Journal articles: 'Activators appliances'

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Antonarakis, Gregory Stylianos, and Stavros Kiliaridis. "Short-term Anteroposterior Treatment Effects of Functional Appliances and Extraoral Traction on Class II Malocclusion." Angle Orthodontist 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061706-244.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the anteroposterior short-term skeletal and dental effects on Class II malocclusion in growing patients following treatment with functional appliances (activators or twin block), extraoral traction, or combination appliances (appliances with both functional and extraoral traction components), based on published data. Materials and Methods: A literature search was carried out identifying a total of nine prospective clinical trials. The data provided in the publications underwent meta-analysis using the random effects model with regard to SNA, SNB, ANB, and overjet. Results: All appliance groups showed an improvement in sagittal intermaxillary relationships (decrease in ANB) when compared to untreated subjects. Activators and twin block appliances accomplish this mainly by acting on the mandible (increases in SNB) while twin block appliances also seem to act on the maxilla (decrease in SNA). Extraoral traction appliances achieve this by acting on the maxilla (decreases in SNA). Combination appliances mainly act on the mandible (increase in SNB). Activators, twin block, and combination appliances also reveal a decrease in overjet, which is not the case in the singular use of extraoral traction. Conclusions: Intermaxillary changes being present in all appliance groups, anteroposterior treatment response following the use of functional appliances and/or extraoral traction in growing class II malocclusion patients is most evident in one of the two jaws (mandible for activators and combination appliances and maxilla for extraoral traction) except for the twin block group, which shows changes on both jaws.

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Mohammed, Hisham, Emina Čirgić, Mumen Z. Rizk, and Vaska Vandevska-Radunovic. "Effectiveness of prefabricated myofunctional appliances in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion: a systematic review." European Journal of Orthodontics 42, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz025.

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Summary Background Prefabricated myofunctional appliances (PMAs) are widely advocated for correcting Class II division I malocclusion. However, their effectiveness is associated with a high amount of uncertainty within contemporary literature. Objectives The aim of this review was to systematically examine the available literature regarding the effectiveness of PMAs in treating Class II division 1 malocclusion in children and adolescents. Search methods Comprehensive unrestricted electronic searches in multiple databases as well as manual searches were conducted up to August 2018. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies (NRS) matching the eligibility criteria. Data collection and analysis Two independent review authors were directly involved in study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and the ROBINS-I tool were used for assessing the risk of bias. Quantitative pooling of the data was undertaken with a random-effects model with its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Three RCTs comparing PMAs to activators and three NRS comparing PMAs to untreated controls met the inclusion criteria. On a short-term basis, exploratory quantitative synthesis indicated that the activators were more effective than the PMAs in correcting overjet with a mean difference of (1.1 mm; 95% CI: 0.44 to 1.77). On a long-term basis, there were no significant differences between the two appliances. Qualitative synthesis indicated less favorable soft tissue changes as well as patient experiences and compliance with the PMAs when compared to the activators. However, PMAs were associated with reduced costs compared to customized activators and modest changes when compared to untreated controls. Conclusions On a short-term basis, low quality of evidence suggests that PMAs were generally less effective than the activators in treating Class II division 1 malocclusion. The main advantage of PMAs seems to be their reduced costs. These results should be viewed with caution, as a definitive need for high-quality long-term research into this area is required. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42018108564).

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Jagadheeswari Ramamoorthy, Remmiya Mary Varghese, and Geo Mani. "Prevalence Of Removable Functional Appliance Usage In The Management Of Class II Malocclusion." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (September 9, 2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.2898.

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A Removable functional appliance is composed of polished acrylic shields and stainless steel wires prescribed for patients with more pronounced class II malocclusion or open bite. These appliances work comfortably with a patient’s inherent growth to produce the desired Skeletal or Dental development. It can be achieved by dentoalveolar effects, alteration of soft tissue and utilisation of greater Mandibular growth potential. The commonly used Removable functional appliances are Twin Block appliance, Activator, Bionator, Frankel appliance, etc. This study aims to assess the frequency of the usage of removable functional appliances in a hospital based set up. The data of patients undergoing Removable functional appliance therapy was retrieved from the case sheets of the patients.The collected data was tabulated in Excel and statistically analysed with the help of SPSS software. From the results obtained, Twin block appliance was the most prevalent Removable functional appliance with a frequency of 60.6%. Frankel appliance and Activator each had a frequency of 9.1%. Twin block appliances were mostly preferred for males than females whereas Activator is preferred mostly for females. Based on the age, Twin block appliance was preferred for the age group 10-15 years, Frankel appliance for 5-10 years, Activator and Other appliances for 10-15 years. Therefore, within the limits of this study, we observed that Twin block appliance was the most preferred Removable functional appliance used in the management of Class II malocclusion and the most common age group receiving appliance therapy is 10-15 years.

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Kang, Himchan, Koeun Lee, Misun Kim, Okhyung Nam, Hyo-seol Lee, Kwangchul Kim, and Sungchul Choi. "Study of Functional Appliance for Treatments of Children and Adolescents with Class II Malocclusion." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY 47, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.3.235.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects and optimal timing for treatment of class II malocclusion with functional appliances in children and adolescents.A group of 30 patients with class II malocclusion were divided into 3 groups according to their use of functional appliance: Twin block, Activator, Fränkel appliance. The group was also divided into 2 groups according to the cervical vertebrae maturation method. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed pretreatment (T0) and posttreatment (T1). Among the functional appliances, treatment with Twin block and Activator showed significant increase in the length of the mandible (Co-Gn) and the lower anterior facial height (ANS to Me), whereas the overjet and overbite were significantly reduced. Treatment with Fränkel appliance showed significant improvement in the relationship of maxilla and mandible. In addition, if the functional appliance was used during the period of pubertal growth peak, there was a significant increase in mandibular length, improvement in the relationship of maxilla and mandible, labial inclination of lower incisors and decrease in overjet compared to the treatment before pubertal growth peak. Therefore, this study indicates that using functional appliances for patients with class II malocclusion is effective and the optimal timing for using functional appliances is during pubertal growth peak.

