Academic literature on the topic 'Active worms'

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Journal articles on the topic "Active worms"

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Zhou, Hanxun. "Modeling and Analysis of Active-Benign Worms and Hybrid-Benign Worms." Journal of Computer Research and Development 44, no. 6 (2007): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/crad20070607.

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Fan, Xiang, and Yang Xiang. "Defending against the propagation of active worms." Journal of Supercomputing 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2009): 167–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-009-0283-8.

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Wang, Meng, Zhide Chen, Li Xu, and Huan Zhan. "Spread and Control of Mobile Benign Worm Based on Two-Stage Repairing Mechanism." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/746803.

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Both in traditional social network and in mobile network environment, the worm is a serious threat, and this threat is growing all the time. Mobile smartphones generally promote the development of mobile network. The traditional antivirus technologies have become powerless when facing mobile networks. The development of benign worms, especially active benign worms and passive benign worms, has become a new network security measure. In this paper, we focused on the spread of worm in mobile environment and proposed the benign worm control and repair mechanism. The control process of mobile benign worms is divided into two stages: the first stage is rapid repair control, which uses active benign worm to deal with malicious worm in the mobile network; when the network is relatively stable, it enters the second stage of postrepair and uses passive mode to optimize the environment for the purpose of controlling the mobile network. Considering whether the existence of benign worm, we simplified the model and analyzed the four situations. Finally, we use simulation to verify the model. This control mechanism for benign worm propagation is of guiding significance to control the network security.
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Mr.V.Senthilkumar, Mr V. Senthilkumar. "Monitoring the Spread of Active Worms in Internet." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 10, no. 5 (2013): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-1055255.

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Yu, Wei, Xun Wang, Adam Champion, Dong Xuan, and David Lee. "On detecting active worms with varying scan rate." Computer Communications 34, no. 11 (July 2011): 1269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.10.014.

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Surin, Johari, and D. A. Denham. "Comparative susceptibility to anthelmintics ofBrugia pahangiin jirds infected by different methods." Journal of Helminthology 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00012219.

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ABSTRACTIt is possible to infect jirds withBrugia pahangiby three methods. Infective larvae (L3) can be injected either intraperitoneally (ip), when adults develop in the peritoneal cavity, or sub-cutaneously (sc), when they develop in the lymphatics or the heart and blood vessels associated with the lungs. Alternatively adult worms which have been grown in the peritoneal cavities of jirds can be implanted into the peritoneal cavities of other jirds. This latter system has been widely used for screening for new filaricides. We have compared the activity of 9 macrofilaricidal compounds against these 3 types of infection. Mebendazole and albendazole were more active against implanted adults than against L3 induced adults in the peritoneal cavity. Oxibendazole, flubendazole, CGP24588A and oxfendazole were equally active against both types of worm. CGP20376, Mel Ga and Mel Ni were more active against adult worms derived from inoculated L3 than implanted worms. When comparing intra-lymphatic and ip adults (both derived from L3 infections and in the same jirds) albendazole and CGP20376 were active at the same levels against both types of infection. Mebendazole, flubendazole, oxfendazole, CGP24588A, Mel Ga and Mel Ni were more active against ip adults than intra-lymphatic adults. No drug was more active against intra-lymphatic adults than against adults.
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Ezenwa, Vanessa O., Sarah A. Budischak, Peter Buss, Mauricio Seguel, Gordon Luikart, Anna E. Jolles, and Kaori Sakamoto. "Natural resistance to worms exacerbates bovine tuberculosis severity independently of worm coinfection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): e2015080118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015080118.

