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Journal articles on the topic 'Active metasurface'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Timpu, Flavia, Helena Weigand, Fabian Kaufmann, et al. "Towards active electro-optic lithium niobate metasurfaces." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023805003.

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We present the design and fabrication advances on active lithium niobate metasurfaces. We determine by numerical calculations a metasurface design with electro-magnetic resonances in the visible and near-infrared, by taking into account the constraints for fabrication on thin films of lithium niobate. We suggest that the optical properties of the metasurface can be switched using the electro-optical properties of lithium niobate.

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Lu, Wenzheng, S. Menezes Leonardo de, Andreas Tittl, Haoran Ren, and Stefan Maier. "Active Huygens' metasurface based on in-situ grown conductive polymer." Nanophotonics 13, no. 1 (2023): 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0562.

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Active metasurfaces provide unique advantages for on-demand light manipulation at a subwavelength scale for emerging visual applications of displays, holographic projectors, optical sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR). These applications put stringent requirements on switching speed, cycling duration, electro-optical controllability, modulation contrast, optical efficiency and operation voltages. However, previous demonstrations focus only on particular subsets of these key performance requirements for device implementation, while the other performance metrics have remained too low fo

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Curwen, Christopher A., Mohammad Shahili, Sadhvikas J. Addamane, et al. "Measurement of amplification and absorption of a THz quantum-cascade metasurface free-space amplifier." AIP Advances 12, no. 11 (2022): 115205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122154.

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An active amplifying metasurface based on a quantum-cascade gain material at 2.7 THz is studied. The metasurface is first evaluated as the active component of an external cavity laser with excellent beam quality and frequency tunability from 2.55–2.8 THz. Amplification and absorption of the metasurface alone are then separately measured at a single frequency using a probe signal from a CO2-pumped gas laser operating at 2.743 THz. The metasurface reflectance vs bias is measured and compared with expectations from non-equilibrium Green’s function simulations of the quantum-cascade gain material

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Lin, Bizun, Jingru Li, Wei Lin, and Qingfen Ma. "Active Tunable Elastic Metasurface for Abnormal Flexural Wave Transmission." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072717.

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An active elastic metasurface has more flexibility than a passively modulated elastic metasurface, owing to the manipulation of the phase gradient that can be realized without changing the geometrical configuration. In this study, a negative proportional feedback control system was employed to provide positive active control stiffness for adaptive unit cells, with the aim of achieving the active modulation of the phase gradient. The relationship between the control gain and the phase velocity of the flexural wave was derived, and the transfer coefficients and phase shifts of the flexural wave

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Ma, Ruize, Yu Mao, Peiyang Li, Dong Li, and Dandan Wen. "ITO-Based Electrically Tunable Metasurface for Active Control of Light Transmission." Nanomaterials 14, no. 19 (2024): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14191606.

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In recent years, the rapid development of dynamically tunable metasurfaces has provided a new avenue for flexible control of optical properties. This paper introduces a transmission-type electrically tunable metasurface, employing a series of subwavelength-scale silicon (Si) nanoring structures with an intermediate layer of Al2O3-ITO-Al2O3. This design allows the metasurface to induce strong Mie resonance when transverse electric (TE) waves are normally incident. When a bias voltage is applied, the interaction between light and matter is enhanced due to the formation of an electron accumulatio

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Meng, Qi, Xingqiao Chen, Wei Xu, Zhihong Zhu, Xiaodong Yuan, and Jianfa Zhang. "High Q Resonant Sb2S3-Lithium Niobate Metasurface for Active Nanophotonics." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (2021): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092373.

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Phase change materials (PCMs) are attracting more and more attentions as enabling materials for tunable nanophotonics. They can be processed into functional photonic devices through customized laser writing, providing great flexibility for fabrication and reconfiguration. Lithium Niobate (LN) has excellent nonlinear and electro-optical properties, but is difficult to process, which limits its application in nanophotonic devices. In this paper, we combine the emerging low-loss phase change material Sb2S3 with LN and propose a new type of high Q resonant metasurface. Simulation results show that

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Jiang, Huan, Junhao Huang, Wenchang Zhu, Yetian Wang, and Alexander V. Kildishev. "Tunable Polarization-Selective Absorption by Gating Ultrathin TiN Films in the Near-Infrared Region." Photonics 11, no. 10 (2024): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100917.