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Nedeljkovic, Nenad, Ivana Scepan, Branislav Glisic, and Evgenija Markovic. "Dentaoalveolar changes in young adult patients with Class II/1 malocclusion treated with the Herbst appliance and an activator." Vojnosanitetski pregled 67, no. 2 (2010): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1002170n.

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Background/Aim. Functional appliances can be used effectively in the treatment of skeletal Class II/1 malocclusions. The best treatment results are obtained during active period of facial growth when skeletal, as well as dentoalveolar, changes occur. In comparison with removable functional appliances, such as activator, that are effective only during adolescent period of growth, the Herbst fixed appliance is also successful at the end of the growth period. It also offers a shorter treatment time and a patient compliance is not necessary. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare dentoalveolar changes in the group of young adult patients with Class II/1 malocclusion treated with the Herbst appliance and an activator. Methods. The sample for this study consisted of 50 patients of both sexes, 14-21 years of age with Class II/1 malocclusion. For estimating the effect of functional appliances used, the following cephalometrics parameters were determined: inclination of the upper and lower incisors, interincisal angle, antero-posterior molars relationships, overjet and overbite. The results obtained were statistically tested. Results. The cephalometric findings after the treatment indicated retroinclination of upper incisors (average value of 9?) and proclination of lower incisors (average value of 7?), mostly expressed in the patients treated by Herbst appliance (p < 0.001). Increased overjet and distocclusion were completely corrected in the group of patients treated with the Herbst appliance, while the correction of malocclusion in the activator group was only partially accomplished. No changes in the overbite were noticed at the end of the treatment in both groups. Conclusion. The results of this study revealed that the Herbst appliance is more effective in the treatment of Class II/1 malocclusion in young adults in comparison with the activator.

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Čirgić, Emina, Heidrun Kjellberg, and Ken Hansen. "Treatment of large overjet in Angle Class II: division 1 malocclusion with Andresen activators versus prefabricated functional appliances—a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial." European Journal of Orthodontics 38, no. 5 (November 4, 2015): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjv080.

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Dogra, Namrata, Archana Jaglan, Sidhu M. S., Seema Grover, and Suman Suman. "Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Treated with AdvanSync 2 - A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 34 (August 23, 2021): 2951–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/603.

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Treatment of complex malocclusion poses a challenge for the orthodontist because of its multifactorial aetiology. Class II malocclusion is the most frequently encountered and treated malocclusion in orthodontic practice and affects approximately 14.6 % of the North Indian population.1 A common reason for Class II malocclusion is mandibular skeletal retrusion which is the most common characteristic, as reported by McNamara.2 This can be caused by genetic or hereditary factors. When evaluating treatment options for Class II patients, the extent of the skeletal discrepancy and the skeletal maturity of the patient needs to be considered. Treatment may range from dental compensation including camouflage with extractions to surgical procedures targeted at moving the jaw at fault. In growing patients, growth modification with functional appliances offers an intermediate treatment option. Functional appliances are basically of two types; Removable and Fixed. Removable functional appliances such as Activator, Bionator, Frankel Function regulator and Twin Block appliance change Class II relationship by the transmission of soft tissue tension to the dentition. Treatment success with these appliances relies heavily on patient compliance. Therefore, in non-compliant patients, fixed Class II correctors in conjunction with fixed orthodontic appliances are the best choice.3 Fixed functional appliances generate continuous stimuli for mandibular growth without break and permit better adaptation to functions like mastication, swallowing, speech and respiration.1 The Herbst fixed functional appliance has been used routinely for Class II patients and has undergone many design variations over time.4 The AdvanSync2 Class II corrector is a recently introduced fixed functional appliance. It has a much smaller size than the conventional Herbst appliances, is easier to place, activate and remove and most importantly, can be used in conjunction with full-arch fixed appliances throughout.3 Here we describe a case report of a patient treated with the AdvanSync2 Class II corrector and the findings observed in the sagittal and vertical dimensions

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Hossain, MZ. "Technique training of Myofunctional appliance : Activators." Bangladesh Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2013): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjodfo.v2i1.16003.

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Myofunctional appliance are considered by many authorities orthopedic in nature, influencing the facial skeleton of the growing child in the condylar and suture areas. They also exert an orthodontic effect on the dent-alveolar area. Among these activator is the most well-known myofunctional appliance. The article describes the myofunctional appliance and its technique training, design, steps in preparation of Class II and Class III activator in sequential stages with illustrated case reports, treating class III molar relationship with crowded arch in maxilla and anterior cross bite. The Author acknowledges that the article is summarized from the lectures, handouts during his postgraduate studies in Kyushu University and Hiroshima University, Japan and from his experience from Dhaka Dental College and private practice at Ortho Dental Care. This article is a continuation of the series of technique training in orthodontics especially for the post-graduate trainees as well as for the practitioners who will learn and practice functional appliance specially activators. Once again, I believe that post-graduate trainee doctors, faculty members, private practitioners and all other concerned will find this article as a guide line during their training as well as in their professional practicing period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjodfo.v2i1.16003 Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, October 2011; Vol-2, No.1, 34-46

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Papadopulos, Konstantinos, Tatjana Tanic, and Vladimir Mitic. "Orthodontic management of facial asymmetry caused by early condilar fracture in a growing patient." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 9-10 (2012): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1210630p.