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Pathogen interactions arising during coinfection can exacerbate disease severity, for example when the immune response mounted against one pathogen negatively affects defense of another. It is also possible that host immune responses to a pathogen, shaped by historical evolutionary interactions between host and pathogen, may modify host immune defenses in ways that have repercussions for other pathogens. In this case, negative interactions between two pathogens could emerge even in the absence of concurrent infection. Parasitic worms and tuberculosis (TB) are involved in one of the most geographically extensive of pathogen interactions, and during coinfection worms can exacerbate TB disease outcomes. Here, we show that in a wild mammal natural resistance to worms affects bovine tuberculosis (BTB) severity independently of active worm infection. We found that worm-resistant individuals were more likely to die of BTB than were nonresistant individuals, and their disease progressed more quickly. Anthelmintic treatment moderated, but did not eliminate, the resistance effect, and the effects of resistance and treatment were opposite and additive, with untreated, resistant individuals experiencing the highest mortality. Furthermore, resistance and anthelmintic treatment had nonoverlapping effects on BTB pathology. The effects of resistance manifested in the lungs (the primary site of BTB infection), while the effects of treatment manifested almost entirely in the lymph nodes (the site of disseminated disease), suggesting that resistance and active worm infection affect BTB progression via distinct mechanisms. Our findings reveal that interactions between pathogens can occur as a consequence of processes arising on very different timescales.
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Haokun Tang, YanBing Liu, and Xianliang Lu. "Defending Active Worms in Structured P2P Networks: A Prevention Strategy." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 7, no. 14 (August 31, 2012): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol7.issue14.35.

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Chen, Ting, Xiao-song Zhang, Hong-yuan Li, Dong Wang, and Yue Wu. "Propagation modeling of active P2P worms based on ternary matrix." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 36, no. 5 (September 2013): 1387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.02.032.

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Carrara, V. S., S. C. H. Vieira, R. G. de Paula, V. Rodrigues, L. G. Magalhães, D. A. G. Cortez, and A. A. Da Silva Filho. "In vitro schistosomicidal effects of aqueous and dichloromethane fractions from leaves and stems of Piper species and the isolation of an active amide from P. amalago L. (Piperaceae)." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 3 (April 8, 2013): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x13000205.

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AbstractDichloromethane and aqueous fractions from leaves and stems of Piper arboreum Aubl., P. aduncum L., P. amalago L., P. crassinervium H.B. & K., P. diospyrifolium Kunth, P. hispidum Sw. and P. xylosteoides (Kunth) Steud. were tested against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro activity was evaluated in terms of mortality, number of separated worms and number of worms with reduced motor activity. Most dichloromethane fractions from all Piper species showed moderate schistosomicidal activity, but aqueous fractions were not active. The dichloromethane fraction of P. amalago leaves (at 100 μg/ml) showed the highest activity, resulting in worm mortality, the separation of worm pairs and reduced motor activity. Chromatographic fractionation of the dichloromethane fraction of P. amalago leaves led to the isolation of its major compound, which was also tested against adults of S. mansoni. The isolated piperamide N-[7-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z),4(Z)-heptadienoyl] pyrrolidine, at 100 μm, resulted in the mortality of all adult worms after 24 h of incubation. The findings suggest that species of Piper are potential sources of schistosomicidal compounds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Active worms"

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Franzén, Frida. "From words to action : Lessons from active stakeholder participation in water management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-166232.

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Water governance worldwide is going through a shift towards more holistic and participatory approaches. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in 2000, aims at protecting surface water and groundwater. The WFD emphasizes the importance of stakeholder participation in planning and implementation of the directive, and in order to reach environmental objectives. However, the empirical findings are insufficient regarding how stakeholder participation can lead to improved decisions and implemented plans. In Sweden, a major water quality problem is eutrophication caused to a large extend by diffuse nutrient leakage from agriculture. Therefore, it is important to involve farmers in water management, since their participation can lead the commitment of mitigation measures for reduced nutrient leakage. The overall aim of this study is to contribute the knowledge and understanding of active stakeholder participation in water management, in particular how it can lead to implementation of water quality objectives. The thesis addresses stakeholder participation in eutrophication management in local Swedish catchments, with a particular focus on farmers’ participation in the commitment of mitigation measures. The results are based on case study research, involving four catchment areas in Sweden with severe eutrophication problems. The thesis identified socio-demographic factors, farmers’ knowledge, and the level of existing information and economic support for wetland creation, as factors affecting farmers’ willingness to participate in wetland creation to mitigate nutrient leakage. In the local catchment groups studied, farmers and other local stakeholders participated to discuss potential mitigation activities. In these, farmers emphasized other emitting actors’ responsibility and commitment in local action plans. Where this was realized, social capital within the group increased and led to further collaboration. The thesis also analyzed large-scale wetland programmes at catchment scale, where the organizational and institutional arrangements were central to realize farmers’ participation: inter-municipal agreements entailed sufficient resources, the organization involved the most relevant actors; and leadership resources were important. The thesis argues that organizing water management at a catchment level can be important to cope with challenges related to stake-holder participation for mitigating diffuse nutrient leakage. In particular for dissemination and collection of information, suggesting potential measures for all concerned actors, provide resources needed to realize actions, and to build trust and collaboration. The thesis also emphasized that stakeholder participation has to be underpinned by a genuine meaning, both for the initiators and the participants.

