Academic literature on the topic 'Actors and actresses – United States'

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Journal articles on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Davis, Tracy C. "Actresses and Prostitutes in Victorian London." Theatre Research International 13, no. 3 (1988): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300005794.

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Despite the tendency for Victorian performers to be credited with increasing respectability and middle-class status and for actors to receive the highest official commendations, the popular association between actresses and prostitutes and belief in actresses' inappropriate sexual conduct endured throughout the nineteenth century. In the United States, religious fundamentalism accounts for much of the prejudice, but in Great Britain, where puritanical influences were not as influential on the theatre, other factors helped to preserve the derogatory view of actresses. In certain times and places actresses did have real links with the oldest of all ‘women's professions’, but the notion that the dual identity of Roman dancers or the exploits of some Restoration performers justify the popular association between actresses and prostitutes in the Victorian era is patently insufficient. The notion persisted throughout the nineteenth century because Victorians recognized that acting and whoring were the occupations of self-sufficient women who plied their trades in public places, and because Victorians believed that actresses' male colleagues and patrons inevitably complicated transient lifestyles, economic insecurity, and night hours with sexual activity. In the spirit of Gilbert and Gubar's axiom that experience generates metaphor and metaphor creates experience, the actress and the prostitute were both objects of desire whose company was purchased through commercial exchange. While patrons bought the right to see them, to project their fantasies on them, and to denigrate and misrepresent their sexuality, both groups of women found it necessary constantly to sue for men's attention and tolerate the false imagery. Their similarities were reinforced by coexistence in neighbourhoods and work places where they excited and placated the playgoer's lust in an eternal loop, twisted like a Mobius strip into the appearance of a single surface.
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RAO, NANCY YUNHWA. "The Public Face of Chinatown: Actresses, Actors, Playwrights, and Audiences of Chinatown Theaters in San Francisco during the 1920s." Journal of the Society for American Music 5, no. 2 (April 14, 2011): 235–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196311000046.

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AbstractIn the twentieth century, elaborate and prosperous Chinatown theaters in New York and San Francisco (from the 1920s to the early 1930s) constituted a golden age of Cantonese opera in the United States, a vivid musical life that has been almost completely expunged from U.S. cultural memory. Seeking a historical narrative for this musical past—preserving those vivid sonorities and glamorous images that “threaten to disappear irretrievably”—entails an examination of the actresses, actors, musicians, and playwrights who enlivened the stages of these opera theaters, as well as the audiences who flocked to see them. In particular, this study sheds light on the significance of the performers named on the daily playbills and pictured in newspapers or on immigration bond papers. The images and sonorities extend beyond the bounds of the theaters to epitomize the Chinese community. The study not only offers a significant window into the interior layers of the music lives of Chinese America, but also reflects on the Chinatown community's sense of its musical and artistic self.
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Speaks, Hannah, Alyssa Falise, Kaitlin Grosgebauer, Dustin Duncan, and Adam Carrico. "Racial Disparities in Mortality Among American Film Celebrities: A Wikipedia-Based Retrospective Cohort Study." Interactive Journal of Medical Research 8, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): e13871. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13871.