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Introduction. There are numerous possible causes of facial asymmetry. The facial asymmetry can be summarized and divided into three main categories: congenital, developmental, and acquired, resulting from disease or trauma. The most common cause of acquired facial asymmetry is condylar fracture. One of therapy concepts is the functional orthodontic treatment. Case Outline. The case presented is a 10.4 years old girl whose chief complaint was a progressive facial asymmetry. The patient?s medical history established a facial trauma at the age of 2 years. The treatment plan consisted of functional jaw orthopedic appliance therapy (modification of activator) and fixed appliances on the upper and lower jaw. Conclusion. Timely diagnosis of condylar fracture, which can lead to facial asymmetry, can be managed by comprehensive orthodontic treatment.

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Kinzinger, Gero, Susanna Savvaidis, Norbert Gülden, Björn Ludwig, Michael Knösel, and Jörg Lisson. "Effects of Two Different Functional Appliances on Root Development of Posterior Teeth: Activator vs. Bite-jumping Appliance." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 71, no. 3 (May 2010): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-010-9935-9.

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Bittencourt Neto, Aristeu Corrêa de, Armando Yukio Saga, Ariel Adriano Reyes Pacheco, and Orlando Tanaka. "Therapeutic approach to Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with maxillary functional orthopedics." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 4 (August 2015): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.099-125.sar.

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INTRODUCTION: Interceptive treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusion is a challenge orthodontists commonly face due to the different growth patterns they come across and the different treatment strategies they have available.OBJECTIVE: To report five cases of interceptive orthodontics performed with the aid of Klammt's elastic open activator (KEOA) to treat Class II, Division 1 malocclusion.METHODS: Treatment comprehends one or two phases; and the use of functional orthopedic appliances, whenever properly recommended, is able to minimize dentoskeletal discrepancies with consequent improvement in facial esthetics during the first stage of mixed dentition. The triad of diagnosis, correct appliance manufacture and patient's compliance is imperative to allow KEOA to contribute to Class II malocclusion treatment.RESULTS: Cases reported herein showed significant improvement in skeletal, dental and profile aspects, as evinced by cephalometric analysis and clinical photographs taken before, during and after interceptive orthodontics.

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Patini, Romeo, Patrizia Gallenzi, Roberta Lione, Paola Cozza, and Massimo Cordaro. "Ultrasonographic Evaluation of The Effects of Orthodontic or Functional Orthopaedic Treatment on Masseter Muscles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Medicina 55, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060256.

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Objectives: This review investigated the effects of orthodontic or functional orthopedic therapy on masseter muscle thickness through the use of ultrasonography (US) in growing subjects when compared with untreated subjects. Materials and Methods: This review systematically assessed studies that investigated growing subjects undergoing orthopedic therapy for the correction of malocclusion of vertical, sagittal and transversal plane. Electronic databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched up to February 2019, including available RCTs and CCTs, without language restrictions. The primary outcome was the effect of orthopedic or functional treatment on masseter muscle thickness. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale with the aim of defining their methodological quality. A random-effects meta-analysis analyzing mean differences with 95% confidence intervals was used for quantitative analysis. Results: The search retrieved 749 titles, but the studies selection resulted in a final sample of 5 CCTs. The studies retrieved data from 233 children (age range: 5–22 years) and were conducted at university dental clinics. Children were treated for Class II malocclusion, increased vertical dimension or lateral cross-bite variably with rapid or slow maxillary expansion, twin block, bite block, mandibular activators, quad helix, alone or in combination. Risk of bias was assessed as medium for three studies, low for one and high for another. The meta-analysis determined that at the end of orthopedic or functional treatment masseter muscle thickness, measured through the use of US, is significantly reduced (MD −0.79 mm; 95% CI −1.28 to −0.31). The reduction in muscle thickness, therefore, could be considered an indicator for the evaluation of the success of therapy with orthodontic appliances. Conclusions: Although the meta-analysis revealed that US could be considered a less invasive and effective method to evaluate the masseter muscle thickness, single-blinded RCTs, are required to confirm US reliability in this field of application. This review was registered on PROSPERO with the following registration number: CRD42018068402.

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Ozturk, Y., and N. Tankuter. "Class II: a comparison of activator and activator headgear combination appliances." European Journal of Orthodontics 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/16.2.149.

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Jouybari, Ali AM, Valiallah Arash, Saeid Tavanafar, Soraya Khafri, and Zahra Dehghan. "The Effects of Functional Appliances on Female Patients with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion 6 Months after Menarche." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 17, no. 4 (2016): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1843.

