Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Activités anthropiques'
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Momo, Solefack Marie Caroline. "Influence des activités anthropiques sur la végétation du Mont Oku (Cameroun)." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED013.
Full textMount Oku, situated in north-west Cameroon, supports the largest remnants of the Central African montane forest habitat, which is considered as a biodiversity hotspot, hence is undergoing strong species loss. Our objective was to quantify changes in the land cover of Mount Oku over the last four decades, in order to assess the causes of forest regression and to evaluate the future of the forest on this site. We also describe a variation in plant species composition and richness along an altitudinal gradient, that were subsequently linked to environmental changes. For this purpose, we compared changes in land cover, using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1978, 1988 and 2001. Then 102 sample plots were randomly set up in forest fragments along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1800 m to 2749 m. Although remnant forests were naturally protected by elevation and slope, they lost 62. 1% of their area between 1978 and 2001, corresponding to a mean deforestation rate of 579 ha. Year-1. Deforested lands have been replaced by crops or savanna, while few secondary forest recolonizations occurred. New farmland has extended rapidly to fulfill the demands of an increasing population density. Our study also revealed that it is difficult to disentangle the effects of altitude and human activities on vegetation because these two factors are inextricably linked and form a single gradient with antagonistic effects at the extremes. Human activities and natural vegetation belts were organized with respect to the altitudinal gradient: the summit of Mount Oku supported the largest, oldest forest fragments; while areas of low altitude have experienced intense deforestation to provide agricultural land and supported disturbance-related plant communities. However, human activities altered plant assemblages. Even old-growth forests contained species indicative of human presence (due to grazing, fire or former cultivation). Some pioneer species assemblages were very heterogeneous and their altitudinal distribution has spread
Lavie, Emilie. "Activités anthropiques et qualité de l'eau dans l'oasis de Mendoza (Argentine) : diagnostic, enjeux et durabilité." Phd thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00416438.
Full textRabdeau, Juliette. "Impacts des activités anthropiques sur le comportement et les traits d’histoire de vie d’une espèce patrimoniale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS032.
Full textThe decline of populations for many animal species in the last century has been linked to anthropogenic activities. The species overexploitation or even habitat fragmentation are the major causes but other human activities may have more subtle effects on animals and indirectly may impact their survival and reproduction. Anthropogenic disturbance represents any disruption due to human presence, anthropogenic objects or noise that induce stress for animals. Animal behaviour and physiology linked to life-history traits could be affected by this disturbance but differently among individuals from a same population depending on their personality. In this way, the anthropogenic disturbance may contribute to the population decline. The Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) is a flagship species that nests on the ground in cereal crops exposing it to agricultural practices, recreative activities and anthropogenic noise. Moreover, the population monitoring on the study site, the Zone Atelier Plaine et Val de Sèvre, involves several nest visits and repeated measures on chicks that may induce a disturbance. My thesis work has been focused on the impacts of human activities and infrastructures on the behaviour and life-history traits of Montagu’s harriers and how these impacts may vary depending on behavioural inter-individual differences within the population. Through an experimental approach, a sensitization phenomenon has been highlighted in chicks handled by the same experimenters over repeated nest visits. Thereafter, male and female boldness (personality and plasticity) was characterized. A positive assortative pairing pattern for boldness was highlighted within the population. However, this pattern did not provide fitness benefits which questions about its origin. This result suggests that other process than sexual selection could explain the pairing pattern. Then, the parental association in boldness has been linked to prey provisioning from pairs, and to nestling body and physiological conditions. Less plastic pairs in boldness provided a higher proportion of insects to their offspring that could explain greater carotenoids concentrations found for their chicks. Any effect of behavioural similarity within pairs has been shown on nestling quality. Finally, Montagu’s harrier nests were differently distributed in relation to infrastructures depending on female boldness. Shy females would avoid more buildings through nest site selection than bold females. This difference in spatial distribution of phenotypes could result in the positive pairing pattern. The path density around nest negatively affected the reproductive success regardless of female boldness. This result needs further investigations to identify the disturbance nature and limit its effects. This thesis work provides some answers on the direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic disturbance and allows questioning certain practices in the population monitoring to improve them. Finally, the assessment of disturbance effects depending on inter-individual differences is essential to better understand the consequences on population dynamic
Pansu, Johan. "Impacts des activités anthropiques sur la biodiversité : une approche spatiale et temporelle par analyse de l'ADN environnemental." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV058/document.
Full textMost ecosystems undergo an increasing anthropogenic pressure. Studies about the effects of human activities on biodiversity are proliferating but they focus on few taxonomical groups, mainly for methodological reasons. The originality of this work is based on the application of an approach based on environmental DNA that allows access to the biodiversity as a whole. It was used here to study the impact of anthropogenic activities on biological communities and the resilience of these latter, across different spatial and temporal scales. In the first part, edaphic communities under the influence of several human disturbances were characterized from soil DNA. These studies, performed in various environments, bring out the direct impact of human activities and their influence on biotic and abiotic parameters driving spatial distribution of soil biodiversity. In the second part, long-term impact of human activities was investigated through the analysis of lake sediments in the Alps. DNA from lacustrine sediments allowed to reconstruct livestock farming history over the Holocene and environmental changes that they induced in the catchment. We showed that this approach was relevant to study both changes generated by human disturbances on communities and factors driving their dynamics. Our results highlight the long-term impact of anthropogenic activities on biological communities, in relation to the alteration of environmental characteristics
Guo, Chuanbo. "Modélisation des effets des changements climatiques et des activités anthropiques sur les assemblages des poissons des lacs en Chine." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2333/.
