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Journal articles on the topic 'Active electronically scanned array'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Kobeleva, S. P., A. V. Perevezentsev, V. M. Fomin, and M. M. Frenkel. "CALCULATION OF ACTIVE ELECTRONICALLY SCANNED ANTENNA ARRAY BEAM PATTERN." Electronic engineering. Series 2. Semiconductor device 247, no. 4 (2017): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36845/2073-8250-2017-247-4-37-41.

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Mathur, Manisha, Jaynendra Kumar Rai, and Nilakantan Sridhar. "Microwave photonic network for active electronically scanned array radar." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 3 (2016): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000295.

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Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar has large number oftransmit/Receive (T/R) modules which require multiple microwave and digital signals. Distribution of these signals through conventional method such as coaxial cable, twisted pair, etc. not only introduces engineering complexities and signal loss but also have limitation of bandwidth, data rate, transmission distance, etc. This paper addresses design and implementation of microwave photonic network for distribution of microwave and digital signals over single optical fiber using wavelength division multiplexing for AESA radars. The design challenge is to limit the variation in output radio frequency power within ±1 dB over full operational band of radar from 2 to 4 GHz and functionality under hostile military environment. Optical amplifiers have been used in all channels to stabilize optical output independent of wavelength with automatic light control. The optical signal is split into 64 identical parts to feed multiplexed signal into different digital receivers physically spread across the antenna array. It is an additional challenge to normalize performance as all 64 receivers show variation in output in spite of identical electronic circuitry. Experimental results validate the feasibility of microwave photonic network for wide branching distribution of multiple microwave and digital signals for AESA radar.

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Igor, Parkhomey, Boiko Juliy, Tsopa Nataliia, Zeniv Iryna, and Eromenko Oleksander. "Assessment of quality indicators of the automatic control system influence of accident interference." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 18, no. 4 (2020): 2070–79. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v18i4.15601.

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This work concentrates the analysis of the system of automatic control of the directive diagram of the moving active electronically scanned array with a limited number of transceiver modules. The analysis revealed a number of shortcomings that lead to a significant increase in standard deviations, quadratic integral estimates, and an increase in transient time. The identified disadvantages lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the antenna system, an increase in the error rate at the reception, the inability of the system to react to disturbances applied to any point of the system in the event of a mismatch of a given signal/noise level. In accordance with the analysis, the mathematical model of the automatic control system of the directional diagram of the moving active electronically scanned array was considered, considering this a new method of estimating the quality indicators of the automatic control diagram of the directional diagram of the active electronically scanned array in a random setting and disturbing action was developed. The difference between the proposed method and the existing method is in the construction of an automatic control system with differential coupling equivalent to the combination due to the introduction of derivatives of the random setting action of the open compensation connection.

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K.Lekshmi, Babu Saraswathi, and I. Jacob Raglend. "A Wideband Widebeam Tapered Slot Array Antenna for Active Electronically Scanned Array Antenna." International Journal on Communications 4 (2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/ijc.2015.04.002.

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Park, Inho. "Efficient Beam Steering Calculator Design of Active Electronically Scanned Array(AESA)." Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology 22, no. 10 (2024): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14801/jkiit.2024.22.10.79.

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Kumar, Raj, Pramendra Kumar Verma, and Machavaram Venkateshwar Kartikeyan. "Wide scanned electronically steered conformal active phased array antenna for Ku-band SATCOM." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 4 (2018): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718001599.

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AbstractThe paper describes the design and development of a low profile wide scanned conformal active 1 × 32 phased array antenna for Ku-band SATCOM applications. The realized antenna is diagonally polarized and covers full transmit frequency band (i.e. 13.75–14.5 GHz) of Ku band SATCOM. All the developed sub-systems of the antenna, i.e. conformal radiating array, conformal transmit module, manifold network, and beam steering unit are described. The VSWR of the antenna is better than 1.65 over the complete transmit frequency band. The antenna has the beam steering capability of ±60° in the array plane. Designed antenna is best suited for airborne applications, where antenna profile contributes considerable aero drag and RCS to the host platform.

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Slavyansky, Andrey, Eduard Zhdanov, Olga Kharina, and Alexander Shpak. "Structural implementation of a beamforming module for active phased array antennas." EPJ Web of Conferences 318 (2025): 03002. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202531803002.

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The paper presents the results of research to determine the requirements for the construction of subarray elements of active electronically scanned array (AESA), as well as the results of their practical implementation. A radio engineering concept for constructing an AESA has been proposed, and the design of the AESA elements has been selected and justified. The results obtained are of great importance for the development of modern microelectronics technologies in the field of providing a highspeed radio communication channel with aircraft.

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Zhdanov, E. R., A. O. Slavyanskiy, O. S. Kharina, and A. V. Shpack. "Designing an active electronically scanned array as part of onboard equipment of a high-speed radio communication channel." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 4 (2023): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2023-22-4-59-70.

