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Shamis, Loran. "Encouraging Active Transportation in Tucson." The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/584146.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectTucson is a reflection of the inefficient transportation system of the United States. The city’s auto centric emphasis is resulting in a collection of unhealthy citizens, endlessly investing into constructing unaccommodating infrastructure and contributes to the degradation of the natural environment. In order to correct these issues facing Tucson, the city must encourage more active transportation. By using case studies of other American cities- Portland, Minneapolis, and Austin- Tucson can learn some strategies that have been successful. Portland, Minneapolis and Austin have all effectively created active transportation systems utilizing various techniques. Creating a safe built environment, constructing a connected network and introducing equity amongst all forms of transportation can encourage more participation of active transportation in Tucson. By adopting the strategies used by Portland, Minneapolis and Austin, Tucson can produce a successful active transportation system and furthermore, create a healthier population, an efficient economy, and reduce the degrading environmental behavior that all exist today.
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Weir, Jennifer Anne. "Active learning in transportation engineering education." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-12214-155616/.
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Hu, Wenqi. "Active transport journey planner methodology /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/4211.
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Maddox, Marian. "Trends in Bicycling Attitudes, Knowledge and Behavior at an Urban University." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/276.
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BACKGROUND: Active transportation, such as using a bicycle to get one from one place to another, has definite benefits over driving or some other form of travel that requires less exertion; the most obvious of these is that it helps a person meet the daily recommendations for physical activity. College campuses tend to have higher rates of bicycle-commuters than non-campus environments, although Georgia State University faces unique barriers to bicycling due to its downtown location. In 2009, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess bicycling attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors. In the two years that followed, a faculty-student collaborative known as GSU Bikes implemented efforts to try to increase bicycling on campus. Campus bicycle count data between the two years showed positive increases. In 2011, the study was repeated to examine if bicycling attitudes, knowledge, and behavior had changed since 2009.
METHODS: 211 Georgia State University undergraduate and graduate students were surveyed in Fall 2011. The data they provided were then analyzed and compared to the 2009 bicycle data using independent-samples t-tests and a chi-square analysis to identify significant differences between the two data sets.
RESULTS: Few significant differences between the two sets of data were identified. Participants in 2011 had significantly higher agreement that they could locate information regarding bicycle safety and repairs, as well as reported a significantly greater likelihood of bicycling to campus if educational programs to, from, and around the GSU campus were implemented. Written feedback suggested that fear of collisions was still a major barrier; many students suggested a campus bicycle-share program and more information disseminated to students about bicycling to campus.
DISCUSSION: The results from this study demonstrate that efforts aimed at encouraging students to bicycle to campus, between the 2009 and 2011 data collections, may not have been as effective as they were intended. Bicycle promotion that reaches a greater number of Georgia State University students is suggested. Because of the method of data sampling in this study, the data analyzed may not be truly representative of the Georgia State University population. In the future, an improved survey that is disseminated electronically may result in a larger sample size, increasing statistical validity and ability to generalize findings.
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Vang, Nielsen Andreas. "Future Active Mobility." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160945.
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The topic of the project has been about how the time spent during transport could take on a more engaging and active form; physically as well as mentally. The initial inspiration for this is the changing landscape of mobility, where technologies such as autonomous and shared systems, could allow for purpose specific vehicles rather then personally owned ones. The project investigates how a subscription based business model could help a global mass-market brand, like Volkswagen to stay true to its brand essence. The project is set in 2039’s megacities and is describing a scenario, where Volkswagen sets out to emphasise the ‘Volk’ in its name, by offering a whole new range of purpose specific vehicles, which the user then can pick and book at any given time. During the creative process both analogue and digital tools were used to explore form, function and the overall experience. Full-scale physical mocks-ups and 3D software models where additionally used to validate proportions, scale and concept principles. Working from the Volkswagen design studio gave valuable insights into the brand heritage and design inputs from the design team. The result is an active mobility vehicle concept called, (((O))), which allows its users to spent their transport time in an more engaging way. Through two modes the user can decide to exercise body or mind while being transported. This is done by the usage of mixed realities which connects and relates with the passing surrounds. The project hereby links the digital world with the real one, in order to create new notions of what a travel experience could be in the future.
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Ma, Liang. "The Objective vs. the Perceived Environment: What Matters for Active Travel." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2090.
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This study aims to explore the relationship between the objective (actual) environment and people's perceptions of the environment, and their relative effects on active travel behavior, particularly bicycling behavior. This is an important research gap in the current literature linking the built environment and active travel. Better understanding this relationship will help to explore the mechanism underlying the built environment- behavior relationship and identify potential interventions to promote active travel.
Relying on the data from Portland, OR, this study investigated the following four research questions: (1) How does the objectively measured environment correspond to the perceived environment? And what factors contribute to the mismatch between the objective and perceived environment? (2) What are the different effects of the perceived and objective environment on active travel behavior? (3) Do perceptions mediate the effects of the objective environment on active travel behavior? (4) Do changes in the built environment change perceptions, and in turn change travel behavior?
Through various statistical methods, this study found that there was a mismatch between perceptions and objectively measured environment, and such factors as socio-demographics, attitudes, social environment, and behavior could contribute to this mismatch. This study also found the perceived environment and objective environment had independent effects on bicycling. Further, this study found the objectively measured bicycling environment had only an indirect effect on bicycling behavior through influencing one's perceptions of the environment. Finally, this study found changes in the actual built environment may change the perceptions of the walking environment, but not the perceptions of the bicycling environment, at least in the short term.
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Chaney, Robert A. "Active transportation prediction using Theory of Planned Behavior among college students." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1357659177.
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Singleton, Patrick Allen. "A Theory of Travel Decision-Making with Applications for Modeling Active Travel Demand." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1494.
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The continuing evolution of urban travel patterns and changing policy goals and priorities requires that transportation researchers and practitioners improve their abilities to plan and forecast the demand for travel. Walking and bicycling - the primary forms of active travel - are generating increasing interest for their potential to reduce automobile use, save governmental and consumer costs, and improve personal and social health outcomes. Yet, current transportation planning tools, namely regional travel demand forecasting models, poorly represent these active travel modes, if at all.
More broadly, travel models do an incomplete job of representing the decision-making processes involved in travel choices, especially those factors influencing walking and bicycling. In addition to limitations of data and statistical analysis methods, the research upon which modeling tools are based has yet to settle on a comprehensive theory of travel behavior that accounts for complex relationships around a variety of personal, social, and environmental factors. While modeling tools have explained travel primarily through economic theories, contributions from the geography and psychology fields prove promising. A few scholars have attempted to link these travel behavior explanations together, some with a focus on walking and bicycling, but these theories have yet to make a significant impact on travel modeling practice.
This thesis presents a unifying interdisciplinary framework for a theory of travel decision-making with applications for travel demand modeling and forecasting and a focus on walking and bicycling. The framework offers a guide for future research examining the complex relationships of activities, built environment factors, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, attitudes and perceptions, and habit and exploration on individual short-term travel decisions (with considerations of the influence of medium- and long-term travel-related decisions). A key component of the theory is a hierarchy of travel needs hypothesized to be considered by travelers in the course of their decision-making processes. Although developed to account for the factors that particularly influence decisions surrounding walking and bicycling, the framework is postulated to apply to all travel modes and decisions, including frequency, destination, mode, time-of-day, and route.
The first section of the thesis reviews theories from the fields of economics, geography, psychology, and travel behavior that have a large influence on the development of the theory of travel decision-making. In the next and largest chapter, the components and relationships in this theory, including the hierarchy of travel needs, are defined and presented with supporting empirical evidence from travel behavior research.
This thesis's final section views the theory of travel decision-making through the lens of applicability to travel demand modeling and forecasting. The state of current travel forecasting tools, travel behavior research, data, and analysis methods with respect to each aspect of the theory is reviewed. Research and data needs are identified. In closing, some opportunities for operationalizing the theory in travel demand models and using these transportation planning tools for analyzing walking, cycling, and other policies are hypothesized and discussed. This thesis, and the theory and applications discussed within, contribute to the academic study of travel behavior, the practical modeling of travel demand, and walking and bicycling research and planning.