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Background In the United States, well-documented racial disparities in health outcomes are frequently attributed to racial bias and socioeconomic inequalities. However, it remains unknown whether racial disparities in mortality persist among those with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and occupational prestige. Objective As the celebrity population is generally characterized by high levels of SES and occupational prestige, this study aimed to examine survival differences between black and white film celebrities. Methods Using a Web-based, open-source encyclopedia (ie, Wikipedia), data for 5829 entries of randomly selected American film actors and actresses born between 1900 and 2000 were extracted. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was conducted using 4356 entries to compare the difference in survival by race. A Cox semiparametric regression analysis examined whether adjusting for year of birth, gender, and cause of death influenced differences in survival by race. Results Most celebrities were non-Hispanic white (3847/4352, 88.4%), male (3565/4352, 81.9%), and born in the United States (4187/4352, 96.2%). Mean age at death for black celebrities (64.1; 95% CI 60.6-67.5 years) was 6.4 years shorter than that for white celebrities (70.5; 95% CI 69.6-71.4 years; P<.001). Black celebrities had a faster all-cause mortality rate using Kaplan-Meier survival function estimates and a log-rank test. However, in a Cox semiparametric regression, there was no longer a significant difference in survival times between black and white celebrities (hazard ratio 1.07; 95% CI 0.87-1.31). Conclusions There is some evidence that racial disparities in all-cause mortality may persist at higher levels of SES, but this association was no longer significant in adjusted analyses. Further research is needed to examine if racial disparities in mortality are diminished at higher levels of SES among more representative populations.
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Maiza, Thiska Septa, and Ida Rochani Adi. "RACISM IN THE LAST DECADE OF HOLLYWOOD COMEDY MOVIES." Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies 6, no. 1 (November 21, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/rubikon.v6i1.61490.

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The United States is considered to have entered the post-racial era in the 21st century, where racial preference, discrimination, and prejudice towards minorities, such as African Americans, are supposed to no longer exist. As one of the media that reflected American society, Hollywood movies tried to eliminate the discussion on race and racism. It can be seen in Hollywood movies that begin to eliminate the negative images and stereotypes of African Americans. However, it does not mean that racism vanished from the Hollywood movie industry, especially in comedy movies. Comedy movies are one of the genresthat often involve African-American actors and actresses. Their stereotypes are also commonly used to make humor in the narrative. Therefore, this genre is closely related to racism. However, comedy movies in the last decade, such as Evan Almighty (2007), Wild Hogs (2007), Meet Dave (2008), The Maiden Heist (2009), Last Vegas (2013), Someone Marry Barry (2014), and Going in Style (2017), are not showing any racism on the surface. By using Interdisciplinary as the approach, this research attempts to see how Hollywood presents racism in comedy movies, especially in the last decade. The representation theory is employed to interpret the images, scenes, and dialogues from seven selected comedy movies concerning racism. Meanwhile, the theory of humor is used to find out how racism makes humor occur through African-American characters. The finding of this research indicates that negative images and stereotypes of African Americans are still sustained in Hollywood movies. These depictions are shown covertly. Meanwhile, overt racism indicates that the African American characters are used to make humor occur in comedy movies.Keywords: African American; comedy; Hollywood; humor; racism; representation
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Tow, William T. "The United States and Asia in 2014." Asian Survey 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2015.55.1.12.

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Visible U.S. efforts to sustain influence in the Asia-Pacific met with mixed success. President Barack Obama’s visit to the region reinforced alliance commitments, but U.S. policy momentum on regional trade and diplomacy remained sluggish. Washington’s effective management of its relations with Beijing remains the key factor to how well the U.S. will fare with other regional actors and issues.
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Scott, Virginia. "La Virtu et la volupté. Models for the Actress in Early Modern Italy and France." Theatre Research International 23, no. 2 (1998): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300018496.

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In 1982 Ferdinando Taviani proposed in Il segreto della commedia dell'arte that the earliest known actresses in Italy may have been drawn from the ranks of the courtesans, the oneste meretrici, forced from Rome after the Council of Trent (1545–63) by papal reforming zeal. This hypothesis has been affirmed by several other scholars in Europe and the United States and is becoming widely accepted not just as a feasible theory but as gospel, the exclusive conduit through which women entered the western theatre.
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Morrill, R. L. "Regional Governance in the United States: For Whom?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 1 (March 1989): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070013.

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In response to problems of jurisdictional fragmentation in American metropolitan areas, many efforts at regional governance have been undertaken. Few are successful. In most areas, area-wide problems are dealt with by specialized functional entities. The universal avoidance of regional general-purpose governance is analyzed through consideration of the motivations and attitudes of the actors (businesses, governments, citizens) in particular American cities, including Seattle. It is argued that the strongest force against regionalization is the fear of redistribution of real income.
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Rose, Mark H. "United States Bank Rescue Politics, 2008–2009: A Business Historian's View." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 4 (December 2009): 612–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008284.