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The active electronically scanned array being developed is designed to provide an all-weather high-speed radio communication channel “Spacecraft – Earth”. It is supposed to provide fast, inertia-free observation of space by swinging the antenna beam electrically, and, in fact, is a dynamic space-time filter of the spacecraft. The aim of the work is to identify the basic principles of functioning of the array as part of the spacecraft with inherent limitations in the mass-dimensional and energy characteristics of the onboard equipment and, at the same time, high requirements for the functional characteristics. This paper presents the calculation and the main results of designing an active electronically scanned array complying with the requirements for optimizing the parameters of the antenna system. To assess the effect of scanning on the phase characteristics of the chips, a nonlinear amplifier model was developed. A statistical analysis of the phase characteristics was carried out when the load resistance changed in accordance with the obtained distribution laws. When calculating the resulting directional pattern of the antenna array, destabilizing factors were taken into account in accordance with the results of the study of the prototypes of the antenna array being created. Phase errors were calculated, mainly determined by the errors of the terminal parts of the receiving paths. Measures were implemented to ensure the effect of such phase errors on the directional pattern of the array only on the far side lobes.

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Lakshmaiah, Akumalla, N. N. S. S. R. K. Prasad, and K. P. Ray. "Investigations on Monolithic Radome Interactions with Active Electronically Scanned Array on Fighter Platform." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 5 (2021): 662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16398.

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The conventional fighter aircrafts are often equipped with fire control radar (FCR) using mechanically scanned antenna (MSA) with passive slots enclosed with monolithic conical radome. When the fighter platforms get upgraded with the modern active electronically steered array (AESA) FCR for better mission capabilities, even though radome change is desirable for optimum performance of AESA, it may not be feasible due to development time. This necessitate the evaluation of AESA radar with the existing monolithic radome. Hence active antenna aperture radiation pattern is required to be assessed with monolithic radome. To address this issue, simulation is preferred over physical testing, due to the reduced cost, time and complexity in measurements and ability to verify compatibility. In the present paper, the influence of monolithic radome on the active antenna radiation patterns are simulated and analysed. The characterisation studies helped for better optimisation of active aperture, optimum size for new radome development and additional space on fighter platforms that can be used for integration of new subsystems. Simulations are performed at two different locations of antenna inside radome. Experimental validations have been carried out to prove the efficacy of simulated results, which are in agreement.

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Han, Dan, Jin Huang, Jinzhu Zhou, et al. "Multi-Field-Coupled Model and Solution of Active Electronically Scanned Array Antenna Based on Model Reconstruction." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (November 27, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3161928.

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Active electronically scanned array antenna (AESA antenna) is capable of controlling the radiation pattern by controlling the feeding phase of the radiating elements. It has good performance and plays an important role in radar systems. With the development of AESA antenna towards high-frequency bands and high-density arrays, the structural-electromagnetic-thermal (SET) coupling becomes increasingly significant. It seriously restricts the realization of high performances of AESA antennas. However, the previously reported theoretical multi-field-coupled model for the coupling problem ignores the effect of the deformations of the feed system and array elements on the electrical performance. It only considers the positional deviations of the array elements in the coupling field. As a result, the accuracy of the numerical solution by the theoretical model is reduced. To overcome the above problems, this paper first establishes the field-circuit coupling model by introducing the deformation errors of the feed system into the existing theoretical model. Secondly, this paper proposes a new numerical solution for the multi-field-coupled problem of AESA antennas based on model reconstruction. And the model reconstruction includes the following: the NURBS (nonuniform rational B-spline) surface fitting algorithm that completes the mapping from finite element models to geometric models by the surface equations established by the node information and the local model reconstruction algorithm that determines the local geometric models by the positions and the directions. The NURBS surface fitting algorithm guarantees the accuracy of both the positions and shapes of array elements. The local model reconstruction algorithm ensures the accuracy of the amplitudes and phases of feed connectors. Finally, the numerical solution was applied to the 32-element AESA antenna and the simulations are close to the measurements.

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Chong, Min-Kil, Dong-Yoon Kim, Sang-Keun Kim, Sang-Mi Chon, and Hyung-Gi Na. "Development of Planar Active Electronically Scanned Array(AESA) Radar Prototype for Airborne Fighter." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 21, no. 12 (2010): 1380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2010.21.12.1380.

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Valizade Shahmirzadi, Nooshin, Natalia K. Nikolova, and Chih-Hung Chen. "Interconnect for Dense Electronically Scanned Antenna Array Using High-Speed Vertical Connector." Sensors 23, no. 20 (2023): 8596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208596.