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Rogers, William P. III. "Analyzing Barriers to Integrating Bike Share with Green Transportation Modes and the Trail System in Greater Cincinnati, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1626456265307731.
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Saidla, Karl. "Political Challenges and Active Transportation: A Comparison of Helsinki, Finland and Ottawa, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37043.
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This qualitative comparative case study examined factors related to politics that might explain the notably different active transportation (AT - walking, cycling, and public transit use) rates achieved in Helsinki, Finland (a leading European city in AT, where 77 per cent of people use primarily AT for daily transportation) and Ottawa, Canada (a leading North American city in AT, but where the AT rate is 28.5 per cent).
Applying the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) - a policy process theory - individual focused interviews were conducted with 47 active transportation experts from the two cities. Document review was employed as a secondary method. The results are discussed in three articles written for peer reviewed journals – the first two concentrating on the findings from Helsinki and Ottawa respectively, and the third article comparing the findings from both cities.
Overall, differences stemming from the ACF category of relatively stable parameters (i.e., stable background-level factors) including land use, transportation planning traditions, and political systems were identified as likely important in explaining the discrepancy in AT rates.
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DeVault, J. Ross. "Active and restorative campus: designing a garden street for student’s mental and physical well-being." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19238.
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Master of Landscape ArchitectureDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Hyung Jin Kim
A significant decline of mental and physical health exists within college students today (ACHA, 2014; Gallagher, 2006). Recently, to promote mental health, restorative landscapes have emerged as a trend in healthcare environments by formalizing the healing properties of nature within a designed environment. Humans have been shown to undergo a measurable relief of stress, improved attention, and an improved overall sense of well-being when exposed to a restorative landscape setting. Opportunities exist for university campuses to more advantageously employ the mental health benefits of restorative landscapes. Furthermore, to address physical health, the university campus holds unique opportunities to increase students’ physical activity through promotion of active lifestyles using active modes of transportation. Campus streets, based on their lack of affordances to promote mental and physical health as well as their inherent connectivity to key campus buildings and spaces are investigated as a site for a designed solution. A recent trend of campus street conversions to pedestrian malls is identified and explored as a tool to facilitate creation of a restorative and active campus. The project, based in two fundamental research questions, investigates how campus street design can improve the collective mental health of college students, and how campus street design can promote physical health. Literature review analysis reveals theories and principles of restorative landscape and campus design. The project unites these findings with case study analysis to form a framework to facilitate the design of restorative environments within a university campus. Pragmatic evidence of built environment interventions has been synthesized from literature review and case study analysis into an additional framework to increase physical activity through active transportation. Kansas State University’s campus has been identified as a suitable case for a design proposal. Planning and design decisions at three nested scales are made to illustrate how the frameworks may be applied to reclaim a campus street as an active and restorative “garden street.” In the context of declining mental and physical health among college students, the synthesis of principles related to restorative landscape design and active transportation presents a valuable structure to mitigate declining mental and physical health of students.
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Eichinger, Sándor [Verfasser], and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Thiele. "Active flow separation control of ground transportation vehicle configurations / Sandor Eichinger. Betreuer: Frank Thiele." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027184294/34.
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Larouche, Richard. "Assessing the Health-Related Outcomes and Correlates of Active Transportation in Children and Youth." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26158.
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Active school transport (AST; e.g. the use of non-motorized modes such as walking and cycling to travel to/from school) is an inexpensive, accessible and environmentally-friendly source of physical activity (PA). This dissertation addresses two overarching objectives: 1) to measure the relationships of AST with PA and health-related outcomes; and 2) to examine the correlates of AST immediately before and after the transition from primary to secondary school (the “school transition”). First, a systematic review revealed increasing evidence showing that AST is associated with greater daily PA levels, and that cycling to/from school is associated with higher cardiovascular fitness. Cycling for transportation (not only for school trips) was also associated with lower values for total cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio in the nationally-representative 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Moreover, the present dissertation provides preliminary evidence suggesting that AST may help attenuate the decline in PA across the school transition. However, the relationship between AST and body composition indicators remains unclear. With respect to the correlates of AST, distance was the strongest barrier to AST at both time points, but several road safety concerns, and the perception of having too much stuff to carry were also associated with engagement in motorized travel. At follow-up, AST was more common in children whose parents owned less than 2 cars. In contrast, children were more likely to engage in AST if their parents reported that they chose to live in their current neighbourhood so that their children could walk or bike to school. The associations of neighbourhood walkability (as measured with the Walk Score® application) with AST and PA were generally stronger after the school transition. While AST may improve health among children and youth, an ecological approach targeting multiple levels of influence will likely be needed to alleviate current barriers to AST.
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Sultana, Sharmin. "Factors Affecting Parents' Choice of Active Transport Modes for Children's Commute to School: Evidence from 2017 NHTS Data." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1557489524163977.
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Medina, Amira Jean. "All-hazards and active shooter web-based training| Beneficial to the transportation security administration workforce." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10096064.
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A majority of active shooter incidents occur at the workplace (FBI, 2014), and the frequency of natural disasters is on the rise (Mileti, 1999). Many large agencies prepare employees through various response training approaches for such crises. TSA historically addressed training for all emergencies through a mandatory online all-hazards training, along with yearly evacuation drills. Following the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) shooting on November 1, 2013, a mandatory active shooter web-based training was also assigned to every TSA employee. After completing both the all-hazards and active shooter web-based trainings courses, TSA employees had the option to participate in the training evaluation surveys. Analysis of the feedback from the online trainings informs both the acceptability of this training format, as well as future improvements for the web-based curriculum. This research highlights the suitability of providing important training to TSA officers online.
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Porter, Troy Anthony. "Signatures of the propagation of primary and secondary cosmic ray electrons and positrons in the galaxy." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php848.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (8 p.) Examines some of the consequences of the acceleration and production, and propagation, of high energy electrons and positrons in the Galaxy. In particular, predictions are made of the diffuse photon signals arising from the interactions of electrons and positrons with gas, low energy photons, and the galactic magnetic field during their transport in the Galaxy.
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Feng, Jinliu 1974. "Mitochondrial respiratory transportation is the key determinant of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32991.
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'The rate of living' hypothesis of aging speculates that the metabolic rate of a species ultimately determines its life expectancy. Using the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as model system, mutation in twp-1 (t&barbelow;ime w&barbelow;arp) gene was found to significantly delay biological timing and remarkably increase mean and maximum life span. The rate of living in twp-1 is dramatically delayed in all the biological processes we tested, including rates of rhythmic adult behaviors, development, and reproduction. Oxygen consumption, which indicates metabolic rate of an organism, is reduced to approximately two-fold in twp-1 mutant. According to my study, twp-1 and dauer genes, daf-2 and daf-16, interact to determine biological timing and adult life span. twp-1 mutation prolongs life span in a way that is at least partially different from dauer formation mutants, whose longevity might due to their high resistance to stresses, especially oxidative stress. twp-1 gene is cloned and found to encode iron-sulfur protein (ISP) in complex III, which is the major site of mitochondrial superoxide radical production, of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This suggests that twp-1 may live long because they produce less reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thus, result in less oxidative damage. mts-1 (mitochondrial twp-1 suppressor) mutation can fully or partially rescue most of the biological timing in twp-1 mutant, including both developmental and behavioral rates, but except life span. mts-1 encodes another subunit of complex III, cytochrome b, which normally interact with ISP during function. mts-1 might somehow restore the activity of complex III, and consequently, accelerate the rate of living. Paraquat, a herbicide that induces the formation of superoxide, was used to provide an acute oxidative stress to animals. twp-1; mts-1 was found to be highly resistant to paraquat, indicating that twp-1 animals are well capable of coping with oxidative stress. According to o
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Bahr, Emilie S. "Cycling in the Crescent City: An exploration of the spatial variation in bicycle commuting in New Orleans." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1607.
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This thesis examines the spatial variation in bicycle commuting across New Orleans. It identifies where in the city bicycle commuting is most and least prevalent. It also explores factors that are promoting and discouraging utilitarian bicycling. A review of existing literature on variables found to influence transportation bicycling is conducted, and a survey is disseminated to residents across the city to determine some of the motivations for and obstacles to transportation bicycling locally. Additionally, case studies are compiled pertaining to two neighborhoods falling on opposite ends of the bike-commute spectrum. These include analysis of socio-economic and demographic data; an evaluation of the built environment using maps and field observation; and interviews to assess residents’ attitudes about and experiences with transportation bicycling. In the end, this thesis should be helpful in pinpointing variables influencing bicycle commute rates and in determining the types of policies and investments that may be most effective in encouraging more bicycling in New Orleans and across the country.