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First I describe my background in American historical scholarship. Thereafter, I assess the efforts of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack H. Obama and their senior advisors to stabilize American financial institutions during the period 2008–2009. My fundamental contention is that state actors such as Bush and Obama structured financial industries and markets. Despite the ubiquitous presence of these state actors, however, American business and political leaders maintained the fiction that state and business were, and properly ought to remain, separate entities. In Part III, I return to my scholarly background and to a proposed scaffolding for historical scholarship focused on the political economy of U.S. financial institutions since 1970.
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BOUTIN, J. D. KENNETH. "Balancing Act: Competition and Cooperation in US Asia-Pacific Regionalism." Japanese Journal of Political Science 12, no. 2 (June 24, 2011): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109911000028.

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AbstractWhile the United States is an important Asia-Pacific actor, its engagement with the region is complex and often difficult. Not only must US regionalism balance the diverse requirements of an ambitious policy agenda, but also US policy norms and priorities often clash with those of other regional actors. This has important implications for the capacity of the United States to provide regional leadership. Recent years have seen growing policy convergence between the United States and other Asia-Pacific actors, particularly in economic terms, but US regionalism continues to feature competition alongside collaboration.
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Yoon, Jiso, and Amber E. Boydstun. "Dominating the news: government officials in front-page news coverage of policy issues in the United States and Korea." Journal of Public Policy 34, no. 2 (February 24, 2014): 207–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x14000051.

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AbstractWhat determines which political actors dominate a country’s news? Understanding the forces that shape political actors’ news coverage matters, because these actors can influence which problems and alternatives receive a nation’s public and policy attention. Across free-press nations, the degree of media attention actors receive is rarely proportional to their degree of participation in the policymaking process. Yet, the nature of this “mis”-representation varies by country. We argue that journalistic operating procedures – namely, journalists’ incentive-driven relationships with government officials – help explain cross-national variance in actors’ media representation relative to policymaking participation. We examine two free-press countries with dramatically different journalistic procedures: United States and Korea. For each, we compare actors’ policymaking participation to news coverage (using all 2008New York TimesandHankyoreh Dailyfront-page stories). Although exhibiting greater general discrepancy between actors’ policymaking and media representation, diverse actors are over-represented in United States news; in Korea, governmental actors are dominant.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Skirletz, Jay H. "In the Wings without a Cue: How Industrialization Upstaged America's Actors and How They Can Re-take Center Stage." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SkirletzJH2003.pdf.

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Prenter, Tracey. "A psychobiographical study of Charlize Theron." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020843.

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Psychobiographers study the lives of extraordinary, prominent, and enigmatic individuals. Psychobiographical research advances our insight into the uniqueness and complexity of the human personality and therefore makes a substantial contribution towards one of the major objectives of the field of psychology. Purposive sampling was employed to select Charlize Theron as the subject of this psychobiographical study. As the only South African who has won an Oscar, Theron is an exceptional individual who demonstrates tenacity and a will to succeed despite significant traumatic events in her childhood. The case study data was organised and analysed according to the general analytic approach developed by Huberman and Miles (2002) and one of Alexander’s (1990) strategies, namely questioning the data. Erikson’s psychosocial theory (1950, 1963, 1995) was selected to guide this study because it recognises the impact of socio-cultural influences on developmental processes and provides a comprehensive, staged framework for studying Theron’s personality development. This study contributes to the development of psychobiographical research in South Africa.
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Arredondo, Christina Marlene. "The affects [sic] of behavior on celebrity image." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2627.

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Lenk, Erika 1978. "Carlitos : história de vida e obra de Chales Chaplin." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250941.