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We present the design and the performance evaluation of a new interconnect for large-scale densely packed electronically scanned antenna arrays that utilize a high-speed digital board-to-board vertical connector. The application targets microwave tissue, imaging in the frequency range from 3 GHz to 8 GHz. The tissue-imaging arrays consist of hundreds of active antenna elements, which require low-reflection, low-loss, and low-crosstalk connections to their respective receiving and transmitting circuits. The small antenna size and the high array density preclude the use of coaxial connectors, which are also expensive and mechanically unreliable. Modern board-to-board high-speed connectors promise bandwidths as high as 12 GHz, along with high pin density, mechanical robustness, and low cost. However, their compatibility with the various transmission lines leading to/from the miniature printed antenna elements and microwave circuitry is not well studied. Here, we focus on the design of the transitions from coplanar waveguide transmission lines to/from a high-speed vertical connector. The performance of the interconnect is examined through electromagnetic simulations and measurements. Comparison is carried out with the expensive sub-miniature push-on sub-micro coaxial connectors commonly used in miniature radio-frequency electronics. The results demonstrate that high-speed vertical connectors can provide comparable performance in the UWB frequency range.

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Jeoung, Gu-Ho, Yun-Kwon Jung, Tae-Wan Kim, and Jun-Ho Choi. "Design and Fabrication of N-Way Calibration Line for Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 34, no. 8 (2023): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2022.34.8.629.

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Woo, Seungjai, Sungjin Park, Gimin Park, et al. "Numerical Analysis of the Evaluation of the Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar Cooling System." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - B 47, no. 12 (2023): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2023.47.12.683.

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Dmitrikov, Vladimir F., Alexander Yu Petrochenko, and Andrey A. Rozanov. "Design features of negative feedback and power smoothing filter of the DC / DC converter with pulse loads for transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 24, no. 1 (2021): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2021.24.1.78-88.

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The fundamental difference of the voltage converter of the secondary power supply source for the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays with impulse load and variable duty cycle from traditional voltage converters that constantly consume power from the primary network is shown. Methods for improving the quality of transient processes in voltage converter with constant power consumption during start-up by soft start are not applicable to improve the quality of transients in periodic current pulses caused by a pulsed load. Since any ripples, noises, instabilities in the power supply of the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays operating in a linear mode lead to parasitic amplitude modulation of the emitted signal and to a deterioration in the quality of selection and target tracking, very strict requirements are imposed on the quality of the transmitter-receiver modules supply voltage (voltage ripple kп 0,5 %, the amount of overshoot of the output voltage sU 2 %, etc.). The article shows that such a quality of the output voltage with a pulsed load of the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays can be obtained using a lower-type voltage converter, with a double-circuit negative feedback for the output voltage and current of the inductor, with a storage capacitor and with a power smoothing filter with the characteristics of Chebyshev and Butterworth. The work investigated the influence of the negative feedback depth on the output voltage and current of the smoothing filter choke, the value of the storage capacitor capacity, the type and parameters of the smoothing filter, and recommendations were given to select their optimal values, at which the required quality of the supply voltage for the transmitter-receiver modules of active electronically scanned arrays was ensured, taking into account the minimization of their dimensions.

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Khandelwal, N., and R. W. Jackson. "Active Antenna Module for Low-Cost Electronically Scanned Phased Arrays." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 56, no. 10 (2008): 2286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2008.2003122.

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Kim, Sungpeel, Junyong Han, Younhui Jang, and Jaehoon Choi. "Study on 2×2 Subarray Antenna for Implementation of VHF Band Active Electronically Scanned Array." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 29, no. 6 (2018): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.6.473.

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Kim, Tae-Hyung, Seong-Hyun Ryu, Jong-Hwan Shin, Yeon-Duk Kang, Sung-Hoon Jang, and Seon-Joo Kim. "Doppler Beam Sharpening Image Formation through Flight Trials of Airborne Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 30, no. 8 (2019): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2019.30.8.659.

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Kim, Jiyong, Gimin Park, Honggu Kwon, et al. "Numerical Analysis of Air Cooling for Transmit/Receive Modules of Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - B 46, no. 11 (2022): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2022.46.11.593.

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Knott, Peter, Thomas Bertuch, Helmut Wilden, Olaf Peters, Andreas R. Brenner, and Ingo Walterscheid. "SAR Experiments Using a Conformal Antenna Array Radar Demonstrator." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/142542.

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Conformal antenna arrays have been studied for several years but only few examples of applications in modern radar or communication systems may be found up to date due to technological difficulties. The objective of the “Electronic Radar with Conformal Array Antenna” (ERAKO) demonstrator system which has been developed at the Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (FHR) is to demonstrate the feasibility of an active electronically scanned antenna for conformal integration into small and medium sized airborne platforms. For practical trials the antenna has been adapted for operation with the Phased Array Multifunctional Imaging Radar (PAMIR) system developed at the institute. The antenna in combination with the PAMIR front-end needed to undergo a special calibration procedure for beam forming and imaging post-processing. The present paper describes the design and development of the conformal antenna array of the demonstrator system, its connection to the PAMIR system and results of recently conducted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiments.