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Ultrathin titanium nitride (TiN) is a novel material platform for constructing active metasurfaces in the near-infrared region (NIR). Here, we realized tunable polarization-selective absorption by gating ultrathin TiN in an Ultrathin TiN Grating Metasurface (UTGM) and a gold resonator/TiN film Hybrid Metasurface (GTHM), respectively. The TM wave absorption (0.96) was much larger than that of the TE wave in the UTGM. When the carrier density decreased by 12%, the near-perfect TM absorption peak blue-shifted by 0.3 μm. Similarly, the linear dichroism (0.96) peak in GTHM blue-shifted by 0.12 μm w

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Ma, Qian, Qiao Ru Hong, Xinxin Gao, Qiang Xiao, Lei Chen, and Tie Jun Cui. "Highly integrated programmable metasurface for multifunctions in reflections and transmissions." APL Materials 10, no. 6 (2022): 061113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0093424.

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Programmable manipulations on both reflections and transmissions usually require multi-layer metasurfaces, numerous active components, and control circuits, leading to a larger profile, complicated bias circuit design, and higher cost. To address this problem, we present a highly integrated multifunctional metasurface for programmable reflections and transmissions using a single-layer metasurface and a single active component in each element. We design a multi-channel switchable structure, dominated by a single-pole triple-throw switcher, to alternatively achieve the 1-bit reflection-phase pro

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Effah, Elijah, Ezekiel Edward Nettey-Oppong, Ahmed Ali, Kyung Min Byun, and Seung Ho Choi. "Tunable Metasurfaces Based on Mechanically Deformable Polymeric Substrates." Photonics 10, no. 2 (2023): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020119.

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The emergence of metamaterials has presented an unprecedented platform to control the fundamental properties of light at the nanoscale. Conventional metamaterials, however, possess passive properties that cannot be modulated post-fabrication, limiting their application spectrum. Recent metasurface research has explored a plethora of active control mechanisms to modulate the optical properties of metasurfaces post-fabrication. A key active control mechanism of optical properties involves the use of mechanical deformation, aided by deformable polymeric substrates. The use of deformable polymeric

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Yang, Jingyi, Sudip Gurung, Subhajit Bej, Peinan Ni, and Ho Wai Howard Lee. "Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications." Reports on Progress in Physics 85, no. 3 (2022): 036101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf.

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Abstract Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitu

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Li, Yuan, He Ma, Yu Wang, et al. "Electrically driven active VO₂/MXene metasurface for the terahertz modulation." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 24 (2022): 241902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0129197.

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With the growing demand for broadband wireless communication, high-resolution radar, security inspection, and biological analysis, terahertz (THz) technology has made significant progress in recent years. The wide applications of THz technology benefited from the rapid development of various THz functional devices. Metasurface, an essential means of manipulating THz waves, has widely been applied in multiple THz functional devices. However, it is still a great challenge to construct flexible THz metasurface devices due to the lack of flexibility of traditional semiconductor and metal materials

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Chang, Shengyuan, Xuexue Guo, and Xingjie Ni. "Optical Metasurfaces: Progress and Applications." Annual Review of Materials Research 48, no. 1 (2018): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070616-124220.

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A metasurface is an artificial nanostructured interface that has subwavelength thickness and that manipulates light by spatially arranged meta-atoms—fundamental building blocks of the metasurface. Those meta-atoms, usually consisting of plasmonic or dielectric nanoantennas, can directly change light properties such as phase, amplitude, and polarization. As a derivative of three-dimensional (3D) metamaterials, metasurfaces have been emerging to tackle some of the critical challenges rooted in traditional metamaterials, such as high resistive loss from resonant plasmonic components and fabricati

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Zhou, Hongqiang, Yongtian Wang, Xiaowei Li, et al. "Switchable active phase modulation and holography encryption based on hybrid metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 9, no. 4 (2020): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0519.

