Journal articles: 'Active worms'

1

Zhou, Hanxun. "Modeling and Analysis of Active-Benign Worms and Hybrid-Benign Worms." Journal of Computer Research and Development 44, no. 6 (2007): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/crad20070607.

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Fan, Xiang, and Yang Xiang. "Defending against the propagation of active worms." Journal of Supercomputing 51, no. 2 (April 26, 2009): 167–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-009-0283-8.

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Wang, Meng, Zhide Chen, Li Xu, and Huan Zhan. "Spread and Control of Mobile Benign Worm Based on Two-Stage Repairing Mechanism." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/746803.

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Both in traditional social network and in mobile network environment, the worm is a serious threat, and this threat is growing all the time. Mobile smartphones generally promote the development of mobile network. The traditional antivirus technologies have become powerless when facing mobile networks. The development of benign worms, especially active benign worms and passive benign worms, has become a new network security measure. In this paper, we focused on the spread of worm in mobile environment and proposed the benign worm control and repair mechanism. The control process of mobile benign worms is divided into two stages: the first stage is rapid repair control, which uses active benign worm to deal with malicious worm in the mobile network; when the network is relatively stable, it enters the second stage of postrepair and uses passive mode to optimize the environment for the purpose of controlling the mobile network. Considering whether the existence of benign worm, we simplified the model and analyzed the four situations. Finally, we use simulation to verify the model. This control mechanism for benign worm propagation is of guiding significance to control the network security.

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Mr.V.Senthilkumar, Mr V. Senthilkumar. "Monitoring the Spread of Active Worms in Internet." IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering 10, no. 5 (2013): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0661-1055255.

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Yu, Wei, Xun Wang, Adam Champion, Dong Xuan, and David Lee. "On detecting active worms with varying scan rate." Computer Communications 34, no. 11 (July 2011): 1269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.10.014.

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Surin, Johari, and D. A. Denham. "Comparative susceptibility to anthelmintics ofBrugia pahangiin jirds infected by different methods." Journal of Helminthology 64, no. 3 (September 1990): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00012219.

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ABSTRACTIt is possible to infect jirds withBrugia pahangiby three methods. Infective larvae (L3) can be injected either intraperitoneally (ip), when adults develop in the peritoneal cavity, or sub-cutaneously (sc), when they develop in the lymphatics or the heart and blood vessels associated with the lungs. Alternatively adult worms which have been grown in the peritoneal cavities of jirds can be implanted into the peritoneal cavities of other jirds. This latter system has been widely used for screening for new filaricides. We have compared the activity of 9 macrofilaricidal compounds against these 3 types of infection. Mebendazole and albendazole were more active against implanted adults than against L3 induced adults in the peritoneal cavity. Oxibendazole, flubendazole, CGP24588A and oxfendazole were equally active against both types of worm. CGP20376, Mel Ga and Mel Ni were more active against adult worms derived from inoculated L3 than implanted worms. When comparing intra-lymphatic and ip adults (both derived from L3 infections and in the same jirds) albendazole and CGP20376 were active at the same levels against both types of infection. Mebendazole, flubendazole, oxfendazole, CGP24588A, Mel Ga and Mel Ni were more active against ip adults than intra-lymphatic adults. No drug was more active against intra-lymphatic adults than against adults.

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Ezenwa, Vanessa O., Sarah A. Budischak, Peter Buss, Mauricio Seguel, Gordon Luikart, Anna E. Jolles, and Kaori Sakamoto. "Natural resistance to worms exacerbates bovine tuberculosis severity independently of worm coinfection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): e2015080118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015080118.

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Pathogen interactions arising during coinfection can exacerbate disease severity, for example when the immune response mounted against one pathogen negatively affects defense of another. It is also possible that host immune responses to a pathogen, shaped by historical evolutionary interactions between host and pathogen, may modify host immune defenses in ways that have repercussions for other pathogens. In this case, negative interactions between two pathogens could emerge even in the absence of concurrent infection. Parasitic worms and tuberculosis (TB) are involved in one of the most geographically extensive of pathogen interactions, and during coinfection worms can exacerbate TB disease outcomes. Here, we show that in a wild mammal natural resistance to worms affects bovine tuberculosis (BTB) severity independently of active worm infection. We found that worm-resistant individuals were more likely to die of BTB than were nonresistant individuals, and their disease progressed more quickly. Anthelmintic treatment moderated, but did not eliminate, the resistance effect, and the effects of resistance and treatment were opposite and additive, with untreated, resistant individuals experiencing the highest mortality. Furthermore, resistance and anthelmintic treatment had nonoverlapping effects on BTB pathology. The effects of resistance manifested in the lungs (the primary site of BTB infection), while the effects of treatment manifested almost entirely in the lymph nodes (the site of disseminated disease), suggesting that resistance and active worm infection affect BTB progression via distinct mechanisms. Our findings reveal that interactions between pathogens can occur as a consequence of processes arising on very different timescales.

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Haokun Tang, YanBing Liu, and Xianliang Lu. "Defending Active Worms in Structured P2P Networks: A Prevention Strategy." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 7, no. 14 (August 31, 2012): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol7.issue14.35.

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9

Chen, Ting, Xiao-song Zhang, Hong-yuan Li, Dong Wang, and Yue Wu. "Propagation modeling of active P2P worms based on ternary matrix." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 36, no. 5 (September 2013): 1387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.02.032.

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Carrara, V. S., S. C. H. Vieira, R. G. de Paula, V. Rodrigues, L. G. Magalhães, D. A. G. Cortez, and A. A. Da Silva Filho. "In vitro schistosomicidal effects of aqueous and dichloromethane fractions from leaves and stems of Piper species and the isolation of an active amide from P. amalago L. (Piperaceae)." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 3 (April 8, 2013): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x13000205.

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AbstractDichloromethane and aqueous fractions from leaves and stems of Piper arboreum Aubl., P. aduncum L., P. amalago L., P. crassinervium H.B. & K., P. diospyrifolium Kunth, P. hispidum Sw. and P. xylosteoides (Kunth) Steud. were tested against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro activity was evaluated in terms of mortality, number of separated worms and number of worms with reduced motor activity. Most dichloromethane fractions from all Piper species showed moderate schistosomicidal activity, but aqueous fractions were not active. The dichloromethane fraction of P. amalago leaves (at 100 μg/ml) showed the highest activity, resulting in worm mortality, the separation of worm pairs and reduced motor activity. Chromatographic fractionation of the dichloromethane fraction of P. amalago leaves led to the isolation of its major compound, which was also tested against adults of S. mansoni. The isolated piperamide N-[7-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2(Z),4(Z)-heptadienoyl] pyrrolidine, at 100 μm, resulted in the mortality of all adult worms after 24 h of incubation. The findings suggest that species of Piper are potential sources of schistosomicidal compounds.

