Academic literature on the topic 'Actors’ interaction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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Bintoro, Bambang Purwoko Kusumo, Togar Mangihut Simatupang, Utomo Sarjono Putro, and Pri Hermawan. "Actors’ interaction in the ERP implementation literature." Business Process Management Journal 21, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 222–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-11-2013-0142.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the existence of studies, by exploring the current literatures, on interaction among actors in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation. Design/methodology/approach – A new classification framework is offered, along with the two dimensions of ERP implementation: determinants and outcomes, to provide four types of research classes. Hundreds of articles were searched by using keywords from journal data bases. The selected articles were grouped based on the new classification of ERP implementation, followed by an in-depth analysis by using the Context, Intervention, Mechanism, Outcomes logic and the system of systems methodologies (SOSM) framework. Findings – The interactions among actors in ERP implementation have been overlooked, although there is almost always disagreements, misperceptions, and conflicts. Managing the interactions among actors is considered important because common failures in ERP implementation are often caused by mismanaged interactions among the key actors. Unfortunately, the existing research has so far shown a small effort to study how the actors’ interactions are managed. Research limitations/implications – One key limitation of this research is that the number of actor-related articles is lesser than the factor-related articles. Further research should be conducted to explain how to manage the interactions among the actors in each stage of ERP implementation. Practical implications – A guidance to prepare the entire organization prior to the ERP implementation to seriously consider the typical conflict among actors on each stage of ERP implementation and its causal factors and how to resolve them. Social implications – The importance of understanding typical conflict among actors, its causal factors, and how to resolve them can be extended to other projects or social phenomenon. Originality/value – This proposed framework is new to the ERP literature and serves to identify and expand further research on actors’ interactions to improve the success of ERP implementation. This is the first research to identify the interactions among actors in ERP implementation by using a clearly structured methodological approach, which is conducted by critically reviewing the ERP implementation literature.
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Jobbagy, Zoltan, Goran Boros, and Levente Sandor Kovats. "Some Remarks on the Dynamics of Strong Actor / Weak Actor Interaction." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0016.
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Abstract The emergence of weak actors on global scale is one among the many undesired consequences of the post Cold War period. In a globalized world, weak actors increasingly possess the capability and will to challenge the existing status quo set earlier by strong actors. The complexity of the international theatre provides weak actors with an abundance of opportunities to become successful over a long period. From a military point of view strong actor / weak actor interaction becomes manifest when the latter prosecutes a special type of war. This war is asymmetric, irregular and of low intensity. It poses a significant challenge to the strong actor and can bog him down into confusing and ambiguous military actions. In these actions the strong actor often finds himself in messy situations he can mostly master by improvisation. To better understand the strong actor / weak actor interaction and the resulting special type of war the authors suggest to reject the classical theorizing of war and advocate a different sort of thinking instead.
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de Zeeuw, Gerard. "Interaction of actors theory." Kybernetes 30, no. 7/8 (October 2001): 971–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920110396864.
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Johnson, Rutherford. "An Economic Multipoint Gravitational Model Expression Of A Transactional Analysis Game: An Application To Recreational Private Land Use Decisions." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 33, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i4.10000.
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The outcome of interactions between various economic actors has a decided subconscious component. Transactional analysis (TA), which was developed in the late 1950s, provides a cognitive theory about the way that human beings interact with each other on a subconscious level that can be applied to investigation of economic decision making. TA, founded by physician Eric Berne, explains a number of potential human interactions, or social transactions, by framing them as subconscious games. Individual economic actors in markets interact with each other. Those interactions may be influenced at least somewhat by subconscious cognitive processes and TA games. Additionally, because individuals gain experience through each interaction, there may reasonably be expected to exist an historical component in which the subconscious response of economic actors to others in the market and to the subconscious games of others in the market may change over time based on their experiences in prior games. As an extension, an individual’s subconscious response to other economic actors may in part be based on the influence of information, either conveyed through games or via other sources. This study investigates decision strategy in the context of marketplace interaction in which outcomes are influenced by subconscious social transaction games played between individuals. The decision by land owners of whether or not to open private land to outside parties for recreational use is considered as an example. Because interaction necessarily involves some form of influence, the interaction and decision strategy are modeled mathematically by an economic multipoint gravitational model in which each actor both influences all other actors and is influenced by them.
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Anwar, Khairul. "Dinamika Politik Penguatan Kebijakan Sawit di Riau Pasca Reformasi." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.9.2.p.80-89.
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This article aims to find the dynamics of actor interaction in strengthening oil palm policies with examples of cases of oil palm policy in Riau. The background is the phenomenon of the broader spectrum of conflict in Riau early in the reformation. How will the interaction pattern of actors related to oil palm policy issues take place in post-reform Riau? The theory used by the local political economy and the method used determine; (1) Actor's political preferences; (2) Actor's tips and strategies; and (3) How do actors organize themselves into coalitions? This study found that since the OTDA policy was implemented in Riau, the dynamics of national politics changed, from a central style to a decentralized one. This change in political context resulted in mixed responses from local actors in Riau. Local actors are becoming more critical because of the law on the use of natural resources. The activities of these different actors produce different reactions to implementing policies in the plantation sector. The response of these elites could be a result of different positions. Since the reformation, the intensity and spectrum of political dynamics have increased and expanded and its disclosure in public debate has become more assertive. It is a fact that the nature of local politics is considered in strengthening the policy on palm oil management in Riau.
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Guercini, Simone, and Andrea Runfola. "Actors’ roles in interaction and innovation in local systems: a conceptual taxonomy." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 3/4 (May 1, 2015): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2012-0256.