Full textKnowledge of the spatial distribution of species and communities in ecosystems is an essential prerequisite for the understanding of ecosystem functioning and processes as well as conservation and spatial planning issues. During the last several decades, in the context of global change, climate change and anthropogenic activities have long been acknowledged as the two main determinants which drive the fish diversity and distributions patterns, and ultimately affect the aquatic ecosystem properties and structure. However, up until now, very few efforts aimed at the fish diversity and ecosystem in the lakes across China. Consequently in the present study, we contribute to highlight the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and distribution patterns as well as the ecosystem properties with the approach of several ecological modelling. Specifically, we first build the global perspective on the fish distribution and assemblage patterns for a total of 425 fish species (subspecies) in 135 lakes across China using a novel multi-species approach fitted by the Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT). Five fish assemblages were defined by the constrained clustering, 107 indicator species were thus identified. Species diversity showed significantly differences among each assemblage: fish species richness in plateau lakes was significantly lower than plain lakes; however the diversity of the whole assemblage in plateaus was higher than other regions. Altitude, minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual temperature range and precipitation during the driest month were found to be the most important determinants affecting fish assemblages and distribution patterns in Chinese lakes. Then, MRT model was used to predict both species richness and species distribution in order to improve the management and conservation of fish species in China. Our results showed that MRT is a reliable and ideal community-based predictive technique for multi-species prediction. At the species composition level, altitude was the main determinant for the prediction, followed by precipitation of the driest month, temperature annual range and annual mean temperature. While at the richness level, precipitation of driest month, maximum temperature of warmest month and lake area were the main drivers for the prediction of the fish species richness pattern. Thirdly, we examine the capacity and uncertainty of ensemble modelling in predicting fish species distribution and diversity. Potential impacts from two main kinds of uncertainty sources were thus considered: species characteristics (contained species prevalence, altitude range, temperature range and precipitation range) and model techniques (calibration technique and evaluation technique). Finally, our results highlight that predictions from single SDM were so variety and unreliable for all species while ensemble approaches could yield more accurate predictions; we also found that there was no significant influence on the model outcomes from the evaluation measures; we emphasized that species characteristics as species prevalence, altitude range size and precipitation range size would strongly affect the outcomes of SDMs, but temperature range size didn't show a significantly influence; our findings finally verified the hypothesis that species distributed with a smaller range size could be more accurately predicted than species with large range size to be plausible in aquatic ecosystems. Lastly, a case study focused on evaluating the lake ecosystem properties and foodweb structure as well as the effects in a typical shallow macrophytic lake (Bao'an Lake, distributed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin), using the Ecopath model. Finally, the results showed that all the commercial fish suffered from high fishing pressure while forage resources such as attached algae, submerged plants and molluscs were not fully utilized. Moreover, we highlight that the Bao'an Lake ecosystem was a mature system according to Odum's theory. However when compared with some other lake ecosystems, the Bao'an Lake ecosystem, as well as some China lake ecosystems, showed extremely low values of CI (Connectance Index), FCI (Finn's Cycling Index) and SOI (System Omnivory Index), indicating that the ecosystem functions and food web structure of these Chinese lake tended to be simpler and linear than lake ecosystems in other countries. Consequently, this study indicated an urgent need for the adjustment and management of artificial fishery stocking in such type of lakes. Our present study have pictured the global perspective of lake fish diversity and distribution patterns in China, defined the main determinants, and examined the potential effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities on fish diversity and ecosystem properties. Our results will benefit the conservation and management of fish resources, biodiversity, as well as the lake ecosystems all over the world
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720611.
Full textAssad, Mohamad. "Transfert des éléments traces métalliques vers les végétaux : mécanismes et évaluations des risques dans des environnements exposés à des activités anthropiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD006/document.
Full textMetal trace element (HME) -free residues from industrial activities represent a potential risk of environmental pollution. These tailings dumps require a stabilization of the ETMs to limit their dispersion by air, soil, and streams, and ultimately their transport to initially uncontaminated areas. This stabilization can be achieved by adequate plant cover. This thesis work focused on 3 experimental sites, which have as common point to be contaminated sediment storage areas or industrial effluents loaded with ETMs. The general objective of this thesis work was to study the transfer and storage modes of ETMs to the aerial parts of plants grown on soils from these experimental sites. The first objective concerned a discharge of effluents (Inovyn), resulting from the electrolytic activity of the Solvay (Tavaux) plant and enriched in Hg. The Hg, because of its low boiling point, is easily transferred from the sediments to the atmosphere in the form of volatile compounds. Thus, the vegetal cover of this lagoon is exposed by its aerial biomass to the volatile compounds of Hg, but also by the rhizosphere to the Hg compounds present in the substrate. In this work, several plant species of the Salicaceae family (poplar) and Solanaceae (pepper, tomato, aubergine, and tobacco) were exposed to Hg in pot experiments, with simple exposure to a Hg-enriched atmosphere. , or double exposure to Hg-enriched soil and atmosphere. In all cases, transfer of Hg into the leaves occurs only by air, and accumulation increases significantly with leaf age. We also found that the Hg content of the Solanaceae fruit was about 100 times lower than that of the leaves, thus limiting the risk of exposure to Hg through their consumption. We have also shown that a small proportion (7%) of the Hg is in the form of methylHg in poplar leaves, and that 16 to 26% of the Hg accumulated in pepper or poplar leaves were bound to soluble proteins. The second objective concerns the Thann (Cristal) and Fresnes sur Escaut (VNF) sites, for which we have studied the transfer of ETMs to vegetable species, in order to mimic the impact of these contaminants on vegetable garden crops. Poplar has also been used as a reference species. The amounts of fresh mass of the edible parts to be ingested to reach the daily dose were calculated for each MTE. Only Cd (Fresnes) and Cr (Thann) presented a potential risk, since they accumulate in the consumable parts of these plants at high levels. It should be noted, however, that these experiments were conducted in scenarios where exposure conditions were maximized. The transfer of ETMs (including Cd and Zn) to poplar has confirmed previous studies, highlighting the importance of appropriate management of the biomass produced at such sites. From an ecological point of view, the work of this thesis confirms the importance and the necessity of the revegetation of the sites contaminated by ETMs in order to limit the dispersion of the dust, and consequently the ETMs around. From a health point of view, the work emphasizes the importance of estimating the specific risk related to the ingestion of vegetable species of interest regularly grown by the inhabitants around the sites potentially emitting ETMs, generating a link between species and accumulated ETMs. This work therefore provides a number of elements for understanding the fate of ETMs and in particular the Hg in the soil / plant system and the risks associated with the ingestion of the edible parts of potentially contaminated cultivated plants
Rosset, Thomas. "Transfert de carbone organique des tourbières vers les eaux de surfaces : quantification, identification des mécanismes de contrôles et détermination de l'influence des activités anthropiques locales." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0103.