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11

Denham, D. A., I. T. C. Midwinter, and E. A. H. Friedheim. "The anthelmintic activity of a novel organic arsenical, R7/45, upon Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus." Journal of Helminthology 64, no. 2 (June 1990): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00011998.

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ABSTRACTThe new organic arsenical R7/45 is a rapidly acting and very potent anthelmintic against adult Brugia pahangi in jirds. Against adult worms implanted into the peritoneal cavity 5 subcutaneous (SC) injections at 2·5 mg/kg of R7/45 killed 100% of adult worms. A single dose SC of 20 mg/kg was 100% effective and 10 mg/kg 76% effective against adult worms. When jirds were autopsied at different times after treatment at 20 mg/kg SC 89% of worms were dead within three days. R7/45 was not active when given by stomach intubation. Pretreatment of jirds with R7/45 had no effect on adult worms subsequently implanted into jirds. R7/45 was highly active against third and fourth stage larvae of B. pahangi in jirds.

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12

Viljakainen, Lumi, Anna-Maria Borshagovski, Sami Saarenpää, Arja Kaitala, and Jaana Jurvansuu. "Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses." Virus Genes 56, no. 2 (January 3, 2020): 236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11262-019-01724-5.

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AbstractThe common glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca) are best known for emission of green light by their larvae and sexually active adult females. However, both their DNA and RNA viruses remain unknown. Glow-worms are virologically interesting, as they are non-social and do not feed as adults, and hence their viral transmission may be limited. We identified viral sequences from 11 different virus taxa by the RNA-sequencing of two Finnish populations of adult glow-worms. The viruses represent nine different virus families and have negative, positive, or double-stranded RNA genomes. We also found a complete retroviral genome. Similar viral sequences were found from the sequencing data of common eastern firefly of North America, a species belonging to the same family (Lampyridae) as that of the common glow-worm. On average, an individual glow-worm had seven different RNA virus types and most of them appeared to establish a stable infection since they were found from glow-worms during two consecutive years. Here we present the characterization of load, prevalence, and interactions for each virus. Most of the glow-worm RNA viruses seem to be transmitted vertically, which may reflect the biology of glow-worms as non-social capital breeders, i.e., they invest stored resources in reproduction.

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13

Widayati, Isti, Dwi Nurhayati, and Alnita Baaka. "Test the Activity of the Juice and Infusion of Rumput Kebar (Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch) againts Ascaridia galli worms in Vitro." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 39, no. 2 (September 8, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.48550.

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Kebar grass contains active compounds that can be used as herbal ingredients in the treatment of diseases. This study was conducted to test the anthelmintic activity of grass kebar against worms Ascaridia galli in vitro. This study uses Kebar grass juice and infusion with a concentration of 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, and 4 repetitions. Each level of the experiment is placed in each cup containing 25 ml of solution and 5 worms. Worm mortality is recorded every 2 hours. The results showed that the juice and infusion of kebar grass were concentrations of 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% capable of killing worms with a mean time on the juice of Kebar grass respectively 9.5; 8; 7.5; 7 hours, and the average time for Kebar grass infusion is 9.5; 8.5; 8; 7.5 hours. The immersion time is a good variable to explain the variable of worm death at each concentration of treatment. There is an anthelmintic effect on grass juice and infuse kebar grass against worms Ascaridia galli in vitro. The duration of soaking and the concentration of juice and infusion of Kebar grass in this study had a significant effect on the mortality of worms. It was concluded that the juice and grass infuse kebar(Biophytum Petersianum Klotzsch) have anthelmintic effect against worms Ascaridia galli in vitro. Concentration Kebar grass juice and infuse kebar is increasing, then the shorter the time it takes to kill the worms Ascaridia galli in vitro.

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14

Qi, Yan, Qian Peng Han, and Yong Dong Zhang. "Research of Intelligent Vehicle Internet of Things Based on Anti-Worm Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 3877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.3877.

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ntelligent transport system that based on Internet of Vehicles is regarded as effective measure to guarantee the safety of highway transport. Anti-worm model in vehicular IOT is constructed based on divide-and-conquer with velocity and the drive velocity of vehicle node as the conversion condition between active and passive anti-worms in hybrid anti-worms. Implement this model on the design of Internet of Vehicles terminal, the simulation results show that this model can make the performance of network improved in highway environment regardless of complex road conditions domain and provides a theoretical basis for programming real-time detection strategy and preventing worm destructive epidemics in vehicular Internet of things.

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15

Kumchoo, K., C. Wongsawad, P. Vanittanakom, J. Y. Chai, and A. Rojanapaibul. "Effect of niclosamide on the tegumental surface of Haplorchis taichui using scanning electron microscopy." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 4 (December 2007): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07381108.

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AbstractThe effect of niclosamide on the tegument of adult Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) exposed in vitro was observed by scanning electron microscope. Adult worms were incubated in Tyrode's solution containing 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg ml− 1 of niclosamide for 30 min, 1, 6, 12 and 24 h. Control groups were incubated in Tyrode's solution without niclosamide and worms remained active until 24 h. In 0.01 μg ml− 1 of niclosamide, worms showed slightly active movements up to 1 h after incubation, while in 0.1 μg ml− 1 solution a few worms showed only slightly active movements after 30 min. Tegumental changes were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Swelling and blebbing of the tegument were observed on both ventral and dorsal sides. After longer periods, extensive swelling and blebbing of the tegument became more severe and there was a loss of the apical plasma membrane in some regions. Empty spine sockets occurred, and small perforations penetrated the basal lamina, followed by some lesions. Destruction of both surfaces was more pronounced on the posterior compared with the anterior regions.

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Yonge, Katharine A., and Rodney A. Webb. "Uptake and metabolism of histamine by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta: an in vitro study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-007.

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The uptake of histamine by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta was examined in intact worms and in worms denuded of tegument. Uptake was by a sodium-independent mechanism and was not inhibited by compounds that inhibit active transport of amines. The uptake of histamine was linear over all concentrations examined, including concentrations to which the worms are exposed in vivo. Q10 was consistent with uptake by simple diffusion. Histamine uptake was inhibited at pH 5.9 but not at higher pH values. The only metabolite of histamine found was imidazole acetic acid. Production of this metabolite was inhibited by heat treatment of the worms and by the presence of known diamine oxidase inhibitors, suggesting the occurrence of diamine oxidase. This enzymatic activity was found in the tissues of the worm. In contrast, H. diminuta did not synthesize histamine from histidine. Collectively the data suggest that histamine in the tissues of H. diminuta is of exogenous origin, entering the tissues by diffusion, where it is metabolized by an endogenous diamine-like oxidase to imidazole acetic acid.

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17

KULKE, DANIEL, JÜRGEN KRÜCKEN, ACHIM HARDER, RALPH KREBBER, KRISTINE FRAATZ, HEINZ MEHLHORN, and GEORG VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA. "In vivo efficacy of PF1022A and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists alone and in combination against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis." Parasitology 140, no. 10 (June 7, 2013): 1252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000632.

