Dissertations / Theses: 'Active oxygen – Physiological effect'

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Gutowski, Mariusz. "Molecular detection and characterisation of biologically relevant free radicals during surgical ischaemia-reperfusion." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2011. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/molecular-detection-and-charcaterisation-of-biologically-relevant-free-radicals-during-surgical-ischaemiareperfusion(016f6447-5d02-45f7-a543-8b880148dc23).html.

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Oxygen is one of the most important molecules in human beings. Our research is focused on how the human body can respond and adapt to the physiological challenge posed by a lack of oxygen. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is one of the most important and considered the most effective water-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human plasma, with the capacity to prevents damage by free radicals. This thesis presents four studies investigating the phenomenon of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in the many different surgical conditions in the animal and in the human. Study one investigated the geometry and thermodynamic properties of vitamin C. Calculations were carried out at the restricted and unrestricted B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and B3LYP/EPR-II levels for two conformers (1 and 2) of L-ascorbic acid and their respective oxidation products to monodehydroascorbates of ab-initio methods by Gaussian O3W package. Conformer 1, free radical properties are compared with previously published calculations in the gaseous and aqueous solution states and with experimental EPR values. Calculated molecular structures, EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy), the vibration spectral and energetic properties and all are reported including some proposed changes to previous EPR assignments. Conformer 2 of L-ascorbic acid is predicted to have lower energy than Conformer 1, under the method and basis sets used, by between 11 and 26 kJ mol-1 and is stabilised by internal hydrogen bonding. Relaxed potential energy surface (PES) scans were carried out for two proton transfer processes and relative energies of stable minima and barriers between them determined. Hydrogen transfer is predicted in two systems with favourable spatial arrangements of O–H and O groups for which relaxed potential energy surface scans are reported. Calculated vibrational wavenumber values are provided for selected C=C, C=O, C–H and O–H modes assigned to particular groups and significant calculated EPR hyperfine coupling constants (HCC) values for splitting by H(1) and C(13) for radical species are also reported. These calculations contribute to a better understanding of the complex role of L-ascorbic acid and its various oxidised, neutral, ionic and radical forms in biochemistry and medicine. Study two examined if vitamin C could ameliorate the damaging effects of I-R on myocardium and we postulated that the mechanism of vitamin C protection against iii I-R-induced cell death involved quenching of ROS. In the vitamin C group after 5 min of reperfusion a significant, sudden increase of diastolic pressure in the heart was noted and reached a maximum of 77 mmHg after 12 min of reperfusion and then gradually decreased to 51 mmHg after 60 min of reperfusion period but was quicker than in Control group reaching 37 mmHg by the end of the reperfusion period. The level of A·− (ascorbate free radicals) sudden and massive increased at the time of reperfusion in the Vitamin C group. This increase was associated with poor mechanical function in hearts as indicated by the significantly depressed recovery process. After 30 min of global, now-flow ischaemia and 60min of reperfusion infarct size averaged 33% ± 1 in Control group and 30 % ± 1 in Vitamin C group, respectively, (P<0.05). There is strong evidence that oxygen centered radicals contribute to postischaemic dysfunction after global ischaemia. Our data unquestionably suggest that the large production of A·− was associated with a greater depression in myocardial contractile function, therefore could represent a marker of oxidative stress during I-R and could be related to the functional impairment during reperfusion. In summary, we have used the animal models of isolated heart perfusion to provide evidence that vitamin C did not reduce the infarct size, however “tendency” towards a decrease (↓) in infarct size with ascorbate and it protects from oxidative damage during global I-R as manifested by decreased concentrations of A·− and enhance recovery of mechanical function such as diastolic pressure and LVDP in postischaemic working rat hearts. Study three was designed to test the hypothesis that the physiological trauma associated with venous cannulation may artefactually stimulate systemic free radical formation in the acute phase that if not accounted for may under-estimate the oxidative stress response to exercise. The relationship between the time of venepuncture and the level of free radical generation during normoxic conditions was further investigated. The venous cannulation in Phase I, increased plasma A·− by 347 ± 173 AU/√G, P <0.05 after 2min of venepuncture with further increases observed after 5min and 10min of venous cannulation, respectively (403 ± 178 AU/√G; 462 ± 93 AU/√G, P < 0.05) vs baseline point time. After this time the level of A·− slightly blunted as to achieve a similar level to baseline point control after 30 minutes. In phase II the exerciseinduced increase in A·− was subsequently shown to be 48% greater (30min as opposed to the 2min post-cannulation resting baseline)(1754 ± 361 vs. 1979 ± 375 AU, P <0.05). Our findings demonstrate and confirm that venous cannulation per se stimulates iv the systemic formation of free radicals as an acute phase response which peaks at 10min and require approximately 15min to normalise. This has important interpretive implications for future studies that employ catheterisation. The final Study examined if the combination of exercise and inspiratory hypoxia would further compound regional tissue de-oxygenation that is frequently encountered during the ischaemic phase of surgery and thus, by consequence increase oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to further understand a potential relationship between oxidative stress and alterations in muscle oxygenation. Clear significant increases in the plasma concentration of A·− were detected in the peripheral blood of patients (normoxia(baseline) vs 6 data points of reperfusion after 5min of global ischaemic condition, P<0.05),(baseline vs immediate after ischaemia; 2337±525 vs 2633±508, AU, respectively). During global ischaemia the regional muscle oxygenation significantly decreased (↓∆O2Hb-oxyhaemoglobin), ↑∆HHb- deoxyhaemoglobin ), although increased regional blood volume (↑∆tHb- total haemoglobin). From the end of global ischaemia to 10 min after the regional muscle oxygenation progressively back to the start data point (↓∆HHb, ↑∆O2Hb). This study demonstrates for the first time that the I-R has got a big influence on the muscle oxygenation to increased ROS and the return of values towards baseline period in reperfusion stage appears to coincide with increased oxidative stress. Moreover, the present study has also demonstrated increased A·− level as early as the ischaemic phase of experiment independent of perioperative changes in the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), elucidate a potentially important role for oxidative stress in provoking an appropriate vasodilation (NO-bioavailability) during the I-R period. This work demonstrates that; - Ascorbate is an antioxidant that can scavenge tissue and blood borne free radical, is essential in controlled amounts and is capable of initiating protective adaptation in the face of oxidative stress for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. - Reperfusion is always associated with a sudden and massive release of ascorbate free radicals, with a maximal liberation within the first minutes of reperfusion. Vitamin C tended to reduce infarct size and protects from oxidative damage during global ischaemia and reperfusion. - The venous cannulation alone is enough per se stimulates the systemic formation of free radicals as a acute phase response. If this baseline artefact is not taken into account, the true magnitude of the exercise-induced oxidative stress response will be under-estimated. The I-R has got a major influence on the muscle oxygenation to increased ROS and the return of values towards baseline period in reperfusion stage appears to coincide with increased oxidative stress. Using the state-of-the-art molecular techniques that include Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy (EPR) for the direct detection of free radicals and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for the direct detection of muscle oxygenation these studies have attempted to translate the basic mechanisms associated with free radical formation during I-R and have provided unique insight into the basic mechanisms responsible for the oxidative stress with the ultimate objective of developing novel antioxidant interventions that can provide effective prophylaxis.

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Wu, Wan Man. "Reactive oxygen species and murine malaria." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1992. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26446.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ROS in the protective and pathological immune response during malarial infection. For this purpose, four isolates of Plasmodium parasites (P. berghei ANKA, P. vinckei, P. berghei K152 and P. chabaudi) and two different inbred strains of mice (CBA and DBA) were used. The patterns of mortality varied between the different mouseparasite strain combinatio ns. The mortality of CBA mice infected with P. vinckei and P. berghei K152, and DBA mice infected with P. berghei ANKA, related to the levels of parasitaemia. However early mortality of CBA mice infected with P. berghei ANKA did not relate to the parasitaem ia level but to the onset of neurologica l symptoms. Over 90% of P. chabaudi—infected CBA mice recovered from the infection. The morphologi cal examinatio n of brain tissues obtained from P. berghei ANKA-infec ted CBA mice on day 7 post-inocul ation showed haemorrag e, oedema and the infiltration of mononucle ar cells. Measurement of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier by injection of Evans blue showed the dye leaking into the brain parenchyma, suggesting a dysfunction of the barrier in this mouse model. The hypothesis that ROS play a role in the anti—malaria response was supported by previous studies demonstrati ng that malaria parasites are killed by ROS in vivo and in vitro (reviewed in Hunt & Stocker. 1990). To further test the hypothesis. the oxidative burst ability of splenic macrophage s and peripheral monocytes taken from different mouse-para site strain combinations was examined. There was a significant increase of superoxide production by splenic macrophag es at the early stage of all the infections and the spleen weight gradually increased during all the infections. Furthermore, the oxidative burst ability of monocytes was significantly increased in the late stage of all the infections, which was accompanied by increased peripheral WBC numbers, especially in the numbers of monocytes and PMNs in all the infections except the P. berghei ANKA infection in CBA mice. Of the four strains of parasites infecting CBA mice, the self-resol ving P. Chabaudi infection induced the greatest PMA-stimulable response superoxide anion production on certain days after parasite in inoculation in both splenic macrophages and monocytes . Conversely, the P. vinckei infection induced the lowest response, which may partly explain why the parasites generated faster in these mice than in the other three strains. Malaria parasites are able to induce immunosup pression at the early stage of infection as shown by the decline in the total number of WBC and the decrease of superoxide production by monocytes. This immunosuppresion may help explain why the parasites can survive even when their numbers are. small. TNF and IFN—y are known as major mediatory factors involved in the development of cerebral malaria. This was supported by the cytokine gene expression studies which showed that both TNF and IFN-y mRNAs were expressed in the brains of mice with cerebral malaria. These cytokines may stimulate mononuclear phagocytes to produce other soluble factors to cause cerebral damage. ROS release d from mononuclear phagocytes are thought to be crucial factors involved in the development of cerebral malaria (Hunt et al., 1991). However , the oxidative burst ability of splenic macrophages and monocytes in the P. berghei—ANKA infected CBA mice, which suffered cerebral malaria and died early in the infection, was lower than that in the same infection in DBA mice which recovered from the cerebral lesion but died at a later stage of infection with a high level of parasitaemia. Further more, lipid peroxidation studies showed that there was no significant difference in brain MDA formation between control mice and the mice with cerebral malaria . These results fail to provide evidence for a role of ROS in the development of cerebral malaria . Further studies to investigate lipid peroxidation and redox. status of the brain in cerebral malaria using HPLC are required.

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Harris, Jessica. "BODIPY dyes for singlet oxygen and optical limiting applications." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/58002.