QC 20150506

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Averin, Emina, and Majorie Valderrama. "Action words: Studying the involuntary capture of attention of action words." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-51974.

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This study’s aim was to examine how attention is affected by action words. Twenty participants performed a cross‐modal oddball task with a standard sound (a sine wave tone) and two recorded speech sounds as novel sounds (stop and press). The result showed that novel sounds captured attention and increased response time compared to standard. There was a significant difference between “press” and standard and “stop” and standard but not between stop and press. This showed that the participants could not block out the sound and focus on the focal attention task. Even though not significant, the response time for “stop” was the slowest since it may inhibit the involuntary response. The results might be explained by the fact that not enough subjects participated, and because of that same reason the result might not be generalized either.
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Garris, Bill R., and Bethany A. Novotny. "Listen Up! Active Listening Skills Revisited." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3149.

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Taylor, Teresa Brooks. "Being Intentional: Active Learning, Student Reflection." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2000. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3645.

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Evanshen, Pamela, and Susan Lewis. "Brainy Acts: Active Classroom Teaching Strategies." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4379.

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Gavirneni, Madhavi, Karen E. Schetzina, Nilesh Dankhara, Jeremy Bradley, Laura Maphis, Jason Tyler Williams, Gayatri Bala Jaishankar, Michelle Tanner, Laurie Bennie, and William T. Dalton. "Community Partnerships to Promote Healthy Active Living." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5043.

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Purpose To describe outcomes of community partnerships for promoting healthy active living among families with young children in the ReadNPlay for a Bright Future Project. Methods ReadNPlay for a Bright Future was developed through grant support from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Metlife Foundation awarded to the East Tennessee State University Department of Pediatrics and Tennessee AAP Chapter. ReadNPlay is a coordinated, multi-level, multi-component initiative promoting healthy active living among families with young children during infant-toddler health supervision visits and in childcare and other community settings. The project site is located in rural southern Appalachia, an area of the country with a high prevalence of obesity. Materials and messages developed by the project team were finalized during a community forum with stakeholders held in Northeast Tennessee in fall 2012. Four themes emerged as a focus for the initiative: Play More: Shut off the Screen, Play Together: Be Active as a Family, Fuel to Play: Eat Healthy, and Play Safely. Partnerships with the regional children's hospital, childcare providers, health department, public libraries, and farmers' markets were supported through on-going communication via email, social media, and individual meetings. Availability of two $750 pediatric resident mini-grants and structure afforded by the residency program's existing community pediatrics rotation facilitated development and implementation of community initiatives for this project. Results Project posters displayed in community settings, use of social media, and periodic community events are reinforcing efforts to promote healthy active living in the clinical setting. A new event for families with infants/toddlers was added to the children's hospital annual Kids Run, involving over 120 families during the first year. Walk N' Rollers received free Reach Out and Read books and were surprised at the sugar content of juice and other beverages displayed in sippy cups as part of a “Sugar Quiz.” Information disseminated through regional child care centers will promote participation in a summer Walk N' Roll program in addition to this annual event. At a regional childcare provider conference, ReadNPlay workshops with over 100 infant-toddler teachers and 40 families were conducted and information on Tennessee's “Gold Sneaker” designation for compliance with state nutrition and physical activity policies was shared (only 6% of local centers are designated). During summer 2013, 75 families are being provided with $10 farmers' market vouchers at their 12-15 month well child visit to encourage consumption of fruits and vegetables. 18-month statistics on social media reach, walking program participation, new Gold Sneaker designations, and farmers' market program participation will be presented. Conclusion This presentation will illustrate how pediatric residency programs and practitioners may partner with existing community organizations and initiatives to promote healthy active living in families with young children.
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McGarry, Theresa. "Identifying and Encouraging Active Learning Through Speech Events." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6168.