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Purpose – This paper aims to study the role of the focal firm in local communities. In particular, it aims at analyzing such firms’ contribution to innovation, proposing a classification of the interactions and role systems that contribute to determining the innovational impact of focal firms. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a concept-based study. The paper starts with a review of the literature to frame the concepts of local network and focal firm. Two key concepts, related to that of interaction, are then discussed: teaching and learning. Findings – The paper proposes a taxonomy of the interactions and the roles systems that the focal firm can establish. The status of focal actor for innovation in a network stems, not from an “a priori” central strategic role on which the actor builds its interactions, but “a posteriori”, from the actor’s previously recognized roles in interactions on which network innovation is based. The local system may or may not be present in the interaction set of the business network. The interactions and roles systems define the type of local system. Research limitations/implications – Research implications regard three main aspects: the different roles in the interactions; the types of actors in the local system; and the types of local systems involved in the processes of innovation. Originality/value – The paper furnishes an original interpretation by focusing on focal firms as leaders in the innovation process, in the attempt to reconcile the “macro” perspective of local systems with the “micro” perspective of the individual firm.
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Corsaro, Daniela, and Chiara Cantù. "Actors’ heterogeneity and the context of interaction in affecting innovation networks." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 3/4 (May 1, 2015): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-12-2014-0249.
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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore the role of actors’ heterogeneity and the context of interaction on collective innovation. Design/methodology/approach – By using the six sources of heterogeneity identified by Corsaro et al. (2012) – goals, competences and skills, knowledge bases, power/position, perceptions and cultures – the authors describe the cases of two consecutive projects – ESASIM and NeWTeC – developed within Kilometro Rosso Science Park. The collaborative innovative outcome (simulation software) developed in the first phase was subsequently applied by each actor in its specific context. At the macro level, the authors define the processes that describe the role of actors’ heterogeneity in both the contexts of innovation development and application; at the micro level, the authors shed some light on the role of the single actor acting simultaneously as a provider and as a user with respect to different contexts. Findings – In this paper, the processes through which actors’ heterogeneity and the context of interaction influence the development of innovation (collective/macro-network level) and contribute a better understanding of collective innovation from a perspective that involves each individual actor (single-actor/micro level) are determined. These two phases are labeled in terms of “decontextualizing” and “recontextualizing”, through which it will be recognized how the process of innovation depends on the social context and by the business activities that take place between the organizations. In the paper, term actor is used to refer to organizations taking part in the innovation networks as represented by their key referents. Research limitations/implications – Further research on this topic could explore not only the single sources of actors’ heterogeneity but also patterns of them and their effects in the different contexts. In addition, looking at the micro level, it would be interesting to understand if, in certain specific phases of innovation development and implementation, one of the roles – provider or user – prevails over the other and which effects it generates. Practical implications – This case study has important managerial implications. First, by better understanding the role of actors in innovation networks, companies could improve their networking strategies and, consequently, increase the likelihood of their solutions satisfying the needs of the different stakeholders. Second, the management of actors’ heterogeneity seems strictly related to communication practices. As a result, it would be interesting to develop communication training programs addressing companies located in science parks, built around the profiles of the actors’ features, characterizing a certain project and envisioning potential contexts for the development and application of the project outcome. Due to the variety of actors involved and the changing nature of the contexts in which they operate, standardizing communication practices could, in fact, be less effective. Finally, we also see implications for the management company of the science and technology park, which should think in a more comprehensive way about the different sources of actors’ heterogeneity and their potential consequences once they build interorganizational collaborations and thus interdisciplinary teams. Social implications – Using the Intellimech case, the role of actors’ heterogeneity and the context interaction in innovation networks, with respect to two different levels of analysis, is explored. On the collective-macro level, the set of actors in the network was considered; on the micro level, each single business actor as part of the wider network is concentrated upon. Originality/value – This paper positions in this debate and, in particular, attempts to understand if and how actors’ heterogeneity and the context of interaction influence innovation networks. In effect, while the literature includes sporadic references to the role of the two elements, they have not yet been jointly considered. To reach this goal, two levels of analysis were adopted: a macro network level considering the set of business actors collectively and a micro level looking at the single actor as part of the wider network. Empirically, this paper will describe the case of two projects developed within Intellimech, an innovation network located at Kilometro Rosso Science Park, an aggregation node of relationships and connections around innovation purposes.
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Leszczyński, Grzegorz, Tibor Mandjak, Tihamér Margitay, and Marek Zieliński. "The business paradigm: explanation for patterns of business interactions." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 37, no. 4 (October 11, 2021): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-05-2019-0207.
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Purpose This paper aims to introduce the concept of business paradigm to conceptualize and explain differences in business interaction patterns in the IMP research. Design/methodology/approach The concept of the interaction and the concepts related to and driven from it describe the business at both a general level. At the same time, the IMP points out the uniqueness of business interactions. This paper addresses the specific lies between the general and the particular by referring to various patterns of interactions. To close that gap, this paper implies the Kuhnian philosophy of science to conceptualize the business paradigm. Findings The business paradigm is a socially constructed collective term. It simultaneously captures the cognitive (what business is and what rules it has) and social (business community) dimensions of the actor’s behavior and actions. It has two interdependent dimensions: cognitive and social. It determines how the actors view and do business, and it explains the variations of interactions. Research limitations/implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Practical implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Social implications Not applicable as it is a conceptual paper. Originality/value The concept of the business paradigm is a theoretical extension of the IMP actor’s theory. The dimensions of the business paradigm capture the psychological and sociological characteristics of the business actor. The business paradigm application provides an opportunity to find that business can be different because actors in various communities have various views on what business is and how it should be properly run. Adding the business paradigm concept to the IMP theory implies strengthening the theory explanation power because the interaction explains the business’s general characteristics. The business relationship explains the business’s unique features, and the business paradigm explains the various interaction patterns.
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Sun, Dawei. "Study on the Relationship between Actors' Personal Style and Characterisation." Journal of Education and Educational Research 6, no. 2 (December 10, 2023): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/jeer.v6i2.14982.
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This study focuses on the relationship between actors' personal style and characterisation. Firstly, the background, purpose and significance of the study are introduced. Secondly, the influence of actors' personal style on characterisation is explored, including the concept and characteristics of actors' personal style, and the relationship between actors' personal style and character selection and performance. Then, the shaping of actors' personal style by characterisation is explored, including the concept and methods of characterisation, as well as the influence and development of characterisation on actors' personal style. Finally, the interaction between actors' personal style and characterisation is investigated, including the interaction effect, analysis of common characteristics and exploration of optimisation strategies. Finally, it is concluded that there is a close relationship between actors' personal style and characterisation. Actor's personal style has an influence on characterisation, while characterisation can also adjust and develop actor's personal style. Through the study of actors' personal style and characterisation, we can better understand the art of actors' performance, optimise actors' performance style, and improve the quality and viewability of performance. This study is of great theoretical and practical significance for a deeper understanding of the relationship between actors' personal style and characterisation.