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ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue changes in girls with class II division 1 malocclusion after growth spurt peak under the effect of activator appliance. Materials and methods In this clinical trial study, 15 female patients, with skeletal class II and mandibular growth deficiency and at least 5 mm overjet, were randomly selected 6 months after their menarche. The mean of their ages at the beginning was 12.33 ± 0.81 years, and in the end it was 13.73 ± 0.79 years; the mean duration of treatment was 12.2 ± 3.18 months. Lateral, cephalometric radiographs were taken from all the patients before and after the treatment. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 using paired t-test. Results On an average, the ANB angle, the angle of the upper incisors with the S-N, facial convexity, and overjet decreased by 2.6° ± 0.9, 5.4° ± 0.8, 3.8° ± 3.4, and 5.6 ± 1.8 mm respectively. The SNB angle, the angle of the lower incisors with the N-B, the labiomental angle, the total length of the mandible, the lower anterior facial height, the lower lip distance, the first molar of the mandible, and the soft tissue pogonion to the vertical line from the S point increased by 2.8° ± 1.8, 3.4° ± 3, 14.7 ± 15, 3.7 ± 2.6, 2.1 ± 1.6, 6.3 ± 2.5, 4.4 ± 2.4, and 6 ± 3.3 mm respectively. All these figures were statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion The functional appliance improved the dental–skeletal relations and the soft tissue profile of patients after growth spurt peak of puberty in a group of Iranian girls, whereas dental changes were more than skeletal ones. Clinical significance Functional appliances can be used for correction of skeletal class II malocclusion 6 months after menarche in girls. How to cite this article Jouybari AAM, Arash V, Tavanafar S, Khafri S, Dehghan Z. The Effects of Functional Appliances on Female Patients with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion 6 Months after Menarche. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(4):286-293.

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Nedeljkovic, Nenad, Vesna Zivojinovic, and Mirjana Ivanovic. "Clinical effects of fixed functional Herbst appliance in the treatment of class II/1 malocclusion." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 11-12 (2009): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0912675n.

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Introduction. Sagittal mandible deficiency is the most common cause of skeletal Class II malocclusion. Treatment objective is to stimulate sagittal mandible growth. Fixed functional Herbst appliance use is beneficial for shortening the time required for treatment and does not depend on patient compliance. Case outline. A 13-year-old girl was referred to the Clinic of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry in Belgrade following previous unsuccessful treatment of her skeletal Class II malocclusion using an activator. The patient's poor cooperation had led to failure of the treatment. Patient was subjected to the Herbst treatment for 6 months followed by fixed appliance for another 8 months. Lateral cephalograms before and after the treatment was performed. The remodelation of condylar and fossal articulation was assessed by superimposition of pre- and post-treatment temporomandibular joint tomograms. The promotion of oral hygiene and fluoride use was performed because orthodontic treatment carries a high caries risk and risk for periodontal disease. Skeletal and dental changes were observed after treatment (correction [Max+Mand]: molar relation 7 mm, overjet 8 mm, skeletal relation 5 mm, molars 2 mm, incisors 3 mm). Combination of Herbst and fixed appliances was effective in the treatment of dental and skeletal irregularities for a short period of time. Conclusion . In the retention period, 14 months after treatment, occlusal stability exists. Follow-up care in oral prevention is based on regular recalls at the dental office and supervision at home by the parents.

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Malik, AnilS, and AbhijeetS Karnik. "Activator reloaded - Myofunctional appliance at its best." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2, no. 1 (2011): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237x.79301.

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Ma, Xuhui, Bing Fang, Qinggang Dai, Yunhui Xia, Lixia Mao, and Lingyong Jiang. "Temporomandibular Joint Changes After Activator Appliance Therapy." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 24, no. 4 (July 2013): 1184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31829972c0.

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Spalj, Stjepan, Kate Mroz Tranesen, Kari Birkeland, Visnja Katic, Andrej Pavlic, and Vaska Vandevska-Radunovic. "Comparison of Activator-Headgear and Twin Block Treatment Approaches in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4861924.

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The purpose was to compare the treatment effects of functional appliances activator-headgear (AH) and Twin Block (TB) on skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue structures in class II division 1 malocclusion with normal growth changes in untreated subjects. The sample included 50 subjects (56% females) aged 8–13 years with class II division 1 malocclusion treated with either AH (n=25) or TB (n=25) appliances. Pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were evaluated and compared to 50 untreated class II division 1 cases matched by age, gender, ANB angle, and skeletal maturity. A paired sample, independent samples tests and discriminant analysis were performed for intra- and intergroup analysis. Treatment with both appliances resulted in significant reduction of skeletal and soft-tissue facial convexity, the overjet, and the prominence of the upper lip in comparison to untreated individuals (p<0.001). Retroclination of maxillary incisors and proclination of mandibular incisors were seen, the latter being significantly more evident in the TB group (p<0.05). Increase of effective mandibular length was more pronounced in the TB group. In conclusion, both AH and TB appliances contributed successfully to the correction of class II division 1 malocclusion when compared to the untreated subjects with predominantly dentoalveolar changes.

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Budihardja, Anita, and Jusuf Sjamsuddin. "U bow activator, an alternative functional orthodontic appliance." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v40.i1.p20-26.

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Leonardi, Rosalia, and Ersilia Barbato. "Mandibular Asymmetry Treated With a Modified Activator Appliance." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 18, no. 4 (July 2007): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e3180a77206.

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Maltagliati, Liliana Ávila, José Fernando Castanha Henriques, Guilherme Janson, Renato Rodrigues de Almeida, and Marcos Roberto de Freitas. "Influence of orthopedic treatment on hard and soft facial structures of individuals presenting with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion: a comparative study." Journal of Applied Oral Science 12, no. 2 (June 2004): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572004000200016.

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The purpose of this investigation was to comparatively evaluate the cephalometric changes in soft and hard tissues related to treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion with activator-headgear and Bionator appliances. Twenty-four individuals formed the activator-headgear group and twenty-five comprised the Bionator group, while other twenty-four presenting the same malocclusion did not receive any intervention and served as controls. Lateral headfilms were taken at the beginning and at the end of the observation period and were digitized with computerized cephalometrics; cephalometric analysis was performed and the results were submitted to statistical test. According to the methodology employed, our findings suggested that both appliances do not significantly alter the growth path, and also they were not able to modify the posterior inferior height and the sagittal and vertical position of the upper lip. The lower lip and the soft menton were only slightly modified by the orthopedic appliances, but the mentolabial sulcus showed a significant decrease in deepness compared to the control group. Of statistical significance, only the anterior inferior hard and soft facial heights and the lower lip height increased more in the treated groups.