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A series of structurally related BODIPY dyes were synthesised and characterised. Their photophysical properties were studied in order to determine whether they would be suitable candidates for use as photosensitisers in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of cancer. The synthesis of two highly fluorescent BODIPY cores was achieved via the acid-catalysed condensation of a pyrrole and a functionalised aldehyde. In order to promote intersystem crossing, and hence improve the singlet oxygen generation of these dyes, bromine atoms were added at the 2,6-positions of the BODIPY core. These dibrominated analogues showed good singlet oxygen quantum yields, and excellent photostability in ethanol. In order to red-shift the main spectral bands of the BODIPY dyes towards the therapeutic window, vinyl/ styryl groups were introduced at the 3-, 5-, and 7-positions via a modified Knoevengal condensation reaction. The addition of vinyl/ styryl groups to the BODIPY core caused an increase in fluorescence quantum yield as well as a decrease in singlet oxygen quantum yield with respect to the dibrominated analogues. However, two of the red-shifted BODIPY dyes still showed moderate singlet oxygen quantum yields. The use of BODIPY dyes in nonlinear optics (NLO) was explored. The nonlinear optical characterisations and optical limiting properties of a series of 3,5-dithienylenevinylene BODIPY dyes were studied, both in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution and when embedded in poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PBC) as thin films. The 3,5-dithienylenevinylene BODIPY dyes showed typical nonlinear absorption behaviour, with reverse saturable absorption (RSA) profiles, indicating that they have potential as optical limiters. The second-order hyperpolarizability (Y), and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (/m[/(3)]) values are also reported for these dyes. The optical limiting values of one of the BODIPY dyes in solution, and two of the BODIPY-embedded PBC films, were below the maximum threshold of 0.95 J-cm-2. The effect of addition of substituents on the electronic structure of the BODIPY dyes was investigated using TD-DFT calculations. The calculated trends closely followed those determined experimentally.

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Seotsanyana-Mokhosi, Itumeleng. "Photosensitizing properties of non-transition metal porphyrazines towards the generation of singlet oxygen." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006086.

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Metallophthalocyanine complexes containing non-transition metals are very useful as sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, a cure for cancer that is based on visible light activation of tumour localized photo sensitizers. Excited sensitizers generate singlet oxygen as the main hyperactive species that destroy the tumour. Water soluble sensitizers are sought after for the convenience of delivery into the body. Thus, phthalocyanine (pc), tetrapyridinoporphyrazines (tppa) and tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazines (tmtppa) with non-transition central metal atoms of Ge, Si, Sn and Zn were studied. First was the synthesis of these complexes, followed by their characterisation. The characterisation involved the use of ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical properties and elemental analysis. Photochemical properties of the complexes were then investigated. Photolysis of these macrocycles showed two processes; -reduction of the dye and photobleaching, which leads to the disintegration of the conjugated chromophore structure of the dye. Photobleaching is the reductive quenching of the excited state of the sensitizers. The intensity of the quenching decreased progressively from tmtppa, tppa to pc metal complexes with photobleaching quantum yields, 6.6 x 10.5⁻¹, 1.8 x 10.5⁻¹ and 5.4 x 10⁻⁶ for Zntmtppa, Zntppa and Znpc, respectively. Efficiency of singlet oxygen sensitization is solvent dependent with very different values obtained for the same compound in different solvents, for example, 0.25 and 0.38 were observed as singlet oxygen quantum yields for Gepc complex in DMSO and DMF respectively. In DMSO the efficiency of ¹O₂ generation decrease considerably from pc to tppa and finally tmtppa. In water Getmtppa exhibits much higher singlet oxygen quantum yield, hence promising to be effective as a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy.

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Bucknall, Martin Paul Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Dityrosine as a biomarker of free radical induced oxidative damage in diseases of ageing." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Medical Sciences, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30207.

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o,o???-Dityrosine (dityrosine), an oxidation product of tyrosine produced by reaction between tyrosyl radicals, is becoming established as a biomarker of free radical oxidative protein damage in vivo. Attempts to measure dityrosine concentrations in various physiological and pathological systems have produced varied and often contradictory results. Dityrosine concentrations in urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue varying over three orders of magnitude have been reported, together with inconsistent claims of significant dityrosine elevation in several ageing-related pathologies. Some of these findings have contributed to the implication of free radical activity in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders, vascular and ocular abnormalities and in phagocyte response to infection. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dityrosine levels are elevated in ageing and ageing-related disease. The study also aims to determine the utility of dityrosine measurement as an index of oxidative damage, and elucidate possible explanations for the inconsistent levels reported. An assay for the quantification of dityrosine was developed using capillary HPLC with electrospray tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The assay was highly specific for dityrosine and has the highest absolute sensitivity for dityrosine of any method reported to date, with a detection limit of 3 femtomoles of dityrosine on-column. Urine samples from volunteers of different age and from hospital patients with various pathologies were analysed. Plasma protein hydrolysates from control, Alzheimer???s and stroke subjects were analysed, together with hydrolysates of post mortem brain tissue from Alzheimer???s and control subjects. Urinary dityrosine level is elevated in states of acute infection and inflammation, but does not correlate with age or chronic disease. Protein dityrosine in four sections of Alzheimer???s brain was not significantly different from control sections. Dityrosine was present in human plasma and tissue proteins at approximately 5-35 residues per million tyrosine residues, and in normal urine at 5-25 micromol/mol creatinine or 20-200 nM. Most of the discrepancies in the literature relate to inadequate specificity of the analytical method. Interpretation of published data with critical appraisal of measurement technology specificity is essential in developing an accurate understanding of the role of free radicals in ageing and disease.

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Feng, Jinliu 1974. "Mitochondrial respiratory transportation is the key determinant of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32991.

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'The rate of living' hypothesis of aging speculates that the metabolic rate of a species ultimately determines its life expectancy. Using the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as model system, mutation in twp-1 (t&barbelow;ime w&barbelow;arp) gene was found to significantly delay biological timing and remarkably increase mean and maximum life span. The rate of living in twp-1 is dramatically delayed in all the biological processes we tested, including rates of rhythmic adult behaviors, development, and reproduction. Oxygen consumption, which indicates metabolic rate of an organism, is reduced to approximately two-fold in twp-1 mutant. According to my study, twp-1 and dauer genes, daf-2 and daf-16, interact to determine biological timing and adult life span. twp-1 mutation prolongs life span in a way that is at least partially different from dauer formation mutants, whose longevity might due to their high resistance to stresses, especially oxidative stress. twp-1 gene is cloned and found to encode iron-sulfur protein (ISP) in complex III, which is the major site of mitochondrial superoxide radical production, of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This suggests that twp-1 may live long because they produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thus, result in less oxidative damage. mts-1 (mitochondrial twp-1 suppressor) mutation can fully or partially rescue most of the biological timing in twp-1 mutant, including both developmental and behavioral rates, but except life span. mts-1 encodes another subunit of complex III, cytochrome b, which normally interact with ISP during function. mts-1 might somehow restore the activity of complex III, and consequently, accelerate the rate of living. Paraquat, a herbicide that induces the formation of superoxide, was used to provide an acute oxidative stress to animals. twp-1; mts-1 was found to be highly resistant to paraquat, indicating that twp-1 animals are well capable of coping with oxidative stress. According to o

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Lee, Fung-kwan, and 李鳳群. "Effects of æ-Lipoic acid on injury, production of nitric oxide and expression of caveolin-3 in the isolated rat heart subjected toischaemia and reperfusion." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30213915.

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Smith, Samson William. "Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on Life History Traits of Caenorhabditis elegans." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/712.

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Evolutionary life history theory predicts that tradeoffs among fitness-related phenotypes will occur as a result of resource limitations and/or physiological constraints. Such tradeoffs are defined as the cost(s) incurred on one component of fitness (e.g., reproduction) by the increased expression of another fitness-related trait (e.g., longevity). Only recently have researchers begun to investigate the mechanistic bases of life history tradeoffs. A recent proposal is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a central role in shaping life history traits and tradeoffs. Research on disparate animal taxa has highlighted strong correlations between oxidative stress resistance and fitness-related life history traits, for example. Here, I use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to test several hypotheses concerning the effects of ROS on life history traits and the manifestation of life history tradeoffs. Additionally, I use heat stress and an alternate food source to explore the responses of life history traits to other forms of physiological stress. Relative fitness and other traits related to reproduction were found to be affected in mostly negative ways by increasing oxidative insult. Lifespan was surprisingly unaffected by oxidative stress, but was modified by temperature. In vivo ROS levels as measured by fluorescent microscopy reveal a tradeoff between antioxidant production and reproduction in this species.

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Callow, Lisa Jane. "Oxidative stress and antioxidant intake in HIV-related wasting." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33385.