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Aisyah Mujahida Ahmad, Andi, Sukri, and Haryanto . "Relasi Aktor dalam Kebijakan Halal Tourism di Kabupaten Maros." Jurnal Politik Profetik 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/profetik.v11i2a6.
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This article aims to describe the relationship between actors to find the political aspects of halal tourism policies that are a trend in local government policies in Indonesia today. This article uses the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) approach to analyze the position of each policy actor in the formulation of policies on halal tourism in the Maros Regency. The research method uses descriptive qualitative analysis by describing the relationship of policy actors both formally and informally in the formulation of the Draft Regional Regulation on Halal Tourism in the Maros Regency and seeing the interactions that influence the policy process. The results showed that the actors involved in halal tourism policy were divided into two groups: state actors and non-state actors. These policy actors interact with each other, involving different interests. However, the tendency that occurs leads to dependence on state actors. The interaction of these actors results in a coalition of pros and cons, which could weaken the implementation of halal tourism policies. This article contributes to expanding insights in the study of interactions between policy actors involving different interests in halal tourism policy in Indonesia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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Sayago, Barrantes Sergio. "Human-computer interaction with older people." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7560.
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L'envelliment de la població i la importància de les TIC a la societat actual han motivat la necessitat d'integrar més a les persones grans en la interacció persona-ordinador. La investigació actual es centra en factors individuals de l'envelliment i l'aproximació més generalitzada és dissenyar interfícies considerant les persones grans com a conjunt de factors. Aquesta tesi doctoral planteja un paradigma diferent: de factors a persones grans com a actors. En aquest paradigma, prestar atenció als canvis en capacitats funcionals no és l'únic que importa, cal que interacció i ús real estiguin més fortament relacionats. En aquest marc, aquesta tesi presenta els resultats d'un treball etnogràfic extens sobre el correu electrònic i la web. Mètodes quantitatius i mixtes s'han utilitzat en altres aspectes, que recolzen aquest estudi de camp. Altres capítols presenten contribucions metodològiques en avaluació en entorns reals. La tesi acaba proposant estratègies per a investigar amb persones grans com a actors socials, insistint en considerar l'experiència de vida de la gent gran i estudiar més l'ús i les interaccions en entorns reals combinant etnografia i treball més experimental.El envejecimiento de la población y la importancia de las TIC en la sociedad actual han motivado la necesidad de integrar más a las personas mayores en la interacción persona-ordenador. La investigación actual se centra en factores individuales del envejecimiento y la aproximación más generalizada es diseñar interfaces considerando a las personas mayores como un conjunto de factores. Esta tesis doctoral plantea un paradigma diferente: de factores a personas mayores como actores. En este paradigma, prestar atención a los cambios en capacidades funcionales no es lo único que importa, sino que interacción y uso real deberían estar más fuertemente relacionados. En este marco, esta tesis presenta los resultados de un trabajo etnográfico extenso sobre el correo electrónico y la web. Métodos cuantitativos y mixtos se han utilizado en otros aspectos, que apoyan este estudio de campo. Otros capítulos presentan contribuciones metodológicas en evaluación en entornos reales. La tesis acaba proponiendo estrategias para investigar con personas mayores como actores sociales, insistiendo en considerar la experiencia de vida de la gente mayor y estudiar más el uso y las interacciones en entornos reales combinando etnografía y trabajo más experimental.
Population ageing and the role of computers in current society have created a need to strengthen HCI with older people. The current paradigm considers them as a set of factors and central to it is compensation for age-related changes in functional abilities. This dissertation proposes a different paradigm: from factors towards interaction based on older people as social actors. Within this paradigm, compensating for diminishing abilities is not the cornerstone of research. Instead, interaction and real-life use should be closely intertwined. Against this framework, the thesis presents the results of an extensive ethnographic work on e-mail and web use. Quantitative and mixed methods are employed in other aspects related to use and interaction which complement this major study. Other chapters include methodological contributions to real-life evaluation. The dissertation discusses strategies for approaching HCI with older people. Central to them is the concept of life experience and the need to turn to everyday interactions by combining classical ethnography with experimentations.
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Sunardi, Mathias I. "Expressive Motion Synthesis for Robot Actors in Robot Theatre." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/720.
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Lately, personal and entertainment robotics are becoming more and more common. In this thesis, the application of entertainment robots in the context of a Robot Theatre is studied. Specifically, the thesis focuses on the synthesis of expressive movements or animations for the robot performers (Robot Actors). The novel paradigm emerged from computer animation is to represent the motion data as a set of signals. Thus, preprogrammed motion data can be quickly modified using common signal processing techniques such as multiresolution filtering and spectral analysis. However, manual adjustments of the filtering and spectral methods parameters, and good artistic skills are still required to obtain the desired expressions in the resulting animation. Music contains timing, timbre and rhythm information which humans can translate into affect, and express the affect through movement dynamics, such as in dancing. Music data is then assumed to contain affective information which can be expressed in the movements of a robot. In this thesis, music data is used as input signal to generate motion data (Dance) and to modify a sequence of pre-programmed motion data (Scenario) for a custom-made Lynxmotion robot and a KHR-1 robot, respectively. The music data in MIDI format is parsed for timing and melodic information, which are then mapped to joint angle values. Surveys were done to validate the usefulness and contribution of music signals to add expressiveness to the movements of a robot for the Robot Theatre application.
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Munro, Hugh Alasdair David. "When do community leaders make a difference? : exploring the interaction of actors and institutions." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/184/.