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Wright, Patricia Ann. "Safe Routes to School Youth Voices." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538721/.
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Many communities are promoting physical activity and active transportation as ways to combat childhood obesity and change sedentary lifestyles of school-age children. Safe Routes to School Youth Voices is a mixed methods approach to understanding the experiences and perceptions of middle school students surrounding the use of active transportation. Student experiences are explored both independently and in comparison to parental perspectives of barriers to actives transportation. Data were collected in the form of parent surveys, observations, student interviews, and student focus groups. This study aims to answer the following primary research questions: (1) What are the conditions experienced along the route? (2) What are the students' perceptions of barriers to active transportation? (3) What are the compensation practices that students take to overcome barriers? and (4) How do the students' perceptions compare with their parents? Interviews and focus groups were transcribed and coded using in-vivo, descriptive, structural and pattern methods. Primary themes which emerged include how conditions of walking to school, personal safety, compensation practices, and systematic barriers all affect the perceptions of active transportation of the student. Findings highlight the difficulties many students face when considering active transportation, and discuss the inconsistencies between student experience, parental perceptions, and intervention goals.
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Tomlin, Stephanie A. "Planning for Active Transportation in the Western United States: An Alternative Future for Cache Valley, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7195.
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Mobility in the western U.S. is defined primarily by the private automobile. Since the conclusion of WWII, the private automobile has become readily available to the public, and as a result, has heavily influenced the design of our modern cities in the west. In recent years the connections between high motor vehicle use and rising obesity rates, crumbling road infrastructure, and deteriorating air quality have caused city officials to reexamine the transportation systems of the west. One solution advocates, city officials, and planning professionals have begun examining is active transportation (walking, cycling, and public transit). Research suggests that a robust active transportation network not only diversifies mobility options, it also encourages compact urban development, cleaner air, and a move active population.
This thesis developed a methodology for examining and documenting the components of an active transportation network in the western U.S. This was done though a comprehensive literature review to glean important active transportation policies, infrastructure, and best practices. Then, two western U.S. case study cities with relatively high amounts of cycling, walking, and public transit use were selected and analyzed with site visits and planning professional interviews. The data gathered throughout this first phase of the research was then synthesized, and reoccurring themes about cycling, walking and public transit were identified. These themes were labeled as the prerequisites for active transportation in cities of the western U.S. and were documented and prioritized based on their potential impact. The themes were vetted by planning professionals in the two case study cities as well as in Cache Valley to insure accuracy and validity. A final version of the prerequisites was then documented.
The final phase of this research applied the prerequisites to the transportation system in Cache Valley, UT in order to insure the list was valid and reproducible under a variety of conditions. The outcome of this phase was GIS map displaying an alternative future for active transportation in Cache Valley, UT.
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FitzPatrick, Timothy Michael. "Assessing Barriers and Motivators for Use of a Trail for Active Transportation in a College Town." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77873.
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A high amount of the US population is not physically active, contributing to rates of heart disease and obesity. One strategy to increase physical activity is to use more active transportation, defined as walking or biking for transit. Besides increasing physical activity levels, active transportation can provide other benefits such as decreased air pollution from cars. College campuses provide opportunities for active transportation as most residences are close to campus. Therefore, we examined reasons for use and barriers to active transportation in students living in a community connected to a large university via a 1.9 mile, paved protected trail. Two pedestrian and bicycle counters were placed to find the number of walkers and bikers on the trail per day and students were recruited to take an online survey. We found that more people used the trail during the weekday compared to the weekend. Students did not receive much support from their friends and family to use the trail. Users of the trail were more likely to believe that using active transportation helps protect the environment while non-users were uncomfortable using a bike. Barriers included the time it took to use the trail and the need to carry items. Both users and non-users indicated that a financial incentive would motivate them to use the trail more. We conclude that non-users may be uncomfortable using a bike and worry about carrying their items for class. Changing university parking fees, providing bike lessons, and placing signs with directions and time to campus may increase active transportation to the university via this trail.Master of Science
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Williams, Benjamin N. "Understanding Land Use Grain: An Evaluation of Meaning and Measurement." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2012. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1532.
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Land use grain is a commonly-used measure of the mixture of land uses in the urban environment in transportation planning and public health, but there is no standard measurement practice in place. This thesis examines the meaning and common measurements of land use grain in these subfields. The entropy-based equation, the jobs-to-housing ratio, and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) are among the most common measures of land use grain, but results from these metrics differ depending upon how researchers choose a sample area and upon how land use categories are defined. All three metrics are performed, in a single context with varying assumptions, using the neighborhoods of Roxbury and Dorchester in Boston, MA. The entropy-based equation was deemed the most appropriate measure in a general context, with the HHI and the jobs-to-housing ratio potentially appropriate in specific contexts.
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Scott, John J. "Bicycle and pedestrian harmony: perspectives on bicyclists behavior on campus." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17617.
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Master of Regional and Community PlanningDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Hyung Jin Kim
In the past 20 years, the promotion of bicycle-friendly environments in the United States has become a major topic for city planners, engineers, landscape architects, and concerned citizens. The City of Manhattan, Kansas, and Kansas State University (KSU) are following the trend by creating more bicycle infrastructure. As an example, the Campus Planning and Facilities Management Department at KSU recently installed new signs on the pavement that support existing bicycle rules around campus. The rules require cyclists to dismount and walk their bicycles on the main campus sidewalk and yield to pedestrians when crossing Bosco Plaza. While signs are important, these markers should be part of a bigger plan that includes infrastructure, education and enforcement working together to create a safe, active transportation system. This project explores bicycling culture at KSU campus and uses three key concepts of infrastructure, education, and enforcement to discover what improvements are needed and what improvements can be made. The video-based observation method consists of recording the activity of cyclists entering the campus core and analyzing the behavior of cyclists and pedestrians. The survey was conducted via social media in order to understand safety perceptions and behaviors of bicyclists and pedestrian as daily commuters to campus. The results from both methods show a lack of involvement with infrastructure, education, and enforcement for cycling at Kansas State which creates areas that are not safe for pedestrians. Bicycling (15.4%) and walking (46.7%) represent 62.1% of commuters to campus; therefore, a safer approach to campus infrastructure needs to be addressed for these users. Results indicate that the dismount signs are ignored 82.9% of the time, and collisions between cyclists and pedestrians do happen on campus. An absence of enforcement is shown in the data, which is compounded by a non-existing bicycling education program, making for a less than optimal active transportation system on campus.
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Gudz, Eric Matthew. "Guiding Spaces Towards Inclusivity| How Roadway Design can Increase the Prevalence of Active Transportation and Catalyze the Propensity of Inclusionary Public Policy." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10165932.
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With the goal of improving the integration of multiple travel modes into traditional roadway designs, many jurisdictions have considered road diets, characterized by reductions in vehicular traffic lanes and reallocation of right-of-way for other modes. Studies show that road diets can improve safety without slowing automobile traffic, but benefits for pedestrians and bicyclists have not been widely documented. Furthermore, the potential for our built environment, specifically roadway redesign, to promote the integration of more inclusive design remains open for further exploration. To address this gap, the effects of a road diet project in Davis, CA were examined. Data were collected on the number of bicyclists and pedestrians at key intersections and automobile travel times along the corridor before and after the road diet treatment. The analysis shows that every intersection studied experienced a statistically significant increase in the number of bicyclists during either or both the morning and evening peak periods. On average across all intersections studied along the corridor, the number of bicyclists using Fifth Street increased by 243%, but the change in pedestrian volumes was not statistically significant. Contrary to common fears about road diets, automobile travel times decreased a statistically significant amount during the evening peak. A nearly 10 percentage point change in bicyclist gender distribution was recorded after the road diet, providing insight towards an increased perception of safety and comfort among Fifth Street bicyclists and the expanded potential of roadway designs for inclusionary social planning. As demonstrated by this study, the reconfiguration of our roadways towards multimodality has definite potential to not only address health, environmental, and safety concerns but also to move roadways towards more balanced gender accessibility.