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Cura, Nil, Müyesser Saraç, Yildiz Öztürk, and Nazan Sürmeli. "Orthodontic and orthopedic effects of Activator, Activator-HG combination, and Bass appliances: A comparative study." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 110, no. 1 (July 1996): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(96)70085-9.

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Nedeljkovic, Nenad, Zorana Stamenkovic, and Predrag Nikolic. "Treatment of 2nd class division 1 malocclusion by using Herbs appliance." Serbian Dental Journal 52, no. 3 (2005): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0503174n.

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In this case was described the treatment in 14.5 years old female patient with II/1 class of malocclusion. On the base of clinical findings, study cast analysis, analysis of orthopan and profile cephalograms, there were assess II/1 class of malocclusion with deep bite, bimaxilar protrusion of frontal teeth and mild crowding in lower jaw. Patient was inefficacy treated by Andresen?s activator for two years. This occasion and patients age was reason to continue with the therapy by Herbst appliance for 6 months and fixed appliance 7 months more. By Herbst appliance was corrected sagital relation between jaws in very short treatment time and continuing treatment with fixed appliance was corrected intermaxilar teeth relation.

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Remmer, K. Ross, Antonios H. Mamandras, W. Stuart Hunter, and David C. Way. "Cephalometric changes associated with treatment using the activator, the Fränkel appliance, and the fixed appliance." American Journal of Orthodontics 88, no. 5 (November 1985): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(85)90063-6.

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Flis, P. S., D. M. Kasyanenko, O. S. Vasilchuk, Yu V. Filimonov, Yu F. Brazhenko, O. V. Dyakova, and A. V. Povsheniuk. "EXPERIENCE TREATMENT OF DISTAL OCCLUSION WITH IMPAIRED FUNCTION OF MASTICATORY AND FACIAL MUSCLES BY REMOVABLE FUNCTIONAL MAXILLARY ORTHODONTIC ACTIVATOR." Likarska sprava, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2018): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31640/jvd.1-2.2018(24).

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Currently existing removable orthodontic appliances do not allow to provide the simultaneous treatment of distal occlusion and functional impairments of it. Thus aim of our research was to design and implement into practice the removable maxillary orthodontic activator which is able to treat the distal occlusion, control the tone of masticatory and facial muscles and restore the nasal breathing at the same time.

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Sakima, Maurício Tatsuei, Michel Dalstra, Angelo Vicentini Loiola, and Gustavo Hauber Gameiro. "Quantification of the force systems delivered by transpalatal arches activated in the six Burstone geometries." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 4 (November 8, 2016): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/041316-302.1.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the force systems produced by transpalatal arches (TPAs) activated according to the six classes of geometries described by Burstone and Koenig. Materials and Methods: Sixty appliances were tested for first-order activations using a mechanical force testing system. The TPAs were first checked for passivity in sagittal, transverse, and vertical planes at the measuring machine. Then 10 appliances per group were activated using a millimeter template to obtain the six classes of geometries, and the activated appliances were inserted into lingual tubes of the Force System Identification machine that recorded the deactivation forces and moments delivered by both terminal ends of the TPAs. Results: The overall force system with the actual values of forces and moments recorded by each type of activation was illustrated and compared with the mathematical model reported by Burstone and Koenig. Although a great consistency of the direction of forces and moments were observed, the theoretically feasible force systems could not be fully accomplished by the TPA activated for the six classes of geometries. Conclusion: The first-order activations of the TPA can deliver predictable force systems in respect to the direction of forces and moments attainable, but some unexpected forces and moments are also produced. Careful clinical monitoring is, therefore, strongly recommended when using this statically indeterminate system.

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Santos, Rogério Lacerda dos, and Matheus Melo Pithon. "Mechanical evaluation of quad-helix appliance made of low-nickel stainless steel wire." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 3 (June 2013): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000300007.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is no difference between stainless steel and low-nickel stainless steel wires as regards mechanical behavior. Force, resilience, and elastic modulus produced by Quad-helix appliances made of 0.032-inch and 0.036-inch wires were evaluated. METHODS: Sixty Quad-helix appliances were made, thirty for each type of alloy, being fifteen for each wire thickness, 0.032-in and 0.036-in. All the archwires were submitted to mechanical compression test using an EMIC DL-10000 machine simulating activations of 4, 6, 9, and 12 mm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with multiple comparisons and Tukey's test were used (p < 0.05) to assess force, resilience, and elastic modulus. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference in the forces generated, resilience and elastic modulus were found between the 0.032-in 0.036-in thicknesses (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Appliances made of low-nickel stainless steel alloy had force, resilience, and elastic modulus similar to those made of stainless steel alloy.