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There are an increasing number of opportunities for community leaders to be involved in governing processes. However, the community leader literature fails sufficiently to distinguish the interaction of structure and agency. The thesis establishes a theoretical approach which places community leaders as ‘situated agents’. The thesis establishes a ‘reading-acting-effect’ model to examine how the readings of actors are translated into action and how they interpret the difference this makes. Case studies of two neighbourhoods in Sheffield reveal the changing influence of the community and of the state upon community leaders’ behaviour. In the early stages of development community leaders concentrate on the substantive difference their actions have in their community. The state plays a more significant role as community leaders begin to operate in governance arenas, making compromises to access state resources. State actors play important roles as rule makers and interpreters that affect how community leaders behave. Community leaders face a central dilemma between: modifying their behaviour to work with the state thereby increasing their opportunities to receive funding; and the freedom of working at a distance from the state without such support. Conflict can arise between community leaders as they adopt different positions in relation to the state based on their distinct interpretations of this dilemma.
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McWilliams, Susan. "Status and demeanor : overcoming the legitimacy dilemmas of low status actors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8911.
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Zabrovskaya, Evgenia, and Inesa Laur. "UNDRESSING INTERACTIONS: the effect of interactions on performance in multi-project settings." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12774.
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Contemporary companies work in complex environment comprising many simultaneous running projects, i.e. multi-project settings. To a large extend those projects are interdependent and are multi-professionally constituted of representatives from customers, suppliers, other business partners and researchers from academia. The success of projects, particularly in the multi-project setting, is dependent of the collaboration and interaction among those actors involved. The aim of this article is to explore the dynamics of interactions with external actors, such as customers, suppliers, other business partners and academia and investigate the effect of interactions on performance in multi-project settings. The methodology is based on a mixed-method approach, comprising a quantitative survey and a complementary case study. The quantitative survey questions are based on the extended literature study of project management interactions. The case study was selected in order to create a deeper understanding of the processes of interaction, barriers to interactions and the outcome in terms of project performance. The results show that interactions with external actors positively influence performance in terms of estimated quality, time, and cost, innovations and actor satisfaction.no
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Momal, Raphaëlle. "Network inference from incomplete abundance data Accounting for missing actors in interaction network inference from abundance data Tree‐based inference of species interaction networks from abundance data." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASM017.
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Les réseaux sont utilisés comme outils en microbiologie et en écologie pour représenter des relations entre espèces. Les modèles graphiques gaussiens sont le cadre mathématique dédié à l'inférence des réseaux de dépendances conditionnelles, qui permettent une séparation claires des effets directs et indirects. Cependant, les données observées sont souvent des comptages discrèts qui ne permettent pas l'utilisation de ce modèle. Cette thèse développe une méthodologie pour l'inférence de réseaux à partir de données d'abondance d'espèces. La méthode repose sur une exploration efficace et exhaustive de l'espace des arbres couvrants dans un espace latent des comptages observés, rendue possible par les propriétés algébriques de ces structures.Par ailleurs, il est probable que les comptages observés dépendent d'acteurs non mesurés (espèces ou covariable). Ce phénomène produit des arêtes supplémentaires dans le réseau marginal entre les espèces liées à l'acteur manquant dans le réseau complet, ce qui fausse la suite des analyses. Le second objectif de ce travail est de prendre en compte les acteurs manquants lors de l'inférence de réseau. Les paramètres du modèle proposé sont estimés par une approche variationnelle, qui fournit des éléments d'information pertinents à propos des données non observéesNetworks are tools used to represent species relationships in microbiology and ecology. Gaussian Graphical Models provide with a mathematical framework for the inference of conditional dependency networks, which allow for a clear separation of direct and indirect effects. However observed data are often discrete counts and the inference cannot be directly performed with this model. This work develops a methodology for network inference from species observed abundances. The method relies on specific algebraic properties of spanning tree structures to perform an efficient and complete exploration of the space of spanning trees. The inference takes place in a latent space of the observed counts.Then, observed abundances are likely to depend on unmeasured actors (e.g. species or covariate). This results in spurious edges in the marginal network between the species linked to the latter in the complete network, causing inaccurate further analysis. The second objective of this work is to account for missing actors during network inference. To do so we adopt a variational approach yielding valuable insights about the missing actors
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Engdahl, Ingrid. "Toddlers as social actors in the Swedish preschool." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Barn- och ungdomsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-52643.
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This thesis focuses on interaction among young toddlers during their second year of life in a Swedish preschool. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore interaction, communication and the creation of friendship between the young children during self initiated play activities. In addition, this thesis presents the background of Early Childhood Education in Sweden, which may serve as an extended context for the study. An ethnographic study was carried out in a toddler unit with 15 children. Six one year old girls and boys were in focus during the observations for nine months. Participatory methods, photos, fieldnotes and videorecordings, were used for the data collection. The theoretical framework for the study is built on phenomenology, the view of the child as a social person and a child oriented perspective. The overall findings support a theoretical perspective where the young toddlers are seen as social actors, with social competencies. Their play invitation strategies, as well as their play enactment and play-closing moves, were mostly found to be based on nonverbal communication such as movements, gestures, voice quality and facial expressions. The competencies of attunement, taking others’ perspectives and turn-taking were found in play among the young toddlers, and they also showed negotiating skills while playing. The findings also show how young toddlers make friends. During their second year of life, they monitor and pay attention to individual peers, displaying intentionality and agency by spontaneously greeting their peers, by offering play invitations, and by helping peers. Mutual awareness, joint attention, shared smiles, coordinated movements, as well as other types of synchronized actions are seen as parts of nonverbal elements in emerging friendship. The findings in this thesis support an understanding of young toddlers as social persons in the preschool, engaged in consistent interest and attention towards each other while playing.Avhandlingens fokus är hur små barn interagerar med varandra under sitt andra levnadsår i en svensk förskola. Det övergripande syftet var att undersöka interaktion, kommunikation och skapandet av vänskap mellan yngre toddlare under lekstunder då barnen hade möjligheter att ta egna initiativ. Lek betraktas som en rik arena för studier av toddlares samspel. Avhandlingen presenterar även svensk förskolas utveckling som en bakgrund som placerar in den enskilda förskolan i ett större sammanhang. En etnografisk studie genomfördes på en småbarnsavdelning med 15 barn i åldrarna ett till tre år. Sex ettåriga flickor och pojkar fokuserades särskilt genom observationer under nio månader. Deltagande observationer, fotografier, fältanteckningar och videoobservationer, användes för datainsamlingen. Teoretiskt vilar studien på fenomenologi, synen på barn som sociala personer och ett barnperspektiv. Resultaten stöder ett teoretiskt perspektiv där mycket små barn betraktas som sociala aktörer med social kompetens. Deras initiativ till lek, under lek och avslut av lek byggde framför allt på icke-verbal kommunikation, som exempelvis rörelse, gester, röstkvalitet och ansiktsuttryck. Barnen visade i sin lek förmåga till intoning, att ta andras perspektiv och turtagning samt att de förhandlade med varandra under lekens gång. Resultaten visar också hur yngre toddlare bygger vänskap. Ettåringarna uppmärksammar sina kamrater även som individer, exempelvis genom att spontant hälsa på dem, bjuda in till en särskild lek och genom att hjälpa varandra. I skapandet av vänskap använde barnen sig av icke-verbala handlingar i form av ömsesidig och gemensamt riktad uppmärksamhet, smittande leenden och koordinerade rörelser, vilka kan tolkas som intentionellt agerande. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att små barn under sitt andra levnadsår kan betraktas som sociala personer som i leken i förskolan intresserar sig för och uppmärksammar varandra.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Accepted.