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Ferrari, Mauro, and Luca Piattella. "0.8–8 GHz 4-bit MMIC phase shifter for T/R modules." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, no. 3-4 (2015): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000793.

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This paper presents the design approach and test results of a full passive, decade bandwidth GaAs MMIC, composed by a phase shifter (PS) with a cascaded absorptive single pole double throw switch, suitable for transmitter/receiver modules in active electronically scanned array. The proposed PS – fabricated using a UMS GaAs 0.25 PHEMT process – combines all-pass filters with high-pass filters, in order to provide less than 13 dB insertion loss, less than ±20° phase error and less than ±2.5 dB amplitude error in the 0.8–8 GHz bandwidth.

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Hwang, In-Su, Yu-Ri Lee, Jong-Pil Kim, Sung-Hoon Jang, and Seon-Joo Kim. "Design and Implementation of an X-Band Low-Profile Active Electronically Scanned Array for Airborne Radar." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 32, no. 2 (2021): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2021.32.2.127.

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Park, Jun Su, Dong-Jun Shin, Sung-Hwan Yim, and Sang-Hyun Kim. "Evaluate the Cooling Performance of Transmit/Receive Module Cooling System in Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar." Electronics 10, no. 9 (2021): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091044.

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The active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar consists of many transmit/receive (T/R) modules and is used to track missiles approaching destroyers and fighters. The performance of the AESA radar depends on the T/R module temperature. The T/R module temperature should be maintained under 80 °C to guarantee the performance of the AESA radar. In order to match the design requirements of the cooling system of the AESA radar, it is necessary to evaluate the cooling performance according to various operation/installation environments. In this study, computational fluid analysis was performed by changing the number of T/R modules and the coolant mass flow rate to evaluate the cooling performance of the AESA radar coolant channel. The number of T/R modules was changed from 2 to 16, and the number of coolant inlet Re was changed from 277 to 11,116. As a result, it was confirmed that the temperature increased as the number of T/R modules increased. In addition, when the coolant status was laminar flow, it was confirmed that the cooling performance was significantly lowered. Therefore, the coolant status should be transient or turbulence to decrease the temperature of the T/R module. Additionally, the correlation between the arrangement of the T/R module and the cooling flow must be considered to cool the AESA radar.

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Moiseev, M. V., V. Yu Avdonin, and A. A. Nelin. "Antenna of the Transmitter Receiver Module for an Active Electronically Scanned Array of the Ka-band." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 5, no. 4 (2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2018.5.4.73.79.

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Hwang, In-Su, Yu-ri Lee, and Sung-Hoon Jang. "Design and Implementation of High-Efficiency X-Band Transmit/Receive Block for Scalable Active Electronically Scanned Array Antenna." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 31, no. 7 (2020): 588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2020.31.7.588.

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Schuh, Patrick, Hardy Sledzik, Rolf Reber, et al. "GaN-based amplifiers for wideband applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, no. 1 (2010): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000152.

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Different wideband amplifiers, hybrid designs at lower frequencies, and monolithically integrated circuits (MMIC) at higher frequencies were designed, fabricated, and measured. These amplifiers are all based on AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology. The future applications for these types of amplifiers are mainly electronic warfare (EW) applications. Novel communication jammers and especially active electronically scanned array EW systems have a high demand for wideband high power amplifiers. The second application also needs high robust low noise amplifiers for its receive path. Output power levels of 38 W for hybrid amplifiers at lower frequencies up to 6 GHz and 15 W for the MMIC power amplifiers at higher frequencies are measured. With these building blocks, novel EW system approaches can be investigated.

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Salucci, M., G. Oliveri, N. Anselmi, G. Gottardi, and A. Massa. "Performance enhancement of linear active electronically scanned arrays by means of MbD-synthesized metalenses." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 32, no. 8 (2017): 927–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2017.1410077.

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Kuchta, Dawid, Daniel Gryglewski, and Wojciech Wojtasiak. "A GaN HEMT Amplifier Design for Phased Array Radars and 5G New Radios." Micromachines 11, no. 4 (2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11040398.

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Power amplifiers applied in modern active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars and 5G radios should have similar features, especially in terms of phase distortion, which dramatically affects the spectral regrowth and, moreover, they are difficult to be compensated by predistortion algorithms. This paper presents a GaN-based power amplifier design with a reduced level of transmittance distortions, varying in time, without significantly worsening other key features such as output power, efficiency and gain. The test amplifier with GaN-on-Si high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) NPT2018 from MACOM provides more than 17 W of output power at the 62% PAE over a 1.0 GHz to 1.1 GHz frequency range. By applying a proposed design approach, it was possible to decrease phase changes on test pulses from 0.5° to 0.2° and amplitude variation from 0.8 dB to 0.2 dB during the pulse width of 40 µs and 40% duty cycle.