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SUMMARYThe cyclooctadepsipeptide PF1022A and the aminophenylamidines amidantel, deacylated amidantel (dAMD) and tribendimidine were tested as examples for drug classes potentially interesting for development as anthelmintics against human helminthiases. These compounds and levamisole were tested alone and in combination to determine their efficacy against the rat hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. After three oral treatments, intestinal worms were counted. Drug effects on parasite morphology were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Plasma pharmacokinetics were determined for tribendimidine and dAMD. All drugs reduced worm burden in a dose-dependent manner, however amidantel was significantly less active than the other aminophenylamidines. Combinations of tribendimidine and dAMD with levamisole or PF1022A at suboptimal doses revealed additive effects. While PF1022A caused virtually no changes in morphology, levamisole, dAMD and tribendimidine caused severe contraction, particularly in the hind body region. Worms exposed to combinations of PF1022A and aminophenylamidines were indistinguishable from worms exposed only to aminophenylamidines. After oral treatment with tribendimidine, only the active metabolite dAMD was detectable in plasma and concentrations were not significantly different for oral treatment with dAMD. The results support further evaluation of cyclooctadepsipeptides alone and in combination with cholinergic drugs to improve efficacy. Combining these with registered drugs may help to prevent development of resistance.

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Li, Tao, Zhihong Guan, and Xianyong Wu. "Modeling and analyzing the spread of active worms based on P2P systems." Computers & Security 26, no. 3 (May 2007): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2006.10.003.

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19

Agbo, S. O., M. A. Mustapha, C. E. Ogaugwu, O. G. Sodipe, E. C. Chukwu, M. F. Raji, and U. C. Nebo. "Sensitivity of Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in Mining Soil from Ijero-Ekiti, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i4.19.

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Excavation and processing of mineral deposits are valuable revenue sources yet they contribute serious environmental problems worldwide. Mining activities are widespread and contribute to heavy metal contamination in rural communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Available research failed to establish how mining soil may impact on resident terrestrial organisms. This study assessed the health of soil from active mining site by testing it on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) for 10 weeks. Survival, mobility, morphology and behaviour of worms were assessed while soil was analyzed for selected heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry. Worm survival was evident as the proportion of reference soil increased in exposure mixture and improved until 92% in the control. Worms curled up at the bottom of test vessels with varying proportions of mining site soil and appeared discolored and dehydrated when taken out of test soil, with characteristic sluggishness, particularly as the proportion of mining soil increased in exposure mixtures. Though metal levels were within permissible limits, morphology of exposed worms were visibly impacted, which corresponds in severity with increasing proportion of mining soil. On the contrary, worms tested in 100% reference soil appeared healthy and active in upper part of exposure vessels. These results suggest that the tested mining soil had adverse impacts on mobility, morphology, behavior and survival of exposed organisms when compared with the control population. Therefore, food products grown downstream of the mining site may be at risk of heavy metal contamination with consequences on food quality, water quality and food chain.

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Fujino, Takahiro, Koichi Fukuda, Fusanori Hamajima, and Yoichi Ishii. "Studies on host specificity in Paragonimus westermani: I. Ultrastructural characterization of metacercariae and juvenile and adult worms from abnormal and definitive hosts." Journal of Helminthology 63, no. 3 (September 1989): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00009044.

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ABSTRACTComparative ultrastructural studies have been made of newly excysted metacercariae and worms recovered from abnormal (rats) and normal definitive hosts (dogs). Worms from rats survived for prolonged periods without any growth or development in muscles of the host. They appeared to resemble metacercariae in general features, although ultrastructural observations revealed differences in the composition of tegumental granules and the development of the excretory bladder and caeca. Worms from dogs showed well-developed morphology in association with active energy metabolism and biosynthesis.

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Marotta, Roberto, Bradley R. Parry, and Daniel H. Shain. "Divergence of AMP Deaminase in the Ice Worm Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2009 (July 5, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2009/715086.

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Glacier ice worms, Mesenchytraeus solifugus and related species, are the largest glacially obligate metazoans. As one component of cold temperature adaptation, ice worms maintain atypically high energy levels in an apparent mechanism to offset cold temperature-induced lethargy and death. To explore this observation at a mechanistic level, we considered the putative contribution of 5′ adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD), a key regulator of energy metabolism in eukaryotes. We cloned cDNAs encoding ice worm AMPD, generating a fragment encoding 543 amino acids that included a short N-terminal region and complete C-terminal catalytic domain. The predicted ice worm AMPD amino acid sequence displayed conservation with homologues from other mesophilic eukaryotes with notable exceptions. In particular, an ice worm-specific K188E substitution proximal to the AMP binding site likely alters the architecture of the active site and negatively affects the enzyme's activity. Paradoxically, this would contribute to elevated intracellular ATP levels, which appears to be a signature of cold adapted taxa.

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Karim, Gres, Oluwasayo Adeyemo, Khawaja Hasan Bilal, and Amreen Dinani. "Eggs, Worms, or Both? Chronic Active Schistosomiasis Presenting as Cirrhosis and Colonic Polyps." ACG Case Reports Journal 9, no. 8 (August 2022): e00837. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/crj.0000000000000837.

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Saeed, Hesham M., Mostafa H. Mostafa, Peter J. O'Connor, Joseph A. Rafferty, and Michael J. Doenhoff. "Evidence for the presence of active cytochrome P450 systems inSchistosoma mansoniandSchistosoma haematobiumadult worms." FEBS Letters 519, no. 1-3 (April 30, 2002): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02755-2.

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24

Yi, Junqi, Haodong Li, Li Jiang, Kaka Zhang, and Daoyong Chen. "Solution-based fabrication of a highly catalytically active 3D network constructed from 1D metal–organic framework-coated polymeric worm-like micelles." Chemical Communications 51, no. 50 (2015): 10162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc02435h.

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Astalakshmi Narayanan and Senthilkumar Palaniappan. "Evaluation of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. &Thonn. for Anthelmintic Activity." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.3937.

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Medicinal plants are an essential source of treatment for various ailments. The Rubiaceae family is a rich source of medicinally important herbs. Mussaenda is an active member of the family Rubiaceae. It is largely seen in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant of India. It is a native of Western tropical Africa. Helminths are a wide choice of organisms which include worms such as parasitic intestinal worms, whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), (Ascaris lumbricoides) or hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) etc. Helminthiasis is a condition of infection by worms. It is commonly known as worm infection As per WHO statistics near about 2 billion peoples are infected by soil-transmitted helminths worldwide. The infected class of peoples were found to be nutritionally and physically impaired. The current study aims at exploring the anthelmintic property of the leaves of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. Anthelmintic properties of Mussaenda erythrophylla leaves extracts using petroleum ether(60-80°C), chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were evaluated against Phertima posthuma(Indian earth worms) at five concentrations viz.,10mg/ml,20mg/ml, 30mg/ml, 40mg/ml and 50mg/ml. Piperazine citrate is used as the reference standard. The duration taken for paralysis and death of the Phertima posthuma were assessed for all the groups. Methanolic extract of Mussaenda erythrophylla shows moderately significant anthelmintic property as compared to the non-treated group.