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Weight loss is a common occurrence in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and contributes to further debilitation in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Wasting syndrome (WS) is defined as 10% or more unintentional weight loss from usual body weight. The etiology of WS includes alterations in metabolism, which contribute to loss of lean body mass. Cytokine driven oxidative stress may play a critical role in the metabolic pathways that lead to HIV wasting. Studies have shown that that patients infected with HIV may have a depleted antioxidant (AO) defense system, the integrity of which is needed to efficiently scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been theorised that low AO intake may contribute to a depressed AO defense system, which drives oxidative stress (OS). In this study we examined 16 subjects who had documented WS but no active infectious process, stratified into 10 to 15% weight loss (n = 7) and over 15% weight loss (n = 9) groups, and reported on oxidative stress measures and AO intake. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Seele, Maria. "Association between antioxidant status and MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students controlled for antioxidant intake." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19864.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The human body has developed an integrated antioxidant defence system to protect against free radical damage. Acute exercise may result in the increased generation of free radicals, including reactive oxygen species, and this may overwhelm antioxidant defence systems resulting in oxidative stress. However, it has been shown that individuals who undergo regular exercise training may have improved antioxidant capacity when compared to sedentary controls. Results from research regarding the association between antioxidant capacity and exercise training are however not conclusive and further investigation is required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the total plasma antioxidant status and selected plasma indicators of antioxidant status and the MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C®T) polymorphism in trained male athletes (rugby players) and sedentary male students while controlling for dietary intake of the major antioxidants using a validated dietary assessment method. In order to address the potential confounding effect of dietary antioxidant intake on antioxidant status in the main study, a FFQ that measures vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid and flavonoid intake was developed. The reproducibility was assessed by the repeat administration of the FFQ (n = 38), while the va lidity was assessed using a 28-day closeended dietary record and repeated plasma vitamin C values (n = 18). Several statistical tests were conducted to compare the values obtained from the FFQ with values obtained from the various reference methods. While results from Bland-Altman plots suggested that the reproducibility and validity of FFQ was not completely satisfactory, similar mean values, moderate to strong correlation coefficients, and a high percentage of individuals classified correctly according to quartiles of intake indicated satisfactory reproducibility and validity of the FFQ in assessing antioxidant intake. Furthermore, moderate to strong validity coefficients obtained from the method of triads also indicated satisfactory validity for the FFQ. The main study involved a cross-sectional study that compared plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels as well as total plasma antioxidant status in trained rugby players (n = 76) and sedentary male subjects (n = 39) with different MnSOD genotypes, while controlling for dietary antioxidant intake. Rugby players had significantly higher plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels compared to sedentary students, which indicated more satisfactory plasma antioxidant status. This was also reflected in the tendency for total plasma antioxidant status (ORAC assay) to be higher in rugby players than sedentary students. MnSOD genotype did not influence plasma vitamin C and carotenoid levels or plasma total antioxidant status, with or without control for dietary antioxidant intake. Dietary vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid an flavonoid intake (from foods + supplements) was similar for rugby players and sedentary students and was adequate for both groups. Thus the association between antioxidant status and MnSOD genotype in rugby players and sedentary students seemed not to be influenced by dietary antioxidant intake. In conclusion therefore, rugby players undergoing regular exercise training had a more satisfactory antioxidant status compared to sedentary students. Based on this conclusion, the widespread use of antioxidant supplements by athletes is questioned. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die menslike liggaam beskik oor ‘n geintegreerde antioksidantmeganisme om dit teen vryradikaalskade te beskerm. Akute oefening kan bydra tot ‘n verhoogde produksie van vry radikale, insluitend reaktiewe suurstofspesies, wat kan veroorsaak dat die antioksidantbeskermingsmeganisme oorlaai word, wat dan kan aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan van oksidatiewe stress. Dit is aangetoon dat persone wat gereeld oefening doen verbeterde antioksidantkapasiteit toon in vergelyking met persone wat geen oefening doen nie. Die resultate van navorsingstudies wat die verband tussen antioksidantkapasiteit en oefening ondersoek is egter teenstrydig en verdere navorsing op hierdie gebied is essensieël om uitsluitsel te kry oor kontensieuse vraagstukke. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om ondersoek in te stel na die verband tussen plasma antioksidant status, die MnSOD Ala-9Val (-28C T) polimorfisme en geselekteerde plasma antioksidantmerkers in geoefende manlike atlete (rugby spelers) en ‘n onaktiewe manlike kontrolegroep terwyl gekontroleer word vir die dieetinname van die vernaamste antioksidante. Om vir die potensiële invloed van dieetantioksidantinname op die antioksidantstatus van proefpersone in die hoofstudie te kontroleer, is ‘n voedsel frekwensievraelys wat vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname meet, ontwikkel. Die herhaalbaarheid (betroubaarheid) van die vraelys is getoets deur herhaalde voltooiing daarvan deur ‘n toetsgroep (n=38), terwyl die geldighied getoets is deur gebruik te maak van ‘n 28-dag geslote dieetrekord en herhaalde plasma vitamien C bepalings as verwysingswaardes (n=18). Verskeie statistiese toetse is uitgevoer om die frekwensievraelys waardes met die verskillende verwysingswaardes te vergelyk. Alhoewel die Bland -Altman grafieke nie dui op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid van die voedselfrekwensie vraelys nie, dui gelyke gemiddelde waardes, matig tot sterk en betekenisvolle korrelasiekoeffisiënte en ‘n hoë persentasie individue korrek geklassifiseer volgens kwartiele van inname, wel op bevredigende herhaalbaarheid en geldigheid. Matige tot sterk geldigheidskoeffisiënte is ook verkry met die toepassing van “The method of Triads”, wat verdere steun bied vir bevredigende geldigheid. In die hoofstudie is plasma vitamien C, karotenoïedvlakke en totale plasma antioksidantstatus in manlike rugby spelers (n=76) vergelyk met dié van onaktiewe manlike kontroles (n=39). Vergelykings tussen MnSOD genotipes binne die aktiwiteitsgroepe is ook getref. Al genoemde analises is gekontroleer vir dieet antioksidantinname. Resultate dui daarop dat die plasma vitamien C en karotenoïedvlakke van rugby spelers betekenisvol hoër was as dié van die kontrolegroep, wat dui op ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidantstatus. Hierdie resultaat is ook weerspieël in die feit dat totale plasma antioksidantstatus (ORAC) in die rugby spelers oog geneig was om hoër te wees as dié van die kontrole groep. Dit het ook geblyk dat MnSOD genotipe nie ‘n effek gehad het op plasma vitamien C-, karotenoïed- of totale antioksidantstatus nie, met of sonder kontrole vir dieet antioksidantinname. Die dieet vitamien C-, vitamien E-, karotenoïed- en flavinoïedinname (vanaf voedsel en supplemente) was dieselfde vir rugby spelers en kontrole en was toereikend vir beide groepe. Dit blyk dus dat dat die verband tussen antioksidantstatus en MnSOD genotipe in die twee groepe nie beinvloed is deur antioksidantinname nie. Ten slotte kan die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat manlike rugby spelers ‘n meer bevredigende antioksidant status het as onaktiwe manlike kontroles. Op grond van hierdie gevolgtrekking word die algemene gebruik van antioksidant supplemente deur atlete bevraagteken.

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Martin, David E. "The effect of heat stress on excess post exercise oxygen consumption." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834623.

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While a great deal of research has been directed towards the phenomena of excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the effect of thermal stress on EPOC is not well defined. To assess the effect of heat stress on EPOC, seven healthy, active subjects (4 female, 3 male; 23.9 ± 2.0 years of age) performed 4 trials: one control (quiet rest) and one exercise (45 minutes of cycling at 65% VO2max workload) trial in moderate (23° C, 50% humidity) and hot (35° C, 50% humidity) environments. Oxygen consumption (V02), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) were assessed pre, during and post control or exercise. Subjects were monitored until post exercise VO2 had returned to within ±2% of baseline. EPOC was determined by subtracting baseline VO2 from total V02 during the post exercise period. During the first 15 minutes (acute) post exercise, a significant EPOC (p = 0.0019) was seen in both exercise conditions over both control conditions. During the slow phase (> 15 minutes post exercise to baseline), there was no significant difference between the hot control (HC), moderate exercise (ME), or hot exercise (HE) EPOC. Total time post exercise until baseline was achieved was 35, 44, and 51 minutes for HC, ME, and HE respectively. HR was significantly elevated in both exercise conditions. During the acute post exercise period, HR in HE was elevated above MC, ME and HC (p < 0.05). RT was elevated in both exercise conditions during and post exercise. The present data indicate that heat stress does not have a significant effect on the magnitude or duration of EPOC. School of Physical Education

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12

Chen, Yuan-Han. "The active site chemistry of factor inhibiting HIF-1, coordination, bonding, and reaction." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3372258/.

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13

Xu, Fan 1960. "Effect of prolonged exercise on running economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68149.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exercise on running economy. Fourteen male long distance runners performed two 90 minute runs on an outdoor 400m track at velocities equal to 65 and 80% of VO$ sb2$max. Prior to and following each 90 minute run, running economy (RE) was measured as the steady-state VO$ sb2$ during treadmill runs at speeds of 188 and 228 m/min. During the 90-min run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.3 kg. The HR was 143 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 150 bpm between minutes 85-90. During the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.4 kg. The HR was 161 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 165 bpm between minutes 85-90. When the post RE test was conducted following each 90-min run, there was a significant increase in VO$ sb2$ expressed in both l/min and ml/kg$ cdot$min (a decrease in running economy). The increase in oxygen cost of running following the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max was greater than that following the run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max.

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14

Liu, Chia-chi. "Oxidation of ascorbate by protein radicals in simple systems and in cells." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/16746.

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Thesis (PhD) -- Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, 2007. Bibliography: leaves 295-322. Generation of peroxide groups in proteins exposed to a wide variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) requires an initial formation of protein carbon-centred or peroxyl free radicals, which can be reduced to hydroperoxides. Both protein radicals and protein hydroperoxides are capable of oxidizing important biomolecules and thus initiate biological damage. In this study, we investigated the inhibition of protein hydroperoxide formation by ascorbate and GSH in gamma-irradiated HL-60 cells.--We used HL-60 cells as a model for general protection of living organisms by ascorbate (Asc) and glutathione (GSH) from the deleterious effects of protein hydroperoxides generated by radicals produced by gamma radiation. Measurement by HPLC indicated that incubation of HL-60 cells with Asc in the presence of ascorbate oxidase resulted in the accumulation of intracellular Asc. The intracellular Asc levels were lowered by irradiation, demonstrating intracellular consumption of Asc by the radiation-generated radicals. Exposure of HL-60 cells to increasing gamma irradiation doses resulted in increasing accumulation of protein peroxides in the cells. This was measured by the FOX assay. A significant decrease in intracellular protein hydroperoxides was noted when the cells were treated with ascorbic acid before irradiation. A dose-dependent protective effect of Asc was observed. Asc loading also provided strong protection from radiation-generated protein hydroperoxides independently of the composition of the external medium, showing that only the radicals formed within the cells were effective in oxidizing the cell proteins. Similarly, protein peroxidation was inhibited in cells with enhanced levels of GSH and increased when the intracellular GSH concentration was reduced. These findings indicate that ascorbate and GSH are important antioxidants in protecting cells from oxidative stress associated with the generation of protein hydroperoxide. Mode of access: World Wide Web. xxix, 322 leaves ill

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15

Jucht, Kathy Rae. "The influence of age on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722441.

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Oxygen consumption remains elevated above resting values for a variable period of time after exercise. Exercise intensity and duration, food intake, laboratory conditions, metabolic measurements, gender and age are all major factors affecting the duration and magnitude of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). In the present study, the influence of age on EPOC was studied in men of various fitness levels. Various metabolic measurements were collected for three distinct age groups, 18-25, 35-45, and 55-67 at rest and during exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption until 200 ± 10 kilocalories were expended. Immediately after the exercise bout, subjects walked on the treadmill for one minute and then were seated until oxygen consumption returned to within .01 liters of the recorded resting values.Percent body fat, V02 max and exercise V02 were significantly different between age groups. The duration (23-25 minutes) and magnitude (7-11 kilocalories) of EPOC did not differ significantly between groups. However, heart rate and minute ventilation were significantly elevated above resting measurements when V02 reached resting values. In conclusion, the physiological differences associated with the aging process were not found to significantly affect the duration and magnitude of EPOC. School of Physical Education

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16

Gibson, Robert H. "The effect of elevated core temperature upon excess post exercise oxygen consumption." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941356.

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A great deal of research has been done to assess the effects of exercise intensity and duration on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). But the effects of an elevated core temperature (Tc) post-exercise have not been directly examined. To assess the effects of an elevated Tc on EPOC, eight healthy, active male subjects (27.5 ± 6.1 years) underwent two 45 minute exercise trials at =70% VO2max in an environmental chamber (36 °C / 10% RH) followed by a 45 minute recovery in either the environmental chamber (42 °C / 10% RH) wearing insulating clothing (HC), or in the ambient conditions of the testing lab (22 °C / 42% RH) without any additional clothing (AM). Oxygen consumption (V02), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (Tc) were recorded pre-, exercise, and post- during both trials. Subjects were monitored postexercise for 45 minutes. EPOC was determined by subtracting pre-trial V02 from the recovery V02 until the difference between the values equaled zero or until 45 minutes had elapsed. Within 25 minutes post-exercise, V02 during the AM recovery had returned to near resting levels (p = 0.146), while V02 during the HC recovery remained significantly elevated for at least 45 minutes (p = 0.027). Given that V02 remained significantly elevated through 45 minutes of recovery, and that all other measured variables (HR, VE, and respiratory exchange ratio) were significantly affected during the HC recovery, it is clear that an elevated Tc has an effect on EPOC. School of Physical Education

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17

Reed, Daniel Kelvin. "THE EFFECT OF HYPEROXIC GAS MIXTURES ON RECOVERY FROM SHORT-TERM MAXIMAL EXERCISE (VENTILATION, HEART RATE, PH)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276382.