Full textPeatlands are a type of wetlands covering 3% of the continental areas. They store approximately 20% of the global soil organic carbon and therefore they are considered as a major source of organic carbon for inland waters. In mountainous areas, peatlands are relatively small, scattered and they may be under the influence of local anthropogenic activities. Until now, harsh mountainous climatic conditions have limited biogeochemical investigations in these remote areas but recent improvements in optical technologies make high frequency monitoring of stream organic concentration possible. This thesis aimed at quantifying the exports of organic matter and identifying the parameters that control these exports at the outlet of peatlands in mountainous watersheds influenced by local anthropogenic activities. To investigate these parameters, two peatlands in the French Pyrenees were monitored on several hydrological cycles at a high frequency (30 min). Quantification work showed that floods controls the export of organic carbon from peatlands and that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the main form exported. Depending on annual discharge, peatland DOC specific fluxes varied drastically [16.1 ; 35.9] g.m².yr-1 but they remained consistent with the fluxes measured in Northern lowland peatlands. Moreover, peatlands appeared as the main source of DOC (>63%) of these headwaters. In contrast with the exports, DOC concentration variability was not driven by discharge. Peaks in the times series revealed that peat soil temperature and water table fluctuations were the main drivers of the DOC concentration variability. Water recession times were calculated from water table time series and helped to improve stream DOC concentration models. In addition, the water recession times seemed to be a useful quantitative parameter to describe the hydrological heterogeneity of peatland complexes. Anthropogenic influence (prescribed burning and forest clearing) was difficult to disentangle from climatic influence driving stream organic exports from peatlands at the two Pyrenean experimental sites. However, these observations were completed by a global literature review reporting that DOC specific fluxes were 30% stronger in peatlands impacted by anthropogenic activities. This thesis has underlined the need to monitor more peatlands at a high frequency in order to determine more accurately their role in the global carbon cycle. All of the results confirmed that organic carbon exports are a crucial parameter in the carbon balance of peatlands. They also confirmed the influence of peatlands on the chemistry of inland waters, especially in areas subject to local anthropogenic disturbances
Rambaud, Maëlle. "Impact des activités anthropiques sur la dynamique et l’état de conservation d’un habitat naturel : exemple de la chenalisation des Rivières à renoncules (UE 3260)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0024.
Full textFrance must assess the state of conservation of its natural habitats in reply to Directive Habitats. We therefore looked at the impact of pressures such as channelization, on physico-chemistry and on 3 communities (birds, plants, invertebrates) of the habitat EU 3260, or “Streams with Water Crowfoot”. 17 reaches (6 control/11 channelized) in 4 rivers, were monitored seasonally in 2006-07. Channelization led to physical changes of the habitat in several spatial scales: reach, riffle-pool sequence, and microhabitat. For the 3 communities, richness was lower in channelized reaches than in control reaches. Dominant taxa were ubiquitous and resistant. Plants was an informative community because they reacted to the 3 spatial scales. Adaptive strategies of plant taxa were more diverse in channelized reaches due to the modifications of the dynamic of the EU 3260 habitat. Our study clears tools and measurements of management to preserve the state of conservation of the habitat EU 3260
Bernard, Maud. "Les habitats rocheux intertidaux sous l'influence d'activités anthropiques : structure, dynamique et enjeux de conservation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0010.
Full textRecreational and professional activities are intensifying on the rocky intertidal. The overturning of boulders and the trampling associated with human activities, have consequences on the structure and dynamic of rocky intertidal communities. Through the identification of species and descriptors that respond more to the disturbances “trampling of mediolittoral rock platforms” and “the overturning of low eulittoral boulders by hand-fishermen”, SMART indicators (Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time limited indicator) can be created for the assessment of the conservation status of these habitats. The effects of trampling were tested with control approach. Experiments in situ underlined very complex interactions between species during the ecological processes of degradation of biocenoses. High thresholds of disturbance were also observed. They were particularly related to the protection played by structuring brown algae on other species. The study of boulder’s overturning highlighted a step of almost total mortality of fixed or low mobile organisms that live on upper or lower surfaces of boulders. Results also showed a low resilience of the habitat. The use of appropriate reference situations and of the most sensitive species to the boulder’s overturning, led to the creation of two ecological indicators. Declined to two different spatial scales, they may be applied routinely by scientists and managers of marine protected areas
Pales, Espinosa Emmanuelle. "Rôle potentiel des nutriments, des métaux et des huîtres dans les modifications de peuplements diatomiques de la baie de Bourgneuf : interactions activités anthropiques-milieu naturel." Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2032.