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Cho, Shinyoung, Yongkil Kwak, Hyunseok Oh, Hyesun Ju, and Hongwoo Park. "Progressive Test and Evaluation Strategy for Verification of KF-X AESA Radar Development." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (2024): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2024.27.3.387.

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This paper describes a progressive test and evaluation strategy for verification of Korean Fighter eXperimental (KF-X) AESA(Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar development. Three progressive stages of development test and evaluation were officially performed from simulated test conditions to actual operating conditions according to standards: radar function/performance and avionics integration. KF-X AESA radar development is repeatedly verified by progressive stages consisting of five tests: Roof-lab ground test, System Integration Laboratory(SIL) ground test, Flying Test Bed(FTB) test, KF-X ground test, and KF-X flight test. As a result, the risk factor decreases as stages and tests progress. Therefore, development test and evaluation of KF-X AESA radar are successfully performed at low development risk.

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Park, Dae-Sung, Young-Kwan Ko, and Jae-Hoon Choi. "A Study on Radiator of VHF-Band Active Electronically Scanned Array with the Trapezoidal Dipole Structure Using Meander-Line." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 27, no. 12 (2016): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.12.1027.

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Ryu, Seong-Hyun, Tae-Hyung Kim, Young-Hoon Chun, Yeon-duk Kang, and Sun-Ju Kim. "Beam Operation and Waveform Design of Active Electronically Scanned Array Radar for Efficient Detection of Long-Range Threat Targets." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 31, no. 1 (2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2020.31.1.51.

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Timoshenkov, V. P., and A. G. Efimov. "Use of Silicon-Germanium Technology for the Development of Active Microwave Units of Active Electronically Scanned Arrays." Russian Microelectronics 46, no. 7 (2017): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739717070125.

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Jung, Hyoung-Jin, Jae-Sub Han, Maeng-Chang Kang, et al. "Design and Fabrication of X-Band Air-Cooled, Compact, and Lightweight Active Electronically Scanned Array Antenna Unit for Aircraft Installation." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 34, no. 8 (2023): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.618.

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Wang, Xi, Huaiqiang Yu, Like Deng, Bin Cheng, Zhiping Fang, and Xiaoyuan Lang. "A C-band folded planar low-pass filter utilizing U-shaped probe for high power TR module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2591, no. 1 (2023): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2591/1/012045.

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Abstract In this paper, a C-band folded low-pass filter is realized in the planar circuit by utilizing a U-shaped probe. The proposed filter consists of four microstrip patches and a U-shaped probe. The configuration, equivalent circuit and design method of the proposed filter are demonstrated. A prototype of the low-pass filter operating in C-band has been designed, fabricated and measured. The maximum insertion loss of the fabricated filter is about 0.8 dB from 5 GHz to 6 GHz, while the maximum return loss is -11 dB. The out of band rejection is over 30 dB at 12 GHz. The measured results show reasonable correlation with the ideal circuit and the simulated results. The proposed low-pass filter can be used for the high power transmit/receive (TR) module in active electronically scanned array (AESA).

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Kwak, Donghoon. "A Study on Radar System Development Strategies based on the Analysis of National Radar Technology Level Assessment." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 28, no. 3 (2025): 245–53. https://doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2025.28.3.245.

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Radar system plays a crucial role in modern defense systems, and its development has become increasingly important worldwide. This study assesses the radar technology levels by country and explores development strategies for South Korea based on a comparative analysis. The findings indicate that South Korea's radar technology level stands at 81 % of the most advanced country, which is 1 %p lower than the overall national defense science and technology level. While South Korea has recently made progress through the independent development of AESA(Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, a technological gap still remains in underdeveloped and unacquired areas. To address this issue, this study suggests development strategies from both policy/institutional and R&D perspectives. The proposed strategies are expected to enhance the self-sufficiency of South Korea's radar systems and reduce the technological disparity with advanced countries.

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Kwon, Daihyun, Hyunwoo Ko, Sungwon Hong, Kichul Yoon, Byunglae Cho, and Kwan Sung Kim. "Elevation Estimation Algorithm for Low-Altitude Targets in Multipath Environment." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 24, no. 4 (2024): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2024.4.r.234.