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Orientador: Ana Angélica Medeiros Albano
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Esta dissertação percorre a trajetória de vida do célebre ator e cineasta inglês Charles Spencer Chaplin (1889-1977), o imaginativo criador de Carlitos, cuja graça e lirismo marcaram fortemente a arte do século XX. Sua obra ridiculariza os padrões culturais da sociedade estabelecida através das aventuras do Tramp, o errante marginalizado que permanece vivo no cenário cultural atual. Este estudo busca uma relação entre a vida e arte de Chaplin, identificando fatores que contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento artístico e seu conhecimento em arte.
Abstract: This dissertation contains the life story of the famous actor and English filmmaker Charles Spencer Chaplin (1889-1977), the imaginative creator of the Tramp, whose grace and lyricism left his impression on the twentieth (20th) century. His work satirizes the cultural patterns of the established society through the adventures of the Tramp, the marginalized vagabond that remains alive in the recent cultural scenario. This study searches the connection between Chaplin's life and art, identifying factors that contributed to his artistic development and his knowledge in art.
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Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação
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Troyer, Linda Elizabeth Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "External actors and regional cooperation; the effects of United States policies on regional cooperation in the Commonwealth Caribbean." Ottawa, 1985.

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Benowitz, June Melby. "Grace Wick : portrait of a right-wing extremist." PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3789.

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"Grace Wick: Portrait of a Right-Wing Extremist" is a biography of an American woman who lived between 1888 and 1958. Wick grew up in a small midwestern town, but as a young woman broke away from small town tradition by moving to the city to pursue a career as an actress in the theater and in silent movies. In the course of her acting career she traveled across North America and had the opportunity to associate with people from all walks of life. As an actress, she was able to achieve an autonomy enjoyed by few women during the 1910s and early 1920s. She also developed into a political activist, organizing campaign rallies for candidates, crusading to extend women's freedom, and was an active participant in mainline politics. However, as a middle-aged woman during the late 1930s, Wick developed a narrow focus on life, becoming involved with right-wing, pro-America organizations. By the 1940s she had become outspoken against immigrants and Jews and was actively distributing nativist, anti-Semitic propaganda. The thesis poses and suggests answers to the question of why a woman who had spent a number of years in the city, and in a career which afforded her the opportunity to gain a cosmopolitan view of the world, followed a course toward nativism and right-wing extremism in her later years.
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Yukselen, Hasan. "Actors In The South Caucasus: Stability Providers Or Instability Exploiters." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605385/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyses the developments in the South Caucasus region since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The disintegration brought about the decleration of independence from teh states in the region, namely Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia. However, the conflicts in the aftermath of independence drawing the region into instability brought about the question of whether the instability in the region is an end result of teh policies of regional actors in the region. Whether teh stability in the South Caucasus is directly bound to teh constructive policies of the main actors? Whether actors act as stability providers or instability exploiters in the region? Are the actors especially since 9/11 Russia and the United States while expressing intentions on regional stability, with their differing interests acts as instability exploiters? In fact, these questions stems from the dilemma of discourse and commitment.
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Chambers, Annette. "External actors and regional integration, the effects of the United States' strategic-economic policies on regional integration in the Commonwealth Caribbean." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq26905.pdf.

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Chambers, Annette Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "External actors and regional integration; the effects of the United States' strategic-economic policies on regional integration in the commonwealth Caribbean." Ottawa, 1997.

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Sobral, Luís Felipe Bueno 1980. "Bogart duplo de Bogart = pistas da persona cinematográfica de Humphrey Bogart, 1941-46." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/282020.