Full textJouffroy-Bapicot, Isabelle. "Évolution de la végétation du massif du Morvan (Bourgogne - France) depuis la dernière glaciation à partir de l'analyse pollinique. Variations climatiques et impact des activités anthropiques." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00530150.
Full textJouffroy-Bapicot, Isabelle. "Evolution de la végétation du massif du Morvan (Bourgogne - France) depuis la dernière glaciation à partir de l'analyse pollinique : Variations climatiques et impact des activités anthropiques." Besançon, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00530150.
Full textThis PhD thesis aims at documenting the vegetation history of the granitic middle mountain of Morvan (France), in connection with climate change and human impact. The study is based on ten peat cores, on which pollen analyses were performed including non-pollen palynomorphs (NPPs). The records about vegetation dynamics are incomplete for the Lateglacial, but they well highlight the history of Holocene forest dynamics. They also reveal regional particularities, such as the low occurrence of conifers in the Morvan’s forest before the 20th century (human introduction). To document the history of human activities at a regional scale, a particular attention has been paid to the determination and the characterisation of human impact phases. In this context, the study also benefited, for some sites, from the contribution of other proxies such as charcoals, sedimentology and isotopic geochemistry documenting atmospheric palaeopollutions. These analyses renew human history of this middle mountain area. They reveal a clear human presence during period that were formely poorly documented, such as Early Neolithic (5000-4500 cal BC), first Iron Age (800-450 cal BC), Early Middle Ages (from 5th/6th centuries). The palaeoecological data also bring new lights over periods for which there is a better archaeological and historical knowledge. For example, they illustrated the attractive role of the mining resources at least from the end of Late Bronze Age (ca. 1650 cal BC), and especially at the time of the Eduean oppidum of Bibracte on the Mont-Beuvray (2nd and 1st century cal BC)
Lorel, Claire. "Concilier le développement urbain et agricole avec la conservation de la biodiversité : anticipation de l'empreinte des activités anthropiques sur la biodiversité par une approche fonctionnelle et multi-trophique." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0009/document.
Full textThe strong growth of Human populations has led to the intensification of land uses and land covers, especially in agricultural lands for food production and livestock, resulting in a higher appropriation of net primary productivity. As primary productivity is the root of food webs and ecological networks, any change in this essential process is likely to have a strong impact on biodiversity. Besides, intensification is a complex process whose three dimensions - inputs, outputs and system - are rarely studied together. The conceptual and methodological framework of HANPP (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production) proposed by Helmut Haberl and collaborators in 2007, aims to quantify different parameters of intensification. First, I explored the variability of HANPP components and their relationships to other intensification indices (i.e. HNV, IC / ha) to better interpret the variability of HANPP and its components. HANPP seems to be linked to both the "system" and "output" dimensions of land use intensity and appears to complement the other indicators considered. Then, I investigated the relationship between HANPP and biodiversity, focusing on two taxa complementary in their ecosystem functions, i.e. birds and bats. Using data from citizen-science programs occurring in metropolitan France, I showed that intensification: i) decreased species richness, abundance and the average mass of bats, and ii) simplified the structure of avian communities by lowering the average trophic level and functional regularity, to the benefit of farmland specialists. In addition, I observed that the response of biodiversity could widely vary depending on the indicator and / or facet (taxonomic or functional) studied. Through my analyzes, I was able to clarify the conditions of use of the HANPP methodological framework. I also identified areas and types of landscape where land use intensity can coexist with biodiversity. All of these results form the basis for a discussion on opportunities to reconcile conservation efforts with intensification
Bouahim, Siham. "Usage et conservation des mares temporaires méditerranéennes : cas des mares temporaires de la région de Benslimane (Maroc occidental)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20131/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of the relationship Man-Temporary pool. A multidisciplinary approach integrating ecology and sociology has been adopted to provide appropriate responses to the problems related to these ecosystems and to allow their sustainable development. The first section aims at evaluating the key factors determining the vegetation richness within regional pools. The obtained results reveal the predominant influence of local factors, with a significant effect of regional factors and the vulnerability of pools to use, on the expression of the vegetation. Human activities affect differently the richness in preferential pool species. The second section focuses on the major causes of the regression of pools, by coupling threats assessment and a socio-economic survey. The results point out the anthropocentric perception of pools. This translates the high level of threat concerning the temporary pools of Benslimane region. The thr eat assessment, which shows that 22 % of pools are vulnerable, and 23 % are threatened of destruction of the short term, highlights the urgent need for new environmental policies and innovative approaches of temporary pools management. Finally, the third section concerns the impact of grazing on the vegetation of temporary pools. The results demonstrate that grazing affects the vegetation of pools, both at the regional and the local scale. These results are interpreted as a result of the selective influence of herbivores, and the differential tolerance of species to disturbance. At the end of the present study, the integrated management of pools appears as the most appropriate means for the sustainable development of this complex eco-socio-system, by combining the economic development and the ecological status of resources, and by linking environmental, economic and social issues
Tissier, Grégory. "Ressource et gestion intégrée des eaux karstiques de montagne : analyse des impacts du changement climatique et de l'anthropisation des bassins versants." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808614.