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18

Zucconi, Anthony. "Regulation of the steady-state levels of B800-850 complexes in Rhodobacter capsulatus by light and oxygen." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28362.

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Photosynthetic organisms exhibit a variety of responses to changes in light intensity, including differential biosynthesis of chlorophyll-protein complexes. Cultures of Rhodobacter capsulatus grown anaerobically with a low intensity of light (2 W/m²) contained about four times as much B800-850 light harvesting complex as cells grown under high light intensity (140 W/m²). The mRNA transcripts encoding B800-850 beta and alpha peptides were analyzed by Northern blot, S1 nuclease protection and capping with guanylyl transferase. It was found that the steady-state levels of B800-850 mRNAs in high light-grown cultures was about four times as great as in cells grown under low light intensity. Therefore the lesser amounts of mature B800-850 peptide gene products found in cells grown with high light intensity were the result of a posttranscriptional regulatory process. It was also found that there were two polycistronic messages encoding the B800-850 peptides. These messages shared a common 3' terminus but differed in their 5' end segments as a result of transcription initiation at two discrete sites. Moreover the half life of B800-850 mRNAs was about 10 minutes in cells grown with high light and approximately 19 minutes in low light-grown cultures. Transcriptional and translational fusions were constructed between the B800-850 transcription initiation region (from this point on referred to as the puc transcription initiation region; see Fig. 1) and the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. From these studies it was concluded that the rates of transcription initiation of the puc (B800-850) genes was higher in cells grown with high light illumination than in low light-grown cultures, and that the relative amount of B800-850 complexes under these conditions was controlled by a translational or a posttranslational mechanism. The translational and transcriptional fusions were also used for examination of oxygen regulated expression of the puc genes. Science, Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Graduate

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19

Hodges, Alastair N. H. "Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on venous PO2, transcutaneous PO2, and VO2max in a normobaric environment." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30175.

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Purpose. The purpose was to examine venous PO2, transcutaneous tissue PO2 (PtcO 2), and VO2max in a normobaric environment following a single HBO2 treatment. Methods. Ten moderately trained (VO2max = 57.6 mL·kg-1·min -1) males volunteered for the study. Baseline testing included measures of VO2max, PtcO2, and anthropometry. Subjects received two HBO2 treatments, which consisted of breathing 95% oxygen at 2.5 ATA for 90 min. Following the first HBO2 treatment (6.0 +/- 1.0 min), subjects performed a VO2max test. Following the second HBO2 treatment, leg and chest PtcO2 and venous PO2 were monitored for 60 min. Results . VO2max, running time, and peak La were not altered (p < 0.05) post-HBO2 treatment. Leg PtcO2 was lower (p < 0.05) and chest PtcO2 was unchanged following the HBO2 treatment compared to baseline values. Venous PO2 was lower in the first 3 min post-HBO2 treatment than subsequent values, but no other differences were found (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The results of this study show that a single HBO 2 treatment at 2.5 ATA for 90 min does not elevate venous PO2, PtcO2, or VO2max in a normobaric, normoxic environment.

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20

Martin, Pierre Gaétan. "Effect of oxygen supply during growth on the production of enzymes, cytochromes and acid end-products by Haemophilus parasuis." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74613.

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Haemophilus parasuis was grown in cystine-supplemented tryptone-yeast extract medium (TYE) sparged with CO$ sb2$-containing gas mixtures. The organism was found to metabolize glucose via acetate- and succinate-producing pathways and a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle was absent. As compared with the oxygen-sufficient organism, oxygen-restricted H. parasuis synthesized higher amounts of high and low potential cytochromes c, exhibited higher activities of the enzymes of the succinate-producing pathway and excreted less acetate and more formate and succinate. The low potential cytochromes c were reduced by NADH and oxidized by fumarate and were situated on both sides of the HOQNO inhibition site of the low potential portion of the electron transport chain, but did not seem strictly required for the NADH:fumarate oxidoreductase activity. It is suggested that the low potential cytochromes c might act as an electron buffer permitting the regeneration of NAD under conditions of scarcity of the final electron acceptor.

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21

Mesa, Kathryn A. "The influence of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen on juvenile salmon distributions in a nearshore estuarine environment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24863.

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This study examines the effects of a low oxygen environment, in concert with fluctuating temperature and salinity conditions, on the nearshore depth distributions (0-1 m) and flood tide movements of juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon. Comparisons are made between an unpolluted and a sewage polluted estuarine intertidal flat in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, the polluted area being characterized by the regular occurrence of low dissolved oxygen levels. Results are based on 380 beach seine samples taken between April and June of 1984. In general, chum and chinook salmon of increasing length were captured in increasing depths, though this pattern was modified by seasonal changes in water temperature. Low dissolved oxygen conditions in deeper waters may have been responsible for the presence of larger, and often sluggishly swimming fish in higher oxygenated surface water layers or in shallow waters near the shore. In both areas, the risk of aerial predation was high. On a flood tide, the likelihood of capturing a chinook salmon was reduced as temperatures increased and oxygen levels decreased. A combination of avoidance behaviour and a regularity in the movement patterns of chinook onto the study area in the later stages of the flood tide may account for their rare occurrence in low oxygen concentrations (<6 mg/1) and high temperatures (>20 °C). Fish mortalities were most likely to occur on the ebb tide when fish were forced into waters of low oxygen content by the drainage patterns characteristic of the polluted study area. Though wide ranges in salinity were recorded on both tidal flats, this factor was not strongly correlated to Chinook distributions. However, significantly higher salinity levels in the unpolluted area may account for the greater numbers of chum salmon captured there. An understanding of the influence of estuarine water quality conditions on the distribution of juvenile salmonids may assist in the identification of significant sources of mortality in their early marine life. This knowledge is particularly important in the evaluation of water quality changes as caused by human activity. Science, Faculty of Zoology, Department of Graduate

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22

Updyke, Rhonda S. "The Effect of Mode and Intensity on Vo2 Kinetics in the Severe Intensity Domain." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2493/.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mode and intensity on VO2 kinetics in the severe intensity domain. Seventeen participants completed 3-7 tests each on a cycle ergometer and treadmill. For each test, Tfatigue, VO2max, Tmean response, VO2GAIN, TVO2max and T@VO2max were determined. Linear regression techniques were used to describe the relationship between TVO2max and Tfatigue . VO2max values were higher in running. The VO2 response profile was faster for running than cycling and faster at higher intensities. The faster VO2 response in running may be associated with larger active muscle mass or differences in muscle activation patterns. The faster response at higher intensities may suggest that VO2 response is driven by O2 demand.

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23

Kalis, Joni Kathryn. "THE EFFECT OF BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKADE ON THE DRIFT IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION WITH PROLONGED EXERCISE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292014.

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24

Williams, Christine Suzanne. "The Effect of Running Speed on VO2 Kinetics in the Severe Exercise Domain." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277817/.

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There has been an interest in the kinetics of the V02 response during exercise at various intensities. However, most studies focus on the response of submaximal intensities whereas few studies have examined V02 kinetics at severe intensities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise intensity on V02 kinetics over a range of severe intensities.

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25

Grobler, Lara. "The effect of graduated compression socks on calf muscle oxygenation of endurance athletes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71677.