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Grossi, De Sa Maira. "Root-knot nematode effectors : key actors of parasitism : functional analysis and protein-protein interaction with host plants." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT133.
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Les nématodes à galles (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. sont des petits vers parasites qui infectent les racines des plantes où ils induisent la formation de sites nourriciers. Les RKN sont des endoparasites à large gamme d'hôtes, englobant les principales espèces de plantes cultivées. Meloidogyne javanica, M. graminicola et M. incognita sont les principales espèces parasitant le riz (Oryza sativa). Le succès infectieux des RKN repose sur la production de protéines effecteurs de virulence, secrétées dans leurs glandes oesophagiennes et libérées dans les cellules de la plante hôte par leur stylet. La caractéristique principale des RKN est leur capacité à déréguler des cellules du parenchyme vasculaire pour induire la formation de cellules géantes multinucléées, à haute activité métabolique. Les processus moléculaires sous-jacents restent encore mal connus, alors que l’identification d’effecteurs de virulence et de leurs cibles végétales pourrait fournir de nouvelles perspectives pour le contrôle des RKN. Ainsi, les objectifs de cette étude étaient (1) d’évaluer le rôle de protéines de Meloidogyne sécrétées (MSP) au cours des interactions riz - RKN et (2) d'identifier des cibles des MSP parmi les principales protéines Hub d’Arabidopsis thaliana impliquées dans l'immunité des plantes, afin d'évaluer la fonction putative des MSP dans les cellules hôtes. Pour la première partie de notre étude, nous avons sélectionné trois MSP exprimées dans les glandes oesophagiennes et possiblement sécrétées. L’analyse de l’expression des gènes par RT-qPCR a montré que MSP2 est fortement exprimé dans les premiers stades du cycle du nématode, tandis que MSP18 et MSP19 sont activés au cours du parasitisme dans les racines du riz. Les essais de localisation subcellulaire dans les cellules d'oignon ont identifié le noyau (pour MSP2) et le cytoplasme (pour MSP7 et MSP18) comme compartiments cellulaires ciblés par les protéines du nématode. Des plants de riz (O. sativa Nipponbare) transgéniques ont été produits pour évaluer le rôle des MSP au cours des interactions riz-RKN. Des lignées de riz surexprimant MSP18 ont permis un taux de reproduction plus élevé de M. javanica et M. graminicola. Au contraire, des retards de développement et de reproduction de M. javanica ont été observés sur des lignées de riz exprimant des micro-RNAs capables de supprimer l’expression des gènes MSP2 ou MSP19. Ces données ont montré que MSP2, MSP18 et MSP19 peuvent être des gènes importants pour le parasitisme ou le développement du nématode. Les tests d'expression transitoire dans le tabac (Nicotiana benthamiana) ont montré que MSP18 peut interférer avec la mort cellulaire programmée déclenchée par INF1, ce qui suggère que MSP18 pourrait supprimer les voies de défense des plantes pour faciliter l’infection. Dans une deuxième partie de ce travail, des analyses systématiques en double-hybride chez la levure ont été menées pour vérifier les interactions protéine-protéine entre 6 MSP et 18 protéines Hub d’A. thaliana. Chez la levure, la protéine du nématode MSP400 interagit avec trois protéines Hub, l’Anaphase-Promoting-complex 8 (At-APC8) et les facteurs de transcription At-TCP14 et At-TCP15. L'interaction physique de MSP400 avec At-APC8, un régulateur clé du cycle cellulaire de la plante, a été confirmée in planta par complémentation bimoléculaire de fluorescence (BiFC). Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois qu'un effecteur de nématode est capable d'interagir directement avec une protéine régulatrice du cycle cellulaire chez la plante, révélant un nouveau mécanisme utilisé par les RKN pour commander la machinerie du cycle de la cellule hôte et induire ainsi la formation du site d'alimentation. Les données obtenues dans cette étude élargissent considérablement notre connaissance des acteurs moléculaires qui contribuent à la pathogénicité des nématodes, mettant en évidence les différents mécanismes exploités par les RKN pour promouvoir la sensibilité des plantesRoot-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. are small parasitic worms that infect plant roots where they induce the formation of highly specialized nutrient feeding sites. RKN are endoparasites with a wide host range encompassing major plant crops, impairing effective specific control. Meloidogyne javanica, M. graminicola, and M. incognita are the principal RKN species responsible for rice (Oryza sativa) production losses. Successful plant infection is likely achieved by nematode effector proteins produced in their esophageal gland cells and released into the host plant cells through their stylet. In particular, one of the striking features of RKN is their ability to deregulate vascular parenchyma cells to induce the formation of multinucleated giant cells with a high metabolic activity in the roots. The molecular processes underlying plant-RKN interactions still remain poorly understood. Identification of nematode virulence effectors and their plant targets may provide new insights for developing control strategies towards RKN. Thus, the aims of this study were to (1) assess the role of Meloidogyne secreted proteins (MSP) in rice – RKN interactions and (2) identify MSP targets among the major Arabidopsis thaliana Hub proteins involved in plant immunity, to assess the putative MSP function into host cells. For the first part of our study, we selected three Meloidogyne-genus specific proteins expressed in esophageal glands and predicted to be secreted. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR showed that MSP2 is highly expressed in the early stages of the nematode cycle, while MSP18 and MSP19 are up-regulated during parasitism in rice roots. Subcellular localization assays in onion cells identified the nucleus (for MSP2) and cytoplasm (for MSP7 and MSP18) as the main cellular compartments targeted by nematode proteins. Transgenic rice (O. sativa Nipponbare) plants expressing the MSP cDNAs or artificial micro-RNAs (amiRNAs) able to silence MSP genes were used to assess the role of MSPs during rice-RKN interactions. Homozygous transgenic lines were inoculated with pre-parasitic juveniles (J2) and (i) the number and developmental stage of nematodes present in roots after 21 days, (ii) the number of egg masses laid after 28 days and, (iii) the number of next-generation hatched J2 after 45 days were assessed. Rice lines overexpressing MSP18 allowed a higher reproduction rate of M. javanica and M. graminicola. On the contrary, impaired M. javanica development and reproduction was observed in rice lines expressing amiRNAs against MSP2 or MSP19 genes. These data showed that MSP2, MSP18, and MSP19 genes might be important genes for nematode parasitism or development. Transient expression assays in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) revealed that MSP18 interfered with the INF1-triggered programmed cell death, suggesting that MSP18 could suppress the plant defense pathways to facilitate nematode parasitism. In the second part of this work, systematic yeast-two-hybrid paired assays were conducted to check for protein-protein interactions between 6 MSP and 18 A. thaliana Hub proteins. In yeast, the nematode MSP400 protein interacts with three Hub proteins, the Anaphase-Promoting-Complex 8 (At-APC8) and the transcription factors At-TCP14 and At-TCP15. Physical interaction of MSP400 with At-APC8, a key plant cell cycle regulator, was confirmed in planta by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. These results demonstrated for the first time that a plant parasitic nematode effector is able to directly interact with a cell cycle regulatory protein, revealing a novel mechanism utilized by RKN to control the host cell cycle machinery and thereby induce feeding site formation. The data obtained in this study significantly broaden our knowledge of the molecular players contributing to nematode pathogenicity, highlighting the different mechanisms exploited by RKN to promote plant susceptibility