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Kang, Thierry Roland, Jerome Nyhalah Dinga, Ayuk Elizabeth Orock, Elvis Monya, and Moses Njutain Ngemenya. "Macrofilaricidal Activity, Acute and Biochemical Effects of Three Lichen Species Found on Mount Cameroon." Journal of Parasitology Research 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1663330.

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Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection affecting a relatively small population globally but has very devastating pathological outcomes. Ivermectin and recently moxidectin are the only drugs approved for clinical management of the disease, both of which have several limitations. In particular, they are efficacious against microfilariae (microfilaricidal) with no activity against adult worms (nonmacrofilaricidal). Promising anthelmintic activity has been reported in some lichens. This study investigated three lichens, Usnea articulata, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Heterodermia obscurata, found on Mount Cameroon, for potential macrofilaricidal activity. Organic extracts were screened for anti-Onchocerca activity against Onchocerca ochengi isolated from cattle skin using worm motility and MTT formazan assays. Toxicity of highly active extracts was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial (LLCMK2) cells and in BALB/c mice (2000 mg/kg body weight) including effects on liver enzymes. The methanol extract of P. tinctorum (Pammet) was the most active against adult male worms ( I C 50 = 8.1 μg/mL) with the highest selectivity index ( SI = 21.3 ). U. articulata was the most active against the adult female ( I C 50 = 36.3 μg/mL) but had a low SI value (3.4). No mortality and no adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. These two most active extracts had no significant effect on liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate ( P values < 0.05), but a high AST : ALT ratio (2.59) for Pammet indicates likely reversible adverse hepatic toxicity. The high macrofilaricidal activity and selectivity of P. tinctorum suggest it is a potential source of new macrofilaricides which should be further investigated to identify its bioactive constituents.

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Drozda, V. F., and M. S. Karpovich. "EXPERIMENTAL JUSTIFICATION OF PROSPECTS OF USING THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC PREPARATION BOVERYN FOR THE PROTECTION OF PINETUM." Agriciltural microbiology 31 (July 7, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.31.83-91.

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Objective. Study the possibility and feasibility of using the entomopathogenic fungal preparation Boveryn to protect pinetum from damage by pine silkworms. Methods. Field (collection of vegetation samples on the soil surface from trunk circles of model trees; collection of worms from treecrowns); laboratory (species identification, physiological monitoring). At the same time, physiologically defective samples with signs of diseases and also damaged with by worm entomophages wereremoved. They were distributed according to known characteristics, namely: size of the main capsule and age. The selected materials were placed in gauze cages with common pine branches.Worms of three species of seedworms were selected accordingly, and they were diapaused on treetrunks and in the soil. During the studies, the entomopathogenic fungal preparation Boveryn wasused with a titre of 6 billion spores/g and at a concentration of 0.5 %. Results. It was found that thelevel of entomocidal action of Boveryn against worms of different ages is determined by the speciesand age susceptibility of phytophages, as well as temperature. Accounting of the changes in parameters of the death of worms of the pine silkworm of the third generation over time shows that the population is quite vulnerable to Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill — the active substance in Boveryn. Actually, the experiment confirmed the feasibility of adding suspensions of the preparation inplaces of diapause of phytophages. At an air temperature in the range of 12–17 °C, at least 50 % ofthe pest population dies in only 9.4–12.5 days. When the temperature increases, the time of deathof worms is reduced. The digital mortality characteristics of pine silkworm worms in the fourth andfifth generations (populations of worms that feed on tree crowns) are quite informative. Conclusion. It is feasible to use Boveryn with appropriate procedure (spraying, etc.) in the areas of extensive spread of pine silkworm to ensure control of the number of pests.

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Abbas, Ahmed Jasim, Ahmed Issa, Dhamia Abas, Nagham Jasim, Luma Mohammed, and Ban Abdul-latif. "Preparation of Pharmaceutical Formula of Rafoxanide and Levamisole 6% Suspension as Pilot Production." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 8, no. 1 (June 14, 2021): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol8i1id42.

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A 100 litter of pharmaceutical formula of veterinary drug Rafoxanide and Levamisole with 6% suspension as pilot production was prepared. The formula contains two active ingredients with a broad spectrum anthelmintic activity. Rafoxanide belong belongs to salicylanilide group used for treatment and control of mature and immature liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats. Levamisole belongs to Bezimidazole compounds and is active against gastrointestinal worms and against lung worms in cattle, sheep and goats. The drug formula is a white color suspension prepared according to scientific literature. Information was collected for all substances in the formulation for active ingredient ingredients and additives. The chemical assay was carried out on the active ingredients and the final formula and the results showed that they conform to the constitutional specifications. The results of the chemical assay of Rafoxanide (102.7%) and levamisole (101%) were found to be within the approved constitutional limits (90-110%) with the adoption of the results of stability study at temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C). The stability of the pharmaceutical formula was observed within the permissible constitutional limits.

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da Silva Alves, Rayan Rubens, João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues, Andrea Teles-Reis, Ranielly Araújo Nogueira, Irlla Correia Lima Licá, Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira, Raynara da Silva Alves, Nêuton Silva-Souza, Teresinha de Jesus Aguiar dos Santos Andrade, and Guilherme Silva Miranda. "Antiparasitic effects of ethanolic extracts of Piper arboreum and Jatropha gossypiifolia leaves on cercariae and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni." Parasitology 147, no. 14 (September 22, 2020): 1689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118202000181x.

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AbstractNew treatment strategies for schistosomiasis should be evaluated, since resistant strains to the only available drug, Praziquantel, have already been described. Thus, we demonstrated antiparasitic effects of ethanolic extracts of Jatropha gossypiifolia and Piper arboreum on cercariae and adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. The bioassays were performed at 0–10 000 μg mL−1 concentration for 0–72 h. Adult worms were stained with carmine to assess external and internal damage. The chemical screening was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. P. arboreum displayed the best cercaricidal effect, with a 100% reduction in viability in just 60 min. The extract of J. gossypiifolia was more effective against adult worms, with 100% viability reduction of male and female worms after 12 and 24 h, respectively. P. arboreum and J. gossypiifolia were equally effective in inhibiting the oviposition of S. mansoni (93% reduction) and causing damage to internal and external structures in adult worms. Flavonoids were identified in both the extracts and phenolic compounds and amides only in P. arboreum. Thus, for the first time, it was proven that ethanolic extracts of P. arboreum and J. gossypiifolia leaves are biologically active against cercariae and adult worms of S. mansoni in vitro.