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The algorithm proposed in this study estimates the multipath elevation of targets at low altitudes, including near-zero elevation. Although the double null algorithm is a maximum likelihood elevation estimation algorithm, it diverges when the target elevation is near zero. Addressing this issue, the selective double null algorithm improves the accuracy of multipath elevation at low altitudes by applying previously measured antenna near-field patterns. However, it cannot be applied to active electronically scanned array radars, since antenna beam patterns vary with the steered azimuth and elevation angles. In this paper, the proposed algorithm modifies the double null algorithm to estimate the elevation in the divergence state more accurately. Since it is based on the multipath energy function, the antenna near-field pattern is unnecessary. In addition, to increase the accuracy of elevation estimation, an operation method that selectively uses the estimated elevations according to several conditions is proposed. The proposed algorithm was verified through simulations.

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Giofre, Rocco, Sergio Colangeli, Walter Ciccognani, et al. "S-Band GaN Single-Chip Front End for Active Electronically Scanned Array With 40-W Output Power and 1.75-dB Noise Figure." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, no. 12 (2018): 5696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2018.2861716.

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Ramachandran, Rajesh, Reena Sharma, and Suma Varughese. "Graceful Degradation An Airborne Surveillance Radar Perspective." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 4 (2019): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.12135.

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Active electronically scanned antenna (AESA)-based radars imbibe the desirable feature of ‘graceful degradation’. Such radars use miniaturised transmit-receive (TR) modules and a failure of few modules does not lead to failure of the mission. For example, in AESA-based ground MTI radar, failure of a few modules does not affect the array performance. In such a case, the static ground clutter is centred on zero frequency does not have a motion dependent Doppler spread. However, in airborne AESA radars, the ground clutter has an angle dependent Doppler frequency due to the platform motion and clutter leaking in through antenna side-lobes. Hence, the antenna side lobe levels dictate the side lobe clutter against which target detection is to be performed. The detection performance is governed by the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). For Airborne surveillance radar the effect of random and systematic failures of TR modules and their effect on SINR is characterised. It is shown that single channel processing does not effectively provide the graceful degradation feature as the SINR loss due to failures is significant. However, the effect of systematic failure on SINR loss is less as compared to random failures. An effective scheme for feeding the array is also proposed.

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Kim, Tae-Hyung, Seong-Hyun Ryu, Jong-Hwan Shin, Hyeong-Won Jeon, Sung-Hoon Jang, and Seon-Joo Kim. "Design of Signal Processing for Target Detection and Tracking Based on High Pulse Repetition Frequency Waveforms in Airborne Active Electronically Scanned Array Radars." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 30, no. 12 (2019): 951–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2019.30.12.951.

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Gaitanakis, George-Konstantinos, George Limnaios, and Konstantinos C. Zikidis. "On the use of AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) Radar and IRST (InfraRed Search&Track) System to Detect and Track Low Observable Threats." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930404001.

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The radar has been indisputably the most important sensor in the battlefield, allowing early warning and tracking of air vehicles. Modern fighter ircraft employing AESA fire control radars are able to acquire and track targets at long ranges, in the order of 50 nautical miles or more. However, the proliferation of low observable or stealth technology has contested radar capabilities, reducing their detection / tracking ranges roughly to one third. This degradation is more severe concerning fighter aircraft radars, since most stealth threats are optimised for higher frequency bands, as in the case of fire control radars. Hence, other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum have been reconsidered, such as infrared radiation (IR). Every aircraft is a source of IR, due to fuel combustion, aerodynamic friction and IR reflection. In this way, a jet fighter can be detected by an IR sensor against the cold background of the sky. Therefore, IRST systems have re-emerged, offering an alternative to the radar. Apart from their capabilities concerning target detection (whether stealth or not), IRST systems also exhibit passive operation, resilience to jamming and better angular accuracy. On the other hand, they are prone to weather conditions, especially moisture, while they cannot measure distance directly, as in the case of the radar. This work explores and compares the capabilities and limitations of the two approaches, AESA radars and IRST systems, offering also some insight to the benefits of sensor fusion.

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Schuh, Patrick, Hardy Sledzik, and Rolf Reber. "GaN-based single-chip frontend for next-generation X-band AESA systems." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 5-6 (2018): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718000557.

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AbstractA next generation of active electronically scanned array (AESA) antennas will be challenged with the need for lower size, weight, power, and cost. This leads to enhanced demands especially with regard to the integration density of the radio frequency-part inside aT/Rmodule. The semiconductor material GaN has proven its capacity for high-power amplifiers (HPA), robust receive components as well as switch components for separation of transmit and receive mode. This paper will describe the design and measurement results of a GaN-based single-chipT/Rmodule frontend (HPA, low noise anplifier, and single-pole double-throw (SPDT)) using UMS GH25 technology and covering the frequency range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz. The key performance parameters of the frontend are 13 W minimum transmit (TX) output power over the whole frequency range with peak power up to 17 W. The frontend in receive (RX) mode has a noise figure below 3.2 dB over the whole frequency range, and can survive more than 5 W input power. The large signal insertion loss of the used SPDT is below 0.9 dB at 43 dBm input power level.