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Örtberg, Annika. "Ledarutvecklingens trender - Isomorfism eller innovation?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45842.
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Leadership development trends - isomorphism or innovation? This study examines leadership development within organizations, including strategies, objectives and processes that help to shape the organizations leadership development. The study is based on nine in-depth interviews with planners/decision-makers in eight different organizations. A part of the study consists of a web based survey completed by managers/leaders, were the gathered results assist in providing further insight on the topic being studied. The interaction between different players and stakeholders, significant social changes as well as major challenges in the continued leadership development process are highlighted and analysed. The study's most important conclusion is that successful and innovative leadership development is based on constant curiosity, business intelligence, understanding of the individual employee’s needs, as well as and business goals whilst achieving this by constant interaction throughout the organization. The overall trend is that leadership development is being increasingly adapted and renewed. Knowledge, understanding, relationships and values are strengthened and that coaching, personal development and a capability for renewal are provided.
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Ngai, Erika, and Erika Egonsson. "Inter-Organizational Communication : A multiple case study within the Swedish cruise line industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43959.
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Previous research has addressed the importance of IOC, where the outcome of a poor IOC between actors in a network will affect the information sharing and the inter-organizational relationship. The topic has been extensively researched, however researchers are still highlighting the need to further research. A literature review on the topic area generated an overview of the existing literature within the field. The literature review identified a research gap that founded the purpose of this study. The purpose is to reveal the actors within the industry and how the IOC is structured among three cruise line destinations in Sweden and in the network Cruise Baltic. The study was of a qualitative nature and was conducted through a multiple case study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with three cruise line destinations and one cruise line industry network. The interview data reveals the IOC of the chosen industry and that the destinations have some barriers to overcome when it comes to achieving an effective IOC. Based on the conclusions of this study recommendations for managerial implications were formed. The findings of the research were able to support previous studies regarding IOC and its key variables. It was revealed that the destinations and the network execute an effective IOC to some extent. The destinations are considerable small in size, which has influenced the IOC to the other actors within the network.
Books on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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Hellmüller, Sara. The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65301-3.
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Stages of identity: A study of actors. Aldershot, Hants., England: Published for the London School of Economics and Political Science by Gower, 1986.
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Grafstein, Robert. Institutional realism: Social and political constraints on rational actors. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
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Godø, Helge. Virtual keys in cyberspace: Actors and networks creating new technology. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag, 2004.
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Romashkina, Al'bina. Virtual communication space: interaction between government and society. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2032495.
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The monograph is devoted to the Internet communication space as one of the key resources of the political sphere of activity. The article describes the emergence of new, previously non-existent forms and ways of interaction between different social groups, individuals and strata of society; the formation of interactive platforms for public discussions, where subjects of communication can accumulate and articulate their opinions, design and change public and individual consciousness. The article highlights the need for government institutions to maintain the ability to manage society, and for the political system to respond to the changes taking place; the possibility of personalized user management based on their psychological characteristics in the interests of the initiators of communication. The article reveals the mobilization potential of the Internet space, used by various actors to attract various groups of the population and civil society institutions to political participation and increasing the importance of communication processes in the political governance of modern states; the expansion of the political segment of the Internet, allowing the use of modern digital technologies to implement various tasks, including ensuring the stability of the political system. The digital communication space is considered as a competitive environment, where the struggle between different political actors for the possession, interpretation and transmission of information as one of the key resources of power increases, which can contribute to the formation of new totalitarian and authoritarian regimes based on new communication technologies. It is characterized by the possibility of changing the consciousness of individuals with the help of information they receive in the online space to achieve the goals of various actors in real life, which gives new meaning and significance to the problem of freedom of information and communication in connection with the development of digital communication technologies.