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Klump, J. Val, John R. Krezoski, Michael E. Smith, and Jerry L. Kaster. "Dual Tracer Studies of the Assimilation of an Organic Contaminant from Sediments by Deposit Feeding Oligochaetes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-190.

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The assimilation of [14C]2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) from Lake Michigan sediments by oligochaete worms was determined in laboratory microcosms using dual tracer techniques. Particle size selective feeding by oligochaetes makes single tracer calculations of assimilation from bulk feces subject to errors resulting from the changing distribution coefficients of adsorbed constituents as a function of particle size. 51Cr3+ adsorbed to sediments passes through the guts of worms without being assimilated and serves as a conservative tracer of ingestion. Assimilation efficiencies for HCBP decreased from 36 to 15% over the initial 10 d of active feeding and was inversely related to average defecation rate which increased from 0.05 to 0.25 mg sediment∙mg worm−1∙h−1 over the same period. In combination with measured defecation rates, assimilation efficiencies were used to estimate HCBP uptake rates of 3.9–8.1 pmol∙mg worm−1∙h−1. Assimilation efficiencies appear to be dependent upon gut clearing times which are a function of both gut volume and feeding rate and which are estimated to vary from <1 to >5 h.

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de Almeida, Luísa Maria Silveira, Lara Soares Aleixo de Carvalho, Matheus Coutinho Gazolla, Pedro Luiz Silva Pinto, Marcos Paulo Nascimento da Silva, Josué de Moraes, and Ademar A. Da Silva Filho. "Flavonoids and Sesquiterpene Lactones fromArtemisia absinthiumandTanacetum partheniumagainstSchistosoma mansoniWorms." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9521349.

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Human schistosomiasis, caused by trematode worms of the genusSchistosoma, is one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases, affecting more than 200 million individuals worldwide and praziquantel is the only available drug to treat this disease.Artemisia absinthiumL. andTanacetum partheniumL. are species popularly used as anthelmintics. We investigated thein vitroschistosomicidal activity of crude extracts ofA. absinthium(AA) andT. parthenium(TP) and their isolated compounds. AA and TP, at 200 μg/mL, were active, causing 100% mortality of all adult worms. Chromatographic fractionation of AA leads to isolation of artemetin and hydroxypelenolide, while santin, apigenin, and parthenolide were isolated from TP. Artemetin, hydroxypelenolide, santin, and apigenin, at 100 μM, were inactive against adult worms. Parthenolide (12.5 to 100 μM) caused 100% mortality, tegumental alterations, and reduction of motor activity of all adult worms ofS. mansoni, without affecting mammalian cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed tegumental morphological alterations and changes on the numbers of tubercles ofS. mansoniworms. This report provides the first evidence for thein vitroactivity of parthenolide against adult worms ofS. mansoni, opening the route to further schistosomicidal studies with this compound.

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Vejzagić, Nermina, Ulrich Fabien Prodjinotho, Nagwa El-Khafif, Ruili Huang, Anton Simeonov, Thomas Spangenberg, and Clarissa Prazeres da Costa. "Identification of hit compounds with anti-schistosomal activity on in vitro generated juvenile worms in cell-free medium." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): e0009432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009432.

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Background Anthelminthic treatment options against schistosomiasis are limited. The current treatment relies almost exclusively on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). As a consequence, the development of resistance to PZQ and limited activity of PZQ against earlier development stages are respectively a risk and a limitation to achieving the goals of the new WHO roadmap towards elimination. For the discovery of new chemical starting points, the in vitro drug screening on Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) against newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) is still the most predominant approach. The use of only NTS in the initial screening limits sensitivity to potential new compounds which are predominantly active in later developmental stages. Using our recently described highly standardized, straightforward and reliable culture method that generates high rates of juvenile worms, we aimed to repurpose a subset of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) Pharmaceutical Collection (340 compounds) to identify new hits with an in vitro worm culture assay. Methodology/Principal findings Cercariae were mechanically transformed into skin-stage (SkS) schistosomula and continuously cultured for 3–6 weeks to the liver stage (LiS). A commercial source of serum was identified, and decrease of NTS/well along with optimal drug testing conditions was established to test compounds on early and late LiS worms. The library was screened in 96-well format assays using praziquantel (PZQ) as a positive control. Primary screening allowed a 5.9% hit rate and generated two confirmed hits on adult worms; a prophylactic antianginal agent and an antihistaminic drug. Conclusion With this standardized and reliable in vitro assay, important S. mansoni developmental stages up to LiS worms can be generated and cultured over an extended period. When exposed to a subset of the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection, 3 compounds yielded a defined anti-schistosomal phenotype on juvenile worms. Translation of activity on perfused adult S. mansoni worms was achieved only for perhexiline (a prophylactic antianginal agent) and astemizole (an antihistaminic drug).

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JAIN, A. "EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF BAUHINIA VARIEGATA LINN METHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT ON PHERETIMA POSTHUMA." Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24092/crps.2020.100302.

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Methanolic extracts from roots of Bauhinia variegata linn were investigated for their anthelmintic activity by using three concentrations (10, 25, & 50mg/ml) as test worms. Results were expressed in terms of time of paralysis and time of death of worms and the activity was compared with albendazole as reference standard & Normal saline served as control. Dose dependent decreased paralyzing time and death time was observed. The results of present study indicated that crude methanolic root extract significantly demonstrated paralysis and also caused death of worms especially at higher concentration of (50 mg/ml), Bauhinia variegata showed the best anthelmintic activity. The use of the roots as anthelmintic has been established and further studies are recommended to isolate the active principles answerable for the activity. KEYWORDS: Anthelmintic activity, Pheretima Posthuma, Bauhinia variegata linn

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ZHU, Shaoxian, Andrew HANNEMAN, Vernon N. REINHOLD, Andrew M. SPENCE, and Harry SCHACHTER. "Caenorhabditis elegans triple null mutant lacking UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:α-3-D-mannoside β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I." Biochemical Journal 382, no. 3 (September 7, 2004): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040793.

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We have previously reported, from the nematode worm Caenor-habditis elegans, three genes (gly-12, gly-13 and gly-14) encoding enzymically active UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:α-3-D-mannoside β1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT I), an enzyme essential for hybrid, paucimannose and complex N-glycan synthesis. We now describe a worm with null mutations in all three GnT I genes, gly-14 (III);gly-12 gly-13 (X) (III and X refer to the chromosome number). The triple-knock-out (TKO) worms have a normal phenotype, although they do not express GnT I activity and do not synthesize 31 paucimannose, complex and fucosylated oligomannose N-glycans present in the wild-type worm. The TKO worm has increased amounts of non-fucosylated oligomannose N-glycan structures, a finding consistent with the site of GnT I action. Five fucosylated oligomannose N-glycan structures were observed in TKO, but not wild-type, worms, indicating the presence of unusual GnT I-independent fucosyltransferases. It is concluded that wild-type C. elegans makes a large number of GnT I-dependent N-glycans that are not essential for normal worm development under laboratory conditions. The TKO worm may be more susceptible to mutations in other genes, thereby providing an approach for the identification of genes that interact with GnT I.

