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Journal articles on the topic 'Actions and defenses – United States'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Neil, Ben. "Goal Post Safety - A Case Problem." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 12, no. 2 (2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v12i2.9622.

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This case will provide an excellent test for a student’s basic knowledge of tort actions and various defenses which may be used. The case introduces students to the growing problem of goal post safety. It also highlights the need for more information regarding the use of portable goals.This case is suited to students who need to understand tort actions, its possible defenses and finally soccer goal post safety issues... After reading and discussing the case, students should have a pragmatic understanding of tort actions, their possible defenses and a rationale as to security issues involving m

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2

Nash, Marian, and (Leich). "Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law." American Journal of International Law 90, no. 2 (1996): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203689.

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In response to a request from the court to the Legal Adviser of the Department of State, by a letter dated November 29, 1995, the United States submitted a Statement of Interest in Meridien International Bank Ltd. v. Government of the Republic of Liberia. The United States stated that the executive branch had determined that allowing the (second) Liberian National Transitional Government (LNTG II) access to American courts was consistent with U.S. foreign policy. The court, the United States maintained, should therefore accord that Government standing to assert claims and defenses in the actio

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3

Rowles, James P. "“Secret Wars,” Self-Defense and the Charter—A Reply to Professor Moore." American Journal of International Law 80, no. 3 (1986): 568–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2201774.

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In a recent article entitled The Secret War in Central America and the Future of World Order, Professor John Norton Moore, a staunch defender of United States actions toward Nicaragua, sets forth a comprehensive array of factual assertions and legal arguments to support his conclusions that support by the United States of Nicaraguan counterrevolutionaries or “contras” and its own actions against Nicaragua are justified as collective self-defense under international law. He also presents arguments to support his conclusion that the International Court of Justice has so exceeded its authority in

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4

Kovalev, Andrei Andreevich. "U.S. Arctic policy: the agenda of 2019." Право и политика, no. 1 (January 2020): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.1.30273.

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This article explores the key stages of the development of U.S. policy with regards to Arctic Region. The goal is set to outline the fundamental interests of the United States in the Arctic, as well as analyze the actions aimed at their achievement. The article examines the main priorities in U.S. Arctic policy, namely the protection and preservation of resources and ecosystem in the Arctic Region, scientific study of climatic changes, peculiarities of economic development of Alaska, and national security interests of the state. The questions of interaction of Arctic states with regards to def

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Fiorentino, Edward, William Rose, and Mustafa Canan. "Information Maneuver in the United States Marine Corps." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 20, no. 1 (2025): 436–43. https://doi.org/10.34190/iccws.20.1.3452.

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In 2017, Secretary of Defense James Mattis formally addressed and introduced the seventh joint warfighting function: information. This resulted in an explosion of literature across the military services in an attempt to define this new function and its many facets. Research reveals information can be viewed as data with meaning, a domain, a warfighting function, and an action when paired with maneuver. Conceptual frameworks have been proposed for the latter, but no consensus has been reached between service branches. Specifically, maneuver within the information environment has yet to be defin

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Bellinger, John B. "Legal Issues in the War on Terrorism – A Reply to Silja N. U. Vöneky." German Law Journal 8, no. 9 (2007): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006015.

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I wanted to begin by thanking Dr. Voneky for her thoughtful contribution to this rapidly developing area of international law. One of the purposes of the ongoing dialogue with my European counterparts on the legal framework for the use of force and detention of combatants in an armed conflict with non-state actors is to spur dialogue to arrive at a common approach on these issues. I agree with many things in Dr. Voneky's article. I am pleased that, unlike many critics of the United States, she recognizes that it is possible to use force in self defense from armed attacks not directly linked to

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V. Talan, Maria, and Oleg N. Dunin. "CONCEPTIONS OF SELF-DEFENSE IN THE CRIMINAL LAW OF THE RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, no. 6 (2019): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7697.

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Purpose: This article is devoted to the analysis of the concepts of self-defense in the criminal law of Russia and the USA. The Russian Federation has developed a negative law enforcement practice in the field of implementation of the norms on necessary defense. Persons protecting themselves and their loved ones from criminals and causing harm to criminals who commit an attack are often prosecuted for violating the principle of proportionality of defense and attack, which under current law qualifies as exceeding the limits of necessary defense. Methodology: In the United States, criminal

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8

Steinberg, Marc I. "US Prospectus Liability – An Overview and Critique." Journal of European Tort Law 14, no. 2 (2023): 124–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2023-0010.