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AbstractMetasurfaces are planar devices containing delicately designed nanoantenna or resonator arrays that allow for beam shaping, super resolution imaging, and holography. Hybrid metasurface – by integrating with tunable materials such as two-dimensional materials and phase change materials (PCMs) – provides a potential platform for active modulation of wavefronts. Specifically, PCMs can flexibly switch between crystalline and amorphous states with nonvolatile property under external stimuli and provide a large refractive permittivity contrast. Using metasurfaces based on PCM to manipulate w

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14

Li, Ruijie, Qiang Feng, Gaomou Lei, et al. "Reconfigurable EIT Metasurface with Low Excited Conductivity of VO2." Photonics 11, no. 11 (2024): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111003.

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The active materials-loaded reconfigurable metasurface is a potential platform for terahertz (THz) communication systems. However, the requirements of the modulation performance and the modulation rate put forward the opposite requirements on the excited conductivity of active materials. In this paper, we proposed a concept for a metal-doped active material switch that can produce an equivalent high excited conductivity while reducing the required threshold of the active material conductivity, thus balancing the conflict between the two mutual requirements. Based on it, we designed a reconfigu

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15

Vallecchi, A., R. J. Langley, and A. G. Schuchinsky. "Voltage Controlled Intertwined Spiral Arrays for Reconfigurable Metasurfaces." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/171637.

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Reconfigurable bistate metasurfaces composed of interwoven spiral arrays with embeddedpindiodes are proposed for single and dual polarisation operation. The switching capability is enabled bypindiodes that change the array response between transmission and reflection modes at the specified frequencies. The spiral conductors forming the metasurface also supply the dc bias for controllingpindiodes, thus avoiding the need of additional bias circuitry that can cause parasitic interference and affect the metasurface response. The simulation results show that proposed active metasurfaces exhibit goo

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Luo, Sisi, Jianjiao Hao, Fuju Ye, et al. "Evolution of the Electromagnetic Manipulation: From Tunable to Programmable and Intelligent Metasurfaces." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (2021): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080988.

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Looking back on the development of metamaterials in the past 20 years, metamaterials have gradually developed from three-dimensional complex electromagnetic structures to a two-dimensional metasurface with a low profile, during which a series of subversive achievements have been produced. The form of electromagnetic manipulation of the metasurface has evolved from passive to active tunable, programmable, and other dynamic and real-time controllable forms. In particular, the proposal of coding and programmable metasurfaces endows metasurfaces with new vitality. By describing metamaterials throu

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Ledimo, Bokamoso Kebatho, Pako Moaro, Reuben Ramogomana, Modisa Mosalaosi, and Bokamoso Basutli. "Design Procedure of a Frequency Reconfigurable Metasurface Antenna at mmWave Band." Telecom 3, no. 2 (2022): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/telecom3020020.

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The use of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum and further exploration of sub-mmWave has led to a new era in wireless communication, as the need for higher data rates grows. High frequencies, on the other hand, incur a higher path loss, requiring an increase in antenna gain requirements. Metasurfaces, which emerge as a promising technology for mitigating path loss effects by utilizing two dimensional (2D) arrays of engineered meta-atoms resembling metamaterials that control the surface’s electromagnetic response have been introduced. Currently, metasurfaces are primarily considered as passiv

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Shields, Joe, Carlota Ruiz de Galarreta, Jacopo Bertolotti, and C. David Wright. "Enhanced Performance and Diffusion Robustness of Phase-Change Metasurfaces via a Hybrid Dielectric/Plasmonic Approach." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (2021): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020525.

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Materials of which the refractive indices can be thermally tuned or switched, such as in chalcogenide phase-change alloys, offer a promising path towards the development of active optical metasurfaces for the control of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. However, for phase-change metasurfaces to be able to provide viable technology for active light control, in situ electrical switching via resistive heaters integral to or embedded in the metasurface itself is highly desirable. In this context, good electrical conductors (metals) with high melting points (i.e., significantly above

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Kim, Sung Hoe, Donghyun Kim, Chang-Hyun Lee, and Young Joong Yoon. "Hybrid Checkerboard Metasurface Combining Passive and Active AMCs." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 24, no. 5 (2024): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2024.5.r.247.