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Kudrolli, Arshad, and Bernny Ramirez. "Burrowing dynamics of aquatic worms in soft sediments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 51 (November 27, 2019): 25569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911317116.

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We investigate the dynamics ofLumbriculus variegatusin water-saturated sediment beds to understand limbless locomotion in the benthic zone found at the bottom of lakes and oceans. These slender aquatic worms are observed to perform elongation–contraction and transverse undulatory strokes in both water-saturated sediments and water. Greater drag anisotropy in the sediment medium is observed to boost the burrowing speed of the worm compared to swimming in water with the same stroke using drag-assisted propulsion. We capture the observed speeds by combining the calculated forms based on resistive-force theory of undulatory motion in viscous fluids and a dynamic anchor model of peristaltic motion in the sediments. Peristalsis is found to be effective for burrowing in noncohesive sediments which fill in rapidly behind the moving body inside the sediment bed. Whereas the undulatory stroke is found to be effective in water and in shallow sediment layers where anchoring is not possible to achieve peristaltic motion. We show that such dual strokes occur as well in the earthwormEisenia fetidawhich inhabits moist sediments that are prone to flooding. Our analysis in terms of the rheology of the medium shows that the dual strokes are exploited by organisms to negotiate sediment beds that may be packed heterogeneously and can be used by active intruders to move effectively from a fluid through the loose bed surface layer which fluidizes easily to the well-consolidated bed below.

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DARANI, H. Y., and M. J. DOENHOFF. "An association between Schistosoma mansoni worms and an enzymatically-active protease/peptidase in mouse blood." Parasitology 135, no. 4 (January 22, 2008): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003988.

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SUMMARYAn enzyme found previously in extracts of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms, that hydrolysed the chromogenic substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine β-naphthyl-ester, has here been further investigated and characterized. Evidence that the molecule found in the parasite was antigenically and enzymatically homologous with a constituent of normal mouse plasma has been consolidated using a monospecific serum in immunoelectrophoresis and Western immunoblotting. The molecular size of the enzyme was found to be approximately 70 kDa and it was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, but not by inhibitors of other classes of protease. The enzymatic activity found in normal mouse serum was also found in normal rat serum, but not in sera from several other mammalian species.

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Chappell, L. H., J. M. Wastling, and Hilary Hurd. "Action of cyclosporin A on the tapewormsHymenolepis microstoma, H. diminutaandMesocestoides corti in vivo." Parasitology 98, no. 2 (April 1989): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000062211.

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SUMMARYThein vivoactivity of two cyclosporins, cyclosporin A (CsA) and a non-immunosuppressive derivative of dihydrocylosporin A (DHCsA-d) against three tapeworms,Hymenolepis microstoma, H. diminutaandMesocestoides corti, has been assessed. CsA reversibly reduced the dry weight ofH. microstomain the mouse, briefly delayed oviposition and had a statistically significant effect on worm numbers recovered. Oral and subcutaneous treatments of both CsA and DHCsA-d were effective in reducing worm weight; juvenile worms were most susceptible but worms of all ages responded to drug by a dramatic reduction in weight from which they recovered. Multiple courses of CsA were no more active than single courses of treatment but dose response suggested that a threshold level of drug was necessary to evoke activity. By contrast,H. diminutain the rat was completely unaffected by CsA but no explanation for the differences in drug response by these two closely related helminths is forthcoming.Mesocestoides cortiresponded reversibly to CsA in the mouse by a reduction in asexual proliferation of both liver and peritoneal cavity tetrathyridia. The data presented argue in favour of a range of anti-parasitic activities by cyclosporins but the details of the various putative modes of action remain to be defined.

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Stom, D. I., M. M. Gelman, E. V. Antonova, T. S. Lozovaya, and A. D. Stom. "Methodological approaches to assessing the toxicity of compounds by changing the behavioral response of soil oligochaetes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 990, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/990/1/012073.

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Abstract The methodological aspects of assessing the toxicity of surface-active substances (SAS) by changing the behavioral response of avoiding the substrate by earthworms Eisenia fetida andrei Bouche, 1972 were studied. The conditions for biotesting were selected, under which the method is more sensitive to the tested pollutants. In this method, 30 worms. placed in a Petri dish with a substrate unfavorable for worms (dry sand). Around it, Petri dishes with test samples of moistened sand contaminated with individual toxicants in various concentrations and their mixtures were placed radially. A control sample (wet sand) was also placed among the prototypes. When the worms selected the most favorable of the tested contaminated substrate samples, their movement from dry sand was observed. After 4 h from the start of the experiment, the number of worms in each of the compartments was counted. The toxic effect of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was manifested when its content in the soil sample was from 0.001 g / kg; nonionic surfactant Tween-80 – from 1 ml / kg; anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate – from 20 mg / kg.

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Bhinge, Somnath D., Prachi Desai, and Chandrakant S. Magdum. "In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Leaf Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae) Against Eudrilus eugeniae." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v14i2.28504.

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The present study specifically indicated that the crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees produced anthelmintic activity against african earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Various concentrations (10, 25, 50 mg/ml) of aqueous and ethanolic extracts were evaluated in the bioassay involving determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Albendazole was used as standard anthelmintic drug and distilled water was used as negative control. The results of the present study indicated that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts significantly exhibited paralysis of worms in lower doses (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml) and also caused death of worms at higher concentration of 50 mg/ml, as compared to standard drug. Further studies are in process to isolate the active principle responsible for the activity.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 14(2): 153-155, 2015 (December)

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Puspita, Widyana Lakshmi, Khayan Khayan, Didik Hariyadi, Taufik Anwar, Slamet Wardoyo, and Bagus Muhammad Ihsan. "Health Education to Reduce Helminthiasis: Deficits in Diets in Children and Achievement of Students of Elementary Schools at Pontianak, West Kalimantan." Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (July 21, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4846102.

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Worms are still a serious problem for poor and developing countries. Children, especially school-age children, are more at risk of infection. Efforts need to be made to prevent the effects of worms. Prevention can be done through a promotive approach. This observational study with a pre-posttest and cross-sectional approach is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of health education on healthy and helminthic behavior and analyzing the impact of helminthiasis on the deficit in the diet and children’s learning achievement. The number of samples is 60 students from five grade 3 and 4 elementary schools in North Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The sampling technique was carried out by proportional random sampling. Worm infection in elementary school students was 16.7%, anemia was 55%, and learning achievement scores were less than the average grade of 55%. There was a significant difference in health counseling towards a decrease in the worm number (p=0.046). There was a significant relationship between healthy living behavior and helminthiasis (p=0.005). There was a significant relationship between helminthiasis and anemia (p=0.017). There is a relationship between helminthiasis and learning achievement in elementary school children (p=0.017). There is a relationship between anemia and learning achievement (p=0.005). It is necessary for public health centers to provide treatment services for worms and health education about the effects of helminthiasis on health and learning achievement. The school should provide hand washing facilities in schools, and parents should play an active role in improving clean and healthy lifestyle habits at home.