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Abstract This article addresses prospectus liability in the United States. The key statutes and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules and regulations are examined in conjunction with analysis of the causes of action and defenses that are applicable. While the US prospectus framework is thorough, substantial gaps exist that should be remedied. The article accordingly focuses on principal aspects of US prospectus liability exposure and proffers recommendations for improving the overall framework.

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9

Neves, Andre Luiz Varella. "TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1946); DEFENSE PLANNING GUIDANCE (1991) & THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2002): THE MACKINDER & SPYKMAN DIALECTICS REVISITED." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.v27n2.p.429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years

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Varella Neves, Andre Luiz. "TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1946); DEFENSE PLANNING GUIDANCE (1991) & THE NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY (2002): THE MACKINDER & SPYKMAN DIALECTICS REVISITED." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.v27n2.p429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years

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Neves, André Luiz Varella. "TRUMAN dOCTRINE (1946); Defense Planning Guidance (1991) & The National Security Strategy (2002): The Mackinder & Spyman Dialetics Revisited." Revista da Escola de Guerra Naval 27, no. 2 (2021): 429–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21544/2359-3075.2.v27n2.p.429-468.

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The aim of this article is to test the hypothesis that Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman’s geopolitical theories, which sustained the grand strategy of the United States with the implementation of 1946 Truman Doctrine, are still relevant today after their termination. The results indicate that the intellectual matrixes were found in documents of the grand strategy of the United States in two moments. First, in 1992, in the George Herbert Walker Bush’s government’s Defense Planning Guidance document, formulated by the Pentagon, in February 1992. Second, they were found replicated 10 years

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Sample, John A. "Human Resource Management in State and Local Government in the United States: Avoiding Liability for Discrimination Under Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 7, no. 3 (2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v7i3.11427.

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AbstractThe purpose of this review is to summarize Title 42 U.S.C. §1983, sometimes known as the “other” or “original” federal discrimination law in the United States that applies to elected officials, their appointed public administrators, and other employees in state and local governments. This federal statute provides a procedural process that allows a person to bring a private right of action to seek redress when just laws and policies are administered unjustly by state and local governmental entities. A hypothetical set of facts from a municipal setting is used to explore a typical Title

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Shawn Chuang, Shaochi. "The Taiwan Problem." International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 04, no. 03 (2023): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n3a3.

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Taiwan’s status as an independent country and how it is acknowledged by other nations is politically complex. While Taiwan has its own independent government and military, it is left out of the United Nations and must be referred to as Chinese Taipei in global events like the Olympics. Taiwan’s historically complicated relationship with the Republic of China (PRC) directly influences its foreign relations with national superpowers, like the United States, on how “strategically ambiguous” their allyship can be. This paper explores the crux of this strategic ambiguity—how the United States can r

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Eichler, Rose Richerson. "Cybersecurity, Encryption, and Defense Industry Compliance with United States Export Regulations." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 1 (2018): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i1.2.

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Exports of technology and items containing technical information are regulated by the United States government. United States export control regulations exist to help protect national security, economic, and political interests. United States defense industry companies manufacture products and develop technologies and information that the United States has a particular interest in protecting. Therefore, defense industry companies must comply with United States export control regulations when exporting items and information to their international partners and customers. An “export” not only inc

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15

Houser, Ryan, and Andrés Constantin. "COVID-19, Religious Freedom and the Law: The United States’ Case." American Journal of Law & Medicine 49, no. 1 (2023): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2023.14.

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AbstractDuring the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic, public health officials exercised their police powers to combat the spread of the virus. The pandemic-related legal interventions adopted throughout the United States included lockdown orders and mask mandates. However, these policies and interventions meant to promote the general welfare of the public, in defense of common good, were met with legal challenges, especially in opposition to interventions’ impact on the exercise of religion. This article provides a legal analysis of the policies meant to curb the COVID-19 pande

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16

Busch, Andrew E. "Russian Influence in the United States." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 16 (June 30, 2025): 59–71. https://doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2025.16.59-71.