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Stewart, David, and Stacy D. Brown. "Active Learning Processes Used in US Colleges of Pharmacy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5296.

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Watkins, Rani Lea. "An evaluation of methods of indicating active words in hypertext documents." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12302008-063654/.

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Smurzynski, Jacek. "Active Cochlear Processes and their Influence on the Generation of Otocoustic Emissions." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2163.

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Books on the topic "Active worms"

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Olsen, Amy E. Active vocabulary: General and academic words. 5th ed. White Plains, N.Y: Longman, 2013.

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Olsen, Amy E. Active vocabulary: General and academic words. 2nd ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004.

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Weale, David. MS Works: An active-learning approach. London: D.P.Pubns., 1992.

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Active vocabulary: General and academic words. 4th ed. White Plains, N.Y: Longman, 2010.

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Olsen, Amy E. Active vocabulary: General and academic words. 4th ed. White Plains, N.Y: Longman, 2010.

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Olsen, Amy E. Active vocabulary: General and academic words. 4th ed. White Plains, N.Y: Longman, 2010.

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Geddes, Gary. Active trading: Selected poems, 1970-1995. Fredericton, N.B: Goose Lane, 1996.

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Smith, William. The poetic works of William Smith: The words and images of a Hollywood legend / [by Willliam Smith]. [S.l.]: W. Smith, 2009.

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Martin, John P. What works among active labour market policies: Evidence from OECD countries' experiences. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Words of life: Scripture as the living and active Word of God. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Active worms"

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Rguibi, Mohamed Amine, and Najem Moussa. "A Vaccination Game for Mitigation Active Worms Propagation in P2P Networks." In Networked Systems, 267–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31277-0_17.

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Fan, Xiang, and Yang Xiang. "Accelerating the Propagation of Active Worms by Employing Multiple Target Discovery Techniques." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 150–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88140-7_14.

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Lockwood, John W., James Moscola, David Reddick, Matthew Kulig, and Tim Brooks. "Application of Hardware Accelerated Extensible Network Nodes for Internet Worm and Virus Protection." In Active Networks, 44–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24715-9_5.

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Dunderdale, Sue. "Action before words." In Directing the Decades, 63–73. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003138440-4.

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Brée, D. S. "Words for Time." In Time, Action and Cognition, 337–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3536-0_34.

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Simmons, Pat. "Prelims - Words into Action." In Words into Action, 1–4. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855988845.000.

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Simmons, Pat. "1. Words into Action." In Words into Action, 5–113. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Oxfam Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9780855988845.001.

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Okyere-Manu, Beatrice, and Stephen Nkansah Morgan. "Putting words into action." In African Perspectives on Religion and Climate Change, 91–103. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003147909-7.

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Jacobs, Heidi Hayes. "Developing Three Types of Words with Classical Approaches and Digital Tools." In Active Literacy Across the Curriculum, 27–48. Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | “First edition published by Eye On Education 2006”—T.p. verso.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315693927-3.

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Nicol, David M., and Michael Liljenstam. "Models and Analysis of Active Worm Defense." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 38–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11560326_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Active worms"

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Chowdhury, Md Minhaz, Joshua M. Del Toro, and Krishna Kambhampaty. "Active Cyber Defense by Benevolent Worms." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (eIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eit53891.2022.9814002.

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Chen, Z., L. Gao, and K. Kwiat. "Modeling the spread of active worms." In IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2003.1209211.

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Zhou, Hanxun, Yingyou Wen, and Hong Zhao. "Modeling and Analysis of Active Benign Worms and Hybrid Benign Worms Containing the Spread of Worms." In Sixth International Conference on Networking (ICN'07). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icn.2007.58.

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Fan, Xiang, and Yang Xiang. "Defending against the Propagation of Active Worms." In 2008 IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euc.2008.75.

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Eng Keong Lua and Ruichuan Chen. "A holistic immune system against active P2P worms." In 2013 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoin.2013.6496346.