For students, postgraduates and teachers of political science universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues of interaction between government and society in the virtual communication space.
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Youdim, Moussa B. H., and Keith F. Tipton, eds. Neurotransmitter Actions and Interactions. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9050-0.
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Partridge, L. Donald, and Lloyd D. Partridge. Nervous System Actions and Interactions. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0425-2.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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La Rocca, Antonella. "Actors in Interaction." In Customer-Supplier Relationships in B2B, 95–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40993-7_4.
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Andersen, Peter Bøgh, and Jørgen Callesen. "Agents as Actors." In Virtual Interaction: Interaction in Virtual Inhabited 3D Worlds, 132–65. London: Springer London, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3698-9_7.
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Hellmüller, Sara. "Analyzing the Interaction." In The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors, 31–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65301-3_2.
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Santi, Marco, Katrin Meinken, Harald Widlroither, and Evangelos Bekiaris. "GOOD ROUTE HMI for Actors Involved in Dangerous Goods Transportation." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Ambient Interaction, 546–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73281-5_58.
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Kriaa, Hassen, and Guy Gouarderes. "Revisable Analysis and Design throughout Actors Interaction." In Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, and Applications, 142–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45331-8_14.
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Gazendam, H. W. M. "Interaction of Simulated Actors with the Environment." In Project Management and Risk Management in Complex Projects, 109–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5837-0_6.
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de Souza, Jerusa Barbosa Guarda, Talita Naiara Rossi da Silva, and Nilton Luiz Menegon. "Air Travel Accessibility: Interaction Between Different Social Actors." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 45–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96074-6_5.
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Vandecasteele, Florian, Jeroen Vervaeke, Baptist Vandersmissen, Michel De Wachter, and Steven Verstockt. "Spatio-Temporal Wardrobe Generation of Actors’ Clothing in Video Content." In Human-Computer Interaction. Novel User Experiences, 448–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39513-5_42.
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Klingebiel, Stephan, Flora L. Hartmann, Elisa Madani, Jonas Paintner, Rebekka A. Rohe, Lisa Trebs, and Teodor Wolk. "Introduction." In Exploring the Effectiveness of International Knowledge Cooperation, 1–5. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55704-0_1.
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AbstractKnowledge interactions—interactions between actors in which knowledge is shaped and communicated—are crucial to solving global challenges and lie at the centre of successful and sustainable international cooperation. The 2030 Agenda highlights the importance of including knowledge interaction as a central part of any collaborative project. The book addresses these issues by focusing on the following research question: How do development partners realise modalities of knowledge interaction?
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Hellmüller, Sara. "Introduction." In The Interaction Between Local and International Peacebuilding Actors, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65301-3_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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Ke, Wei, Lap-Man Hoi, and Ka-Meng Siu. "Simplifying Component Interaction with Actors and Databases." In 2018 4th International Conference on Universal Village (UV). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uv.2018.8642132.
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Cueva Ortiz, Sonia, and Cesar Guevara. "People Interaction as the Driving Force of the Knowledge City." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001133.
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Several authors defend that the interaction between people of diverse areas help the interchange of information and with this the production of innovation. Barcelona's city hall modifies its land use for start this innovative environment through bring together the stakeholders. The question which guides this paper is: ¿Do these interactions events contribute to the construction of an inclusive city? The objectives of this research are: i). to identify the stakeholders of the knowledge city, ii). To Reveal the actions aimed at interaction for innovation, and iii). To describe the type of interactions that are promoted. We use a qualitative method, based on interviews, participant observation and others tools. We found that changes in land use arose prior agreement of actors from the public private areas which implied a constant tension including the rest of actors. Finally, we found that the interactions of innovation are mainly promote by a private association.
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Pier, Marissa Díaz, Isaac Rudomín Goldberg, and Daniel Rivera. "Events, actors and interaction of hybrid entities in virtual reality." In the 3rd international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1101389.1101420.
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Lee, Kwan Min, and Clifford Nass. "Designing social presence of social actors in human computer interaction." In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/642611.642662.
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Coney, Shun, and Yasunobu Ito. "The role of nonhuman actors in contributing to filmmaking solidarity: Ethnography of independent filmmaking in Japan." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003115.
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The purpose of this paper is to clarify how nonhuman actors contribute to solidarity in independent new film production. Specifically, it examines independent new film productions from a relationalist perspective, using actor-network-theory (ANT), which considers humans and nonhumans as equivalent actors and analyzes phenomena based on their interactions with each other. The research method used was ethnography with a focus on participant observation. One of the authors, a filmmaker and researcher, observed the inner workings of the filmmaking activity, while the other author observed the observer from an anthropologist’s perspective. In a previous paper, we found from the process of translation that the two nonhuman actors of the film’s original story and funding are inextricably linked, and the agency of the human actors surrounding them interacts with and transforms the nonhuman actors (Coney and Ito, 2021). In the present study, we analyzed the interaction with the solidarity among human actors in the process of film production by closely following the linkage of nonhuman actors such as provisional publicity materials, in addition to funds and scripts. In the process of filmmaking, the nonhuman actors often encounter unforeseen circumstances such as budget adjustments and filming postponement, but despite the setbacks, the nonhuman actors form a network in which they accept each other’s roles, and filmmaking is promoted by solidarity as human actors of the film become more interdependent through the agency working as an inclusive collective. The results of the study revealed that the human actors in film are interdependent and that their solidarity promotes filmmaking.
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Williams, Bill, and Jose Figueiredo. "Interaction in the engineering workplace: Examining a network of actors representation." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation/ International Technology Management Conference (ICE/ITMC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ice.2015.7438656.