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In the proposed article, the author examines the sources and political consequences of American susceptibility to Putin's extensive propaganda, deployed in particular in the USA. It is emphasized that information campaigns in the media, in political organizations and in conservative religious circles have a certain influence on public opinion. More interesting, in the researcher's opinion, is the question of why many Americans have become susceptible to the topics of Russian propaganda in recent years. Аttention is paid to the most effective anti-Ukrainian topics, which in particular influence

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Garrett, Brandon, and Christopher Slobogin. "The Law on Police Use of Force in the United States." German Law Journal 21, no. 8 (2020): 1526–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.92.

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AbstractRecent events in the United States have highlighted the fact that American police resort to force, including deadly force, much more often than in many other Western countries. This Article describes how the current regulatory regime may ignore or even facilitate these aggressive police actions. The law governing police use of force in the United States derives in large part from the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. As construed by the United States Supreme Court, the Fourth Amendment provides police wide leeway in

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18

Gorecki, Gabriel, Elena Rusu, Horaţiu Moldovan, and Ioan S. Tudorache. "Reactive nitrogen species and cardiovascular diseases." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 121, no. 2 (2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2018.121.2.1.

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Oxidative stress plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, arthritis, aging, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and Europe and is poised to become the most significant health problem worldwide. Reactive nitrogen species are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular motor tone, modulation of myocardial contractility, control of cell proliferation and inhibition of platelet activation, aggregation, and adhesion. Cellular constituents of o

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19

Reisman, W. Michael, and Andrea Armstrong. "The Past and Future of the Claim of Preemptive Self-Defense." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 3 (2006): 525–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000031043.

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The claim by the United States to a right of what has come to be known as “preemptive selfdefense” has provoked deep anxiety and soul-searching among the members of the college of international lawyers. Some have feared that the claim signaled a demand for the prospective legitimation of “Pearl Harbor” types of actions, that is, sudden, massive, and destructive military actions “out of the blue,” by one state against another in the absence of a state of war, with the objective of militarily neutralizing or even eliminating a latent or potential adversary. Since some public intellectuals within

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20

TSEPENDA, IGOR. "MILITARY-POLITICAL CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NATO MEMBER STATES IN THE BALTIC REGION." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 2 (2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.2.9-16.

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This article analyses a range of problems faced by the NATO member states in the Baltic region in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. It is indicated that the Russian Federation boosts its military presence in the Kaliningrad Oblast: it deploys advanced missile systems and armored fighting vehicles to the region, increases its military contingent and rearms its Navy in the Baltic Sea. It is stressed that Russia has violated the 1987 Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles (the INF Treaty) and in recent years has been conducting large-scale military

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21

Johnson, Loch K. "James Angleton and the Church Committee." Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 4 (2013): 128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00397.

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James J. Angleton, who served as chief of counterintelligence for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1954 to 1974, was an important figure in the Cold War and, in a sense, the first line of defense against clandestine Soviet intelligence operations directed against the United States and its allies. In 1975 a U.S. Senate investigative committee—informally known as the Church Committee and led by Senator Frank Church—called Angleton to testify in public on his approach to counterintelligence, especially how he had become involved in illegal domestic operations in the United States.

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22

Pires, Karina Coelho, and Rafaela Araújo Jordão Rigaud Peixoto. "Critical Discourse Analysis and Lexical Semantics:." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 10, no. 2 (2023): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2022v10n2p96-117.

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There have been new facets of multilateralism, which have motivated the realignment of traditional power relations established globally, especially regarding the United States and China. This new strategic environment can be observed in changes made to the Brazilian National Defense White Paper (LBDN) of 2020, as well as in the dialectic between white papers of the United States (2017), and China (2019). To investigate these realignments and their possible impacts on the Brazilian defense sector, the analysis was carried out in two phases: (1) analysis of the general characteristics of the Def

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Dudek, Carolyn Marie. "The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire. By Roy H. Ginsberg. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. 256p. $79.00 cloth, $27.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (2002): 881–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402250479.

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Since the Cold War, the United States as well as other countries have struggled with the “new world order.” Further integration of the European Union, mostly in economic and political ways, has given it recognition as an actor within the international arena. During the crisis that followed the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the international community witnessed the EU's failure to bring a speedy end to the genocide and violence in the region. The EU's inability and lack of efficacy in the situation tarnished its image and prompted it to begin working toward the creation of a European Common Foreig

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Artamonova, U. "“Political War” 2.0 (USA vs Russia – on the Verge of Change)." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 9 (2024): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-9-29-38.