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In this paper, a hybrid checkerboard metasurface is proposed for controlling radar cross-sections (RCSs) using a small number of active devices. The proposed metasurface consists of passive and active artificial magnetic conductors. The passive metasurface contributes to reducing the RCS level owing to the dispersion characteristics of the checkerboard arrangement, while the active metasurface aids in controlling the RCS. The active RCS pattern of the proposed hybrid checkerboard metasurface in response to changes in phase distribution is also investigated. The results show that the RCS level

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Wang, Qian, Yuzi Chen, Jinxian Mao, Fengyuan Yang, and Nan Wang. "Metasurface-Assisted Terahertz Sensing." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 5902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135902.

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Terahertz (THz) waves, which fall between microwaves and infrared bands, possess intriguing electromagnetic properties of non-ionizing radiation, low photon energy, being highly sensitive to weak resonances, and non-polar material penetrability. Therefore, THz waves are extremely suitable for sensing and detecting chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological molecules. However, the relatively long wavelength of THz waves (30~3000 μm) compared to the size of analytes (1~100 nm for biomolecules, <10 μm for microorganisms) constrains the development of THz-based sensors. To circumvent this problem

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Sui, Ran, Junjie Wang, Dejun Feng, and Yong Xu. "Full-polarization radar target feature modulation based on active polarization conversion metasurface." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 17 (2022): 174903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107643.

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Electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces comprising artificially designed subwavelength unit cells have drawn considerable attention due to the EM properties beyond the limits of natural materials. As one of the representative structures, active polarization conversion metasurface (APCM) is switchable by loading active components. It provides great freedom to manipulate the polarization state of EM waves. However, the current research mainly focused on the application of communication and paid less attention to the radar effect of APCM. APCM redistributes electromagnetic wave energy in multi-polariza

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Li, Zhitong, Joseph S. T. Smalley, Ross Haroldson, et al. "Active Perovskite Hyperbolic Metasurface." ACS Photonics 7, no. 7 (2020): 1754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00391.

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Wang, Yue, Yu Wang, Guohui Yang, et al. "All-Solid-State Optical Phased Arrays of Mid-Infrared Based Graphene-Metal Hybrid Metasurfaces." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061552.

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Optical phased arrays (OPAs) are essential optical elements in applications that require the ability to manipulate the light-wavefront, such as beam focusing and light steering. To miniaturize the optical components, active metasurfaces, especially graphene metasurfaces, are used as competent alternatives. However, the metasurface cannot achieve strong resonance effect and phase control function in the mid-infrared region only relying on a single-layer graphene. Here we present a graphene-metal hybrid metasurface that can generate a specific phase or a continuous sweep in the range of a 275°-b

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Huang, Lingling, Shuang Zhang, and Thomas Zentgraf. "Metasurface holography: from fundamentals to applications." Nanophotonics 7, no. 6 (2018): 1169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0118.

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AbstractHolography has emerged as a vital approach to fully engineer the wavefronts of light since its invention dating back to the last century. However, the typically large pixel size, small field of view and limited space-bandwidth impose limitations in the on-demand high-performance applications, especially for three-dimensional displays and large-capacity data storage. Meanwhile, metasurfaces have shown great potential in controlling the propagation of light through the well-tailored scattering behavior of the constituent ultrathin planar elements with a high spatial resolution, making th

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Chisari, Letizia, Andy Philippides, and Gianluca Memoli. "Shaping sound field through acoustic metasurfaces: An optimisation method for correcting loudspeaker emissions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4_Supplement (2024): A116. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035301.

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In a loudspeaker system, the acoustic wave front modulation can be achieved using active control systems that adopt algorithms to modulate the acoustic wave front emitted, adapting to the environmental conditions or to the specific requirements of the sound source. To be efficient, a large number of loudspeakers and the digital processing of the signal are required. Acoustic metasurfaces are sub-wavelength structures that can manipulate sound, allowing the control of, e.g., the shape or direction of the wave front. In this work, we aim to reduce the number of speakers by coupling acoustic meta

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Abujetas, Diego R., Nuno de Sousa, Antonio García-Martín, José M. Llorens, and José A. Sánchez-Gil. "Active angular tuning and switching of Brewster quasi bound states in the continuum in magneto-optic metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 10, no. 17 (2021): 4223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0412.