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Carreira, Chau Christopher. "COVID-19 and the Transportation System Response : Lessons for the Post-Pandemic World." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289205.
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The COVID-19 coronavirus disease has unexpectedly changed the way we travel in our cities. With urban transportation remaining an essential service, governments, agencies and organizations are being challenged to develop and implement changes that accommodate for the changing levels of travel demand, the shifts in mode of travel, and the promotion of physical/social distancing to limit the spread of the virus. Travel behaviours of the public have also changed during this time, favouring more physically distant options such as cycling, ridesharing and other new mobility solutions, and the automobile where available, rather than public transportation options. What can cities learn from the different response measures during this crisis, and how does the current shift in urban transportation needs help inform future urban transportation planning, promoting more space and potentially shifting to more sustainable and active modes of transportation? Using case studies to outline the various levels of response measures to the transportation system being implemented in select cities in North America, Europe, and Asia, this highlights the varied overall approaches and generates a toolbox of interventions for the urban transportation sector. Various cities have implemented measures such as mandatory face coverings and temperature checks on public transport, promoting and providing easier access to bike share and other new mobility programs, adjusting and reallocating space on public roadways to cyclists and pedestrians in an effort to promote physical distancing, among many others. While intended as initial emergency responses, measures from such a toolbox have opportunities to become further developed to long-term programs that can be aimed at shifting attitudes towards urban transportation, encouraging alternate or more active ways of movement, and reallocating space within the public realm for people.Den covid-19 coronapandemin har oväntat förändrat hur vi reser i våra städer. Trots pandemin står kollektivtrafiken kvar som en grundläggande samhällsfunktion. Därför utmanas regeringar, verksamheter, företag och övriga samhällsaktörer att agera tillsammans för att kunna möta förändringar i resmönster och samtidigt uppmuntra till social distansering och begränsa risken för smittspridning. Allmänhetens resebeteende har även förändrats under denna period. Allt fler väljer färdmedel där det är lätt att hålla avstånd till andra snarare än kollektivtrafiken. Det kan handla om till exempel att välja cykeln, taxi eller samåkning (t.ex. Uber/Lyft), andra innovativa färdmedel såsom elsparkcycklar, eller bilen när de är tillgängliga. Vad kan städer lära sig av de olika svarsåtgärderna som vidtas under denna kris? Hur bidrar de pågående förändringarna till att påverka framtidens trafikplanering, hållbar markanvändning och en eventuell övergång till en mer hållbart och aktivt transportsystem? De olika övergripande strategierna beskrivs med hjälp av fallstudier om olika nivåer av svarsåtgärder som har vidtagits i utvalda städer i Nordamerika, Europa och Asien. Dessutom skapar detta en verktygslåda med åtgärder för andra städer som vill anpassa sitt transportsystem. Bland svarsåtgärderna som många städer har infört är munskyddskrav och temperaturkontroller i kollektivtrafiken, ökat främjande och ökad tillgång till hyrcyklar och andra nya mobilitetsprogram samt omfördelning av gatuutrymmet till förmån för cyklister och gående för att främja social distansering. Fastän många av dessa svarsåtgärder infördes som tillfälliga nödåtgärder har de ändå möjlighet att bli en del av ett långsiktigt arbete mot ett transportsystem som främjar hållbara och aktiva transporter och en stad med mer plats för människor.
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Shelling, Chelsea O. "Assessing School Neighborhood Walkability: A Targeted Approach to Safe Routes to School Programming." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1204.
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This thesis intends to demonstrate how capital infrastructure investments can be targeted objectively, using the "Safe Routes to School" (SRTS) program for context. SRTS impacts physical activity, a determinant of childhood obesity by encouraging children’s regular active transportation use. This thesis supports the widespread implementation of SRTS and has developed the "Shelling Model" to objectively identify schools for programming. Accordingly, the "Shelling Model" aims to objectively identify physical and socio-economic environment variables impacting HISD-E middle school neighborhoods’ walkability. The "Shelling Model" is a first step in creating a walkability index for which pedestrian orientation levels can be identified and schools targeted. This model facilitates the identification of variables, providing insight into neighborhood walkability levels. Revealed by statistically significant variables, in combination with Walkscore and Catchment regression models’ respective 45.5 and 13.6 Adjusted R-Square values, the "Shelling" archetype proves a useful tool for investigating the walkability of HISD-E middle school neighborhoods.
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Gonzalez, Silvia. "Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviours Among Colombian Children and Youth: Prevalence, Correlates and International Comparisons." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42612.
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In the context of epidemiological transitions in Latin American countries evidence is scarce. In Colombia, despite a broad policy framework for healthy lifestyles promotion, surveillance of movement behaviours including physical activity and sedentary behaviours has been limited. Therefore, this thesis aims to: a) Describe indicators of physical activity and sedentary behaviours among Colombian children and adolescents; b) determine the factors associated with meeting physical activity guidelines, engaging in active play, using active transportation and spending excessive recreational screen time among Colombian children and adolescents; and c) draw international comparisons of physical activity and sedentary behaviour indicators. To accomplish this, cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Nutrition in Colombia 2015-2016 and the Global Matrix of Physical Activity in Children and Youth 3.0 were analyzed. This dissertation compiles five research manuscripts prepared and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Paper one describes physical activity indicators and correlates among Colombian children and found that a low proportion of children and adolescents in Colombia are physically active, with a consistently lower prevalence among females across all age groups. Paper two depicts the national situation of active transportation to school, indicating a non-negligible prevalence of this behaviour and several correlates to guide the design of strategies to promote walking and biking to school in Colombia. Paper three focused on recreational screen time and its correlates and found a high prevalence of excessive recreational screen time that increases with age. Paper four puts Colombian data in global context with nine other countries with a similar human development index participating in the Global Matrix 3.0 initiative. This study compared grades of behavioural and sources of influence indicators and found similarly low performance across countries. In paper five a latent profile analysis approach was used to build active transportation profiles that contribute to understand active commuting to school across 49 countries from the Global Matrix 3.0. This dissertation helps fill gaps in knowledge in Colombia, and middle-income countries more broadly, providing national estimates of physical activity and sedentary behaviours of children aged 3-17 years for the first time in the surveillance history of the country.
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Winters, Meghan Lesley. "Improving public health through active transportation : understanding the influence of the built environment on decisions to travel by bicycle." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33377.
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Urban transportation is a public and environmental health issue. In North America, where urban environments have been shown to influence transportation decisions and physical activity, over two-thirds of adults are inactive. Consequently, there is growing interest in promoting active transportation. Cycling in particular offers one of the greatest opportunities for change.
This dissertation aimed to understand how to design cities to support cycling, to improve public health through increased active transportation. It applied quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the link between cycling and the built environment. The five studies that comprise this dissertation use data from the Cycling in Cities survey, which captured the opinions and travel behaviours of 2,149 current and potential cyclists across Metro Vancouver.
The first study analyzed preferences for 16 types of cycling infrastructure, noting a clear desire for off-street and separated facilities, especially among women, people with children, and occasional and potential cyclists. The second study evaluated the relative importance of 73 potential motivators and deterrents. Environmental and engineering factors carried the strongest influence; specifically aspects related to scenery, topography, facility design, weather, and safety issues.
The third and fourth studies mapped travel data to determine associations with measures of the built environment. The route choice analysis found that the majority of trips were less than 10% longer than the shortest distance route, and that bicycle trips detoured toward bicycle facilities and away from major roads, whereas car trips detoured toward highways and arterials. The mode choice analysis (bicycle versus car) made explicit consideration of the built environment around trip origin, destination and en route. Multi-level logistic modeling, adjusted for demographics and trip distance, showed significant associations with topography, cycling facilities, the road network and land use.
The fifth study integrated these results with focus group findings to derive an evidence-based “bikeability” measure. The utility of the index was demonstrated through its application as a planning tool.
Taken collectively, these studies contribute to both data and methodological gaps in prior health, planning, and transportation research. This dissertation provides evidence on environments that support cycling and presents a tool to guide strategies to improve conditions.