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Meister, Isabel, Katrin Ingram-Sieber, Noemi Cowan, Matthew Todd, Murray N. Robertson, Claudia Meli, Malay Patra, Gilles Gasser, and Jennifer Keiser. "Activity of Praziquantel Enantiomers and Main Metabolites against Schistosoma mansoni." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 9 (June 30, 2014): 5466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02741-14.

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ABSTRACTA racemic mixture ofRandSenantiomers of praziquantel (PZQ) is currently the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis. Though theSenantiomer and the metabolites are presumed to contribute only a little to the activity of the drug, in-depth side-by-side studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate thein vitroactivities of PZQ and its main metabolites, namely,R- andS-cis- andR- andS-trans-4′-hydroxypraziquantel, against adult worms and newly transformed schistosomula (NTS). Additionally, we explored thein vivoactivity and hepatic shift (i.e., the migration of the worms to the liver) produced by each PZQ enantiomer in mice. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations ofR-PZQ,S-PZQ, andR-trans- andR-cis-4′-hydroxypraziquantel of 0.02, 5.85, 4.08, and 2.42 μg/ml, respectively, for adultS. mansoniwere determinedin vitro. S-trans- andS-cis-4′-hydroxypraziquantel were not active at 100 μg/ml. These results are consistent with microcalorimetry data and studies with NTS.In vivo, single 400-mg/kg oral doses ofR-PZQ andS-PZQ achieved worm burden reductions of 100 and 19%, respectively. Moreover, worms treatedin vivowithS-PZQ displayed an only transient hepatic shift and returned to the mesenteric veins within 24 h. Our data confirm thatR-PZQ is the main effector molecule, whileS-PZQ and the metabolites do not play a significant role in the antischistosomal properties of PZQ.

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Beg, M. A., J. L. Fistein, G. A. Ingram, and D. M. Storey. "Activities of glycogen phosphorylase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in adult worms of Litomosoides carinii recovered from pyridoxine deficient cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)." Parasitology 112, no. 2 (February 1996): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084808.

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SummaryThis paper demonstrates that the activities of glycogen phosphorylase (GP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) are reduced in adult worms of the filarial nematode Litomosoides carinii recovered from pyri-doxine-deficient cotton rats when compared to worms recovered from pyridoxine-sufficient controls. GP, ALT and AST activities were determined in adult worms L. carinii recovered from cotton rat hosts over a 20-week experimental period. Activities of GP, ALT and AST in the parasite showed a direct correlation with the dietary pyridoxine intake of their host. Throughout the experiment, enzyme activities were significantly lower (P < 0·001) in worms from rats fed a pyridoxine-free diet ad libitum that in worms from rats fed either a stock colony diet, a pyridoxine-free diet ad libitum with daily supplementation of 100 μg pyridoxine or limited amounts of pyridoxine-free diet with daily supplementation of 100 μg pyridoxine. The lower than normal activity of GP, ALT, AST and other enzymes dependent on the biologically active derivative of pyridoxine, the coenzyme pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP), interferes with the protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of L. carinii and may in part cause the reduced establishment, development and growth of the parasite in pyridoxine-deficient hosts.

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Abu Almaaty, Ali Hussein, Hadeer Abd El-hak Rashed, Maha Farid Mohamed Soliman, Eman Fayad, Fayez Althobaiti, and Nahla Soliman El-Shenawy. "Parasitological and Biochemical Efficacy of the Active Ingredients of Allium sativum and Curcuma longa in Schistosoma mansoni Infected Mice." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154542.

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The active ingredients allicin and curcumin have a wide range of actions against fungi, bacteria, and helminths. Therefore, the study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of allicin (AL) and curcumin (CU) as antischistosomal drugs and their biochemical effects in normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. Praziquantel (PZQ) was administrated for two successive days while AL or CU was given for two weeks from the week 7th postinfection (PI). The possible effect of different regimens on Schistosoma worms was evaluated by measuring the percentage of the recovered worms, tissue egg load, and oogram pattern. Serum alanine transaminase activity and levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid were measured. Liver tissue malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels besides, the activities of glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were assessed for the oxidative/antioxidant condition. DNA electrophoresis of liver tissue was used to indicate the degree of fragmentation. There was a significant reduction in the recovered worms and egg load, with a marked change of oogram pattern in all treated groups with PZQ, AL, and CU in comparison with infected-untreated mice. PZQ, AL, and CU prevented most of the hematological and biochemical disorders, as well as significantly improved the antioxidant capacity and enhanced DNA fragmentation in the liver tissue of schistosomiasis mice compared to the infected-untreated group. These promising results suggest that AL and CU are efficient as antischistosomal drugs, and it would be beneficial to test their combination to understand the mechanism of action and the proper period of treatment leading to the best result.

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PHIRI, A. M., D. DE POMERAI, D. J. BUTTLE, and J. M. B. BEHNKE. "Developing a rapid throughput screen for detection of nematicidal activity of plant cysteine proteinases: the role of Caenorhabditis elegans cystatins." Parasitology 141, no. 2 (September 4, 2013): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001364.

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SUMMARYPlant cysteine proteinases (CPs) from papaya (Carica papaya) are capable of killing parasitic nematode worms in vitro and have been shown to possess anthelmintic effects in vivo. The acute damage reported in gastrointestinal parasites has not been found in free-living nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans nor among the free-living stages of parasitic nematodes. This apparent difference in susceptibility might be the result of active production of cysteine proteinase inhibitors (such as cystatins) by the free-living stages or species. To test this possibility, a supernatant extract of refined papaya latex (PLS) with known active enzyme content was used. The effect on wild-type (Bristol N2) and cystatin null mutant (cpi-1−/− and cpi-2−/−) C. elegans was concentration-, temperature- and time-dependent. Cysteine proteinases digested the worm cuticle leading to release of internal structures and consequent death. Both cystatin null mutant strains were highly susceptible to PLS attack irrespective of the temperature and concentration of exposure, whereas wild-type N2 worms were generally resistant but far more susceptible to attack at low temperatures. PLS was able to induce elevated cpi-1 and cpi-2 cystatin expression. We conclude that wild-type C. elegans deploy cystatins CPI-1 and CPI-2 to resist CP attack. The results suggest that the cpi-1 or cpi-2 null mutants (or a double mutant combination of the two) could provide a cheap and effective rapid throughput C. elegans-based assay for screening plant CP extracts for anthelmintic activity.

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STEPEK, G., A. E. LOWE, D. J. BUTTLE, I. R. DUCE, and J. M. BEHNKE. "The anthelmintic efficacy of plant-derived cysteine proteinases against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, in vivo." Parasitology 134, no. 10 (May 3, 2007): 1409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007002867.