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Abstract Bound states in the continuum (BICs) emerge throughout physics as leaky/resonant modes that remain, however, highly localized. They have attracted much attention in photonics, and especially in metasurfaces. One of their most outstanding features is their divergent Q-factors, indeed arbitrarily large upon approaching the BIC condition (quasi-BICs). Here, we investigate how to tune quasi-BICs in magneto-optic (MO) all-dielectric metasurfaces. The impact of the applied magnetic field in the BIC parameter space is revealed for a metasurface consisting of lossless semiconductor spheres wi

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Choudhury, Sajid M., Di Wang, Krishnakali Chaudhuri, et al. "Material platforms for optical metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 7, no. 6 (2018): 959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2017-0130.

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AbstractOptical metasurfaces are judicously engineered electromagnetic interfaces that can control and manipulate many of light’s quintessential properties, such as amplitude, phase, and polarization. These artificial surfaces are composed of subwavelength arrays of optical antennas that experience resonant light-matter interaction with incoming electromagnetic radiation. Their ability to arbitrarily engineer optical interactions has generated considerable excitement and interest in recent years and is a promising methodology for miniaturizing optical components for applications in optical com

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Nisar, Muhammad Shemyal, Shahid Iqbal, and Linjie Zhou. "On-Chip Reconfigurable Focusing through Low-Loss Phase Change Materials Based Metasurfaces." Micromachines 13, no. 12 (2022): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13122185.

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Metasurfaces are useful subwavelength structures that can be engineered to achieve useful functionality. While most metasurfaces are passive devices, Phase Change Materials can be utilized to make active metasurfaces that can have numerous applications. One such application is on-chip beam steering which is of vital utility for numerous applications that can potentially lead to analog computations and non-Von Neumann computational architectures. This paper presents through numerical simulations, a novel metasurface that can realize beam steering through active phase switching of in-planted arr

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Du, Bintao, Zhihai Wu, Chengkun Dong, Jun Wu, and Jun Xia. "Active tuning of Si metasurface with large area." Chinese Optics Letters 21, no. 7 (2023): 073601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202321.073601.

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Kaissner, Robin, Jianxiong Li, Wenzheng Lu, et al. "Electrochemically controlled metasurfaces with high-contrast switching at visible frequencies." Science Advances 7, no. 19 (2021): eabd9450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd9450.

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Recently in nanophotonics, a rigorous evolution from passive to active metasurfaces has been witnessed. This advancement not only brings forward interesting physical phenomena but also elicits opportunities for practical applications. However, active metasurfaces operating at visible frequencies often exhibit low performance due to design and fabrication restrictions at the nanoscale. In this work, we demonstrate electrochemically controlled metasurfaces with high intensity contrast, fast switching rate, and excellent reversibility at visible frequencies. We use a conducting polymer, polyanili

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Pan, Tianrui, Chenxi Liu, Shuang Peng, et al. "A Terahertz Programmable Digital Metasurface Based on Vanadium Dioxide." Photonics 11, no. 6 (2024): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060527.

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Metasurfaces can realize the flexible manipulation of electromagnetic waves, which have the advantages of a low profile and low loss. In particular, the coding metasurface can flexibly manipulate electromagnetic waves through controllable sequence encoding of the coding units to achieve different functions. In this paper, a three−layer active coding metasurface is designed based on vanadium dioxide (VO2), which has an excellent phase transition. For the designed unit cell, the top patterned layer is composed of two split square resonant rings (SSRRs), whose gaps are in opposite directions, and

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Cui, Ying, Xiaosai Wang, Huan Jiang, and Yongyuan Jiang. "High-efficiency and tunable circular dichroism in chiral graphene metasurface." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 13 (2021): 135102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4450.