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Gryglewski, Daniel, Wojciech Wojtasiak, Eliana Kamińska, and Anna Piotrowska. "Characterization of Self-Heating Process in GaN-Based HEMTs." Electronics 9, no. 8 (2020): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081305.

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Thermal characterization of modern microwave power transistors such as high electron-mobility transistors based on gallium nitride (GaN-based HEMTs) is a critical challenge for the development of high-performance new generation wireless communication systems (LTE-A, 5G) and advanced radars (active electronically scanned array (AESA)). This is especially true for systems operating with variable-envelope signals where accurate determination of self-heating effects resulting from strong- and fast-changing power dissipated inside transistor is crucial. In this work, we have developed an advanced measurement system based on DeltaVGS method with implemented software enabling accurate determination of device channel temperature and thermal resistance. The methodology accounts for MIL-STD-750-3 standard but takes into account appropriate specific bias and timing conditions. Three types of GaN-based HEMTs were taken into consideration, namely commercially available GaN-on-SiC (CGH27015F and TGF2023-2-01) and GaN-on-Si (NPT2022) devices, as well as model GaN-on-GaN HEMT (T8). Their characteristics of thermal impedance, thermal time constants and thermal equivalent circuits were presented. Knowledge of thermal equivalent circuits and electro–thermal models can lead to improved design of GaN HEMT high-power amplifiers with account of instantaneous temperature variations for systems using variable-envelope signals. It can also expand their range of application.

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Lee, Hyeonseok, Hyeong-Geun Park, Van-Du Le, et al. "X-band MMICs for a Low-Cost Radar Transmit/Receive Module in 250 nm GaN HEMT Technology." Sensors 23, no. 10 (2023): 4840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104840.

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This paper describes Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) for an X-band radar transceiver front-end implemented in 0.25 μm GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) technology. Two versions of single pole double throw (SPDT) T/R switches are introduced to realize a fully GaN-based transmit/receive module (TRM), each of which achieves an insertion loss of 1.21 dB and 0.66 dB at 9 GHz, IP1dB higher than 46.3 dBm and 44.7 dBm, respectively. Therefore, it can substitute a lossy circulator and limiter used for a conventional GaAs receiver. A driving amplifier (DA), a high-power amplifier (HPA), and a robust low-noise amplifier (LNA) are also designed and verified for a low-cost X-band transmit-receive module (TRM). For the transmitting path, the implemented DA achieves a saturated output power (Psat) of 38.0 dBm and output 1-dB compression (OP1dB) of 25.84 dBm. The HPA reaches a Psat of 43.0 dBm and power-added efficiency (PAE) of 35.6%. For the receiving path, the fabricated LNA measures a small-signal gain of 34.9 dB and a noise figure of 2.56 dB, and it can endure higher than 38 dBm input power in the measurement. The presented GaN MMICs can be useful in implementing a cost-effective TRM for Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar systems at X-band.

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Gilpin, Robert, Joey Bray, and Mostafa Hefnawi. "Real-Time Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Radar Using Software Defined Radio." ITM Web of Conferences 48 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224801001.

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In this paper, commercially-available software-defined radios (SDRs) are used to build a 64-channel, reconfigurable Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA) radar operating in C-band (NATO G-band). The SDRs are used to design and implement a 3-dimensional multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) radar. The flexibility of the SDRs has been harnessed to evaluate the performance of a linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) MIMO radar using three different methods of achieving the orthogonality, namely Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), and Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). In addition, the radar’s parameters are user-selectable and can be rapidly changed such that the radar can be used in different environments without requiring changes to the hardware. Measurements indicate that the radar is capable of detecting and localizing multiple targets in all 3-dimensions, including bearing, range, and Doppler. The MIMO radar operates in real-time, with a refresh rate of only 3 seconds. Experimental results are generated for the TDM mode of operation with further research reporting on the CDM and FDM modes of operation.

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van der Bent, Gijs, Peter de Hek, Sander Geurts, et al. "A 10 Watt S-Band MMIC Power Amplifier With Integrated 100 MHz Switch-Mode Power Supply and Control Circuitry for Active Electronically Scanned Arrays." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 48, no. 10 (2013): 2285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2013.2261194.

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Oppermann, M., K. Widmer, R. Reber, et al. "GaN based RF Modules - Demands & Needs for Packaging." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (2011): 000896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-tha1-paper4.