Full textDendievel, André-Marie. "Paléoenvironnements holocènes du plateau du Béage (massif du Mézenc, Massif Central, France). Les variations climatiques et les activités anthropiques révélées par l'étude des macro-restes dans les sédiments tourbeux et la gyttja." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES004/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis has resulted in the reconstruction of the holocene environmental history of the Béage plateau in Ardèche (massif du Mézenc, Massif Central, France). It focussed on the study of organic sediments from the La Narce du Béage and Pialeloup peatlands. Two complementary sites were also considered: the Pré-du-Bois swamp and the alluvial stratigraphies from the middle Gage valley. Our approach aimed (1) to perform a palaeoecological study of these sites (macrofossils and palynology); (2) to better understand watershed evolution thanks to multi-proxies analyses (magnetic susceptibility, grain size, organic matter content, geochemistry); (3) to compare these results with other local to regional data. During the Barly and the Middle Holocene, local humidity variations occuned concurrently with rapid climate changes(RCCs) recorded in the Northern Hemisphere (dry episodes: 10,900-10,500; 9,900-9,600; moist: 10,400-10,000;9,600-9,100; 7,900-7,400; 6,400-6,000 and 5,400-5,000 cal. BP; contrasted: 8,500-8,150 cal. BP). This study also allowed to identify agro-pastoral impacts around 6,900-6,450 cal. BP (Barly Neolithic), around 5, 700-5,000 cal. BP (Middle to Recent Neolithic) and close to 4,800-4,100 cal. BP (Final Neolithic). Anthropogenic impact got stronger between 2,400 and 1,250 cal. BP (IV'h century BC-Vlth century AD). A new stage of landscape management was recorded after 1,050 cal. BP (Xth century AD), involving rye cultivation, extensive livestock grazing(sheep and cattle) and fruit tree farming (walnut and chestnut: XIIIth-XIV'h centuries). Severe soil erosion occurred, alsodriven by the Little Ice Age deterioration (from the XIIlth to the XVth century AD). Finally, during the X!Xth and theXXth centuries cattle grazing remained strong, but cultivation ended due to demographic exodus during the xxth century
Brisset, Elodie. "Sensibilité des milieux de montagne aux forçages climatiques et anthropiques depuis 14 000 ans dans les Alpes du Sud : Approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie, géochimie, palynologie) et multi-sites (lac Petit, lac de Vens et lac d’Allos)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3017.
Full textWithin the context of increasing demographic pressures and hazards related to climate change, the problems posed by landscape erosion have become particularly crucial. The current management of Mediterranean mountain environments, which are highly exposed to erosion hazards, needs to be supported by a thorough understanding of their susceptibility to these hazards and their long-term trajectories.A retrospective analysis of environmental trajectories has been conducted from the study of three lacustrine sedimentary archives in the Southern Alps (Lakes Petit, Vens and Allos). This multi-disciplinary study, based on sedimentology, geochemistry and palynology, has enabled characterization of the dynamics of erosion and changes in plant cover over the last 14,000 years.In Lakes Allos and Vens, the start of the Holocene is marked by the maturing of ecosystems, by chemical weathering of soils and by forest encroachment at higher altitudes. These environmental changes resulted in progressive ecosystem stabilization, followed by a bio-pedological optimum, and subsequently by more open landscapes, and then soil destabilization. These four successive phases have ben dated, respectively, at 12,000-8000 cal. BP, 8000-6000 cal. BP, 6000-1900 cal. BP, and 1900 cal. BP to Present. The last of these phases occurred earlier, at 4200 cal. BP, in Lake Petit.The triggering of soil erosion has systematically been hinged on periods of heavy precipitation affecting landscapes rendered vulnerable, by human societies, to the effects of such perturbations
Tra, Bi Zamblé Armand. "Etude de l'impact des activités anthropiques et de la variabilité climatique sur la végétation et les usages des sols, par utilisation de la télédétection et des statistiques agricoles, sur le bassin versant du Bouregreg (MAROC)." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0008/document.
Full textThe Bouregreg watershed is located in the Northwest central Morocco. It’s a semi-arid basin of the humid part of the kingdom. Agriculture is a key pillar of the Moroccan economy. However, the agricultural area of the country is limited due to adverse climate conditions. This agricultural, area located in humid regions is only 20% of the national territory, hence a particular interest in favorable agricultural areas as Bouregreg watershed. Furthermore, although Morocco has undertaken major investments in irrigation, some areas such as the Bouregreg basin remained on the sidelines of this policy for reasons related to their natural fragility. Paradoxically, despite the attention given to irrigated agriculture in the various agricultural development policies of the country since independence, rainfed agriculture remains the main source of agricultural production, especially grain. Well, this rainfed agriculture associated with a significant ranching, focuses more on climatically favorable areas such as the Bouregreg basin, without taking into account the fragility of the soil and natural vegetation of these areas. The present study, conducted with the support of the SIGMED project, highlights the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation and soil of the Bouregreg basin under the combined action of adverse anthropogenic and climatic pressures from 1980 to 2009. This study uses the tool of remote sensing, GIS and statistical. Analysis of remote sensing is made from multiple scales from low resolution to high spatial resolution. It is the same for the temporal analysis, where are used both images of high temporal repetitiveness (NOAA and MODIS) and low temporal resolution (LANDSAT AND SPOT 5). Exploitation of these images combines remote sensing and statistical time series analysis and correlation. Analysis of various interactions between the dynamics of natural factors, including climate, and the anthropogenic factors, is carried out by GIS. For further reflection in the field of geographical prospective about the future of the basin in a climate environment increasingly unfavorable, climate analyzes were made from projections of regional climate models for 2050 and 2100 horizons. The main results of this study showed a significant decrease in plant productivity due to more increasing degradation caused by farming and climate actions. Based on the projections of climate models, this dynamics is likely to continue, so that beyond 2050, the system of rainfed production will have to disappear. As for forest formation, they should suffer as result more pressure which should lead to their disappearance. If an effective backup policy is not implemented. This dynamics to be highlights the importance of the issue of adaptation basin conditions of climate change
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Assaad, Aziz. "Pollution anthropique de cours d'eau : caractérisation spatio-temporelle et estimation des flux." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0054/document.