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Rocha, André Dionísio Bettencourt da Silva. "An agent based architecture for material handling systems." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10504.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia Electrotécnica e de ComputadoresIn the recent past, market requirements and consequently the production lines changed too. With the customization of products and the growing number of products to produce, the dy-namism and flexibility of the lines are now requirements of extreme importance. A traditional approach indicates great difficulty in satisfying those needs and as such has appeared some proposals in order to solve them. The proposed approaches are mostly related to scheduling and production planning. The transportation system is not usually inserted in the control architecture and system reconfiguration, constantly being put aside in order to this issue. This work proposes architecture to support self-organized transportation system, where it performs control functions and management. The architecture was developed for a system com-prising conveyors where the stations operate. The proposed work is a multi-agent architecture that use Dijkstra’s algorithm to improve the routing of products and materials. The main features of architecture are load balancing pre-sent in conveyors and ability to plug and unplug stations in runtime. The architecture was first tested in a virtual environment in order to check the behavior of the same and was subsequently tested in a real industrial cell in order to demonstrate its use in a real system.
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Samuelsson, Kersti. "Active wheelchair use in daily life : considerations for mobility and seating /." Linköping : Örebro : Univ. ; Univ, 2002. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2002/med753s.pdf.
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Riemann, Deborah. "THE IMPACT OF PLANS, POLICIES AND PRACTICES OF METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS ON THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STREETS FOR ALL USERS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1368225055.
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Zherebina, Nadezhda. "New transportation actors : An analysis of the potential for Stockholm’s workplaces to contribute to mobility management." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182398.
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This research in the field of transport sociology explores how workplaces in Stockholm can become actors in managing transport demand and through soft measures contribute to an increase of sustainable and active commuting to work and short-distance travel on work purposes. It uses a mixed-method approach consisting of a review of official documents, publications and initiatives, a web-survey and semi-structured interviews with representatives of Stockholm’s public and private workplaces. The study uncovers the current role of workplaces in mobility management policies of Stockholm, analyzes internal and external factors that influence the likelihood of workplaces to encourage sustainable and active commute and travel to meetings within the city among their employees and provides recommendations on how workplaces engagement can be increased. Being occasionally mentioned in the policy documents or invited to take part in climate or cycling-focused initiatives, workplaces in Stockholm are now at different stages in their willingness to have travel policies and participate in on-site mobility management. Internal and external factors influence the motivation of public and private, larger and smaller workplaces differently. With further research, comprehensive communication, questioning the status quo and establishing a constant dialogue between the city and workplaces there is a big potential to involve workplaces as new actors into various existing initiatives.
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Weaver, William J. "A Qualitative Investigation into the Active Level of Perception of Dissociation of Source from Content Under Narrative Conditions." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1305677051.
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Swidarski, Katherine. "The Impact of Safety on Walk-to-School Behavior: Analysis of Local Safe Routes to School Program Data." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu15428173477092.
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Strauss, Donald Parker. "Ridazz, Wrenches, and Wonks: A Revolution on Two Wheels Rolls Into Los Angeles." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1426626665.
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Belanger, Kevin M. 1985. "An analysis of walking and bicycling behavior in suburban multifamily housing: A case study in Eugene, Oregon." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11062.
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xi, 63 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Walking, bicycling, and other modes of active transportation can be utilitarian modes of personal transport, but barriers exist that limit the ability of groups of people to use these modes. This research looks at the walking and bicycling behaviors and attitudes of residents of suburban multifamily housing, a housing type identified in previous literature as needing research. Particularly, the roles of pedestrian route distance and directness as well as physical route characteristics are explored in their effects on walking and bicycling behavior. Results show that both the pedestrian network distance and major arterials are significantly correlated with a person's mode choice. Recommendations include increasing density around suburban commercial centers and encouraging pedestrian and bicycle connections between developments to limit arterial interaction.
Committee in Charge: Nico Larco, Chair; Dr. Marc Schlossberg; Dr. Kathryn A. Lynch
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Kinjawadekar, Tejas. "Model-based Design of an Electronic Stability Control System for Passenger Cars Using CarSim and Matlab-Simulink." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259174786.
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Cheynet, Romain. "Uses and Perceptions of the Neighborhood Open Space." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1619.
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This research investigates the uses and perceptions of the population of the East Carrollton Area in New Orleans so as to evaluate the possible outcomes of urban design intervention and policy changes. Using GIS, field notes, structured interviews and a population survey, this research evaluates how much the built environment influences the uses of the neighborhood open space. Subsequently, it evaluates how the neighborhood open space is perceived as a place as opposed to a transportation infrastructure.
Overall, the built environment affects the experience of the residents when they perform leisure activities in the neighborhood open space. Major deterrents to functional use and active transportation are related to social factors and the social environment. The neighborhood open space is largely perceived as an asset by the residents. It can be a valid replacement for urban parks when the population cannot access them.
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Learnihan, Vincent B. "The physical environment as an influence of walking in the neighbourhood : objective measurement and validation." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0033.
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Over the last decade, there has been rapid growth in research into the influence of the physical environment on physical activity. Previously, individual and social factors dominated research into the influences of physical activity. This new area of study has been built on the understanding that the physical environment may create an opportunity or a barrier to engagement in physical activity behaviours (Sallis & Owen, 1997). This research develops objectively measured features of the physical environment in order to investigate relationships with walking behaviour. Public health research of this nature is still at a preliminary stage, although research expertise outside of public health including transportation, urban planning and geographic information science has much to contribute to this emerging field. This study investigated walking in the neighbourhood in a sample of adults residing in Perth, Western Australia. Objective measurement of the physical environment using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was conducted including measurement of street connectivity, residential density, land use mix and retail floor area ratio at three different geographic scales (suburb, census collection district, 15 minute walk from a survey participants home). These measures were then combined into an index known as a walkability index and validated against survey participant reported data on walking within the neighbourhood using binary logistic regression. Among other findings, the evidence presented shows that depending on which geographic scale the physical environment is measured at and what type of walking in the neighbourhood is reported, the strength of relationship varies between an objectively measured walkability index and walking behaviour in the neighbourhood. These findings highlight the need to differentiate between walking for transport and walking for recreation, health and exercise when investigating the relationship between physical activity and the environment. These findings also show the importance of geographic scale of measurement in the relationship between physical activity and the physical environment, and the need for current high quality geographic data in this type of research.
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Moberg, Sofia. "West, East or South, which Railway in Hudiksvall is Preferable? : A Predictive Study of Future Climate Scenarios from an Accessibility Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184535.
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An expansion of the railway, East Coast Line is essential in order to ensure transportation of passenger and goods back and forth to Northern Sweden. The preliminary studies of the planned expansion to a double track have identified vulnerabilities linked to how our climate changes. Because of these risks and vulnerabilities, the railway station in Hudiksvall needs to be relocated or the Current station needs to be adapted to potential future climate scenarios. Furthermore, social sustainability and the aspect of accessibility is also a vital perspective to consider during the development of railway infrastructure. This study compares the three different station locations from an accessibility perspective and from different climate scenarios through Network Analyst in ArcGIS Pro. To visualize future climate scenarios, two RCP-scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) are considered, which is RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5. Additionally, the GTFS specification in ArcGIS Pro is used to model public transit to these railway stations in an accessibility perspective. Because one strategy when developing the East Coast Line is to increase the active transportation in comparison to car transportation. Results from this study indicates that the Current station, which is located in a coastal area will be worst affected of potential future climate scenarios from an accessibility perspective. Other findings are that vulnerable groups in the society, such as low-income earners and elderly will be most affected, if the railway station remains in the current location. The results from the performed Service area analysis and Location-allocation analysis advocates the Eastern station as a location for the new railway station.En expansion av Ostkustbanan är viktigt för att kunna säkerställa transport av passagerare och gods till och från norra Sverige. Förstudierna av den planerade expansionen till ett dubbelspår har identifierat sårbarheter kopplat till hur vårt klimat förändras. Som en följd av dessa risker och sårbarheter behöver järnvägsstationen i Hudiksvall flyttas. Alternativt behöver den nuvarande klimatanpassas. Detta ställer krav på att ta hänsyn till den sociala hållbarheten och tillgängligheten för befolkningen i Hudiksvall. Denna studie ämnar att jämför de tre olika stationslägena ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv samt utifrån olika klimatscenarier i ArcGIS Pro. För att visualisera framtida klimatscenarier beaktas två RCP-scenarier, det vill säga representativa koncentrationsvägar, vilket är RCP4.5 och RCP8.5. Dessutom används GTFS-specifikationen i ArcGIS Pro för att modellera kollektivtrafik till dessa järnvägsstationer ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv, då ett mål med utvecklingen av Ostkustbanan är att utöka andelen av personer som väljer aktiv transport i jämförelse med biltransporter. Resultatet av denna studie visar att den nuvarande stationen, som är placerad i närheten av Hudiksvalls kust, kommer att vara hårdast drabbad av potentiella framtida klimatscenarier ur ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv. Vidare visar studien på att låginkomsttagare och äldre kommer att drabbas hårdast om järnvägsstationen ligger kvar på den nuvarande platsen. Resultatet från de utförda Service area analyserna och Location-allocation analyserna, visar att det östra alternativet är det alternativ som kommer att vara minst påverkad av ett framtida klimat från ett tillgänglighetsperspektiv.