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Abstract Circular dichroism (CD) response is extremely important for dynamic polarization control, chiral molecular sensing and imaging, etc. Here, we numerically demonstrated high-efficiency and tunable CD using a symmetry broken graphene-dielectric-metal composite microstructure. By introducing slot patterns in graphene ribbons, the metasurface exhibits giant polarization-selective absorption for circularly polarized (CP) wave excitations. The maximum CD reaches 0.87 at 2.78 THz, which originates from the localized surface plasmon resonances in patterned graphene. Besides, the operating freq

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Faenzi, Marco, David Gonzalez-Ovejero, and Stefano Maci. "Wideband Active Region Metasurface Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 3 (2020): 1261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2940365.

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Yang, Fan, Zhong Lei Mei, and Tie Jun Cui. "Control of the Radiation Patterns Using Homogeneous and Isotropic Impedance Metasurface." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/917829.

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We propose to control the radiation patterns of a two-dimensional (2D) point source by using impedance metasurfaces. We show that the radiation patterns can be manipulated by altering the surface impedance of the metasurface. Full-wave simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical derivations. The proposed design enjoys novel properties of isotropy, homogeneity, low profile, and high selectivity of frequency, making it potentially applicable in many applications. We also point out that this design can be implemented with active metasurfaces and the surface impedance can be tuned

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Wang, Hai Peng, Yun Bo Li, He Li, et al. "Intelligent metasurface with frequency recognition for adaptive manipulation of electromagnetic wave." Nanophotonics 11, no. 7 (2022): 1401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0799.

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Abstract Due to the strong ability of recognizing electromagnetic (EM) environment and adaptively control of EM waves, the intelligent metasurfaces have received great attention recently. However, the intelligent metasurface with frequency recognition for adaptive manipulation of the EM waves has not been studied. Here, we propose a frequency-recognition intelligent metasurface to precisely control the spatial EM waves under the agile frequencies with the help of a real-time radio-frequency sensor and an adaptive feedback control system. An active meta-atom is presented to reach 2 bit phase co

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Kang, Tongtong, Zongwei Ma, Jun Qin, et al. "Large-scale, power-efficient Au/VO2 active metasurfaces for ultrafast optical modulation." Nanophotonics 10, no. 2 (2020): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0354.

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AbstractActive metasurfaces, in which the optical property of a metasurface device can be controlled by external stimuli, have attracted great research interest recently. For optical switching and modulation applications, high-performance active metasurfaces need to show high transparency, high power efficiency, as well as ultrafast switching and large-scale fabrication capability. This paper reports Au/VO2-based active metasurfaces meeting the requirements above. Centimeter-scale Au/VO2 metasurfaces are fabricated by polystyrene sphere colloidal crystal self-assembly. The devices show optical

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Feng, Zheng, Dacheng Wang, Caihong Zhang, et al. "Active control of metasurface via integrated spintronic terahertz emitter." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, January 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acb4a7.

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Abstract Active metasurfaces have attracted increased attention due to their capabilities in function switching and wavefront shaping. Here we develop a new paradigm for active control of metasurfaces via integrating a tunable and programmable spintronic terahertz emitter (STE). While compatible with almost all conventional materials for metasurfaces, the STE can empower the passive metasurfaces to be active with increased flexibility. For the sake of illustration, a STE integrated metasurface quarter-wave plate is demonstrated, which enables broadband full polarization control over the entire

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Long, Shangyan, Wei Zhang, Zhanqiang Xue, et al. "Active Terahertz Nonlocal Metasurfaces With Liquid Crystal Elastomers." Laser & Photonics Reviews, February 25, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202402167.

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AbstractAchieving active tunability in metasurfaces remains a critical challenge, with conventional local metasurfaces limited by dispersive wavefront deflection and broad resonances that lack spectral selectivity. In contrast, nonlocal metasurfaces exhibit high selectivity, offering a promising platform for dynamic functionality. Here, an active nonlocal metasurface with exceptional spectral and spatial selectivity is experimentally demonstrated, leveraging the physics of bound states in the continuum and coupling phase. The metasurface achieves a deflected beam with a quality factor of 22 an

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Hajian, Hodjat, Matthieu Proffit, Ekmel Özbay, Pascal Landais, and A. Louise Bradley. "Reprogrammable metasurface design for NIR beam steering and active filtering." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, July 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ad626c.