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Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Compression socks (CS) are used as an ergogenic aid during and after exercise by many athletes of elite and recreational status. The exact mechanism whereby CS affect performance and postexercise recovery is not yet elucidated. Some research ascribes the beneficial effects to improved lactate removal rates with CS. One hypothesis is that CS improve venous return and thereby remove the lactate from the tissue to other tissues such as the liver, and the second hypothesis is that the CS cause retention of the lactate within the muscle and therefore improve the oxidation of the lactate within the muscle (Berry & McMurray, 1987). The current study endeavoured to test the hypothesis set by Berry and McMurray (1987) by measuring the effect of CS as well as flight socks (FS) on muscle oxygenation during exercise and recovery in endurance trained runners and triathletes. Eleven male endurance trained runners and triathletes (age = 34.8 ± 3.8 years, VO2max = 52.4 ± 7.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) participated in the study. They completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to determine their maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) and peak treadmill velocity (PTV). Then they completed two 10 km treadmill running tests at 80 % of their PTV. During these two trials participants wore either CS or FS; the order of treatment was randomly selected. A subset of the study sample (n = 5) also completed a control test wearing only their ankle length sport socks (NS). After these trials, participants completed a 60 minute passive recovery period in the seated position while muscle oxygenation was measured. Compression under the socks was measured at several anatomically determined measurement points prior to the commencement of the exercise test, along with the determination of blood haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). During the exercise trials, blood lactate concentration ([BLa]), skin temperature (ST),oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), heart rate (HR), and muscle oxygenation variables (oxy-haemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxy-haemoglobin (HHb), tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and total haemoglobin index (nTHI)) was measured . During the 60minute passive recovery period, [BLa], ST, O2Hb, HHb, TOI, and nTHI measurements were continued. The results showed that there were differences in the pressure exerted between the two pressure condition (CS and FS) at the posterior ankle, and under the elastic of the sock as well as on the anterior calf at the level of greatest calf circumference. Differences in ST between the CS and NS and the FS and NS conditions were found between the first four 2 km intervals of the exercise protocol, but not during recovery. No differences were found in [BLa] between the three different compression conditions during either the exercise (p = 0.19) or recovery period (p = 0.63), as well as no differences in the cardiorespiratory variables during exercise between the three different compression conditions (VO2, p = 0.06; VCO2, p = 0.12; HR, p = 0.36). With regard to the muscle oxygenation variables, no differences were found between the three compression conditions during exercise, however there was a trend for lower oxygen utilization (HHb) during exercise in the NS condition (p = 0.57, medium to large practical significance). There were also no differences in these variables (O2Hb, p = 0.65; HHb, p = 0.57; TOI, p = 0.39; nTHI, p = 0.22) during recovery, although oxygen utilization (HHb) showed a faster recovery rate with increasing external pressure. From the results obtained, it seems that external compression caused a decrease in the blood flow velocity within the muscle, thereby increasing oxygen diffusion rate. During exercise this did not facilitate differences in [BLa], however, after the first 10 minutes of the recovery period, large practical differences were found between the NS and both sock conditions, suggesting that the increase in oxygen diffusion improved lactate clearance. This could support the hypothesis set by Berry and McMurray (1987). AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kompressie sokkies (CS) word gereeld deur beide rekreasie- en elite atlete gebruik as ‘n ergogeniese hulpmiddlel tydens oefening en herstel. Die presiese meganisme waardeur CS prestasie en post-oefening herstel beïnvloed is nog nie volledig verklaar nie. Sommige navorsing skryf die voordelige effekte toe aan die vinniger herstel van laktaat in die sirkulasie. Daar is tans twee hipoteses vir die meganisme waardeur CS laktaat verwydering verbeter. Die eerste hipotese is dat CS die veneuse terugvoer verbeter en daardeur die laktaat van die weefsel verwyder en na ander weefsels soos die lewer vervoer vir verwydering. Die tweede hipotese is dat CS veroorsaak dat die laktaat in die spierweefsel teruggehou word wat dan tot gevolg het dat die laktaat in die spier self deur middel van oksidasie verwyder word (Berry & McMurray, 1987). Hierdie studie poog om Berry en McMurray (1987) se hipotese te toets deur die effek wat CS sowel as vlugsokkies (FS) op spieroksigenasie het gedurende oefening en herstel in geoefende uithouvermoë hardlopers en driekamp atlete vas te stel. Elf ingeoefende langafstand hardlopers en driekampatlete (mans) (ouderdom = 34.8 ± 3.8 jaar; VO2maks = 52.4 ± 7.1 mL.kg-1.min-1) het aan hierdie studie deel geneem. Die deelnemers het ‘n inkrementele toets tot die punt van uitputting voltooi om hul maksimale aërobiese kapasiteit (VO2maks) en piek trapmeul snelheid (PTV) vas te stel. Die elf deelnemers het ook twee 10 km hardlooptoetse teen 80 % van hul PTV voltooi. Gedurende hierdie twee toetse het die deelnemers óf CS óf FS gedra; die volgorde van die intervensie was lukraak aan hulle toegeken. ‘n Subgroep van die steekproef (n = 5) het ook ‘n kontrole toets voltooi waartydens hulle hul eie enkelhoogte sport sokkies (NS) gedra het. Aan die einde van die hardloop protokol het die deelnemers ‘n 60 minuut passiewe herstel periode in die sittende posisie voltooi terwyl spieroksigenasie gemeet is. Kompressie onder die sokkies is voor die aanvang van die hardloop protokol by verskeie anatomies gedefinieerde punte gemeet. Verder was die bloed hemoglobien konsentrasie ([Hb]) ook gemeet voor die hardloop protokol. Tydens die oefeningtoets is bloedlaktaat konsentrasie ([Hb]), veltemperatuur (ST), suurstof verbruik (VO2), koolstofdioksied produksie (VCO2), harttempo (HR), sowel as spieroksigenasie veranderlikes (oksi-hemoglobien (O2Hb), deoksi-hemoglobien (HHb), weefsel oksigenasie indeks (TOI), en totale hemoglobien indeks (nTHI)) gemeet. Gedurende die 60 minuut passiewe hersteltydperk is [BLa], ST, O2Hb, HHb, TOI en nTHI metings geneem. Die resultate toon dat daar ‘n verskil is in die druk wat uitgeoefen word in die onderskeie druktoestande (CS en FS) op die been by die posterior enkel en onder die rek van die sokkie, sowel as op die anterior kuit waar die kuit die grootste omtrek het. Verdere verskille tussen die CS en NS en die FS en NS toestande is in ST gevind in the eerste vier 2 km intervalle van die oefeningtoets, alhoewel geen verskille tydens die herstelperiode gevind is nie. Tydens beide die oefening (p = 0.19) en herstel (p = 0.63) protokol is geen verskille tussen die drie kompressie toestande met betrekking tot [BLa] gevind nie. En so ook is daar geen verskille tussen die onderskeie kompressie toestande in kardiorespiratoriese veranderlikes (VO2, p = 0.06; VCO2, p = 0.12; HR, p = 0.36) tydens oefening gevind nie. Met betrekking tot spieroksigenasie veranderlikes was daar geen verskil gevind tussen die drie kompressietoestande gedurende oefening nie, alhoewel daar ‘n tendens was vir die NS toestand om tydens oefening minder suurstofverbruik (HHb) (p = 0.57, medium tot groot praktiese effek) te lewer. So ook gedurende herstel is daar geen verskil in hierdie veranderlikes (O2Hb, p = 0.65; HHb, p = 0.57; TOI, p = 0.39; nTHI, p = 0.22) gevind nie, alhoewel die suurstofverbruik (HHb) vinniger na die basislyn herstel het met ‘n toename in druk. Die resultate toon dat eksterne kompressie ‘n afname in die bloedvloei tempo in die spier veroorsaak wat dan ‘n verlengde suurstof diffusie tyd veroorsaak. Hierdie verlengde suurstof diffusie tyd het geen effek op [BLa] tydens oefening gehad nie, alhoewel daar na die eerste 10 minute van die herstelperiode ‘n groot praktiese verskil tussen die NS en sokkie toestande gevind was in [BLa]. Hierdie verskil kan daarop dui dat die toename in suurstof diffusie verbeterde laktaat verwydering tot gevolg het, wat dan die hipotese van Berry en McMurray (1987) ondersteun.

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26

Soltesz, Zoltan. "Optogenetic investigation of the neural network underlying the oxygen modulation of C. elegans locomotion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708419.

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27

Brown, Jeffrey D. "Frequency of the occurrence of VO2 plateau in boys and men." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115741.

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It has been suggested that children are less likely than adults to demonstrate a plateau in oxygen uptake (V02) at maximal exercise. However, there has been no direct comparison. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare boys and men in achievement of plateau as well as the secondary criteria for maximal effort: heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BLa). Seventeen boys (10.7 ±v 0.6 yrs) and 21 men (22.5 ± 2.0 yrs) completed a practice exercise test and a graded exercise test in order to determine VO2max and achievement of the criteria. The men also completed a second graded exercise test at a faster speed to determine if speed may affect plateau achievement. Comparisons indicated that, except for the BLa criterion, men and boys have similar rates of achievement. In addition, speed does not seem to play a role in criteria achievement. However, due to a small sample size, these results should be viewed with caution. School of Physical Education

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28

Odendaal, Dolf. "VO₂ en harttempo kinetika as voorspellers van fietsryprestasie." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52051.

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29

Dickson, Tabitha Gwendoline. "Effect of ability, ascent style, and route type on psychological and physiological markers in rock climbing." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Sport and Physical Education, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9444.

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Rock climbing is thought to rely upon the interaction of various performance components, and has previously been described as a complex multi-faceted sport. It has been suggested that psychological aspects of performance, such as task perception and the interaction of resulting pre-climb anxieties, contribute greatly to the physiological responses and the overall performance during ascent. However, research which seeks to investigate both psychological and physiological responses during specific bouts of rock climbing are few in number. This thesis attempts to contribute to the novel yet limited body of field based psychophysological research relating to rock climbing. To this end, the studies contained within this thesis investigated psychological and physiological responses as a result of difficult on-sight rock climbing. Elaborating upon previous research, additonal factors which are thought to influence these responses were explored. More specifically, differences in responses between ability groups, style of ascent, and route type were investigated. In study one, differences in psychological and physiological responses with respect to ability level and ascent style were investigated, during a single on-sight ascent. Seventy-two climbers were split into ability groups defined as lower-grade, intermediate, advanced and elite based on self-reported on-sight grades (Ewbank) of ≤17, 18-20, 21-24 and ≥ 25 respectively. Each climber attempted an on-sight ascent of a designated test route set on an indoor artificial climbing wall. A separate test route was set for each ability group which targeted their self-reported ability with respect to best on-sight. Participants were randomly assigned to either a lead or top-rope ascent and climbers were not informed of their style of ascent until 15 min prior to climbing. Responses to the climbing task were measured pre, during, and post-climb using a number of psychological and physiological markers. In total fifty-two participants successfully completed their on-sight ascents, and data for successful ascents were analysed and compared. Pre-climb variables were considered together in order to investigate pre-climb state, more specifically levels of anxiety, prior to ascent. Results indicated that there were no significant differences for grouped pre-climb variables with respect to ascent style. These results suggest that irrespective of ascent style, successful climbers exhibited similar psychophysiological responses prior to attempting an on-sight ascent. Furthermore, this trend was replicated across all ability groups. These findings were thought to be indicative of the high demand and level of uncerainty imposed by the on-sight condition of ascent, lending support to previous suggestion that an on-sight ascent induces the highest anxiety response. During the climb, HR and were measured and averaged across the entirety of the ascent. When expressed as a percentage of and the average HR and responses during ascent were found to be comparable across ability groups. As such, all ability groups appeared to utilise similar fractions of maximal capacity, with elite climbers successfully ascending a route up to eight difficulty grades harder than those of lower ability, whilst still performing at the same workload intensity. It would appear that oxygen uptake during rock climbing may not be directly related to difficulty or personal ability. A technical advantage, personal climbing style, and possible physiological adaptations may be contributors to more strategic and efficient ascents resulting in the capacity to climb at higher grades of difficulty. The second study presented within this thesis was comprised of two phases of investigation; (1) to investigate whether psychological and physiological responses to competition-style climbing differed with respect to ability level, and (2) to investigate potential psychological and physiological differences based on route type and outcome (success and failure). In phase 1 of study two, intermediate, advanced and elite climbers attempted an lead on-sight ascent of a competition-style route which increased in difficulty as the climber progressed. The route was set with the intention of being just beyond the upper limits of the elite climbers self-reported best on-sight ability (~26 Ewbank). This was done in order to ensure that a fall from the route was highly likely, even for the elite climbers. All climbers failed to successfuly ascend the test route and as such all climbed to the point of failure resulting in a fall. The results obtained both prior to, and during ascent suggest that the intermediate and advanced climbers in the current study may have been limited by technical ability as opposed to physical exhaustion, or increased levels of anxiety. Elite climbers were to be able to maintain a more sustained physical effort during the more difficult phases of the climb. This appeared to be reflected in post-climb blood lactate concentration and ratings of task demand with respect to both physical demand and effort. As such it may be that elite climbers are more accustomed to maximal effort and demonstrate an increased tolerance to the higher exercise intensity required during more difficult ascents. In the second phase of study two the psychological and physiological responses of climbers in a competitive setting obtained in phase 1, were compared with those exhibited by participants during both successful and unsuccessful lead on-sight ascents in study one. The aim of study two phase 2 was to determine whether the responses of successful climbers differed from those who succeeded by reaching the top of a route, and performances in a competitive context where success is denoted by the distance achieved by a climbers on their ascent. The main findings in this instance were that although there were no significant differences observed between categories of ascent (successful, unsuccessful and competition) for grouped pre-climb variables, trends in CSAI-2R responses indicated high cognitive anxiety coupled with lower self-confidence prior to unsuccessful ascents. As such it may be that self-confidence acts as a buffer in moderating success in rock climbing, demonstrating the role of positive emotions and their impact upon performance as opposed to the detrimental effect of the negative. A second finding of this study was that there appeared to be a differing HR- relationship based on ascent category. Modest increases in were shown for all ascents, irrespective of ability level. A plateau in response was accompanied by a similar plateau in HR response during successful ascents, yet HR was shown to increase in a linear fashion until point of failure during unsuccessful ascents. It is possible that these findings highlight the presence of a climbing specific limitation.