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Hassounah, Hany [Verfasser], M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Pietzsch, K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Humbeck, and C. [Akademischer Betreuer] Syldatk. "Investigations on the phylogenetic diversity of urease producing bacteria in soil, the inhibition of urea active transportation and metabolizing in Bacillus megaterium DSM 90 / Hany Hassounah. Betreuer: M. Pietzsch ; K. Humbeck ; C. Syldatk." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2010. http://d-nb.info/102493750X/34.
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Blau, Michael Armstrong. "Driverless Vehicles’ Potential Influence on Cyclist and Pedestrian Facility Preferences." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429823345.
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Mendes, Sebastian B. "The Development of an Improved Finite Element Muscle Model and the Investigation of the Pre-loading Effects of Active Muscle on the Femur During Frontal Crashes." Digital WPI, 2010. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1007.
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"Mammalian skeletal muscle is a very complicated biological structure to model due to its non-homogeneous and non-linear material properties as well as its complex geometry. Finite element discrete one-dimensional Hill-based elements are largely used to simulate muscles in both passive and active states. There are, however, several shortfalls to utilizing one-dimensional elements, such as the impossibility to represent muscle physical mass and complex lines of action. Additionally, the use of one-dimensional elements restricts muscle insertion sites to a limited number of nodes causing unrealistic loading distributions in the bones. The behavior of various finite element muscle models was investigated and compared to manually calculated muscle behavior. An improved finite element muscle model consisting of shell elements and Hill-based contractile truss elements in series and parallel was ultimately developed. The muscles of the thigh were then modeled and integrated into an existing 50th percentile musculo-skeletal model of the knee-thigh-hip complex. Impact simulations representing full frontal car crashes were then conducted on the model and the pre-loading effects from active thigh muscles on the femur were investigated and compared to cadaver sled test data. It was found that the active muscles produced a pre-load femoral axial force that acted to slightly stabilize the rate of stress intensification on critical stress areas on the femur. Additionally, the active muscles served to direct the distribution of stress to more concentrated areas on the femoral neck. Furthermore, the pre-load femoral axial force suggests that a higher percentage of injuries to the knee-thigh-hip complex may be due to the effects of active muscles on the femur. "
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Salmijärvi, Robert. "En rumslig studie gällande barns rörelse i Stockholms stad : påverkan av socioekonomiska faktorer på val av transportsätt." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-181042.
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Den allmänna fysiska aktiviteten har stadigt minskat i stora delar av världen. Aktiva skoltransporter, till vilka gång och cykel räknas, visar på en liknande trend. Samtidigt kan fysisk aktivitet bland annat motverka olika former av cancer, hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar samt fetma och övervikt. Det har visats att det finns ett samband mellan socioekonomiska variabler och grad av fysisk aktivitet. Socioekonomi kan således vara en viktig påverkande faktor i frågan om hälsa och välbefinnande, både för vuxna och barn. Statistiska analyser, i kombination med geografisk metodik och rumslig analys är användbart när ojämlikhet studeras då socioekonomiska skillnader ofta är platsbunden och hänger samman med den byggda miljön. Studien visar att en nätverksanalys tillsammans med en friktionsekvation kan användas i arbetet med förändringar av den fysiska miljön för att skapa säkrare vägar där barn och vuxna vill gå och cykla till skola, arbete och fritidsaktiviteter. Verktyget som arbetats fram i studien kan exempelvis vara användbart för kommuner, länsstyrelser och stadsplanerare i arbetet för att främja en mer aktiv livsstil. Fokus ligger i första hand på att underlätta samhällsplaneringsarbete i syfte att gynna användandet av aktiva transportsätt för barn och ungdomar. Vidare visar studien att barn från familjer med högre inkomst tenderar att transportera sig med bil framför aktiva transportsätt. Även gällande vårdnadshavarnas födelseland och utbildningsnivå syns skillnader i val av transportsätt. Rörande utbildningsnivå finns indikationer på att aktiva transportsätt väljs bort när utbildningsnivån ökar. Angående födelseland verkar barn vars vårdnadshavare är födda utanför Europa välja bort bilen och istället använda sig av aktiva transportsätt, vilket är det motsatta gällande barn vars vårdnadshavare är födda i Sverige. Kopplingen mellan socioekonomiska faktorer och transportsätt förefaller vara förknippad till resurser i Stockholms kommun. Studien visar på hur en harmonisering mellan olika aktörer såsom forskare, myndigheter och kommuner skulle kunna leda till förbättrade förutsättningar för aktiva transporter och i förlängningen till ett mer hållbart samhälle ur ett socialt, ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv.General physical activity has steadily declined in large parts of the world, concurrently active school transport, e.g. walking and cycling, shows a similar trend. The decrease in the amount of physical activity is urgent since it can counteract various forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease as well as obesity. It has been shown that there is a relationship between socioeconomic variables and degree of physical activity. Socioeconomics can thus be an important influencing factor regarding health and well-being, both for adults and children. Statistical analysis, in combination with geographical methodology and spatial analysis, is useful when studying inequality as socio-economic differences often are local and related to the built environment. The study shows that a network analysis together with a friction equation can be used in the work of changing the physical environment to create safer roads where children and adults want to walk and cycle to school, work and leisure activities. The tool developed in the study can be useful for municipalities, county councils and city planners in their work to promote a more active lifestyle. The focus is primarily on facilitating community planning work with the aim of promoting the use of active modes of transport for children and adolescents. Furthermore, the study shows that children from families with higher incomes tend to transport themselves by car over active modes of transport. Differences in the choice of mode of transport are also apparent regarding the country of birth and the level of education. Regarding education level there are indications that active modes of transport are neglected when the education level increases. Concerning the country of birth, children whose guardians are born outside Europe appear not to use the car as a mode of transport, and instead use active modes of transport. On the contrary, children whose guardians are born in Sweden tend to have the car as their primary mode of transport. The connection between socio-economic factors and modes of transport seems to be linked to resources in Stockholm municipality. Moreover, this study shows how a harmonization between different actors such as researchers, authorities and municipalities could lead to improved conditions for active transport and, by extension, to a more sustainable society from a social, economic and environmental perspective.
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Sreedhara, Meera. "A Mixed Methods Study of Local Policy, Systems, and Environmental Approaches Supportive of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity." eScholarship@UMMS, 2020. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1075.
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Background: Policy, systems and environmental (PSE) approaches can sustainably improve opportunities for healthy eating (HE) and active transportation (AT). PSEs require cross-sector collaboration. Adopting and implementing PSEs is complex and not well understood.
Methods: First, using a national probability survey dataset of US local health departments (LHD), inclusion of HE and AT PSE strategies in local community health improvement plans (CHIPs) was examined. Next, a content analysis of current CHIP documents provided data for multilevel latent class analyses to identify classes of CHIPs based on patterns of PSE-strategy alignment with six key activities that facilitate change. Lastly, semi-structured interviews informed a qualitative exploration of early stage Complete Streets policy implementation in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Results: Less than half of US LHDs reported developing a CHIP containing any HE policy (32%) or AT (46%) strategies. Two classes of CHIPs were identified: CHIPs in Class A (HE: 71%; Physical Activity (PA): 79%) simply identified a PSE solution; Class B CHIPs (HE: 29%; PA 21%) mostly included PSE strategies that comprehensively addressed multiple key activities. Six themes emerged as factors for early Complete Streets implementation.