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The article reflects on the political war between the United States and Russia that started in 2022 with the launch of the Russian special military operation in Ukraine. The author compares those events to the political war that occurred between the U.S. and the USSR in the 20th century, concluding that once again the American side has chosen to begin with a reactive and defensive approach to the conflict. This approach is primarily aimed at safeguarding the American population (as well as the population of American allies) from Russian influence. In order to achieve that, American public dipl

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Chang, Jun-Kab. "U.S. Foreign Security Policy in Early Post-Cold War Period: A Case Study of the Panama Invasion." Korea Association of World History and Culture 71 (June 30, 2024): 293–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2024.06.71.293.

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The chief legacy derived from the Panama invasion was how it altered the American public’s perceptions of the military after the frustrating war in Vietnam. The ease of Panama helped pave the way for the Iraq War. One intervention elided into another in the post-Cold War period. Operation Just Cause was a catalyst for Washington’s new role not only as worldwide policeman, but as global armed social worker. The United States encountered sinister new authoritarian regimes in Pyongyang, Tehran, and other capitals, for which the Cold War really ended. But before that return of great-power rivalry,

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Ziętek, Agata, Elizabeth Freund Larus, and Anna Tatarczak. "The Taiwan Game. Navigating U.S.-China Tensions from Game Theory Perspective." Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations 5 (May 29, 2025): 14. https://doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17927.1.

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Taiwan is a potential flashpoint for conflict between the U.S. and China. Although it has been de facto independent of China for more than seventy years, China’s leaders regard Taiwan as an inseparable part of the PRC. While China claims to strive for peaceful “reunification,” it has never renounced the use of force against Taiwan. Despite a 45-year policy of “strategic ambiguity” regarding Taiwan’s defense, the U.S. has declared its support for the use of military force to defend Taiwan. China’s threats and U.S. support have created a security dilemma, in which adversaries build up their resp

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Kuznetsov, N. "Principles of the American Approach to the PRC: Ideology and Struggle for Influence." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 9 (2024): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-9-39-54.

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The article analyzes the principles that determine the US policy towards the PRC in terms of ideological confrontation and struggle for the influence in the Indo-Pacific region. It is noted that such features of the Chinese political system as rule by law, autocracy and state-directed mercantilism are seen as its vulnerabilities. The U. S. competitive approach to the PRC is focused on exacerbating and exploiting them. China’s economic slowdown is expected to make the CCP uncertain of its own legitimacy and force the party to rely on authoritarian practices of social control to maintain politic

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Story, Jonathan. "Les politiques ouest-européennes et le dollar : Dépendance nationale ou autonomie régionale." Études internationales 14, no. 4 (2005): 683–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701579ar.

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The lack of autonomy of Western European states, that is, the limitations which they confront in terms of translating their policy preferences into authoritative actions, cannot be considered solely in terms of idiosyncratic domestic political institutions and cultures, or as the result of greater sensibility and vulnerability to interdependence through the flow of goods, capital and technology. The argument develops around the generalisation that during the period of "détente" from 1965 to 1979, the United States, as the world central bank, inflated the world political economy ; thereafter, t

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Danyk, Y., and S. Vdovenko. "A CHAIN EFFECTS IN THE CYBER-ACTIONS." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 64 (2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2019/64-08.

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The article presents the results of research on the features of the hybrid war that occurs in Ukraine and other states in cyberspace. Established role and place of chain effects and asymmetric destructive actions in the field of information and cyber security. Due to the fact that at present energy is the basic industry of national economy and national security of any state, the features of complex destructive cyber-, informational and cognitive actions and influences in cyberspace and through cyberspace are considered on the example of the energy sphere taking into account threats, risks and

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Hárs, András. "Causes and Effects of Uruguay’s Contribution to the United Nations’ Peace Operations." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 21, no. 3 (2022): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2022.3.4.

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Latin American States have been ardent defenders of international peace and security for several decades. Preeminent among them is the state of Uruguay, which has contributed a substantial amount of military and police personnel to United Nations peace operations to a degree that cannot be explained by its territory, economic potential, military might or political power. The country was lauded for its efforts in the international community by subsequent secretaries-general of the United Nations. Illustrated by the fact that the small country has provided several force commanders and thousands

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Vijenthira, Shangi, Rifaa Ali, and Erin Manogaran. "Unaffirmative Actions: Lessons on Refusal, Racism, and Youth Research." in:cite journal 1 (September 19, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/incite.1.28880.

