 72 million under age 10. Simultaneously, according to an estimate by the United Nations (UN), about 100 million children worldwide are living on the streets. For years, Africa has suffered a chronic refugee problem, with more than 7 million refugees currently and over 200 million people without homes because of a series of internal conflicts and civil wars. Poverty threatens stability and development; it also directly influences human development. Solving the problems caused by poverty takes a lot of time and resources, but afterward they can focus on developing their societies. Poverty has become a global issue with political significance of particular importance. It is a potential cause of political and social instability, even leading to violence and war not only within a country, but also in the whole world. Poverty and injustice together have raised fierce conflicts in international relations; if these conflicts are not satisfactorily resolved by peaceful means, war will inevitably break out. Obviously, poverty plus lack of understanding lead to disastrous consequences such as population growth, depletion of water resources, energy scarcity, pollution, food shortages and serious diseases (especially HIV/AIDS), which are not easy to control; simultaneously, poverty plus injustice will cause international crimes such as terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and money laundering. Among recognizable four issues above which reflected the serious consequences of poverty, the third ones, education, if being prioritized in intervention over other issues in the fighting against poverty is believed to bring more effectiveness in resolving the problems from the roots. In fact, human being with the possibility of being educated resulted from their distinctive linguistic ability makes them differential from other beings species on the earth (Barrow and Woods 2006, p.22). With education, human can be aware and more critical with their situations, they are aimed with abilities to deal with social problems as well as adversity for a better life; however, inequality in education has stolen opportunity for fighting poverty from unprivileged people (Lipman, 2004). An appropriate education can help increase chances for human to deal with all of the issues related to poverty; simultaneously it can narrow the unexpected side-effect of making poverty worse. A number of philosophies from ancient Greek to contemporary era focus on the aspect of education with their own epistemology, for example, idealism of Plato encouraged students to be truth seekers and pragmatism of Dewey enhanced the individual needs of students (Gutex, 1997). Education, more later on, especially critical pedagogy focuses on developing people independently and critically which is essential for poor people to have ability of being aware of what they are facing and then to have equivalent solutions for their problems. In other words, critical pedagogy helps people emancipate themselves and from that they can contribute to transform the situations or society they live in. In this sense, in his most influential work titled “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” (1972), Paulo Freire carried out his critical pedagogy by building up a community network of peasants- the marginalized and unprivileged party in his context, aiming at awakening their awareness about who they are and their roles in society at that time. To do so, he involved the peasants into a problem-posing education which was different from the traditional model of banking education with the technique of dialogue. Dialogue wasn’t just simply for people to learn about each other; but it was for figuring out the same voice; more importantly, for cooperation to build a social network for changing society. The peasants in such an educational community would be relieved from stressfulness and the feeling of being outsiders when all of them could discuss and exchange ideas with each other about the issues from their “praxis”. Praxis which was derived from what people act and linked to some values in their social lives, was defined by Freire as “reflection and action upon the world in order to transform it” (p.50). Critical pedagogy dialogical approach in Pedagogy of the Oppressed of Freire seems to be one of the helpful ways for solving poverty for its close connection to the nature of equality. It doesn’t require any highly intellectual teachers who lead the process; instead, everything happens naturally and the answers are identified by the emancipation of the learners themselves. It can be said that the effectiveness of this pedagogy for people to escape poverty comes from its direct impact on human critical consciousness; from that, learners would be fully aware of their current situations and self- figure out the appropriate solutions for their own. In addition, equality which was one of the essences making learners in critical pedagogy intellectually emancipate was reflected via the work titled “The Ignorant Schoolmaster” by Jacques Rancière (1991). In this work, the teacher and students seemed to be equal in terms of the knowledge. The explicator- teacher Joseph Jacotot employed the interrogative approach which was discovered to be universal because “he taught what he didn’t know”. Obviously, this teacher taught French to Flemish students while he couldn’t speak his students’ language. The ignorance which was not used in the literal sense but a metaphor showed that learners can absolutely realize their capacity for self-emancipation without the traditional teaching of transmission of knowledge from teachers. Regarding this, Rancière (1991, p.17) stated “that every common person might conceive his human dignity, take the measure of his intellectual capacity, and decide how to use it”. This education is so meaningful for poor people by being able to evoking their courageousness to develop themselves when they always try to stay away from the community due the fact that poverty is the roots of shame, guilt, humiliation and resistance (Novak, 1999). The contribution of critical pedagogy to solving poverty by changing the consciousness of people from their immanence is summarized by Freire’s argument in his “Pedagogy of Indignation” as follows: “It is certain that men and women can change the world for the better, can make it less unjust, but they can do so