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SUMMARYGastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are important disease-causing organisms, controlled primarily through treatment with synthetic drugs, but the efficacy of these drugs has declined due to widespread resistance, and hence new drugs, with different modes of action, are required. Some medicinal plants, used traditionally for the treatment of worm infections, contain cysteine proteinases known to damage worms irreversibly in vitro. Here we (i) confirm that papaya latex has marked efficacy in vivo against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, (ii) demonstrate the dose-dependent nature of the activity (>90% reduction in egg output and 80% reduction in worm burden at the highest active enzyme concentration of 133 nmol), (iii) establish unequivocally that it is the cysteine proteinases that are the active principles in vivo (complete inhibition of enzyme activity when pre-incubated with the cysteine proteinase-specific inhibitor, E-64) and (iv) show that activity is confined to worms that are in the intestinal lumen. The mechanism of action was distinct from all current synthetic anthelmintics, and was the same as that in vitro, with the enzymes attacking and digesting the protective cuticle. Treatment had no detectable side-effects on immune cell numbers in the mucosa (there was no difference in the numbers of mast cells and goblet cells between the treated groups) and mucosal architecture (length of intestinal villi). Only the infected and untreated mice had much shorter villi than the other 3 groups, which was a consequence of infection and not treatment. Plant-derived cysteine proteinases are therefore prime candidates for development as novel drugs for the treatment of GI nematode infections.

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Jafarabadi, Ahmad, and Mohammad Abdollahi Azgomi. "A stochastic epidemiological model for the propagation of active worms considering the dynamicity of network topology." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 8, no. 6 (August 26, 2014): 1008–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-014-0306-y.

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Hartzell, Paula L., Jefferson V. Nghiem, Kristina J. Richio, and Daniel H. Shain. "Distribution and phylogeny of glacier ice worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus and Mesenchytraeus solifugus rainierensis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-116.

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Glacier ice worms, Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898) and Mesenchytraeus solifugus rainierensis Welch, 1916 (Enchytraeidae), are the only known oligochaetes adapted to life in ice. We have collected ice worm specimens from over 100 populations throughout the Pacific northwestern region of North America. Their current range extends ~2500 km along the Pacific coastline between south-central Alaska and central Oregon, with most populations occurring on relatively low-elevation, temperate glaciers. Phylogenetic analyses utilizing partial nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) loci revealed the presence of two geographically distinct clades (northern and southern). The northern clade comprises all Alaskan populations, while the southern clade contains British Columbia, Washington State, and Oregon State populations. No evidence of gene flow was detected between these two lineages or between noncontiguous glaciers throughout their geographic range. Our results suggest that the mechanism of ice worm dispersal is primarily active, though at least one episode of passive dispersal is noted at the southern extent of their range.

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48

Grove, David I., and Carolyn Northern. "Strongyloses ratti and S. stercoralis: effects of cambendazole, thiabendazole and mebendazole in vitro." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 28, no. 2 (April 1986): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651986000200006.

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The effects of in vitro incubation of three henzimidazole anthelmintics, thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole on Strongyloides were compared. No drug affected hatching of S. ratti eggs or the viability of infective larvae or parasitic adult worms, but all three inhibited moulting of S. ratti larvae. In addition, cambendazole, but not thiabendazole or mebendazole, impaired the viability of S. ratti first- and second-stage larvae. The three drugs had no effect on isolated S. stercorais free-living adult worms, but they all prevented development of S. stercoralis rhabditiform larvae. Thiabendazole and mebendazole had no effect on the infectivity of either S. ratti or S. stercoralis infective larvae, but infection with these worms was abrogated by prior incubation with cambendazole. These results indicate that cambendazole acts in a different manner to the other two drugs. Since it is active against larvae migrating through the tissues, it is potentially of much greater value than thiabendazole or mebendazole in the therapy of strongyloidiasis.

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49

SHEVCHUK, T. V., and N. F. DOROSHKEVICH. "MIGRATION OF TOXIC METALS FROM VEGETABLE WASTE IN COMPOST." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 2(150) (December 17, 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2019-150-2-145-151.

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The article presents the results of studies of the heavy metals transformation from the raw plant materials (dry leaf, lawn grass, vegetable wastes) in the process of composting using the Californian worm. It is known that in cities during the growing season, a large number of fallen leaves is accumulated. It is a valuable raw material for fuel production; it is an excellent thermal insulator, it is considered to be a good mulch and can be recycled. We have developed a humus technology based on vegetable waste (fallen leaves) with the help of a Californian worm. Before composting, the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, copper and zinc) was determined in foliage collected from the streets of Vinnitsa. Analyzes showed that the background of these metals in plant waste did not exceed the maximum permissible norms. It has been experimentally proved that composting involves the conversion of heavy metals from fallen leaves to the body of the Californian worm and removing them as insoluble components in the lower compass. In addition, it has been experimentally established that during the composting period various heavy metals showed uneven migration and transformation in a soluble form. The most active was adsorption and removal of zinc compost. It was found that humic water-soluble compounds convert more than 78% of the total zinc that was contained in the composted substrate. The least mobile compound was lead. However, even such a metal, as lead, during 150 days of composting by the California worm, turned into 40% soluble form and migrated to the lower layers of humic liquids. Thus, the processing of vegetable waste from cities (fallen leaves, lawn grass, garbage disposal, etc.) by composting using growing worms will not only solve the social problem of utilization, but will also contribute to increasing environmental safety and economic efficiency. Key words: heavy metals, transformation, California worms, compost, vegetable waste, utilization.

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Ziniel, Peter D., Janish Desai, Cynthia L. Cass, Craig Gatto, Eric Oldfield, and David L. Williams. "Characterization of Potential Drug Targets Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase in Schistosoma mansoni." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 12 (September 16, 2013): 5969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00699-13.

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ABSTRACTSchistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, with over 200,000 deaths annually. Currently, praziquantel is the only drug available against schistosomiasis. We report here thatSchistosoma mansonifarnesyl diphosphate synthase (SmFPPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGGPPS) are potential drug targets for the treatment of schistosomiasis. We expressed active, recombinantSmFPPS andSmGGPPS for subsequent kinetic characterization and testing against a variety of bisphosphonate inhibitors. RecombinantSmFPPS was found to be a soluble 44.2-kDa protein, whileSmGGPPS was a soluble 38.3-kDa protein. Characterization of the substrate utilization of the two enzymes indicates that they have overlapping substrate specificities. AgainstSmFPPS, several bisphosphonates had 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) in the low micromolar to nanomolar range; these inhibitors had significantly less activity againstSmGGPPS. Several lipophilic bisphosphonates were active againstex vivoadult worms, with worm death occurring over 4 to 6 days. These results indicate that FPPS and GGPPS could be of interest in the context of the emerging resistance to praziquantel in schistosomiasis therapy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Active worms'

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