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Abstract Reprogrammable metasurfaces enable active modulation of light at subwavelength scales. Operating in the microwave, terahertz, and mid-infrared ranges, these metasurfaces find applications in communications, sensing, and imaging. Electrically tunable metasurfaces operating in the near-infrared (NIR) range are crucial for LiDAR applications. Achieving a NIR reprogrammable metasurface requires individual gating of nano-antennas, emphasizing effective heat management to preserve device performance. To this end, here we propose an electrically tunable Au-vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface

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Naqvi, Aqeel Hussain, and Sungjoon Lim. "Hydrodynamic metasurface for programming electromagnetic beam scanning on the Azimuth and elevation planes." Microsystems & Nanoengineering 8, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41378-022-00371-5.

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AbstractThe development of multifunctional and reconfigurable metasurfaces capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves has created new opportunities for various exciting applications. Extensive efforts have been applied to exploiting active metasurfaces with properties that can be controlled by externally controlling active components. However, previous approaches have poor switch isolation, power handling limitations due to nonlinear effects, and complex biasing networks. Therefore, dynamically tunable metasurfaces have become a burgeoning field in many research areas. This paper reports a

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Belleville, Julie, Prachi Thureja, and Harry A. Atwater. "Active metasurface designs for lensless and detector-limited imaging." Nanophotonics, May 5, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0704.

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Abstract The emergence of metasurfaces has enabled lightweight, compact imaging with degrees of freedom which previously required complex optical setups to achieve, such as polarization, wave vector, and spectrum. To date, most metasurface-enabled imaging systems have thus far been ‘passive’, and therefore subject to fundamental information and thickness limits set by the coupling of light to their sensor arrays. We discuss the use of active metasurfaces in low form-factor and low pixel-count imaging systems and introduce a prototypical lensless imaging system concept which employs an active m

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Thureja, Prachi, Ruzan Sokhoyan, Claudio U. Hail, et al. "Toward a universal metasurface for optical imaging, communication, and computation." Nanophotonics, July 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0155.

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Abstract In recent years, active metasurfaces have emerged as a reconfigurable nanophotonic platform for the manipulation of light. Here, application of an external stimulus to resonant subwavelength scatterers enables dynamic control over the wavefront of reflected or transmitted light. In principle, active metasurfaces are capable of controlling key characteristic properties of an electromagnetic wave, such as its amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and momentum. A ‘universal’ active metasurface should be able to provide independent and continuous control over all characteristic proper

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Sokhoyan, Ruzan, Claudio U. Hail, Morgan Foley, Meir Y. Grajower, and Harry A. Atwater. "All‐Dielectric High‐Q Dynamically Tunable Transmissive Metasurfaces." Laser & Photonics Reviews, February 8, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202300980.

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AbstractActive metasurfaces, which are arrays of actively tunable resonant elements, can dynamically control the wavefront of the scattered light at a subwavelength scale. To date, most active metasurfaces that enable dynamic wavefront shaping operate in reflection. On the other hand, active metasurfaces operating in transmission are of considerable interest as they can readily be integrated with chip‐scale light sources, yielding ultra‐compact wavefront shaping devices. Here, designs for all‐dielectric low‐loss active metasurfaces which can dynamically manipulate the transmitted light wavefro

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Kim, Hyeonggyun, Xiu Liu, Zexiao Wang, Xinyi Fang, Gianluca Piazza, and Sheng Shen. "Hybrid Plasmonic‐GeTe Active Metasurfaces with High Tunability." Advanced Photonics Research, November 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202400132.

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A novel hybrid plasmonic‐germanium telluride (GeTe) metasurface design, which demonstrates single‐peak on/off tunability across a spectral range of 2.5–7.5 μm is developed. Unlike previous metasurface designs utilizing GeTe layers as spacers, this study integrates GeTe as part of the meta‐atoms with gold (Au), significantly reducing the amount of GeTe required while achieving substantial on/off contrast. By varying the sizes of the meta‐atoms, different resonant wavelengths are achieved. This work represents a significant advancement in chalcogenide‐based active metasurfaces, providing precise

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Liu, Jiayue, Fei Fan, Zhiyu Tan, Huijun Zhao, Jierong Cheng, and Shengjiang Chang. "Terahertz cascaded metasurfaces for both spin-symmetric and asymmetric beam diffractions with active power distribution." APL Photonics 8, no. 9 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0168561.