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Orientador: Heloisa Andre Pontes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: As páginas seguintes consistem em uma etnografia histórica do olhar hollywoodiano. Em particular, descreve a sedimentação da persona cinematográfica de Humphrey Bogart (1899-1957) na primeira metade da década de 1940. O foco analítico é duplo: por um lado, está atento às relações de gênero inscritas em suas performances; por outro, procura relacionar sua trajetória social e a estrutura de produção industrial de Hollywood. Uma descontinuidade interpõe-se entre a interpretação do artista diante da câmera e sua imagem projetada na tela: o trabalho de vários outros profissionais (roteirista, técnico de som, editor etc.) completa o processo até o lançamento do filme, quando é avaliado por público e crítica. No cinema, a performance artística submete-se à câmera, que executa a mediação de todo o processo; ao aparato técnico corresponde a persona cinematográfica, que não se resume nem ao intérprete nem aos seus personagens: ao mesmo tempo em que une estes - delineando um modelo de gênero -, também proporciona àquele o estabelecimento social na estrutura de produção. O caso de Bogart oferece um recorte circunscrito porque sua persona emergiu de forma linear em meia década (após anos de investimento), quando Hollywood se organizava em um modo de produção denominado sistema de estúdios, no qual cada estúdio desenvolvia um estilo próprio e controlava toda a produção industrial de um filme, do roteiro à exibição - e, portanto, a autonomia relativa do artista era estreitíssima. Através de uma série de pistas oriundas de fontes diversas (filmes, literatura, biografias, historiografia), esta dissertação argumenta que experiência social e cultura visual são inseparáveis, defende que a persona de Bogart (símbolo canônico de masculinidade) alimentava-se da tensão dramática entre a indiferença aparente e a vulnerabilidade súbita, e, finalmente, demonstra que a relação entre Bogart e sua persona caracterizava-se pela alteridade
Abstract: The following pages consist in a historical ethnography of the Hollywood eye. In particular, it describes the sedimentation of the screen persona of Humphrey Bogart (1899- 1957) in the first half of the 1940s. The analytical focus is twofold: on the one hand, pays attention to the gender relations inscribed in his performances; on the other, seeks to relate his social trajectory and Hollywood's industrial structure of production. A discontinuity goes between an artist's interpretation in front of the camera and his/her correspondent projected image on the screen: the work of numerous other professionals (screenwriter, sound technician, editor etc.) completes the process until the film release, when it is evaluated by public and critic. In cinema, the artistic performance is submited to the camera, that executes the mediation of the entire process; to the technical apparatus corresponds the screen persona, that does not resume itself to the interpreter nor his/her characters: at the same time that unites these - outlining a model of gender - it also supplies to the former the social setting in the structure of production. The Bogart case offers a circumscribed picture because his persona emerged in a linear form in half a decade (after years of investment), when Hollywood organized itself through a mode of production called studio system, where each studio developed its own style and controlled the entire industrial production of a film, from screenplay to exhibition - and therefore the relative autonomy of the artist was very narrow. Through a series of clues collected from various sources (films, literature, biographies, historiography), this dissertation argues that social experience and visual culture are inseparable, defends that Bogart's persona (a canonical symbol of masculinity) was nourished by the dramatic tension between the apparent indifference and the sudden vulnerability, and finally demonstrates that the relation between Bogart and his persona was characterized by otherness
Mestrado
Antropologia Social
Mestre em Antropologia Social
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Books on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Actors on red alert: Career interviews with five actors and actresses affected by the blacklist. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 1999.

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Lee, Betty. Marie Dressler: The unlikeliest star. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1997.

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1950-, Rehill Anne Collier, ed. Stars in the corps: Movie actors in the United States Marines. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press, 1999.

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One from the Hart. New York: Gallery Books, 2010.

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1948-, Terrace Vincent, and Parish James Robert, eds. The complete actors' television credits, 1948-1988. 2nd ed. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1989.

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The Hollywood book of scandals: The shocking, often disgraceful deeds and affairs of more than 100 American movie and TV idols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

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Young Hollywood. London: Batsford, 1994.

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Young Hollywood. Lanham, Md: Madison Books, 1994.

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Manheim, Camryn. Wake up, I'm fat! New York: Broadway Books, 1999.

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Manheim, Camryn. Wake up, I'm fat! New York: Broadway Books, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Bayandor, Darioush. "Actors, Strategies and Structures." In The Shah, the Islamic Revolution and the United States, 177–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96119-4_8.

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Lowther, Adam B. "How Can the United States Deter Nonstate Actors?" In Deterrence, 163–82. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137289810_9.