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    We are all girls of colour attending an independent secondary school in downtown Toronto, where we learn from a majority white teaching and guidance staff, despite having a racially diverse student and city population. We used our school as an example of what we view as a widespread problem, both in our personal experiences in Toronto and as researched throughout Canada and the United States: a lack of racial diversity in secondary school faculty. Using youth participatory action research methodologies, we set out to investigate the source of this problem at our sch

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Krivolapov, O. O. "The Influence of NATO Regional Missile Defense on European Security." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S4 (2022): S301—S307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622100100.

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Abstract The problem of missile defense is considered by Russian researchers, first of all, as part of the strategic stability problem in relations between Russia and the United States. At the same time, the impact of regional missile defense (theater missile defense) on regional security remains largely unexplored. The US and NATO leadership continue to claim that Russia has deployed intermediate-range missiles in the European part of the country. As a response to this step, in addition to other measures of regional deterrence towards Russia, it is planned to strengthen NATO’s regional missil

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Kononenko, Valerii. "The principle of prohibition of the threat of force from the position of the UN International Court of Justice." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 35 (September 1, 2024): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2024-35-697-707.

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The principle of prohibition of the threat of force in relations between states is established in Art. 2(4) of the United Nations Charter. This principle contains a double prohibition: it requires states to refrain from the use of force and any provocations that could potentially lead to the use of force. The principle of non-use of force is an imperative norm of international law (jus cogens). As an exception, threats can be considered as actions of self-defense and/or as defensive counter-threats. The political leadership of the Russian Federation announced «demilitarization» and «denazifica

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Ronzitti, Natalino. "Rescuing Nationals Abroad Revisited." Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, no. 3 (2019): 431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz030.

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Abstract The general rule on the prohibition on use of force in international relations has rendered controversial the cases in which states may lawfully resort to armed force. Even self-defense, which is undoubtedly a lawful action, is the object of contentious interpretations of its precise content and modalities of exercise. Are there lawful instances of recourse to armed action in addition to self-defense and use of force authorized by the United Nations? This is greatly disputed and the controversy also embodies the legality of intervention for rescuing nationals abroad. The latter's lawf

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Jhosep, Akaber. "THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AGAINST AFGHANISTAN MILITARY: A COVERT MILITARY METHOD." Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 9, no. 2 (2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/jph.v9i2.23731.

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This study aims to analyze and explain the foreign policy of the United States towards the Afghan militia, especially the Taliban. The United States government with the help of the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) investigates and seeks to destroy the Al Qaeda terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden who was later found to be in Afghanistan and obtained protection under the Taliban. The Taliban, the Islamic extremist regime that controls Afghanistan and offers space for Al Qaeda militants to exercise its military in Afghanistan. President Bush signed a resolution on September 18, 2001 regarding

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Tully, James. "Aboriginal Property and Western Theory: Recovering a Middle Ground." Social Philosophy and Policy 11, no. 2 (1994): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004477.

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During the last forty years, the Aboriginal peoples of the Americas, of the British Commonwealth, and of other countries colonized by Europeans over the last five hundred years have demanded that their forms of property and government be recognized in international law and in the constitutional law of their countries. This broad movement of 250 million Aboriginal people has involved court cases, parliamentary politics, constitutional amendments, the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the development of an international law of Aboriginal peoples, and countless nonviolent and vi

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Isabirye, Edward Kezron. "PROTECTING THE U.S. DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN: CYBERSECURITY GUIDELINES FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING IN SMES." International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management (IJETRM) 04, no. 10 (2020): 128–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15497735.

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The accelerating adoption of Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, across Small andMedium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the United States has introduced both unprecedented opportunities andemerging cybersecurity threats within the digital supply chain. As defense, healthcare and aerospace industriesembrace additive manufacturing, their risk of cyber attacks grows, so cybersecurity is now more urgent. The studyinvestigates the current cybersecurity situation among American AM businesses, picks out the main AM-relatedvulnerabilities such as file access and theft of intellectual p

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GARIN, Artyom A. "AUKUS AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC: FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIA." Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, no. 1 (54) (2022): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-1-1-54-223-233.