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Franchi, Lorenzo, Chiara Pavoni, Kurt Faltin, James A. McNamara, and Paola Cozza. "Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for functional appliances in Class II malocclusion." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 2 (August 29, 2012): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/052912-450.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the long-term skeletal and dentoalveolar effects and to evaluate treatment timing of Class II treatment with functional appliances followed by fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: A group of 40 patients (22 females and 18 males) with Class II malocclusion consecutively treated either with a Bionator or an Activator followed by fixed appliances was compared with a control group of 20 subjects (9 females and 11 males) with untreated Class II malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms were available at the start of treatment (mean age 10 years), end of treatment with functional appliances (mean age 12 years), and long-term observation (mean age 18.6 years). The treated sample also was divided into two groups according to skeletal maturity. The early-treatment group was composed of 20 subjects (12 females and 8 males) treated before puberty, while the late-treatment group included 20 subjects (10 females and 10 males) treated at puberty. Statistical comparisons were performed with analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. Results: Significant long-term mandibular changes (Co-Gn) in the treated group (3.6 mm over the controls) were associated with improvements in the skeletal sagittal intermaxillary relationship, overjet, and molar relationship (∼3.0–3.5 mm). Treatment during the pubertal peak was able to produce significantly greater increases in total mandibular length (4.3 mm) and mandibular ramus height (3.1 mm) associated with a significant advancement of the bony chin (3.9 mm) when compared with treatment before puberty. Conclusion: Treatment of Class II malocclusion with functional appliances appears to be more effective at puberty.

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Arponen, Heidi, Ritva Hirvensalo, Veronica Lindgren, and Anu Kiukkonen. "Treatment compliance of adolescent orthodontic patients with headgear activator and twin-block appliance assessed prospectively using microelectronic wear-time documentation." European Journal of Orthodontics 42, no. 2 (January 26, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjaa001.

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Summary Background Success of orthodontic removable appliance treatment relies on patient compliance. The aim of this quantitative and qualitative study was to explore the compliance and self-reported experience of adolescents in orthodontic treatment with headgear activator (HGA) or twin-block (TB) appliance. Materials/methods The study group comprised 52 adolescents with a mean age of 12.6 (±1.3) years at the start of the treatment. The patients were treated at a free-of-charge public dental clinic. Participants were randomly allocated to two equal groups to be treated with either HGA or TB. Patient compliance was evaluated as appliance wear time and subjective experience. Appliance wear time was recorded with Theramon® microchip, and the self-reported subjective experience using a questionnaire. Results In total, 30 patients completed the treatment during the follow-up period. HGA was worn on average 7 hours per day and TB 9 hours per day by those patients, who successfully completed the treatment. During a mean observation period of 13 months (range 7–23 months), the mean actual wear time was 43 per cent less than the advised 12 or 18 hours per day in the whole patient group, and 55 per cent in those patients, who completed the treatment. Compliance level was unrelated to the appliance type. Limitations Study assessed a relatively small number of patients. Conclusions/implications Adolescent patients wear HGA and TB less than advised. Individual variation in treatment adherence is considerable. Thereby, microelectronic wear-time documentation can be a cost-effective mean of identifying non-compliance.

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Rody, Wellington J., Manjula Wijegunasinghe, William A. Wiltshire, and Brenden Dufault. "Differences in the gingival crevicular fluid composition between adults and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 1 (May 21, 2013): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/012813-85.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate differences in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) composition between adolescent and adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: Ten adolescents (14.4 ± 1.43) and 10 adults (28.5 ± 7.83) with Class I malocclusions and minor upper incisor crowding were allocated to two different age groups. Brackets were bonded only in the upper arch over the 20-week period of the experiment. Samples of GCF were collected from the labial sides of the upper incisors (experimental sites) and lower incisors (control sites) of each subject at five time points. Aliquots from diluted GCF were screened for the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) using a microarray technique. The values were statistically analyzed. Results: In adults, the ratio of IL-1 to IL-1RA decreased significantly (P = .033) in experimental sites 3 weeks after appliance placement and first archwire activation. In adolescents, the ratio of RANKL to OPG peaked 6 weeks after the insertion of the first rectangular archwire. This ratio peak found in adolescents was a consequence of a decrease in the mean concentration of OPG. No significant changes over time were observed in the concentration of MMP-9. Conclusion: This study demonstrates age trends in the GCF levels of IL-1, IL-1RA, RANKL, and OPG that may be used to track differences in tissue response between adults and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment.

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Rebellato, Joe. "Two-couple orthodontic appliance systems: activations in the transverse dimension." Seminars in Orthodontics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1073-8746(95)80087-5.

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Kumar, G. Anil, and Amit Maheshwari. "A Retrospective Cephalometric Evaluation of Dental Changes with Activator and Activator Headgear Combination in the Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 12, no. 1 (2011): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1003.

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ABSTRACT Aim The aims of this study were to evaluate the dental changes brought about by activator and activator headgear combination (ACHG) and to determine whether we can achieve control over the lower incisor proclination which is a side effect of using functional appliances; or not, while treating cases of skeletal class II malocclusions. Methods Lateral cephalograms of 45 skeletal class II division 1 patients were selected for the study. Fifteen of them were successfully treated with an Andresen activator and the other 15 with an activator headgear combination. Fifteen class II subjects who had declined treatment served as the control group. Cephalometric landmarks were marked by one author to avoid interobserver variability. Results The results revealed that both the activator and the activator headgear combination significantly (p < 0.001) affected dental variables measured. The mandibular incisor proclination was effectively controlled in the activator headgear combination group. Conclusion An activator headgear combination would offer itself as a better option compared with activator alone in the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusions especially in cases with proclined mandibular incisors. Clinical significance When one of the treatment goals is to achieve a greater control over mandibular incisor proclination in the treatment of Skeletal Class II malocclusions, employing a combination of activator and headgear may substantially improve clinical outcomes. How to cite this article Lall R, Kumar GA, Maheshwari A Kumar M. A Retrospective Cephalometric Evaluation of Dental Changes with Activator and Activator Headgear Combination in the Treatment of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(1):14-18.