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Luo, Weimin, Jing Liu, Jingbo Liu, and Chengyu Fan. "An Exact Model for Active P2P Worms Propagation." In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Frontier of Computer Science and Technology (FCST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcst.2009.24.

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Feng, Chaosheng, Zhiguang Qin, Laurence Cuthbet, and Laurissa Tokarchuk. "Propagation Model of Active Worms in P2P Networks." In 2008 9th International Conference for Young Computer Scientists (ICYCS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icycs.2008.237.

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Khayam, Syed A., and Hayder Radha. "Analyzing the spread of active worms over VANET." In the first ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1023875.1023889.

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Hui He, Hong-Li Zhang, Wei-Zhe Zhang, Ming-Zeng Hu, and Zhen-Jiang Tang. "Early warning of active worms based on multi-similarity." In Proceedings of 2005 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmlc.2005.1527616.

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Yu, Wei, Xun Wang, Dong Xuan, and David Lee. "Effective Detection of Active Worms with Varying Scan Rate." In 2006 Securecomm and Workshops. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/seccomw.2006.359549.

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Reports on the topic "Active worms"

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Card, David, Jochen Kluve, and Andrea Weber. What Works? A Meta Analysis of Recent Active Labor Market Program Evaluations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21431.

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Chow, Barbara Chow. From Words to Action: A Practical Philanthropic Guide to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. New York, NY United States: Foundation Center, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.30192.

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Marôco, Ana Lúcia, Sónia Gonçalves, and Fernanda Nogueira. Antecedents and consequences of work-family balance: A systematic literature review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0112.

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Review question / Objective: What are the antecedents and consequences of work-family balance? Eligibility criteria: s inclusion criteria it was established that only original peer-reviewed articles would be included, whose: 1) object of study are active workers; 2) concept of family-work relationship under study is effectively the work-family balance (and not only the absence of work-family conflict); 3) language used is English, Spanish and Portuguese. The exclusion criteria for articles/works were: 1) the object of the study is not active workers (such as spouses of workers or other family members such as children, future active workers, unemployed or even retired workers); 2) the concept of work-family relationship used is the conflict work-family and/ or work-family enrichment; 3) in languages other than English, Spanish or Portuguese; 4) designated as gray literature (such as theses, books, book chapters, and conference proceedings,...)
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Wickenden, Mary, Brigitte Rohwerder, and Stephen Thompson. IDS Action Learning Groups with Jobseekers and Employers Involved in the Inclusion Works Programme. A Report on the Process and Findings. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.047.

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The report describes how IDS organised and ran a series of action learning groups with jobseekers and employers involved with the FCDO-funded Inclusion Works programme. Action learning groups are a participatory way of learning over time about the participants’ experiences of the programme and their wider perceptions of the world of work and moves towards more inclusive practice generally. The groups were held in the four programme countries: Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda. The report includes key findings and reflections from the groups, the local facilitators and the IDS team.
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Aremu, Fatai. Donor Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.015.

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Multiple development actors are interested in stimulating more inclusive fiscal governance. Efforts to generate greater budget transparency, citizen participation in resource allocation, and public oversight of government spending are commonplace. How can development donors and lenders support such efforts, and what are their limitations? How do their attempts to do so interact? Exploring the outcomes of two projects in the Nigerian States of Jigawa and Kaduna provide some answers to these questions. The projects pursue overlapping goals, but with different approaches. The Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn (PERL) programme funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office works in a granular and contextually adapted way in each state to construct joint government and civil initiatives that test and embed citizen engagement and oversight approaches. The World Bank States Financial Transparency Accountability and Sustainability (SFTAS) initiative offers financial incentives to states if they meet a set of common public financial management benchmarks. Their actions have been complementary in several ways, despite significant contextual differences between the states in terms of conflict dynamics and prevailing citizen–state relations. The projects also reinforced each other’s efforts on public procurement reform in Kaduna State. However, in Jigawa State, SFTAS incentives to pass a procurement law following a standard template failed to codify and may indeed reverse gains from longstanding PERL efforts supporting transparency. This illustrates how donors with similar reform objectives in the same contexts can unconsciously undermine existing efforts towards overarching public accountability goals.
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Snijder, Mieke, and Marina Apgar, J. How Does Participatory Action Research Generate Innovation? Findings from a Rapid Realist Review. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.009.