from starting point of concrete reality they “come upon” in their generation. They cannot do it on the basis of reveries, false dreams, or pure illusion”. (p.31) To sum up, education could be an extremely helpful way of solving poverty regarding the possibilities from the applications of studies in critical pedagogy for educational and social issues. Therefore, among the world issues, poverty could be possibly resolved in accordance with the indigenous people’s understanding of their praxis, their actions, cognitive transformation, and the solutions with emancipation in terms of the following keynotes: First, because the poor are powerless, they usually fall into the states of self-deprecation, shame, guilt and humiliation, as previously mentioned. In other words, they usually build a barrier between themselves and society, or they resist changing their status. Therefore, approaching them is not a simple matter; it requires much time and the contributions of psychologists and sociologists in learning about their aspirations, as well as evoking and nurturing the will and capacities of individuals, then providing people with chances to carry out their own potential for overcoming obstacles in life. Second, poverty happens easily in remote areas not endowed with favorable conditions for development. People there haven’t had a lot of access to modern civilization; nor do they earn a lot of money for a better life. Low literacy, together with the lack of healthy forms of entertainment and despair about life without exit, easily lead people into drug addiction, gambling and alcoholism. In other words, the vicious circle of poverty and powerlessness usually leads the poor to a dead end. Above all, they are lonely and need to be listened to, shared with and led to escape from their states. Community meetings for exchanging ideas, communicating and immediate intervening, along with appropriate forms of entertainment, should be held frequently to meet the expectations of the poor, direct them to appropriate jobs and, step by step, change their favorite habits of entertainment. Last but not least, poor people should be encouraged to participate in social forums where they can both raise their voices about their situations and make valuable suggestions for dealing with their poverty. Children from poor families should be completely exempted from school fees to encourage them to go to school, and curriculum should also focus on raising community awareness of poverty issues through extracurricular and volunteer activities, such as meeting and talking with the community, helping poor people with odd jobs, or simply spending time listening to them. Not a matter of any individual country, poverty has become a major problem, a threat to the survival, stability and development of the world and humanity. Globalization has become a bridge linking countries; for that reason, instability in any country can directly and deeply affect the stability of others. The international community has been joining hands to solve poverty; many anti-poverty organizations, including FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), BecA (the Biosciences eastern and central Africa), UN-REDD (the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), BRAC (Building Resources Across Communities), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), WHO (World Health Organization) and Manos Unidas, operate both regionally and internationally, making some achievements by reducing the number of hungry people, estimated 842 million in the period 1990 to 1992, by 17 percent in 2011- to 2013 . The diverse methods used to deal with poverty have invested billions of dollars in education, health and healing. The Millennium Development Goals set by UNDP put forward eight solutions for addressing issues related to poverty holistically: 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2) Achieve universal primary education. 3) Promote gender equality and empower women. 4) Reduce child mortality. 5) Improve maternal health. 6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 7) Ensure environmental sustainability. 8) Develop a global partnership for development. Although all of the mentioned solutions carried out directly by countries and organizations not only focus on the roots of poverty but break its circle, it is recognized that the solutions do not emphasize the role of the poor themselves which a critical pedagogy does. More than anyone, the poor should have a sense of their poverty so that they can become responsible for their own fate and actively fight poverty instead of waiting for help. It is not different from the cores of critical theory in solving educational and political issues that the poor should be aware and conscious about their situation and reflected context. It is required a critical transformation from their own praxis which would allow them to go through a process of learning, sharing, solving problems, and leading to social movements. This is similar to the method of giving poor people fish hooks rather than giving them fish. The government and people of any country understand better than anyone else clearly the strengths and characteristics of their homelands. It follows that they can efficiently contribute to causing poverty, preventing the return of poverty, and solving consequences of the poverty in their countries by many ways, especially a critical pedagogy; and indirectly narrow the scale of poverty in the world. In a word, the wars against poverty take time, money, energy and human resources, and they are absolutely not simple to end. Again, the poor and the challenged should be educated to be fully aware of their situation to that they can overcome poverty themselves. They need to be respected and receive sharing from the community. All forms of discrimination should be condemned and excluded from human society. When whole communities join hands in solving this universal problem, the endless circle of poverty can be addressed definitely someday. More importantly, every country should be responsible for finding appropriate ways to overcome poverty before receiving supports from other countries as well as the poor self-conscious responsibilities about themselves before receiving supports from the others, but the methods leading them to emancipation for their own transformation and later the social change.