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Gravel, Geneviève. "The oxygen cost of cycling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the effect of increasing ventilatory requirements /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82233.

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The objective of this study was to assess the oxygen cost of various intensities of steady-state cycling. VO2 (ml·min -1·kg-1) was measured at rest, during unloaded cycling (UL), 20 Watts, 50% (SS50) & 65% (SS65) of peak watts in 40 COPD patients (64 +/- 9 yrs; FEV1/FVC: 48 +/- 17 % predicted; FEV1:36 +/- 14 % predicted) and 28 age-matched healthy controls (CTRL). Despite higher VE (L·min -1) in COPD vs. CTRL (UL: 20.6 +/- 3.4 vs. 15.4 +/- 4.1; 20W: 24.3 +/- 4.5 vs. 17.8 +/- 4.2), VO2 at rest, at UL and 20W was not higher in COPD compared to CTRL. In addition, comparable slope and intercept coefficients for the VO2 vs. Watt relationship were obtained in COPD and CTRL for submaximal cycling of low to moderate intensity. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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31

Wohaieb, Saleh A. "Oxygen free radical scavenging systems in clinical and experimental (chemical and spontaneous) diabetes mellitus." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27567.

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The extent to which endogenous free radical-scavenging defense mechanisms are involved in experimental and human diabetes was investigated in various tissues of animals with chemically-induced or spontaneous diabetes (BB Wistar rats) and in erythrocytes of patients with either Type I or Type II diabetes. Diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats using alloxan (ALX) or streptozotocin (STZ), each administered in a dose of 50 mg/kg body wt., intravenously. The present study also included a group -of animals in which body wt. loss was induced by food-deprivation for 72 h. The effects of pharmacological interventions (insulin or allopurinol (ALP)), on these processes were also investigated in chemically-induced diabetes., The activities of catalase (CAT), CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and glutathione reductase (GSSG-RD) as well as levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined in heart, pancreas, liver and kidney as well as in erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were also examined for their susceptibility to in vitro oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂0₂). Criteria studied in this regard were GSH-depletion and malondi-aldehyde (MDA) production (an index of lipid peroxidation). The results obtained showed that tissue antioxidant systems are altered in experimental diabetes and that the magnitude of the alterations increased with the degree of body weight loss. Furthermore, the duration of hypoinsulinemia might contribute to the nature of alterations in antioxidant mechanisms. The complex patterns of the alterations observed varied from one tissue to another and may be the result of compensatory increases, usually involving enzymes whose activity in the particular tissue may be limiting, and direct inhibitory effects of endogenous oxidants on the enzymatic components of tissue antioxidant systems. The ability of insulin (9-12 U/kg body wt., subcutaneously) to reverse the many similar alterations of tissue antioxidant enzymes in diabetes induced by either STZ or ALX suggests that these changes are more likely attributable to hypoinsulinemia rather than to direct effects of either diabetogenic drug. The above-mentioned effects indicate that insulin can markedly influence tissue antioxidant status. However, the reason for the persistence of decreased CuZn-SOD activity in both liver and kidney of ALX-diabetic rats after 12 wk of treatment with insulin is not clear at present, and requires further investigation to determine whether this reflects the presence of a residual deficit in tissue antioxidant processes in liver and kidney despite insulin treatment, or whether it is the result of a direct effect exerted by ALX. Acute ALP administration (50 mg/kg body wt., intraperitoneally) was associated with reductions in ketonuria and early mortality among ALX-diabetic rats, and long-term ALP treatment (1.9 mg/day in drinking water) resulted in a normalization of renal CuZn-SOD activity in these animals. Comparable (although not identical) changes in tissue antioxidant status are present in insulin-dependent spontaneously diabetic BB (ISDBB) rats and in animals made diabetic by STZ or ALX administration. Our data also demonstate that the alterations in tissue GSH levels characterizing ALX-diabetes more closely paralleled changes seen in the ISDBB rat than did those in the diabetic state induced by STZ. If the alterations in antioxidant status in uncontrolled chemically-induced diabetes are attributable to a lack of insulin, the observed changes in ISDBB rats are suggestive of sub-optimal insulin therapy in these animals. The results obtained from BB rats demonstrate two types of alterations in antioxidant status: strain-related differences (increased CAT activity in pancreas and decreased GSH levels in pancreas and liver of both ISDBB and their non-diabetic littermates (NDLM)) and diabetes-related changes (mani- fested by an increase in cardiac GSH content and increases in activities of cardiac CAT and GSSG-RD, pancreatic CuZn-SOD and GSSG-RD, and renal GSH-PX). Whether or not these "strain-related" alterations in antioxidant status increase the susceptibility of these animals to developing diabetes remains unknown. Certain alterations were observed in red cells from diabetic patients and from animals with experimental diabetes suggesting that these alterations are more likely to be diabetes-related than species-dependent. Red cells in chemically-induced and clinical diabetes showed an increased resistance to peroxide-induced depletion of GSH, an effect attributed to hyperglycemia, which results in an increased supply of NADPH through the hexose monophosphate shunt for regeneration of GSH from GSSG via the GSSG-RD system. However, the susceptibility of red cells from diabetic patients and animals to lipid peroxidative damage was increased as reflected in augmented MDA production. In addition, insulin treatment did not normalize MDA production in red cells subjected to oxidative challenge and vigorous insulin treatment in both ALX- and STZ-diabetic rats resulted in a markedly decreased MDA production in response to H₂0₂. Moreover, GSSG-RD activity of red cells was increased in both uncontrolled and insulin-treated diabetic animals as well as in diabetic patients. However, some differences in erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were also observed in erythrocytes from diabetic subjects and animals. For example, diabetic patients showed an increased activity of CuZn-SOD, while erythrocytes from diabetic animals showed no alterations in the activity of this enzyme. Erythrocyte membrane NADH-dehydrogenase activity was increased only in diabetic patients with Type I diabetes, but not in Type II diabetes or in diabetic animals. Erythrocytes from ALX- and STZ-diabetic animals showed an increase in the activity of GSH-PX and those from NDLM BB rats showed a decrease in CAT activity, alterations that were not observed in human diabetes. Finally, as far as antioxidant defense mechanisms are concerned, our results suggest that diabetes is associated with some common alterations in these mechanisms regardless of the model (chemically-induced versus the spontaneous type of diabetes) or the species used (animal versus human diabetes). Some of these alterations seem to be influenced by the degree of diabetic control, while others are apparently independent of it. Future studies will focus on the extent to which alterations in red cells of human diabetics can be used to predict the development of long-term sequelae of the disease. Medicine, Faculty of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Graduate

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Marvar, Paul J. "Effect of high salt intake on arteriolar responses to metabolic stimuli." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4696.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 197 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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33

Smith, Kurt, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Men and women in hypoxia : the influence of tissue oxygenation on repeated-sprint ability." Thesis, Arts and Science, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2548.

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This thesis examined the impact of oxygen (O2) availability on prefrontal cortex and muscle tissue oxygenation during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) in men and women. Men and women matched for initial-sprint mechanical work performed during ten, 10-s sprints (30s of rest) in normoxia (21% FIO2) and acute hypoxia (13% FIO2). Mechanical work and arterial O2-saturation (SPO2) were obtained for every sprint. Oxy- and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentrations (O2Hb, HHb) were obtained via near-infrared spectroscopy. Hypoxia elicited lower SPO2 and work (14.8% & 7.4%, P < 0.05), larger (45.1%, P < 0.05) and earlier reductions in cortical oxygenation, and no differences between sexes. Cortical de-oxygenation and work decrement were strongly correlated (R2=0.85, P < 0.05). Muscle de-oxygenation was greater in men than women (67.3%, P < 0.05). These results show that O2 availability influences cortical oxygenation and performance equally in men and women, and suggest a more efficient muscle O2 uptake in women. ix, 108 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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34

Mungovan, Sean F., and n/a. "The Effect of Elevation and Venous Occlusion Pressure on Cardiovascular Function in Physically Active Men Who Are Paraplegic." Griffith University. School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040917.084824.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to: 1) Determine the relationship between cardiac output (estimated using the acetylene rebreathing methodology) and oxygen consumption in a homogeneous group of men who are paraplegic. 2) Investigate whether lower limb elevation increases stroke volume and decreases heart rate at rest and during submaximal arm exercise. 3) Investigate whether the application of constant circumferential pneumatic pressure applied to dependent lower limbs increases stroke volume and decreases heart rate at rest and during submaximal arm exercise.

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Mungovan, Sean F. "The Effect of Elevation and Venous Occlusion Pressure on Cardiovascular Function in Physically Active Men Who Are Paraplegic." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365190.

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The purpose of the present investigation was to: 1) Determine the relationship between cardiac output (estimated using the acetylene rebreathing methodology) and oxygen consumption in a homogeneous group of men who are paraplegic. 2) Investigate whether lower limb elevation increases stroke volume and decreases heart rate at rest and during submaximal arm exercise. 3) Investigate whether the application of constant circumferential pneumatic pressure applied to dependent lower limbs increases stroke volume and decreases heart rate at rest and during submaximal arm exercise. Thesis (Masters) Master of Philosophy (MPhil) School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Full Text

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McCracken, Andrew. "Metabolic Support of Anaerobiosis in Embryos of the Annual Killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/600.

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Embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus display a remarkable tolerance to anoxia during development, most notably during embryonic diapause. Little is known about the metabolic or enzymatic changes that accompany this state of anoxia tolerance. This study examined the metabolic changes associated with exposure to anoxia by measuring the activity of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and by profiling the concentration of 31 metabolites ranging from amino acids to citric cycle intermediates at 4 different developmental stages, diapause 2 (DII), 4 days post diapause (dpd), 12 and 22 dpd. Embryos of A. limnaeus showed stage specific changes in concentrations of several metabolites. The most notable changes in metabolite concentration in response to anoxia were the increases of lactate, alanine, GABA and succinate as well as a pronounced decrease in aspartate concentrations. However, a complete understanding of the mechanisms by which anoxia tolerance is achieved remains elusive. Further studies into the tissue specific responses of anoxia would enable greater resolution when attempting to explain changes in concentrations of metabolites both during development and in response to anoxic insult.

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37

Kulakkattolickal, Augusthy Thevasia. "The effects of surface access and dissolved oxygen levels on survival time of a water-breathing and an air-breathing fish species exposed to a plant toxin (Croton tiglium, Euphorbiaceae, seed extract) /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66223.

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38

Hagras, Muhammad A. "Overexpression of active AKT3 induces differential binding of coregulator proteins to the estrogen receptor as a possible mechanism of Tamoxifen resistance." Scholarly Commons, 2008. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/688.