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The United States, the UK and Australia continue to enhance defence cooperation in the dual space of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These powers announced the establishing of a trilateral security pact AUKUS on September 15, 2021. The U.S. will transfer nuclear submarine technology to Australia but the nature of AUKUS implies a broader technological interaction between the parties. Despite the Anglosphere's attempts to indicate that their actions aren't directed against any power, all their actions reveal intensifying rivalry with the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article examines the

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Pashkovsky, P. I., and E. V. Kryzhko. "Features of the US Strategic Course towards Russia in the Conditions of Confrontation: Systemic Containment from the Perspective of Russophobic Manifestations." Post-Soviet Issues 12, no. 2 (2025): 90–101. https://doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2025-12-2-90-101.

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The article considers the features of the US strategic course towards Russia in the context of aggravated relations. The relevance of the study is due to the large-scale manifestations of Russophobic tendencies that have become derivatives of the implementation of the American geostrategy, causing challenges and threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to characterize the main trends of Russophobic manifestations in the strategic approaches of the United States during the first presidential term of D. Trump and the presidency of J. Biden. The fo

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Korzhevsky, A. S., V. V. Tolstykh, and I. A. Kopylov. "Modern development of the international system and its impact on the management of the national defense of the Russian Federation." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-02.

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The article analyzes the current state of the system of international relations in the context of the transformation of the modern world order. It is determined that cardinal changes in the system of international relations occur due to the destructive policy of the collective West led by the United States, aimed at maintaining a unipolar world and dominance in the world political process. Under these conditions, the new centers of world development, to which the authors include Russia, China and India, tend to pursue an independent and uncontrolled foreign policy, which is not supported by Wa

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Wiyono, Wujud, and Taufiq Supriyanto. "Implications of the PNG-US Defense Pact for Indonesia's Sovereignty and National Interests." Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology 2, no. 5 (2024): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/marcopolo.v2i5.9302.

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On May 22, 2023, Papua New Guinea signed a defense pact with the United States. This pact gives US troops access to airfields and ports in Papua New Guinea, which is part of US efforts to reduce China's influence in the Pacific region. The presence of US troops in Papua New Guinea could affect the stability of the surrounding region. Indonesia must ensure that its territory remains safe and is not threatened by foreign military presence in neighboring countries. Good communication is needed between Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the US to ensure that military actions do not violate Indonesia'

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Muhammad, Nur Abdul Latif Al Waroi, Riyanta Stanislaus, and Reza Rustam Muhammad. "Populism and the Erosion of Democratic Checks and Balances: A Systematic Literature Review across Regions." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS 07, no. 10 (2024): 4728–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13918691.

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Populism has emerged as a significant challenge to democratic governance worldwide, as populist leaders seek to undermine checks and balances and consolidate power. This systematic literature review analyzes how populist movements weaken democratic institutions across different regions, focusing on the erosion of judicial independence, legislative oversight, media freedom, and human rights. This study examines case studies from Hungary, Turkey, Brazil, and the United States, revealing how populist leaders centralize authority, manipulate legal frameworks, and exploit societal grievances to sid

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Nascimento, Mario Brasil do. "A Defesa Interamericana Diante Dos Cenários De Agressão Ao Continente." Hemisferio Revista del Colegio Interamericano de Defensa 8 (June 30, 2022): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.59848/22.1207.hv8n1.

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The idea of a collective defense for the American continent emerged as a result of German threats and offensive actions during World War II. With the end of the war, the Cold War between the United States and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the emergence of nuclear weapons; and the expansion of communism brought new threats to America, requiring the adaptation of the inter-American defense. The adoption of multidimensional security in America has cooled concerns about continental defense.With the rise of China as an economic and military power, the return of a new Cold War betw

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Marjanović, Zoran, and Marija Mićović. "The Concept of Deterrence of the United States of America in the post-Cold War period." Bezbednost, Beograd 67, no. 1 (2025): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2501087m.