Conclusions: This mixed methods study provides a novel understanding of the status, development and implementation of PSE strategies in relation to collaborative strategic health improvement planning efforts. CHIPs are underutilized to promote PSE strategies and few CHIPs in our study developed strategies that comprehensively address the process of PSE-change. Among other factors, CHIPs may provide a guiding structure for policy adoption and implementation.
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Junior, Carlos Alberto Prado da Silva. "Engenharia de transportes no ensino de graduação: competências, habilidades, processo de ensino-aprendizagem e avaliação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-10092014-164601/.
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O ensino de graduação em engenharia deveria estar amparado nos seguintes aspectos: i) especificação de objetivos educacionais alinhados com os conteúdos das principais áreas de conhecimento e com as competências e habilidades pretendidas; ii) delimitação das estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem; e iii) os mecanismos de avaliação da aprendizagem. Este trabalho teve como objetivo introduzir, monitorar e avaliar alterações em uma abordagem pedagógica que mesclou aulas expositivas e aprendizagem ativa, concebida com o propósito de ampliar competências e habilidades de alunos de graduação para a área de Engenharia de Transportes. Esta abordagem envolveu processo de ensino-aprendizagem e avaliação da aprendizagem por meio das análises da aquisição de competências e habilidades dos alunos. Foram desenvolvidos estudos em uma disciplina que tratou de Planejamento e Análise de Sistemas de Transportes. Estes estudos envolveram o planejamento, o desenvolvimento e a avaliação do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. As atividades foram desenvolvidas em dois períodos letivos e em turmas diferentes. No primeiro período letivo apenas uma turma da referida disciplina participou dos experimentos. Já no segundo período letivo houve a participação de duas turmas da disciplina de Planejamento e Análise de Sistemas de Transportes. Os resultados indicam que o uso das estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem adotadas e de avaliação que combinou provas e mapas conceituais parece promissor e pode garantir um processo mais fidedigno. Além disso, o formato diferenciado da disciplina, que mesclou aulas expositivas, e-learning e aprendizagem ativa, possibilitou a aquisição de competências e habilidades de domínio conceitual. Com base nestes resultados foi também possível apresentar uma proposta de ensino integrado em graduação de Engenharia de Transportes baseada na abordagem testada neste trabalho e que poderá compor um Regime de Estudos Especiais em Engenharia de Transportes.In general terms, engineering education at the undergraduate level should be based on the definition of at least three essential elements: i) learning outcomes aligned not only with theoretical contents but also with competencies and skills, ii) effective teaching-learning strategies; and iii) appropriate methods for the evaluation of the learning outcomes. Based on this assumption, the objective of this study was to introduce, monitor and evaluate changes in a pedagogical approach that combines traditional lectures and active learning into one strategy to help in the development of competencies and skills demanded by the transportation engineering profession. An experiment was conducted for the specific case of the course Planning and Analysis of Transport Systems, in three phases: i) planning the teaching-learning process; ii) evaluation of the teaching-learning process; and iii) evaluation of the teaching-learning product. The activities were conducted in two academic semesters and with different classes. In the first semester, only one class took part of the experiment, whereas in the second semester two classes were considered. The results suggest that the teaching-learning and evaluation strategies tested, which combine exams and conceptual maps, are valuable alternatives for education and training of transportation engineers. In addition, the course format, which combined conventional classes, e-learning and active learning, led to the acquisition of competencies and abilities that are part of the conceptual domain. The outcomes of the experiment were then used in the development of a proposal for a Special Studies Program in Transportation Engineering. Although the case considered here was meant as part of a Civil Engineering degree, this integrated education program could be applied in combination with different undergraduate degrees.
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Figalli, Alessio. "Optimal transportation and action-minimizing measures." Doctoral thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSL0422.
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Santos, Ronaldo Gonçalves dos. "Formulação e propriedades reologicas e coloidais de emulsões oleo em agua para aplicação em processos de escoamento de oleos pesados." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266185.
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Orientadores: Watson Loh, Antonio Carlos BannwartTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:38:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_RonaldoGoncalvesdos_D.pdf: 3351599 bytes, checksum: e5f17ac5f9d0db6db39884f2b5c5ec78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Emulsões óleo em água (o/a) têm sido propostas como alternativa aos métodos convencionais para redução dos problemas associados ao escoamento, causados pela alta viscosidade destes óleos. Nestas emulsões, o óleo se encontra disperso na fase aquosa sob a forma de gotículas e pode ser bombeado sem necessariamente entrar em contato com as paredes do duto, reduzindo os efeitos viscosos e ampliando a capacidade de transferência. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo experimental sobre a aplicação de emulsões de óleo em água (o/a) no transporte de óleos pesados brasileiros. Emulsões contendo 50-70% de óleo disperso foram preparadas sob diferentes parâmetros da formulação fisico-química, permitindo adequação de suas propriedades às exigência da aplicação. Eficaz protocolo de preparação produziu gotas com diâmetro médio de Sauter D3,2da ordem de 10-50 micrômetros e com distribuição de diâmetros obedecendo a uma distribuição lognormal. A reologia e a estabilidade das emulsões foram dependentes do diâmetro médio de gota e da distribuição de tamanhos. Emulsões mostraram alta estabilidade sob condições severas de avaliação. A emulsificação reduziu a viscosidade de 1.000 cP do óleo original para 30-150 cP da emulsão o/a, produzindo decréscimo de cerca de 30 vezes na viscosidade do óleo. As emulsões mostraram comportamento pseudoplástico descrito pela lei de potência (modelo de Ostwald-de Waele), apresentando influência do envelhecimento. O óleo cru pode.ser recuperado pela quebra da emulsão utilizando desemulsificantes comerciais, produzindo BS&W de cerca de 5%. Um sistema' de fluxo experimental em escala piloto com comprimento reto de teste de 3 m foi constiuído com tubulação de aço API com % in d.i. para ensaios de escoamento das emulsões. A viscosidade foi calculada a partir de dados de queda de pressão. A viscosidade de emulsões óleo em água com 50%, 60% e 70% de óleo disperso foi adequadamente prevista pela lei de potência, mostrando valores até 100 vezes menor que a viscosidade do óleo em escoamento a 500 S.I. As perdas de carga observadas durante o escoamento de emulsões são até 20 vezes inferior às do óleo em fluxo monofásico, o que também se verifica através da estimativa da potência requerida de bombeio. As emulsões óleo em água produzidas neste estudo mostram a viabilidade técnica da aplicação de emulsões óleo em água para o escoamento de óleos pesados, incluindo operações de elevação e transporte em oleodutos convencionais.
Abstract: Use of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions for transportation of heavy crude oils has been proposed as altemative means of reducing problems associated with difficulties in transport of these fluids for their high viscosity, with some advantages over the currently used methodologies. In these emulsions, oil is dispersed as stabilized droplets allowing its transportation with low pressure drops and avoiding oil contact with the pipeline walls. This study involved the experimental evaluation of o/w emulsions for the transportation of Brazilian crude oils. Emulsions containing 50-70% oi! were prepared with different formulations. An efficient methodology of preparation produced emulsions with droplet diameters (Sauter diameter, D3,2) in the range of 10-50 micrometers and a log-normal size distribution. Rheology and stability of these emulsions depend on their average diameters and size distributions. These emulsions displayed high stability under severe conditions (centrifugation). Using this approach, oil viscosity of around 1 000 cP was reduced to 30-150 cP. These emulsions display a pseudoplastic rheological behavior following the power law described by the Ostwald-de Waele model, which changed with their aging. Crude oil could be recovered after emulsification using commercial additives, producing BS&W values of 5 %, which could be further reduced with more severe treatments (down to 0.5 %). An experimental set-up was built for flow assays in pilot scale with 3 m length for measurements made of API steel with :;4 in (i.d.). Viscosity was obtained from drop pressure data. The power law adequately adjusted emulsions containing several oil contents. Emulsions viscosity was found to. be up to 100 times lower tIutn the oil viscosityat 500 S-I and drop pressure in the emulsion flow was 20 times lower than q,il monophasic flow. In summary, all of these measurements confirm the viability of these emulsions for use in transportation of heavy crude oils, induding their lift and transportation in conventional pipelines.