Full textThe Water Framework Directive demands a return to good condition for rivers in Europe. These rivers receive different types of pollution related to various economic activities of populations installed along their banks. We are often interested in an isolated manner to particular types of pollution: pollution due to agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and livestock waste in rural areas, pollution due to a specific industry (steel, paper mill, etc.), more or less well treated domestic pollution, etc. But in many cases, we are dealing with a mixture of pollutants. In the case of the Moselle, the pollution generated by human activities in the French part of the Moselle watershed impacts surface water quality downstream and therefore the Rhine. Our goal is to characterize the state of some tributaries of the Moselle (Madon, Meurthe, Vologne and Fensch) versus anthropogenic pressures and propose a strategy to calculate the flow of pollutants along these rivers. In this context, sampling campaigns with a dense spatial stations have been organized. In addition to the usual parameters characterizing water quality (conductivity, pH, dissolved organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate, etc.) a particular attention has been given to optical properties (UV-visible absorbance, synchronous fluorescence) of dissolved organic matter in order to understand its origin. Synchronous fluorescence spectra were studied by deconvolution or by principal components analysis. A method has been developed, based on the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, to detect the presence of optical brighteners. Finally, a methodology has been developed in Madon watershed in order to calculate the mean daily pollution flux at each sampling station for each sampling period from geographic data
Merhabi, Fatmé. "Contamination par les polluants organiques persistants et émergents une étude de cas : la rivière Kadicha." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG080.
Full textThe river contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants has raised an increasing concern about their impact on exposed ecosystems. Small Mediterranean coastal rivers have great and fast variations of hydrological flow along the year and can rapidly bring to the mediterranean sea the contamination occurring in the coastal area, especially where population density is high. The Kadicha river basin in Northern Lebanon is an illustrative example of multiple pressures encountered in the Mediterranean basin: it is a small coastal river affected by disorganized and rapid urbanization, a population growth and a chronic default of wastewater collection and treatment. In this context, various contaminants, witness of different anthropic activities were selected and analyzed within the Kadicha river basin.The main objective of this thesis was to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities on the Kadicha River watershed through the study of the contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants. Then, the potential environmental risk associated with their presence was assessed. Among emerging contaminants, several compounds having different physico-chemical properties were selected: personal care products (ultraviolet absorbents, musks), insecticides, biocides and surfactants (alkylphenols) and pharmaceutical products. Thus 41 hydrophobic compounds and 23 hydrophilic compounds were studied in sediments and water respectively. The environmental matrices were collected during two sampling campaigns corresponding to wet and dry seasons along sites impacted by urban, rural and mixture land uses (residential and agricultural zones).The results indicate : i) a detection of the totality of persistant organic pollutants and personal care products, insecticides, biocides and surfactants and 6 pharmaceuticals were detected, ii) a higher contamination (in terms of concentrations and diversity of molecules) in urban than in rural zones, iii) a selection of potential markers of urbanization (permethrin, galaxolide and UV-326) iv) an environmental risk for several compounds (ofloxacine (pharmaceutical), low molecular weight PAHs and polychlorinated biphenyls) was identified and v) a higher potential risk associated with the presence of persistent organic pollutants.These results can be considered a knowledge base on anthropogenic pressures and levels of contamination with persistent and emerging organic pollutants in the Kadicha river watershed. The data acquired as well as the potential environmental risks associated with the presence of certain molecules in the Kadicha river watershed lead to propose these molecules as a part of future monitoring programs for anthropized rivers in the Mediterranean basin
Yang, Chengfan. "Li isotope study of Yangtze River sediments : new constraints on climate, weathering and carbon cycle relationships." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS433.pdf.
Full textIn order to better understand the weathering-climate feedback, a series of studies was carried out in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Basin. First, the operation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) changed downstream sediment geochemical compositions. Before 2003, large amounts of upstream-derived sediments deposited and experienced further weathering in the mid-lower basin. Since 2003, strong riverbed sediment resuspension changed the roles of the mid-lower reaches from important sinks to major sources of sediments delivered to the sea. As a consequence, an intensified weathering intensity of downstream sediment was observed.Second, dissolved δ7Li exhibit a conservative behavior in the Changjiang Estuary. During the process of SPM transported offshore, weathering product flocculated and deposited, while primary minerals resuspended. The combined effect resulted in the UCC-like SPM δ7Li values. There is a Li isotope fractionation between the dissolved load and exchangeable phase. However, this process shows negligible impact on δ7Li of dissolved load and particulates. Third, weathering response to climate is complex in large river basins. During the Younger Dryas, the positive excursion of clay δ7Li is consistent with enhanced incongruent weathering, in response to temperature cooling. The minor variation of clay δ7Li at 11 – 2 ka likely indicate stable weathering and mile climate variation. Over the last 2 kyr, the fluctuation of clay δ7Li is mostly caused by intensification of human activities. In summary, this thesis sheds new lights on the weathering-climate feedback over geologic past, and provides perspectives on how human activities affect natural processes
Boussaton, Marie-Pierre. "Interactions entre activité électrique, microphysique et pollution dans les nuages d'orage." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30103.