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By applying the concept of deterrence, the US prevents the action of a certain threat to national security. In order to prevent certain actions of unwanted acts of other states or some entities, it is necessary to apply certain coercion in foreign political relations, which can include both defensive methods, and the manifestation of coercion for preventive purposes, which would include offensive methods, by engaging the state apparatus in economic, political, propaganda, paramilitary and other activities. The activities of those structures of the state apparatus are not always visible, becaus

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Ahmad, Usama, Hamza Rehman, and Abu Bakar Khan. "Legality of Anticipatory Self-Defense in International Criminal Law: Special Case Studies in Focus." Pakistan Journal of Criminal Justice 3, no. 1 (2023): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.62585/pjcj.v3i1.16.

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On February 24, 2022, a significant international event transpired as Russian military forces crossed into Ukraine, initiating a full-scale conflict under the assertion of Anticipatory Self-defense. This development has sparked renewed discussions and inquiries into the legal and practical dimensions of Anticipatory Self-defense as a pretext for military actions. Notably, Anticipatory Self-defense has been invoked in the past, most notably by the Bush administration during the Iraq War and currently by the Israeli government in various contexts. In a similar vein, President Vladimir Putin empl

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Cecire, Michael Hikari. "Reauthorizing the Defense Production Act in the Era of Defense Mobilization and Supply-Side Industrial Policy." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 16, no. 1 (2025): 72–95. https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20251601004.

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The 1950 Defense Production Act (DPA) is one of the most significant tools the U.S. government uses to mobilize the civilian economy for national defense. As the United States approaches the DPA’s statutory termination and likely reauthorization in 2025, this article surveys its recent employment during the COVID-19 pandemic and potential for policy iteration, assessing its evolution from postwar and early Cold War origins to a broader industrial policy tool. By analyzing DPA usage, legislative actions, and public interest trends, this study aims to extract key lessons from its recent implemen

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Truog, Robert D., and Samuel N. Doernberg. "In Defense of Normothermic Regional Perfusion." Hastings Center Report 54, no. 4 (2024): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.4905.

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AbstractNormothermic regional perfusion (NRP) is a relatively new approach to procuring organs for transplantation. After circulatory death is declared, perfusion is restored to either the thoracoabdominal organs (in TA‐NRP) or abdominal organs alone (in A‐NRP) using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Simultaneously, surgeons clamp the cerebral arteries, causing a fatal brain injury. Critics claim that clamping the arteries is the proximate cause of death in violation of the dead donor rule and that the procedure is therefore unethical. We disagree. This account does not consider the myriad

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Horlick, Jonathan, Joe Cyr, Scott Reynolds, and Andrew Behrman. "American and Canadian Civil Actions Alleging Human Rights Violations Abroad by Oil and Gas Companies." Alberta Law Review 45, no. 3 (2008): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr261.

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Under the United States Alien Tort Statute, which permits non-U.S. citizens to bring lawsuits in U.S. courts for human rights violations that are violations of the law of nations, plaintiffs have filed claims against multinational oil and gas corporations for the direct or complicit commission of such violations carried out by the government of the country in which the corporation operated. In addition to exercising jurisdiction over U.S. corporations, U.S. courts have exercised jurisdiction in cases involving non-U.S. defendants for alleged wrongful conduct against non-U.S. plaintiffs committ

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Kazakov, O.I. "On the question of the emergence of an alternative to Japan's "soft power"." East Asia: Facts and Analytics, no. 2 (July 3, 2023): 76–91. https://doi.org/10.24412/2686-7702-2023-2-76-91.

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After the defeat of the Japanese Empire in World War II, the country began to actually rebuild its political system and raise the economy destroyed by the war, relying on the Constitution of 1947. Clause 9 of the Japanese Constitution assumes that the country does not have a full-fledged armed forces, which led, on the one hand, to enslaving dependence of Japan in the field of security on the military-political alliance with the United States, and on the other hand, to building Japan's relations in the international arena, in fact, only with the help of “soft power”, which had

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Fahmyt, Walid. "The Just War and the Mystry of Self Defense." Economics, Law and Policy 2, no. 2 (2019): p156. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elp.v2n2p156.

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The theory of the Just War initiated by St. Augustine must absolutely seek peace. To avoid this being the case, two phases are defined: Jus ad Bellum; the Jus in Bello. Thus, self-defense as a just cause is a concept often addressed in international law and its explicit recognition in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter has made it even more present. But, from the adoption of the Charter to today, there are many examples of actions or arguments of states based on self-defense that are more or less in phase with each other. The most recent references to the concept of self-defense have dev

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