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Ergun, Doruk. "External Actors and VNSAs: An Analysis of the United States, Russia, ISIS, and PYD/YPG." In Violent Non-state Actors and the Syrian Civil War, 149–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67528-2_8.

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Accaoui Lorfing, Pascale. "Screening of Foreign Direct Investment and the States’ Security Interests in Light of the OECD, UNCTAD and Other International Guidelines." In Public Actors in International Investment Law, 179–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58916-5_10.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses the concept of the “national security interest”, which is widely recognised as allowing a state to determine which areas of its economy are restricted or prohibited to foreign investors. This chapter seeks to identify what constitutes a threat for a state and how that threat is managed both domestically and internationally. Despite the recognition of a state’s right to take measures it considers essential to its security, there are limits. The rules established by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other international instruments are non-binding but can serve as a guide for states in determining the limits of the national security approach. International investment agreements can restrict the right of states to take security-related measures. Finally, customary international law, in light of the good faith obligation, can serve as a basis for assessing measures taken by a state and pave the way for a better balance between the rights of a state and those of foreign investors.
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Markedonov, Sergey. "The Cold War Legacy in Nagorno-Karabakh: Visions from Russia, the United States and Regional Actors." In Europe’s Next Avoidable War, 127–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137030009_12.

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Gall, Gregor. "Union Organising with ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Industrial Relations Actors: Sex Workers in Australia and the United States." In The Future of Union Organising, 175–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230240889_11.

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Loewen, Howard, and Stefan Fröhlich. "East Asia’s Security Architecture and the Role of the United States and Other External Actors—an Introduction." In The Changing East Asian Security Landscape, 1–10. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18894-8_1.

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Horne, Cynthia M. "The Nuts and Bolts of Anti-dumping Laws: Actors and Institutions in the United States and the European Union." In Post-Communist Economies and Western Trade Discrimination, 66–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230601673_4.

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Magraw, Kendra. "Trends and ISDS Backlash Related to Non-Disputing Treaty Party Submissions." In Public Actors in International Investment Law, 79–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58916-5_5.

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AbstractSome international investment agreements (IIAs) allow states that are parties to a treaty, but are not party to a specific dispute under that treaty, to intervene on a limited basis in order to make submissions on matters of treaty interpretation. Such mechanisms have proved to be highly valued by treaty parties, as evident by the many recently-concluded IIAs containing increasingly sophisticated non-disputing treaty party (NDTP) provisions. This chapter: (1) provides the background on NDTPs mechanisms, with a focus on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (the first-known IIA to contain such a provision); (2) examines the possible connection between tribunals failing to give due regard to treaty parties’ interpretive positions (again focusing on NAFTA) and the current backlash against investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS); and (3) analyses trends in recently-concluded IIAs. It is argued that the apparent lack of deference given by tribunals to NDTP submissions may be contributing to the current backlash against ISDS, based on two discernible trends: (1) an increase in the number of IIAs containing NDTPs provisions; and (2) provisions that now state that not only are treaty interpretations made by treaty parties binding on tribunals (such provisions also have their genesis in NAFTA), but that, in addition, tribunals’ decisions must be consistent with such agreed interpretations (the latter an innovation of a NAFTA party in 2003). Such trends are also visible at the institutional and multilateral levels, such as the revision of the Arbitration Rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the Mauritius Convention on Transparency in ISDS of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and show no sign of slowing down.
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10

"International Law and Nonstate Actors." In United States Practice in International Law, 131–62. Cambridge University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511493799.007.

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Conference papers on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Nieves-Zárate, Margarita. "Ten Years After the Deepwater Horizon Accident: Regulatory Reforms and the Implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems in the United States." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204056-ms.