Full textThe first part of this study deals with the electrical activity of hailstorms. Numerous cases are analysed from lightning and radar data. Hailstorms typically produce a high number of lightning flashes except for several atypical cases. The +CG and CG proportions are very variable. In a second part, the possible influence of atmospheric pollution on lightning production is considered. A laboratory experiment points out an effect of water contaminants on the characteristics of corona microdischarges from raindrops. Moreover, a large scale study realised for 12 summers shows a maximum in the production of CG lightning over the Paris city, which could be explained by an effect of pollutants and/or an effect of the urban heat island. Finally, a videosonde dedicated to in situ microphysical observations has been developed in Laboratoire d'Aérologie. A ground intercomparison experiment demonstrates the good performances of the instrument
Sinane, Kamardine Mohamed. "Les littoraux des Comores, dynamique d'un système anthropisé : le cas de l'île d'Anjouan." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0027/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change and sea level rising, the activities of coastal communities can increase the vulnerability of the seashore to coastal erosion particularly in small developing islands as Anjouan in the Comoros archipelago where the human density on the coast is quite heavy. This thesis focuses on sandy beaches, studied as a system. The monitoring of topographic profiles of beaches and landscaped geoindicators show that a large part of the sandy coast of Anjouan is very degraded and eroded. The erosion is mainly localized to areas of high human pressure, including beaches subjected to the extraction of sediments . Combined with natural hazards, the erosion due to human activities generates serious damages for the economy, society and environment of Anjouan, including the degradation of ecosystem services on which the government could draw to initiate the development of the island . To reduce the vulnerability of the coastline to erosion, walls are built with the financial support of international and regional bodies, but they are inefficient and the risk of coastal degradation is even greater. For beach users, causes erosion are to be found in the work of the man and not in nature. Minimizing this risk requires socio-economic measures to reduce anthropogenic degradations. This study shows that a policy of ICZM in Anjouan in the Comoros and elsewhere will only be effective if those responsible for its implementation take into account local realities and perceptions of coastal users
Gros, Raphaël. "Fonctionnement et qualité des sols soumis à des perturbations d'origine anthropique : réponses du sol, de la flore, de la microflore bactérienne tellurique." Chambéry, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CHAMS027.
Full textEl, Boukhary Mohamed Salem. "Impact des activités humaines sur les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066202.
Full textSteinmann, Ronan. "L'influence climatique et anthropique sur trois cours d'eaux bourguignons : géoarchéologie de sites de franchissement sur la Loire, la Saône et le Doubs au cours de l'Holocène." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL032/document.
Full textA geoarchaeological study was led on four sections of the valleys of the Loire, Saône and Doubs rivers (Burgundy, France) in order to point out the factors influencing the alluvial dynamics on a multimillennial scale, and their effects on the preservation of archaeological information. Investigations started by roman and medieval remains of bridges discovered in active channels, were then carried out on larger parts of alluvial plains, and altogether allowed the evolutions of the channels during the Holocene period to be deducted. Various types of information on alluvial characteristics were crossed through time and space: ancient maps and XXth century or aerial photographs for centennial scale, archaeological data, geomorphological analysis, but mostly alluvial deposits for older periods. Facies analyses on fluvial sediments led to the identification and the reconstitution of successive sedimentary environments through time. The main steps of the evolution of the three rivers, after being identified and dated, were compared to previous studies in order to estimate the respective roles of climatic changes and anthropic influence on alluvial dynamics, on this regional scale, during the Holocene. Preservation of archaeological information in fluvial deposits is therefore discussed here, to reach a better understanding of taphonomic issues in such environmennts, which are potentially rich in archaeological remains
Pillet, Valentin. "Détection et attribution des changements morphologiques côtiers récents en milieu insulaire tropical (Polynésie française, Caraïbe)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS019.
Full textLow-lying reef islands and coastal areas of tropical mountainous islands are highly vulnerable to the impacts of tropical cyclones and the expected effects of climate change. However, while the French metropolitan coasts have benefited from a significant effort to assess their long-term changes, French overseas islands are the least documented areas in French Territory. Based on this observation, this thesis examines the respective contribution of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the past evolution of reef islands (French Polynesia) and mountainous island beaches (Northern Lesser Antilles). This study relies on a combined approach between geomatic and fieldwork. From a multi-scalar (spatial and temporal) analysis, we detect and attribute the planimetric changes experienced by the sedimentary systems of the studied islands. Results on reef islands are comparable to those of previous studies which established that most of the islands have been stable or in expansion over the last decades. They allow to suggest conceptual models of long-term trajectories and examine the respective contribution of the drivers considered in this study. On mountainous island beaches, this study shows that local settings explain the high longitudinal variability detected in various climatic situations. In addition, this study contributes to the global samples of studied islands and to move forward on the understanding of past coastal changes in French overseas islands
Monsérié, Marie-France. "Processus d’agrégation dans un technosol : contribution des constituants anthropiques (oxydes de fer, laitiers, HAP, ETM) à la formation des associations organo-minérales." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL065N/document.