This research aimed to clarify the role of Forensic accounting in the development of accounting work mechanisms to combat money laundering operations, and how to benefit from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia joining Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in that, the researchers relied on carrying out this research on the descriptive analytical approach and relied on the statistical packages for science program Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS / Pc +) in hypothesis testing, sample analysis, data compilation, tabulation and analysis. The research found that there is a direct relationship between Forensic accounting services and its components and the accession of Saudi Arabia to Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and combating money laundering operations The research recommended to increase the activation of Forensic accounting programs in the Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants as well as business colleges of King Khalid University to contribute to the elimination of money laundering operations in line with the Kingdom's current status as a permanent member of Financial Action Task Force (FATF).

De La Salle University-Dasmariῆas (DLSU-D) is one with the call to collective action in responding to global ecological crisis as it adapts to the new normal of creating a safe, sustainable, and healthy university where the experience of God is lived and shared. As the world is currently battling new challenges affecting the environment in the face of COVID-19 crisis, DLSU-D reiterates its stand to lead in sustainable practices that foster caring for our common environmental home. Under the Black Out! Green In! flagship program, which is the University’s green response to combat climate change, its Ecological Solid Waste Management Program (ESWMP) ventures into simple, low-cost, and low technology initiatives. Internal collaboration among faculty, students, and service providers as well as external partnerships with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and local government units (LGUs) having similar environmental advocacies and lifestyle changing significantly contribute to the innovations and sustainability of the campus waste management program

Sing & Grow is an early intervention music therapy project that provides community group music therapy programs to families with young children who encounter risk factors that may impact on parenting and optimal child development. A variety of evaluation tools were devised and used over the first 3 years of the project. Upon the subsequent funding and expansion of the project at the end of this period, it was necessary to find, test and devise more rigorous, valid and reliable measures to withstand the scrutiny of researchers, and to combat the concerns and criticisms associated with the previous methods of data collection. An action inquiry project was therefore undertaken with two groups of project participants to trial the use of the Parenting Stress Index and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales, both recommended by leading psychologists. Key findings that will be discussed include the friction between the deficit-focussed nature of many psychometric tools and the strengths-based approach taken in service delivery, the level of difficulty in terms of literacy and comprehension for vulnerable respondents, and the lack of one tool with the ability to comprehensively measure all aspects of a broad scoping program.

The purpose of this community service activity is to provide education and understanding to students and the school towards the potential and dangers of hate speech through social media. It is hoped that through this activity encourage school students to avoid and combat the behavior of speech utterances especially on social media. The activity method is Participatory Learning and Action which emphasizes socialization, discussion and training and digital literacy education. The results of the “Room of Law” activities in this service show that students' knowledge is still weak about the utterances of hate in social media and the threat of punishment resulting from acts of hate speech. This service is still being carried out to create Agent of Against Hate Speech through training and education for Training of Train students.