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Abstract The Deepwater Horizon accident is one of the major environmental disasters in the history of the United States. This accident occurred in 2010, when the Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit exploded, while the rig's crew was conducting the drilling work of the exploratory well Macondo deep under the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental damages included more than four million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico, and economic losses total tens of billions of dollars. The accident brought into question the effectiveness of the regulatory regime for preventing accidents, and protecting the marine environment from oil and gas operations, and prompted regulatory reforms. Ten years after the Deepwater Horizon accident, this article analyzes the implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) as one of the main regulatory reforms introduced in the United States after the accident. The analysis uses the theory of regulation which takes into account both state and non-state actors involved in regulation, and therefore, the shift from regulation to governance. The study includes regulations issued after the Deepwater Horizon accident, particularly, SEMS rules I and II, and reports conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Commission on the BP Oil Spill, the Center for Offshore Safety, the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). The article reveals that though offshore oil and gas operators in the U.S. federal waters have adopted SEMS, as a mechanism of self-regulation, there is not clarity on how SEMS have been implemented in practice towards achieving its goal of reducing risks. The BSEE, as the public regulator has the task of providing a complete analysis on the results of the three audits to SEMS conducted by the operators and third parties from 2013 to 2019. This article argues that the assessment of SEMS audits should be complemented with leading and lagging indicators in the industry in order to identify how SEMS have influenced safety behavior beyond regulatory compliance. BSEE has the challenge of providing this assessment and making transparency a cornerstone of SEMS regulations. In this way, the lessons of the DHW accident may be internalized by all actors in the offshore oil and gas industry.
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Toprak, Nuri Gökhan. "From Embargo to Blockade: An Evaluation of the United States Sanctions against Iran in the Context of the Use of Economic Impact Tools in Foreign Poli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02219.

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The concept of influence can be defined as a tool of international actors, a form of power, the ability to overcome obstacles in order to achieve different purposes or the desired result in the process of power relations established between actors in international politics. According to the approach that aims to reach the concept of influence as the desired result, in the process of setting up influence states try to influence each other through different methods and tools in which can be used through states’ own capacities. In addition to political and military tools, economic impact tools related to the field of foreign trade and finance are frequently used today. Economic impact tools, such as external aid, which may be positive or rewarding, may also be negative or punitive in a range from the boycott to the blockade. The study aims to provide a qualitative assessment of the United States' (US) economic sanctions against Iran in the context of the use of economic impact tools in international politics. In order to achieve this aim, 12 executive orders issued by the US on the grounds that Iran poses a threat to its national security, foreign policy and economy will be examined. In the conclusion of the study, the assumption that the US sanctions against Iran almost for 40 years has become a multilateral structure such as commercial and financial blockade from a structure related to bilateral relations such as boycott and embargo will be tested.
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Reports on the topic "Actors and actresses – United States"

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Herbert, Siân. Donor Support to Electoral Cycles. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.043.

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This rapid literature review explains the stages of an election cycle, and how donors provide support to electoral cycles. It draws mainly on policy guidance websites and papers due to the questions of this review and the level of analysis taken (global-level, donor-level). It focuses on publications from the last five years, and/or current/forthcoming donor strategies. The electoral cycle and its stages are well-established policy concepts for which there is widespread acceptance and use. Donor support to electoral cycles (through electoral assistance and electoral observation) is extremely widespread, and the dominant donors in this area are the multilateral organisations like the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU), and also the United States (US). While almost all bilateral donors also carry out some work in this area, “almost all major electoral support programmes are provided jointly with international partners” (DFID, 2014, p.5). Bilateral donors may provide broader support to democratic governance initiatives, which may not be framed as electoral assistance, but may contribute to the wider enabling environment. All of the donors reviewed in this query emphasise that their programmes are designed according to the local context and needs, and thus, beyond the big actors - EU, UN and US, there is little overarching information on what the donors do in this area. While there is a significant literature base in the broad area of electoral support, it tends to be focussed at the country, programme, or thematic, level, rather than at the global, or donor, level taken by this paper. There was a peak in global-level publications on this subject around 2006, the year the electoral cycle model was published by the European Commission, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). This review concludes by providing examples of the electoral assistance work carried out by five donors (UN, EU, US, UK and Germany).
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