Full textThe increasing number of sites affected by the presence of technogenic materials makes necessary the study of (bio)functioning of Technosols, developed there. A technogenic material, resulting from an old industrial coking plant and presenting a multipollution of HAP and metals was laid out in lysimetric pieces for an “in situ” study (site of Homécourt, www.gisfi.fr). The morphological and analytical characterization at different scales of initial material enabled us to define, in analogy with standard pedological classification, the presence (1) of primary constituents such as quartz, iron oxides, gypsum and anthropic organic matters, (2) of technogenic pseudo-sands, like slags, (3) of water-stable technogenic aggregates (12% of the soil mass), generated through the aggregating role of the fine fraction (0-20 µm). Anthropic organic matter and ETM (Zn Pb, Ba) contribute to the formation of these organo-mineral associations. This material of anthropic origin, while it is specific, contains mineral and organic components able to aggregate and is thus, as well as natural soils, able to develop under the influence of pedogenic factors to form a Technosol. If the two years of experimentation were not sufficient to highlight a modification of the structural stability of this young Technosol, the results underline there the impact of the colonizing plants and the rhizospheric microflora on the formation of organo-mineral associations. The biological activity is thus a key factor of evolution of these soils
Doyen, Elise. "15 000 ans d'évolution des écosystèmes sous contrôle climatique et anthropique entre Jura et Bas Dauphiné : végétation, feu et erosion des sols." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2039/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to reconstruct vegetation and soil dynamics, as well as ire activity variabilityin the East-central part of France since the Last-glacial period (ca. 15000 yr). The objective is mostparticularly to disentangle the role of climate and anthropogenic forcing factors in ecosystems dynamics.Actually, the problematic concerns the switch from a climatic- to anthropogenic-driven ecosystemsand the study of agro-pastoral practices impact which leads to an ecological trajectory change. Thus,palaeoecological analysis (pollen, geochemical and micro-anthracological) were performed from threelake sediment records of Southern Jura Mountains and Bas Dauphiné areas.During the Late-glacial and the early Holocene period (14700 to 9000 cal. BP), palaeoecologicalchanges appear strongly correlated to regional and global climate oscillations. Until the mid-Holocene(9000 to 5000 cal BP), pollen analysis record a small-scale human impact on forest cover and nosigniicant changes in ire activity and soil erosion. Moreover, none climate change has been suficientlyintense or sustainable to generate remarkable modiications of the ecosystem. From 5000-4500 cal. BP,the sedimentary deposits recorded an increase in ire activity related to its use as a clearing tool. Thisperiod corresponds to the switch from a natural to an anthropogenic control on ires activity.It was only from ca. 2300 cal BP (Late Iron Age) that agro-pastoral activities become enoughintense to induce sustainable change in the vegetation cover and generate unprecedented erosion of soils.In parallel, the ire use changed and it became a tool for the management of agro-pastoral areas. Therefore,the human impact can be considered as permanent and a tipping point has been reached in the history oflandscape shaping. However, three main periods: Iron Age to roman period, medieval and modern timescan be distinguished through the development of agro-pastoral practices and their impact on ecosystems,most particularly on soil erosion
Noël, Hervé. "Caractérisation et calibration des flux organiques sédimentaires dérivant du bassin versant et de la production aquatique (Annecy, Le Petit Lac). Rôles respectifs de l'Homme et du Climat sur l'évolution des flux organiques au cours des 6000 dernières années." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001635.
Full textd'Annecy a été réalisé sur une carotte sédimentaire recouvrant les 6000 dernières années, en combinant deux
méthodes analytiques : l'une pétrographique (palynofaciès) et l'autre géochimique (pyrolyse Rock Eval). La
calibration des marqueurs organiques a été effectuée en caractérisant les différents types de matière organique
(MO) sur leurs sites de production (colonne d'eau, substrats géologiques et pédologiques du bassin versant).
L'évolution des marqueurs organiques a permis de montrer que l'on pouvait scinder les derniers 6000
ans en deux périodes durant lesquelles l'Homme a influé ou non sur les apports sédimentaires organiques.
- Du Néolithique final jusqu'au milieu du Moyen-âge, l'action de l'Homme sur le couvert végétal - déforestations
et mises en culture – n'a pas de conséquence directe sur les variations des flux sédimentaires organiques que l'on
estime directement dépendantes des fluctuations climatiques.
- A partir de 1100 cal. AD, période correspondant à l'implantation monastique dans les Alpes, on observe une
augmentation des flux sédimentaires allochtones, qui passent du simple au quadruple et qui coïncident avec une
phase intense de déforestation et de mise en culture C'est également le cas des flux de MO d'origine lacustre
soulignant ainsi l'impact de l'Homme sur le niveau trophique du lac.
Bien que l'impact de l'Homme soit important à partir de 1100 cal. AD, les flux organiques entre 1100
cal. AD et aujourd'hui varient également en fonction des variations climatiques du Petit Age Glaciaire. C'est en
particulier le cas des flux de MO lacustre, sensibles aux variations de température et/ou à la luminosité. Les
minima de production lacustre coïncident précisément avec les minima d'activité solaire (Wolf, Maunder, Dalton
et Spörer). Les mêmes concordances entre production lacustre et activité solaire sont observées de 3800 cal. BC
à 1100 cal. AD.
GUEYE, NDIOGOU. "Role des termites dans des plantations forestieres du cap-vert (mbao, senegal)." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066413.
Full textPlanchon, Frederic. "Evolution temporelle de douze métaux (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Ba, Pb, Bi et U) et des isotopes du plomb dans les neiges de la terre de Coats (Antarctique) depuis les années 1830." Phd thesis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704949.
Full textGros, Raphael. "Fonctionnement et qualité des sols soumis à des perturbations physiques et chimiques d'origines anthropiques: réponses du sol, de la flore et de la microflore bactérienne tellurique." Phd thesis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006161.
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