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Ultra-compact and tunable devices for terahertz (THz) beam manipulation are highly desired in wireless communication and radar scanning. Although the appearance of the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) metasurface has provided strategies for THz beam scanning, active output power distribution is still difficult to achieve, and the flexibility of beam manipulation is limited by a single metasurface. In this work, we demonstrated an all-dielectric cascaded metasurface consisting of a spin-decoupled metasurface and a PB metasurface. The conjugated characteristic of the PB phase for two photonic spin states

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Lu, Wenzheng, Leonardo de S. Menezes, Andreas Tittl, Haoran Ren, and Stefan A. Maier. "Active Huygens’ metasurface based on in-situ grown conductive polymer." Nanophotonics, December 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0562.

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Abstract Active metasurfaces provide unique advantages for on-demand light manipulation at a subwavelength scale for emerging visual applications of displays, holographic projectors, optical sensors, light detection and ranging (LiDAR). These applications put stringent requirements on switching speed, cycling duration, electro-optical controllability, modulation contrast, optical efficiency and operation voltages. However, previous demonstrations focus only on particular subsets of these key performance requirements for device implementation, while the other performance metrics have remained t

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Wei, Zeyong, Hongkun Li, Weijie Xu, and Yang Cao. "Dynamic Control of Ultrathin Electromagnetic Absorber Using Active High Impedance Metasurfaces." Frontiers in Physics 8 (January 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2020.632902.

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In recent years, active metasurfaces have induced more interests, which provides great freedom of wave manipulation and gives rise to many novel phenomena. High impedance metasurfaces are a kind of artificial structures characterized by the in-phase reflection at the resonant frequency. It works as a magnetic mirror and can be applied in subwavelength cavity, low profile reflector antenna, etc. When introduce in tunable components, it possesses versatile functionalities and broader application. In this paper, we proposed an active high impedance metasurface which exhibits highly efficient abso

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Hu, Renjie, Qixuan Min, Xin Liu, Anli Dai, Jinying Guo, and Guohai Situ. "Terahertz programmable metasurface for phase modulation based on free carrier plasma dispersion effect." Applied Physics Letters 124, no. 25 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0210458.

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Active metasurfaces utilize semiconductor carrier modulation, offering an approach for spatial light modulation with advantages in speed, efficiency, and power consumption. Here, we present a method for designing programmable metasurfaces that leverage the plasma dispersion effect of semiconductors to tune terahertz wave phase. By integrating the PN junction into the metasurface unit and adjusting the relative permittivity of the PN junction through voltage control, the reflected wave phase can be effectively manipulated. The designed metasurface enables continuous phase modulation of up to 27

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Sokhoyan, Ruzan, Prachi Thureja, Jared Sisler, et al. "Electrically tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces for high power applications." Nanophotonics, January 18, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2022-0594.

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Abstract Active metasurfaces designed to operate at optical frequencies are flat optical elements that can dynamic, subwavelength-scale wavefront control of reflected or transmitted light. The practical and fundamental power-handling limits of active metasurfaces at high pulse energies and high average powers determine the potential applications for these emerging photonic components. Here, we investigate thermal performance limits of reflective gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces illuminated with high power density laser beams, for both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser illuminatio

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Lu, Jinliang, Xun-jun He, Jiuxing Jiang, Yongtao Yao, and Ying Zhang. "Polarization-multiplexing graphene-based coding metasurface for flexible terahertz wavefront control." Physica Scripta, June 7, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad558f.

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Abstract In terahertz wireless communication systems, flexible wavefront control devices based on various structure metasurfaces have attracted enormous attention for next-generation communication. In general, tunable terahertz metasurfaces integrated with active materials or MEMS technologies are used for dynamic wavefront control. However, most existing metasurfaces suffer from various limitations, including intrinsic properties of active materials, low reliability of MEMS technologies, and single polarization mode of incident waves, which hinders their development and application. To addres

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