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Bendeus, Margareta, Urban Hägg, and Bakr Rabie. "Growth and treatment changes in patients treated with a headgear-activator appliance." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121, no. 4 (April 2002): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.122177.

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Turnock, Christopher, and Michael G. Woods. "The Herbst appliance and the Activator: influence of the vertical facial pattern." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 32, no. 2 (2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/aoj-2020-120.

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Phan, K. L. D., M. Bendeus, U. Hagg, K. Hansen, and A. B. M. Rabie. "Comparison of the headgear activator and Herbst appliance--effects and post-treatment changes." European Journal of Orthodontics 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl052.

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Lombardo, Luca, Mario Palone, Giuliano Maino, Emanuele Paoletto, Antonella Carlucci, and Giuseppe Siciliani. "Class II subdivision with skeletal transverse maxillary deficit treated by single-sitting bone-borne appliance:." Angle Orthodontist 91, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/050520-394.1.

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ABSTRACT This case report describes orthodontic treatment including both skeletal maxillary expansion and unilateral distalization by means of a single bone-borne appliance followed by clear aligner therapy in a young adult patient. A surgical guide was digitally designed and three-dimensionally printed to facilitate the placement of four miniscrews in the palatal vault. The miniscrews were fitted and the bone-borne appliance was delivered in a single clinical appointment. The postexpansion photographic records and models demonstrate the opening of the palatal median suture, the pure skeletal expansion, and the resolution of the left crossbite after 40 activations. Specifically, left molar Class I was obtained in about 5 months without any loss of anterior anchorage, and the subsequent aligner phase achieved all of the objectives established in the treatment plan. This case report shows clearly how careful digital planning of miniscrew insertion and the delivery of a pure bone-borne appliance in a single sitting enabled good clinical outcomes to be achieved in an acceptable timeframe, without side effects, even in a young adult patient.

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Ren, Yijin. "Soft tissue changes inconclusive in Class II division 1 patients treated with Activator and Bionator appliances." Evidence-Based Dentistry 8, no. 2 (June 2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ebd.6400495.

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Hanggi, M. P., U. M. Teuscher, M. Roos, and T. A. Peltomaki. "Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway dimensions following activator-headgear and fixed appliance treatment." European Journal of Orthodontics 30, no. 6 (October 28, 2008): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn055.

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Farronato, Giampietro, Vera Carletti, Cinzia Maspero, Davide Farronato, Lucia Giannini, and Claudio Bellintani. "Craniofacial Growth in Children Affected by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Involving the Temporomandibular Joint: Functional Therapy Management." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.33.4.05287m400q508772.

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The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to asses the effects of a functional appliance on condyles damaged by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). and 2) to evaluate its ability to reduce alterations in craniofacial development.Study design: Seventy-two JIA patients with temporomandibular involvement, ages ranging between 4 and 16 years, were treated. All of them presented temporomandibular joint involvement. They were treated with an activator and followed for 4 years. Results: At the second examination, it was possible to observe a reduction in mandibular retrusion and in the sagittal discrepancy between mandible and maxilla, a reduction in the angle of divergence, a counterclockwise rotation of the mandible, a reduction of the gonial angle, a longer mandibular ramus, a reduction in the discrepancy between anterior and posterior height caused by an increase in posterior height and a forward positioning of the chin. Conclusion: The functional appliance reduces the severity of facial alterations improving mandibular and condylar growth.

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İnce-Bingöl, Sinem, and Burçak Kaya. "Pharyngeal airway and hyoid bone position changes of skeletal anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device and activator appliances." Clinical Oral Investigations 25, no. 8 (January 15, 2021): 4841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03789-9.

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Rita, Sufia Nasrin, and SM Anwar Sadat. "Growth Modification in Class II Malocclusion: A Review." Update Dental College Journal 4, no. 2 (July 9, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v4i2.24044.

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Class II malocclusion is the condition in which the mandibular first molars occlude distal to the normal relationship with the maxillary first molar. The etiology of class II malocclusion varied between skeletal, soft tissues, dental factors and habits. Skeletal class II could be because of protrusion of maxilla, retrusion of mandible and combination of both. The treatment modalities of any skeletal problem include Growth modification, Dental camouflage and Orthognathic surgery. The optimal time for treatment of patients with Class II malocclusions therapy should be initiated at the beginning of cervical vertebrae maturation stage CS3 to maximize the treatment effects. Age of treatment is approximately 8-14 years. The growth modification of moderate to severe skeletal class II malocclusion can be done by head gear, bionator, activator, twin block, herbest appliance, Frankel II regulator. The ultimate goal of growth modification depends on treatment timing, length of treatment, working mechanism of appliance, patients skeletal and dental condition we want to treat and the compliance of the patient.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2014; 4 (2): 23-26

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Suprihatin, Endang. "PERENCANAAN MESIN GILING RAMUAN JAMU DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENGGERAK DINAMO LISTRIK GUNA MENINGKATKAN HASIL PRODUKSI ( PLANNING OF MILLING MACHINE OF HERB INGREDIENT BY USING DYNAMO ELECTRICS ACTIVATOR UTILIZE TO IMPROVE PRODUCTION )." Sains & Teknologi 2, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/jst.v2i3.2255.