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Tamoxifen is an effective anti-estrogen for treatment of women with hormonedependent breast cancer but acquired drug resistance limits its therapeutic benefit. We have previously reported that expression of active Akt3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells results in estrogen-independent tumors that are actually stimulated to grow after tamoxifen treatment. We hypothesize that this tamoxifen resistance may be attributed to binding of different co-regulator proteins and/or different binding affinity of these proteins to the estrogen receptor in M CF-7 cells overexpressing active Akt3 as compared to parental MCF-7 cells. We have immuno-precipitated the estrogen receptor along with bound co-regulator proteins in both cells lines after tamoxifen, estradiol, or vehicle treatment. After 2-D gel electrophoresis separation of these immuno-precipitated proteins and comparing them using PDQuest 2-D analysis software, we identified protein spots that were statistically different under the treatment conditions between the two cell lines. The isolated protein spots were subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. By searching protein databases through the MASCOT website for protein identification, we have identified estrogen receptor co-regulator proteins that may play a potential role in tamoxifen resistance. Current studies are focused on addressing the role of differential protein binding as a possible mechanism of tamoxifen resistance in Akt3 over-expressing breast cancer cells.

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39

Williamson, Jon W. "Exercise Capacity Following Four Hours of Head-Down Rest in Endurance-Exercise-Trained and Untrained Subjects." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504298/.

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Peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) in endurance exercise trained (ET =8) subjects (VO2PEAK = 61.7 1.6 ml 02.kg.min-1) was compared to the V02 PEAK of untrained (UT = 8) subjects (V02 PEAK = 38.4 1.7 ml 02 -kg.min1) after four hours of -6* head-down rest (HDR).Although both groups showed a reduction in blood volume (BV) following HDR, this decrement was greater for ET subjects (delta BV = -3.23 0.46 mi/kg; P <0.05). The ET subjects had a greater decrease in VO2=(delta 02E -5.58 1.05 ml 02-kg.min-1; P <0.05) than their UT peers (VO2PEAK = -2.44 0.79 ml02-kg.min-1). These data suggest that the greater reductions in VO2PE, observed for the ET group were associated with a greater BV loss resulting from 4 h of HDR prior to exercise.

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Gebhard, Susanne, and n/a. "The Phn and Pst systems of Mycobacterium smegmatis : phosphate transport and gene regulation." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.112113.

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Phosphate is an essential but often growth-limiting nutrient for bacteria. At low concentrations of phosphate in the growth medium, bacteria induce high-affinity uptake systems for phosphate, and this is usually the ABC-type phosphate specific transport system Pst. In the fully sequenced genomes of pathogenic species of mycobacteria, several copies of the genes encoding for the Pst system (pstSCAB) have been identified and some of these genes have been shown to be virulence factors. The reasons for the presence of multiple copies of pst genes in pathogenic mycobacteria are not understood, and phosphate transport by these bacteria, as well as the gene regulation involved, is poorly characterised. The fast-growing M. smegmatis contains only a single copy of the pst operon, but we recently identified a gene locus containing three genes, phnDCE, which encode for a putative ABC-type phosphate/phosphonate transport system, and a gene, phnF, which encodes for a putative transcriptional regulator of the HutC subfamily of GntR like regulators. To identify a function for the PhnDCE transport system and to characterise high-affinity phosphate transport in M. smegmatis, we created allelic exchange mutants in phnD and pstS, as well as a phnD pstS double deletion mutant. All three mutants failed to grow in minimal medium containing 10 mM phosphate, while the wildtype was able to grow in the presence of micromolar phosphate concentrations. No differences were observed in complex growth medium. Steady-state levels of [��P]-phosphate uptake were approximately 25% lower in all mutant strains as compared to the wildtype. Kinetics of phosphate uptake in the wildtype strain when grown at low phosphate concentrations (50 [mu]M P[i]) were biphasic, suggesting the presence of two inducible transport systems with apparent K[m] values of 16 [mu]M P[i] and 64 [mu]M P[i], respectively. Analysis of the kinetics of phosphate transport in the mutant strains led us to the proposition that the Pst system has an apparent Km value of ca. 16 [mu]M P[i], and the Phn system has an apparent Km of ca. 60 [mu]M P[i]. A third inducible phosphate transport system, which was active in the double mutant strain, had an apparent K[m] of ca. 90 [mu]M P[i]. Uptake of phosphate in all strains was not inhibited by the presence of excess phosphonates or phosphite, suggesting that all three transport systems were specific for phosphate. The study of phosphate transport in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors revealed that uptake by the Phn and Pst systems is driven by ATP-hydrolysis, consistent with ABC-type transport, while the third, unidentified transport system may be driven by the proton motive force. We showed that phnDCE formed an operon, and that the promoter area of the operon lies within 200 bp of the start of phnD. To investigate the regulation of the phn and pst genes, β-galacosidase activities of strains carrying transcriptional lacZ-fusions of the pstSCAB, phnDCE and phnF promoter areas, and levels of mRNA of the phn and pst genes were studied. All genes were induced when phosphate concentrations fell below a threshold value of 30 [mu]M, which coincided with a shift in the growth characteristics of M. smegmatis. Expression of the pst operon appeared to be controlled directly by the PhoPR two-component regulatory system, while the phn operon may be under direct or indirect control by PhoPR. To identify a role for PhnF in the regulation of phn gene expression, we created a phnF deletion mutant. PhnF appeared to repress transcription of phnDCE and phnF under phosphate-replete conditions. We identified two putative binding sequences for PhnF in the intergenic region between phnD and phnF with the sequence TGGTATAGACCA, which is similar to the proposed recognition consensus for HutC-like transcriptional regulators. Using site-directed mutagenesis of these sequences, we demonstrated that they are required for the repression of phnDCE and phnF. To prove PhnF binding to these potential binding sites, we attempted to express the M. smegmatis PhnF protein in E. coli, but could not obtain soluble recombinant protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of the phnDCE promoter fragment using cell-free crude extracts of M. smegmatis were not successful. We propose that Pst and Phn both constitute high-affinity phosphate specific transport systems of M. smegmatis, and that a third inducible phosphate transport system is present in this bacterium. PhnF is required for repression of phnDCE and phnF transcription under phosphate-replete conditions, while induction of the pst operon, and possibly the phn operon, under phosphate-limited conditions involves the PhoPR system.

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41

Bennett, Wayne A. (Wayne Arden). "Responses of Selected Texas Fishes to Abiotic Factors, and an Evaluation of the Mechanisms Controlling Thermal Tolerance of the Sheepshead Minnow." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277819/.

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Low oxygen tolerances of ten fishes were estimated using an original nitrogen cascade design, and reciprocally transformed to express responses as ventilated volume necessary to satisfy minimal oxygen demand (L·mg O2^-1). Values ranged from 0.52 to 5.64 L·mg^-1 and were partitioned into three statistically distinct groups. Eight stream fishes showed moderately high tolerances reflecting metabolic adaptations associated with stream intermittency. Juvenile longear sunfish and two mollies comprised the second group. High tolerance of hypoxia may allow juvenile sunfish to avoid predation, and mollies to survive harsh environmental oxygen regimens. The sheepshead minnow was the most tolerant species of low oxygen, of those examined, explaining its presence in severely hypoxic environments.

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42

Huang, Xiaoyan. "Nitric Oxide/Peroxynitrite Balance in Kidney – Effect of Diabetes and Obesity." View abstract, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3339512.

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43

Brown, Anne Christine 1962. "Effects of salinity and temperature on the respiratory physiology of the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, during development." Thesis, Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1991, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9845.

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Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-183). Cancer magister, the Dungeness crab, occurs in different habitats during its life cycle, habitats which vary widely in the magnitude of salinity and temperature changes. Cancer magister hemocyanin also changes in structure and oxygenation properties during development. The following question was considered in this thesis: what are the effects of environmental salinity and temperature on metabolic rates, ionic and osmotic regulation and hemocyanin oxygen affinity in Q. magister during development. Metabolic rates and hemolYmph ionic and osmotic concentrations were measured in the megalopa, 1st juvenile, 5th juvenile and adult crab eight hours after acute exposure to 100% seawater (=32 ppt), 75% seawater and 50% seawater at both 10°C and 20°C. The oxygen binding properties of the whole hemolymph from these stages in 100% seawater at 10°C was determined. The effects of calcium and magnesium on the oxygen affinity of purified hemocyanin from different stages were also determined. In 100% seawater, routine metabolic rates of the four stages scale with body mass over the size range, 0.05 gm to 500 gm. The Q10 (10°C to 20°C) for the megalopa is higher in 75% seawater and 50% seawater than in 100% seawater. For the 1st juvenile, 5th juvenile and adult the Q10 values (10°C to 20°C) are independent of salinity. The megalopa, 1st juvenile and 5th juvenile are weaker regulators of hemolymph chloride, sodium and osmotic concentrations than the adult. The megalopa and adult, unlike the 1st juvenile and 5th juvenile, strongly regulate hemolymph calcium in reduced salinity. In 100% seawater hemolymph magnesium is significantly higher in the megalopa, 1st juvenile and 5th juvenile than in the adult. The oxygen affinities of whole hemolymph from the four stages are indistinguishable when adjusted for endogenous L-lactate concentrations; the Bohr coefficients are not significantly different among stages. The effect of magnesium on oxygen affinity of purified adult hemocyanin is influenced by proton concentration; the effect of calcium is independent of proton concentration. In 100% seawater, endogenous inorganic ion concentrations in the whole hemolymph of the various stages reduce the intrinsic stage specific differences in hemocyanin oxygen affinity.

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De, Bie Gabrielle. "The effects of acute hypoxia on metabolic enzymes in skeletal muscle." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3401.

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Thesis (MPhil (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. The responses of central systems to oxygen deprivation have been well characterised while adaptations in peripheral systems, such as skeletal muscles, have presented confounding variations. Several reasons for these discrepancies are purported, amongst them being the duration of exposure to hypoxia and variations in fibre composition. Moreover, in real-life high altitude situations there may be a combination of factors which have the ability to modify or alter the effect of hypoxia. This study investigates the effect of short duration hypoxia per se on substrate utilisation in different types of skeletal muscles.

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Madon, Mohd Sani. "Preparatory strategies for optimising an all-out sprint effort." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0109.

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[Truncated abstract] The inclusion of a warm-up in the form of prior exercise (PE) is generally advocated as a preparatory strategy of choice to improve sprint performance. Although there is evidence that both increasing muscle temperature and mobilising the cardiorespiratory system prior to exercise contribute largely to the benefit of PE on sprint performance, their relative importance is unknown. Another important question relates to situations where an athlete has to engage in a sprint shortly after one or several earlier sprints. Under these conditions, is engaging in mild exercise also the most effective preparatory strategy to adopt prior to sprinting when performed after a previous sprint(s)? It was the primary aim of this thesis to address these questions. Firstly, we hypothesised that there is a temporal shift in the mechanisms responsible for the effect of PE on power output during a maximal sprint effort, with temperature-dependent mechanisms playing a more important role at the onset of the sprint and mobilisation of the cardiorespiratory system playing a more important role later. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of a 30-s sprint to different PE protocols designed to control for either muscle temperature or pre-exercise VO2. ... A group of trained athletes was subjected to four consecutive bouts of 30-s sprint, each separated by 20 min of either active recovery at 40% VO2 peak or passive recovery. Our results show that PP, MP-20 and MP-10 did not fall between the first and last sprints, and were not affected by active recovery. In contrast, we found that MP10 and MP30 decrease significantly between the first and last sprint of the passive recovery trial, but not when active recovery is performed between consecutive sprints. Finally, this study also showed that the fall in mean power associated with repeated 30-s sprints in the passive recovery trial resulted primarily from a fall in early, but not late power output. These findings show that the early and late mean power output of repeated sprints respond differently to active and passive recovery, with the decrease in total mean power with repeated 30-s sprints resulting primarily from a fall in early as opposed to either late power output or peak power, thus highlighting the benefit of active recovery as a favourable preparatory strategy for the performance of repeated sprints of short (<10s) or longer duration (<30s), but not for repeated peak power.