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This Emerging Evidence Report shares evidence of how, for whom, and under what circumstances, Participatory Action Research (PAR) leads to innovative actions. A rapid realist review was undertaken to develop programme theories that explain how PAR generates innovation. The methodology included peer-reviewed and grey literature and moments of engagement with programme staff, such that their input supported the development and refinement of three resulting initial programme theories (IPTs) that we present in this report. Across all three IPTs, safe relational space, group facilitation, and the abilities of facilitators, are essential context and intervention components through which PAR can generate innovation. Implications from the three IPTs for evaluation design of the CLARISSA programme are identified and discussed. The report finishes with opportunities for the CLARISSA programme to start building an evidence base of how PAR works as an intervention modality, such as evidencing group-level conscientisation, the influence of intersecting inequalities, and influence of diverse perspectives coming together in a PAR process.
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Brownlee, R. L. Complete Statement of Honorable R.L. Brownlee, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works), for the Hearing Before the Committee on Environment and Public Works United States Senate on Water Resources Development Programs Within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403669.

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Levkoe, Charles Z., Peter Andrée, Patricia Ballamingie, Nadine A. Changfoot, and Karen Schwartz. Building Action Research Partnerships for Community Impact: Lessons From a National Community-Campus Engagement Project. Community First: Impacts of Community Engagement Project, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/fp/cfice/2023.12701.

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While many studies have addressed the successes and challenges of participatory action research, few have documented how community campus engagement (CCE) works and how partnerships can be designed for strong community impact. This paper responds to increasing calls for ‘community first’ approaches to CCE. Our analysis draws on experiences and research from Community First: Impacts of Community Engagement (CFICE), a collaborative action research project that ran from 2012-2020 in Canada and aimed to better understand how community-campus partnerships might be designed and implemented to maximize the value for community-based organizations. As five of the project’s co-leads, we reflect on our experiences, drawing on research and practice in three of CFICE’s thematic hubs (food sovereignty, poverty reduction, and community environmental sustainability) to identify achievements and articulate preliminary lessons about how to build stronger and more meaningful relationships. We identify the need to: strive towards equitable and mutually beneficial partnerships; work with boundary spanners from both the academy and civil society to facilitate such relationships; be transparent and self-reflexive about power differentials; and look continuously for ways to mitigate inequities.
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Burns, Danny, Marina Apgar, and Anna Raw. Designing a Participatory Programme at Scale: Phases 1 and 2 of the CLARISSA Programme on Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.004.

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CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) is a large-scale Participatory Action Research programme which aims to identify, evidence, and promote effective multi-stakeholder action to tackle the drivers of the worst forms of child labour in selected supply chains in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar. CLARISSA places a particular focus on participants’ own ‘agency’. In other words, participants’ ability to understand the situation they face, and to develop and take actions in response to them. Most of CLARISSA’s participants are children. This document shares the design and overarching methodology of the CLARISSA programme, which was co-developed with all consortium partners during and since the co-generation phase of the programme (September 2018–June 2020). The immediate audience is the CLARISSA programme implementation teams, plus the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). This design document is also a useful reference point for other programmes trying to build large-scale participatory processes. It provides a clear overview of the CLARISSA programmatic approach, the design, and how it is being operationalised in context.
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House, Sarah. Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.004.

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This SLH Learning Paper summarises the key learning from a rapid topic exploration on 'Learning in the Sanitation and Hygiene Sector'. The study looked at how people in the WASH sector learn, the processes utilised and what works best, as well as the barriers and challenges to learning. It looks at learning from communities and peer-to-peer and how the learning gets translated into action at scale. How do you think we learn best? What barriers do you see and experience that make it more difficult for us to learn? And what steps should be taking to reduce the barriers and improve how to learn more effectively? This paper shares the lessons from sector and associated actors working in low- and middle-income contexts around the world and makes recommendation on how to strengthen learning and sharing processes, as well as building capacities and confidence for learning, with the ultimate aim of turning that learning into action at scale.
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