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Home industry property of Ms. Sarino in Countryside Karangrejo Sub-Province Banyuwangi in making of “jamu gendong” (Herb). In course of making herb still use the way of traditional that is by 100% still exploit manpower to producing it, so that production capacities had still lower. This Fact very regrettably because consumer request or market of traditional herb high enough. In this research writer make milling machine of herb appliance moved by motor dynamo to replace pounding process which during the time eat time almost 4 hour in one day and very is extorting of energy. In making of the appliance exploit modified manual flesh milling machine with electrics dynamo activator. Research hypothesis told is exploiting milling machine of herb moved by motor dynamo can improve prosperity and advantage all producer of traditional herb. Data analysis cover time calculation of herb and comparison of result before and after usage of milling machine. From result of data analysis and calculation obtained that appliance performance weared to reach 9 kg/day (in this time only 5 kg/day) and also earn is easily mastered and operated by traditional herb maker. Acceptable and lower Clunk arising out by society and also don’t cause aroma which isn’t delicate. Result of research conclude that with usage of herb crusher machine assessed competent enough be achieved and can improve obtained profit, from previous equal Rp 20.802,- becoming Rp 43.792,- per day or go up equal to Rp 22.990,- (111 %).

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Shethiya, Kyumi V., Gauri S. Vichare, and Ravindranath B. Sable. "Treatment effects of myofunctional appliances in different jaw rotations in Class II division 1 malocclusion." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 5 (February 24, 2015): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.152059.

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Aim This retrospective study was conducted to determine skeletal, dentoalveolar changes in children treated with Twin Block or activator for the treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion with different jaw rotations. Materials and Methods Standardized lateral cephalograms of 32 patients (18 boys, 14 girls) between the ages of 11 and 14 years were chosen and divided into two groups, high angle (FMA >27) and low angle (FMA <20). Cephalograms were taken at T1 (pre-treatment) and T2 (after one year of myofunctional therapy).These were manually traced and analysed. Results The results showed statistically significant increase in SNB angle, VRP-Pog due to forward movement of the mandible. The overjet reduced significantly due to retroclination of upper incisors and proclination of lower incisors in both groups. Conclusion It was concluded that both high angle and low angle groups responded equally well to myofunctional therapy showing significant skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.

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Lima, Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago, José Fernando Castanha Henriques, Guilherme Janson, Suelen Cristina da Costa Pereira, Leniana Santos Neves, and Rodrigo Hermont Cançado. "Dentoskeletal changes induced by the Jasper jumper and the activator-headgear combination appliances followed by fixed orthodontic treatment." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 143, no. 5 (May 2013): 684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.01.009.

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Bharathi, B., and Sidhartha Chatterjee. "A Cost Effective Implementation of a Voice Assisted Home Automation System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 704 (December 2014): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.704.390.

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Home Automation Systems are mainly targeted towards people with physical difficulties for movement. The proposed Voice Assisted Home Automation System (VAHAS) enables one to control all electrical equipment and peripheral devices by means of just one’s voice. By means of interfacing the devices (which could include lights, televisions, air conditioners and so on) with the Linux powered main device running our software, via RF enabled switches, the system responds to the user’s voice commands and intelligently activates, deactivates and changes the state of the appliances. The paper elucidates the actual implementation of a low cost device and shows the results produced by the system. Scalability and customer accessibility of the system is also considered during design.

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Novruzov, Z. G., R. K. Alieva, Z. I. Garaev, and S. K. Kulieva. "Effect of modified twin block appliance used for distoclusion treatment on stomatognathic system." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-426.

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Aim. Study of the effect of modified twin block activator used for distoclusion treatment on stomatognathic system and its improvement. Methods. 55 patients with skeletal distoclusion were examined. Out of them 28 patients treated orthodontically comprised the study group and 27 non-treated patients were included into the control group. The patients' age was 10-14 years (mean age 11.78±0.91), the duration of treatment was 1.5-2 years (mean duration 1.82±0.43). To avaluate the changes in stomatognathic system, cephalometric analysis was performed before and after treatment, and in the control group cephalometric analysis was performed with a 2-year interval. Results. During treatment with modified twin block appliance, SNB angle reached norm (80°). This is an important positive result in the treatment of distoclusion. ANB angle reflecting sagittal relationship between the upper and lower jaws and WITS decreased and reached normal size. Overjet normalized due to upper incisors retrusion and repositioning of the mandible forward in patients of the study group. In this group due to changes in soft tissues, in-profile esthetic and harmonious appearance of lips and chin was restored. In case of relative physiological rest the opened lips became closer and provided esthetic optimum of the face. Conclusion. Use of modified twin block appliance for the treatment of patients with distoclusion due to repositioning of the mandible forward allows improving sagittal relationship between the upper and lower jaws as well as overjet correction without increasing face height; use of modified twin block appliance allows normalizing sagittal occlusion and protrusion of upper incisors and upper lip.

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Behnia, Hossein, Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi, and Azita Tehranchi. "Use of activator appliances in pediatric patients treated with costochondral grafts for temporomandibular joint ankylosis: Analysis of 13 cases." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55, no. 12 (December 1997): 1408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90639-x.

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Lindqvist, Christian. "Use of activator appliances in pediatric patients treated with costochondral grafts for temporomandibular joint ankylosis: Analysis of 13 cases." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55, no. 12 (December 1997): 1414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90640-6.

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Hourfar, Jan, Gero Stefan Michael Kinzinger, Luisa Euchner, and Jörg Alexander Lisson. "Differential skeletal and dental effects after orthodontic treatment with bite jumping appliance or activator: a retrospective cephalometric study." Clinical Oral Investigations 24, no. 7 (November 9, 2019): 2513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03115-4.

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Flores-Mir, C., and P. W. Major. "A systematic review of cephalometric facial soft tissue changes with the Activator and Bionator appliances in Class II division 1 subjects." European Journal of Orthodontics 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2006): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl034.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Activators appliances'

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