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Penailillo, Luis. "Muscle damage and metabolic profiles of eccentric cycling." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/706.

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Eccentric cycling, in which the knee extensor muscles perform eccentric contractions while trying to brake the backward rotational movements of the cranks of a cycle ergometer, has been shown to effectively increase muscle function and volume with a low metabolic cost. However, acute responses to repeated eccentric cycling bouts have not been well documented. Thus, the primary purposes of this PhD project were to investigate muscle damage and metabolic profiles of eccentric cycling in comparison to concentric cycling (Studies 1-3), and muscle-tendon behaviour (Study 4) during eccentric cycling in relation to muscle damage. Study 1 compared muscle damage and metabolic profiles between a bout of concentric cycling (CONC) and two bouts of eccentric cycling (ECC1, ECC2) performed by 10 healthy men (28 ± 8 y), with a 2-wk interval between bouts. All cycling bouts were performed for 30 min at 60% of CONC maximal power output (POmax). Heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption, blood lactate (BLa) and rate of perceived exertion were 19-65% lower during ECC1 than CONC, and HR and BLa were 12-35% lower during ECC2 than ECC1. Exercise-induced decreases in knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque and vertical jump height as well as increases in muscle soreness were significantly greater after ECC1 than CONC and ECC2, and no significant changes in these variables were found one day after CONC and ECC2. It was concluded that eccentric cycling was less metabolically demanding than CONC, and muscle damage was minimal after the second eccentric cycling bout. Study 2 examined fat and carbohydrate utilisation during and immediately after cycling, and resting energy expenditure before and both 2 and 4 days post-cycling using indirect calorimetry. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed before, and 1 and 3 days post-cycling. Fat utilisation was greater during ECC1 (72%) and ECC2 (85%) than CONC, and was 48% greater during ECC2 than ECC1. Post-exercise energy expenditure and fat utilisation were less after ECC1 than CONC (30% and 52%, respectively), but similar between CONC and ECC2. Glucose uptake increased 3 days post-ECC1. These results suggest greater fat utilisation during and after eccentric than concentric cycling without glucose uptake impairment. Study 3 tested the hypothesis that rate of force development (RFD) would be a more sensitive marker of muscle damage than MVC torque by comparing the changes in MVC torque and RFD after CONC, ECC1 and ECC2. Decreases in MVC torque were significantly greater immediately and 1-2 days after ECC1 than CONC and ECC2. RFD decreased immediately after all cycling bouts, but RFD measured in the interval 100-200 ms (RFD100-200) decreased at all time points after ECC1 (24-32%) as well as immediately after ECC2 (23%), but did not change after CONC. The magnitude of decrease in RFD100-200 after ECC1 was 7-19% greater than MVC torque. These suggest that RFD100-200 is a more specific and sensitive marker of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage than MVC torque. To investigate the mechanisms underpinning the repeated bout effect in eccentric cycling, Study 4 examined the hypothesis that vastus lateralis muscle-tendon behaviour would be different between two (i.e. repeated) eccentric cycling bouts. Eleven healthy men (27.1 ± 7.0 y) performed 10 min of eccentric cycling at 65% of CONC POmax twice (ECC1, ECC2) separated by 2 weeks. Greater muscle soreness was developed 1-2 days after ECC1 than ECC2. Electromyogram and crank torque were similar between bouts, but the magnitude of fascicle elongation during ECC2 was 16% smaller than ECC1. These results suggest that smaller elongation of fascicles was associated with less muscle soreness after ECC2, and possibly the repeated bout effect. These studies revealed the muscle damage profile of eccentric cycling, one of the potential mechanisms of the repeated bout effect, and metabolic characteristics of repeated eccentric cycling bouts. Since muscle damage is minimal and can be abolished by proper prescription, eccentric cycling may be an ideal exercise for elderly and frail individuals with impaired muscle oxidative function (e.g. diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Further studies are warranted in these populations.

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47

"The dual roles of reactive oxygen species during erythropoiesis and the effect of salidroside on erythropoiesis and erythrocytes." Thesis, 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6075359.

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Qian, Wei. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-199). Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. Abstract also in Chinese.

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48

"A novel mitochondrial-localized purple acid phosphatase from soybean encoding ROS scavenging function." Thesis, 2010. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074841.

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By immumolabeling and electronmicroscopy, the subcellular localization of GmPAP3 has been proved to be mainly localized in mitochondria, a primary site for ROS production. Ectopic expression of GmPAP3 in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells mimicked the protective effects exhibited by the antioxidant ascorbic acid by: (1) increase the percentage of cells with active mitochondria; (2) reduce the percentage of dead cells; and (3) lower the accumulation of ROS under NaCl and osmotic stress treatments. However, when ectopically express a truncated GmPAP3 with the mitochondria transit peptide removed, such protective effect was not observed. This provides evidences on the significance of mitochondria localization to the physiological function of GmPAP3. In addition, when GmPAP3 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings were subjected to NaCl, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress treatments, the growth performance of the transgenic lines was significantly better than the wild type. To summarize, these studies has demonstrate that the mitochondrial localized GmPAP3 may play a role in stress tolerance by enhancing ROS scavenging. Mitochondrion is one of the major sites for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abiotic stresses such as salinity and osmotic stress can cause oxidative damage to organelle membranes due to excess accumulation of ROS. The inducibility of GmPAP3 gene expression by salinity and oxidative stresses and the putative mitochondrial localization of GmPAP3 prompt us to further investigate the possible physiological roles of GmPAP3 under abiotic stress-induced oxidative stress. My Ph.D. study has been focused on the detailed functional analysis of the GmPAP3 gene. The objectives of my research include: (i) to verified the subcellular localization of GmPAP3; (ii) to investigate the physiological functions of GmPAP3 under NaC1 and osmotic stress in both cellular level and in planta level. and (iii) to examine the significance of mitochondria] localization of GmPAP3 in relationship to its protective roles. Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) represent a diverse group of acid phosphatases in animals and plants. While the mammalian PAPs were found to be related to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) evolution in important physiological functions, the roles of plant PAPs remain largely unknown. Recently, we have isolated a novel PAP-like gene (GmPAP3) from soybean that is induced by NaC1 and oxidative stresses. Subcellular localization prediction programs suggested that GmPAP3 may be a novel PAP that localized in mitochondria. Most other PAPs are extracellularly located and membrane localization of PAPs was only verified in a few cases. by Li, Wing Yen Francisca. "December 2009." Adviser: Lam Hon-Ming. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-134). Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. Abstract also in Chinese.

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49

Newnum, America Bethanne. "Bone Metabolism: The Role of STAT3 and Reactive Oxygen Species." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3429.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3), a transcription factor expressed in many cell types, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, is emerging as a key regulator of bone mass and strength. STAT3 mutations cause a rare human immunodeficiency disease characterized by extremely elevated levels of IgE in serum that have associated craniofacial and skeletal features, such as reduced bone mineral density and recurrent pathological fractures. Our microarray data and immunohistochemical staining using a normal rat model have shown that STAT3 mRNA and protein levels markedly increase in response to mechanical loading. In addition, as indicated by STAT3 phosphorylation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells, STAT3 activity significantly increases in response to 30 to 90 minutes fluid shear stress. In order to further study the role that STAT3 plays in bone responsiveness to loading, tissue-selective STAT3 knockout (KO) mice, in which inactivation of STAT3 occurs in osteoblasts, were generated by breeding the transgenic mice in which Cre recombinase cDNA was cloned downstream of a 3.6 or 2.3 kb fragment of the rat Col1a1 promoter (Col3.6-Cre and Col2.3-Cre, respectively) with a strain of floxed mice in which the two loxP sites flank exons 18-20 of the STAT3 gene were used. Mice engineered with bone selective inactivation of STAT3 in osteoblasts exhibited significantly lower bone mineral density (7-12%, p<0.05) and reduced ultimate force (21-34%, p<0.01) compared to their age-matched littermate controls. The right ulnae of 16-week-old bone specific STAT3 KO mice and the age-matched control mice were loaded with peak forces of 2.5 N and 2.75 N for female and male mice, respectively, at 2 Hz, 120 cycles/day for 3 consecutive days. Mice with inactivation of STAT3 specific in bone were significantly less responsive to mechanical loading than the control mice as indicated by decreased relative mineralizing surface (rMS/BS, 47-59%, p<0.05) and relative bone formation rate (rBFR/BS, 64-75%, p<0.001). Bone responsiveness was equally decreased in mice in which STAT3 is inactivated either in early osteoblasts (Col3.6-Cre) or in mature osteoblasts (Col2.3-Cre). Accumulating evidence indicates that bone metabolism is significantly affected by activities in mitochondria. For instance, although STAT3 is reported to be involved in bone formation and resorption through regulation of nuclear genes, inactivation of STAT3 is shown to disrupt mitochondrial activities and result in an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inactivation of STAT3 suppressed load-driven mitochondrial activity, which led to an elevated level of ROS in cultured primary osteoblasts. Oxidative stress induced by administration of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) significantly inhibits load-induced bone formation in wild type mice. Taken together, the results support the notion that the loss-of-function mutation of STAT3 in osteoblasts and osteocytes diminishes load-driven bone formation and impairs the regulation of oxidative stress in mitochondria.

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50

Hedges, Christopher. "The effects of physiological acidosis on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, ROS balance, and intracellular signalling." Thesis, 2017. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/35976/.

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Mitochondrial adaptation in skeletal muscle is promoted by a diverse array of stimuli, and changes in mitochondrial plasticity have been noted as a result of a many exercise modalities. High-intensity interval training is one such modality that promotes mitochondrial adaptation in response to repeated short-duration bouts of intense effort. Another result of intense muscular effort is a decrease in muscle pH, resulting in intracellular acidosis. The effect of this acidosis on oxygen consumption in muscle has received attention previously, with mixed findings. An aspect of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function that has received limited attention is the production of reactive oxygen species. To date a small number of studies have also provided evidence that attenuating the development of intracellular acidosis may have beneficial effects for mitochondrial adaptation. This thesis aimed to further investigate the effect of acidosis on mitochondrial function, and on intracellular signalling for mitochondrial biogenesis.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Active oxygen – Physiological effect'

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