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Fitch, Gregory M. "Driver Comprehension of Integrated Collision Avoidance System Alerts Presented through a Haptic Driver Seat." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26281.
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Active safety systems that warn automobile drivers of various types of impending collisions have been developed. How these systems alert drivers when integrated, however, is a crucial component to their effectiveness that hinges on the consideration of human factors. Driversâ ability to comprehend multiple alerts presented through a haptic driver seat was investigated in this dissertation. Twenty-four participants, balanced for age and gender, drove an instrumented vehicle on a test-track while haptic alerts (vibrations in the driver seat) were generated. Driversâ ability to transmit the information conveyed by the alerts was investigated through two experiments. The first experiment investigated the effects of increasing the number of potential alerts on driversâ response performance. The second experiment investigated whether presenting haptic alerts through unique versus common locations in the driver seat affects driversâ response performance. Younger drivers (between the ages of 18 and 25 years old) were found to efficiently process the increased information contained in the alerts, while older drivers were not as efficient. However, it is foreseeable that older driver performance decrements may be assuaged when a crash context is provided. A third experiment evaluated the haptic driver seatâ s ability to alert distracted drivers to an actual crash threat. Drivers that received a haptic seat alert returned their gaze to the forward roadway sooner, removed their foot from the throttle sooner, pressed the brake pedal sooner, and stopped farther away from an inflatable barricade than drivers that did not receive a haptic seat alert. No age or gender effects were found in this experiment. Furthermore, half of the drivers that received the haptic seat alert lifted up on the throttle before returning their eyes to the forward roadway. This suggests these drivers developed an automatic response to the haptic seat alerts through their experience with the previous two experiments. A three-alert haptic seat approach, the intermediate alternative tested, is recommended providing specific design requirements are met.Ph. D.
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Raimondo, Giuliano. "Power quality improvements in 25kV 50 Hz railway substation based on chopper controlled impedances." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0004/document.
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Ce travail est le résultat d'une collaboration entre le laboratoire LAPLACE, la "Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli" (SUN) et la Société National des Chemins de fer Français SNCF. Le sujet de recherche concerne l'utilisation de dispositifs électroniques de puissance dans les sous stations ferroviaires 25kV/50Hz afin d’améliorer la qualité de l'énergie électrique. Dans le transport ferroviaire, le système d'électrification monophasé 25kV/50Hz est largement diffusé en particulier pour les lignes ferroviaires à grande vitesse. Bien qu'aujourd'hui les systèmes d’alimentation en courant continu soient encore largement utilisés, l'adoption du courant alternatif monophasé offre des avantages économiques pour les infrastructures d'environ 30% en termes d'investissement, d'exploitation et d'entretien. Initialement, compte tenu de la simplicité du circuit, il n'y avait aucune nécessité d'intégrer de l'électronique de puissance dans les sous stations. Toutefois, au cours de la décennie passée, l'intérêt pour ces équipements est apparu car ils peuvent apporter une solution d'optimisation du réseau lorsque le trafic augmente ou lorsqu’une nouvelle sous station est envisagée. Deux principaux types de dispositifs sont installés aujourd'hui sur le réseau ferré français : les compensateurs de puissance réactive et les compensateurs de déséquilibre de tension. Cette thèse présente de nouvelles topologies de compensateurs basées sur le concept d’impédances contrôlées par gradateur MLI. Comparées aux solutions existantes, ces topologies ont des caractéristiques particulièrement intéressantes en termes de pertes dans les semi-conducteurs et de volume des composants réactifs. Le manuscrit contient trois parties principales: La première partie présente le principe de l’électrification en 25kV/50Hz et souligne l’intérêt d’installer des moyens de compensation statique dans les sous stations. Après une description des solutions actuellement utilisées, le concept d’impédance contrôlée par gradateur MLI (CCI : Chopper Controlled Impedance ) est ensuite présenté. La deuxième partie du travail concerne l'utilisation du concept de CCI pour la compensation de puissance réactive. La sous-station SNCF de Revest est considérée comme cas d’étude. Celle-ci est équipée d'un transformateur monophasé de 60MVA dont le primaire est connecté à une ligne de transport 225kV. Deux topologies de compensateur de puissance réactive, basées sur des montages abaisseur ou élévateur de tension sont présentées. Le dimensionnement des gradateurs est effectué sur la base d'une campagne de mesures réalisée à la sous station. Des simulations numériques utilisant des formes d’ondes réelles de courant et de tension sont présentées. Des résultats expérimentaux effectués à la plateforme de test de la SNCF sur un prototype de 1,2MVAR permettent de valider le concept de CCI. La dernière partie du travail concerne le problème du déséquilibre de tension en amont de la sous station. Un circuit de Steinmetz « actif », toujours basée sur des gradateurs MLI, est présenté et étudié. La sous station SNCF d'Evron est alors considérée comme cas étude. Celle-ci comporte un transformateur de 32MVA et est connectée à une ligne de transmission 90kV. Les mesures effectuées sur le site permettent le dimensionnement du compensateur ainsi que l’utilisation des formes d'onde réelles de courant et de tension dans les simulations numériques. Une comparaison avec des solutions classiques basées sur des onduleurs 2 niveaux et 3 niveaux souligne les avantages de la solution proposée. Ainsi, les résultats des calculs et des simulations montrent que l'énergie stockée dans les éléments réactifs est réduite d’un facteur six et que les pertes dans les semi-conducteurs sont réduites de 40%. Des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur une maquette de 1.5 kVA permettent de valider le principe du circuit de Steinmetz actifThis work is the result of collaboration between the LAPLACE laboratory, the “Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli” (SUN) and the French national railways operator SNCF. The research topic treated herein concerns the use of power electronic devices in 25kV/50Hz railways substations to achieve power quality improvements. In railway transportation, single-phase 25kV-50Hz electrification system is widely diffused especially for high-speed railway applications. Although electrified DC systems are still widely applied, the adoption of AC single-phase system offers economical advantages for the infrastructures of about 30% in terms of investment, exploitation and maintenance. In early ages, due to its very simple diagram, there was no necessity to integrate power electronics in substations. However, for the last decade, the interest in power electronic equipments raised since they can provide the solution for network optimization when traffic increases or when a difficulty is foreseen for a substation implementation. Two types of devices are implemented today on the French Railway Network: Reactive Power compensators and Voltage Unbalance compensators. This thesis presents an investigation into new topologies based on the concept of “Chopper Controlled Impedances”(CCI). Compared to existing solutions, the new topologies show interesting features in terms of semi-conductor losses reduction and volume of reactive components. The manuscript is developed through three main parts: Firstly, the French railways system is introduced and the interest in installing power electronic compensators in substations is highlighted. After a brief description of currently used solutions, the CCI concept is presented: the use of Pulse Width Modulated AC Choppers allows achieving structures which behave as variable impedances. In the second part, the use of CCI structures in reactive power compensation is investigated. The SNCF substation of Revest is under study. It is equipped by a 60MVA single phase transformer with the primary side connected to a 225kV transmission line. Based on the step-down or step-up functioning mode of CCIs, two topologies of reactive power compensator are presented. The converter design is developed on the base of a measurement campaign carried out at the substation. Numerical simulations using real current and voltage waveforms are presented. Finally, experimental results carried out at the SNCF test platform on a 1.2MVAR prototype are shown. In the last part, the problem of voltage unbalance is treated. Using the concept of CCI, the feasibility of an active Steinmetz circuit based on AC choppers is explored. As a case study, the substation of Evron is considered. It is a 32MVA substation connected to a 90kV transmission line. Measurements carried out on the substation site allow the compensator design and the possibility to consider real waveforms for current and voltage in numerical simulations. A comparison with classical solution based on two levels VSI and three levels NPC-VSI highlights the advantages of the proposed solution. Calculation and simulation results show that the stored energy in reactive elements is reduced by a factor six whereas the semiconductor losses are 40% lower. Experimental results obtained on a scaled demonstrator (1.5 kVA) validate the principle of the active Steinmetz circuit