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GaN/SiC based powerbars and MMICs are the youngest semiconductor devices which have arrived in the field of Radio Frequency modules and applications, e.g. radar, communication links and high power transmitters and amplifiers. Nearly 5 years ago, the first GaN devices were used in the fields of telecommunication equipment, mainly in base-station amplifiers and today GaN devices are more and more part of modern radar applications, like T/R (Transmit/Receive) modules in AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) antennas. The main advantages of GaN/SiC semiconductor devices in comparison to GaAs-devices are the higher bandwidth, higher robustness level and the higher operation voltage. Another big issue of GaN is the higher power density, with in minimum 4 times higher values compared to GaAs. Therefore the assembly of GaN MMICs and powerbars on heatsinks and module-baseplates is a big challenge for soldering technology. An absolute minimum of voids between backside of the GaN/SiC devices and the heatsink is necessary to guarantee an optimised heat transfer during operation. Different package materials and technologies are on the market and big international package suppliers deal with new material combinations, like sandwich structures of Cu and Mo. Materials like Al-diamond are used for heatsink materials and with special tests and measurements the results of heat transfer studies will be shown. In this paper examples of power amplifiers, operating in the frequency range of 2–6 GHz and 6–18GHz, and a typical X-Band Frontend will be shown and the RF results will be discussed.

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Dobychina, Elena, and Mikhail Snastin. "Dynamic Correction of the Influence of Long Measuring Path Irregularity in Antenna Tests." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (2021): 8183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178183.

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This article investigates the influence of random microwave discontinuities on the characteristics of long transmission paths. This is most important for dynamic measuring stands, accompanied by multiple space movement of long transmission paths with their bending or twisting during the measurement process. In modern active electronically scanned arrays this issue also becomes relevant, due to increased requirements for the accuracy of beam shaping. The aim of this study is to develop a theoretical background and perform experimental verification for taking into account the effect of random microwave discontinuities on the transmission path characteristics. A method for correcting the effect of such irregularities is considered based on electrical length control by measuring the input reflection coefficient. Relations for the magnitude and phase of the path’s input reflection coefficient depending on the S-parameters of a long four-terminal network terminated with mismatched load are obtained and plotted. Using theory of sensitivity, the mathematical expressions of conditions were obtained to achieve maximum accuracy of measuring the electrical length of a long microwave path. The possibility of dynamic error correction in antenna measurements with a long test path caused by random microwave irregularities along it has been experimentally proved.

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Gaitanakis, George-Konstantinos, George Limnaios, and Konstantinos Zikidis. "AESA radar and IRST against low observable threats." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 9 (2020): 1421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-01-2020-0011.

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Purpose Modern fighter aircraft using active electronically scanned array (AESA) fire control radars are able to detect and track targets at long ranges, in the order of 50 nautical miles or more. Low observable or stealth technology has contested the radar capabilities, reducing detection/tracking ranges roughly to one-third (or even less, for fighter aircraft radar). Hence, infrared search and track (IRST) systems have been reconsidered as an alternative to the radar. This study aims to explore and compare the capabilities and limitations of these two technologies, AESA radars and IRST systems, as well as their synergy through sensor fusion. Design/methodology/approach The AESA radar range is calculated with the help of the radar equation under certain assumptions, taking into account heat dissipation requirements, using the F-16 fighter as a case study. Concerning the IRST sensor, a new model is proposed for the estimation of the detection range, based on the emitted infrared radiation caused by aerodynamic heating. Findings The maximum detection range provided by an AESA radar could be restricted because of the increased waste heat which is produced and the relevant constraints concerning the cooling capacity of the carrying aircraft. On the other hand, IRST systems exhibit certain advantages over radars against low observable threats. IRST could be combined with a datalink with the help of data fusion, offering weapons-quality track. Originality/value An original approach is provided for the IRST detection range estimation. The AESA/IRST comparison offers valuable insight, while it allows for more efficient planning, at the military acquisition phase, as well as at the tactical level.

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Denisov, Aleksandr. "Method of localization of agricultural robotic vehicles using AESA established by an UAV complex." Robotics and Technical Cybernetics 9, no. 2 (2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31776/rtcj.9205.

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This paper considers a relevant method to ensure communication and object location in vast agricultural areas. To solve this problem an operational scenario was proposed, an approach, involving a complex of several UAVs, which establish an AESA; an algorithm for building an optimal path, along which the UAV complex moves, formulas for calculating AESA direction pattern for linear and flat formations of UAV groups, formulas for calculating time, required for terrain scanning with various areas. In such complex on each UAV an antenna with phase shifter is mounted. The paper also considers modeling and comparison of different approaches to motion of an UAV complex for terrain scanning. Due to application of active electronically scanned arrays, the proposed localization method is characterized by high noise immunity, is better shielded from noise, less dependent on weather conditions and appliable at night time. Unlike other methods, it supports wide-range transmission and reception of data. Thereby, application of AESA makes this method robust and practical for localization and communication establishment, whereas the proposed algorithm for building of optimal path, along which the robotic complex moves, enables to reduce time, required for area scanning. Consequently, this method allows achieving the shortest distance that the UAV complex has to cover.

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