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Craveirinha, Rui, Nuno Barreto, and Licinio Roque. "Towards a Taxonomy for the Clarification of PCG Actors' Roles." In CHI PLAY '16: The annual symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2967934.2968086.
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Sukmarini, Dias. "Interaction between Actors in China’s Energy Diplomacy in Indonesia Period 2002-2012." In Airlangga Conference on International Relations. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010272900470054.
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Kolodenkova, Anna E., and Evgenia R. Muntyan. "Researches of Interaction of Actors with Use Fuzzy Hypergraph and Cognitive Modeling." In 2018 XIV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2018.8545550.
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Hayes, Cory J., Charles R. Crowell, and Laurel D. Riek. "Automatic processing of irrelevant co-speech gestures with human but not robot actors." In 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hri.2013.6483607.
Full textReports on the topic "Actors’ interaction"
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Burge, Richard, Rachel Nadelman, Rosie McGee, Jonathan Fox, and Colin Anderson. Seeing the Combined Effects of Aid Programmes. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.031.
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Multiple aid agencies often try to support change in the same places, at the same time, and with similar actors. Surprisingly, their interactions and combined effects are rarely explored. This Policy Briefing describes findings from research conducted on recent aid programmes that overlapped in Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan, and from a webinar with UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) advisors and practitioners. The research found three distinct categories of ‘interaction effects’: synergy, parallel play, and disconnect. We explore how using an ‘interaction effects’ lens in practice could inform aid agency strategies and programming.
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Scartascini, Carlos. The Institutional Determinants of Political Transactions. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010982.
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Public policies are the outcome of the interaction among a variety of key political actors, each with its own preferences and incentives, who meet in different arenas and interact within the constraints of the institutions that frame their engagement. Therefore, to recognize the reasons behind the success or failure of any public policy it is necessary to understand the countrys political institutions and the policymaking process they in turn help shape. This document looks at a number of those key actors, institutions, and arenas, with the aim of examining the roles, incentives, and capabilities of each of the actors in the policymaking process, by drawing from an extensive literature in political science and political economy. Each of the actors is looked at individually but connected to the other actors by linking the impact of political institutions on their incentives to the features of the policymaking game. Hopefully, this document will provide researchers with the tools necessary to embark in the fascinating analysis of policymaking processes not only for Latin American countries but also for other parts of the world.
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Birch, Izzy. Conflict-Sensitive Social Protection: Somalia Country Report. Institute of Development Studies, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2023.021.
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This is one of three country case studies (the others being of Kenya and Sudan) that explore the interaction between social protection and conflict in the Horn of Africa. In a context of weak central political authority and persistent conflict, Somalia’s fledgling social protection sector continues to lean heavily on humanitarian actors for its delivery.
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Ardanaz, Martín, Mariano Tommasi, and Carlos Scartascini. Political Institutions, Policymaking, and Economic Policy in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010931.
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This paper surveys selected themes in the political economy of policymaking in Latin America, with an emphasis on recent research focusing on actual decision and implementation processes, and on the political institutions and state and social actors involved in those processes. In particular, the paper addresses how political rules work for or against intertemporal cooperation among political actors. The document shows that the extent to which polities obtain the key policy features that seem to determine development depends on the workings of political institutions, which define how the policymaking game is played, on the characteristics of the arenas of interaction, which define where the policymaking game is played, and on certain characteristics of key socioeconomic groups, which define who interacts with professional politicians in pursuing different policy preferences.
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Kelly, Luke. Characteristics of Global Health Diplomacy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.09.
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This rapid review focuses on Global Health Diplomacy and defines it as a method of interaction between the different stakeholders of the public health sector in a bid to promote representation, cooperation, promotion of the right to health and improvement of health systems for vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is the link between health and international relations. GHD has various actors including states, intergovernmental organizations, private companies, public-private partnerships and non-governmental organizations. Foreign policies can be integrated into national health in various ways i.e., designing institutions to govern practices regarding health diplomacy (i.e., health and foreign affairs ministries), creating and promoting norms and ideas that support foreign policy integration and promoting policies that deal with specific issues affecting the different actors in the GHD arena to encourage states to integrate them into their national health strategies. GHD is classified into core diplomacy – where there are bilateral and multilateral negotiations which may lead to binding agreements, multistakeholder diplomacy – where there are multilateral and bilateral negotiations which do not lead to binding agreements and informal diplomacy – which are interactions between other actors in the public health sector i.e., NGOs and Intergovernmental Organizations. The US National Security Strategy of 2010 highlighted the matters to be considered while drafting a health strategy as: the prevalence of the disease, the potential of the state to treat the disease and the value of affected areas. The UK Government Strategy found the drivers of health strategies to be self-interest (protecting security and economic interests of the state), enhancing the UK’s reputation, and focusing on global health to help others. The report views health diplomacy as a field which requires expertise from different disciplines, especially in the field of foreign policy and public health. The lack of diplomatic expertise and health expertise have been cited as barriers to integrating health into foreign policies. States and other actors should collaborate to promote the right to health globally.
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Abril, Verónica, Ervyn Norza, Santiago M. Perez-Vincent, Santiago Tobón, and Michael Weintraub. Building Trust in State Actors: A Multi-Site Experiment with the Colombian National Police. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005121.
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Low trust in state actors constrains state capacity, hindering growth and development. This paper studies how state actors can build public trust by improving the quality of their interactions with citizens. We first propose a mechanism linking improved interactions to public trust, defined as the belief that the state actor implements welfare-enhancing policies. Improved interactions lower the expected burden of engaging with the state actor, promoting compliance. This motivates citizens to believe compliance is worthwhile, increasing trust in the state actor. We then empirically assess the relationship between the quality of interactions and public trust in the Colombian National Police. We experimentally evaluate an intervention that retrains officers across five major cities in procedural justice principles such as fairness and respect while intensifying police-citizen interactions. The intervention was purposefully designed to be low-cost in terms of financial and human resources. We find that the intervention improved public trust, willingness-to-pay for police services, and citizens perceptions of fair treatment, suggesting low-cost interventions can help build trust between police and communities. We also find a limited impact on officers trust in citizens and their beliefs about citizens public trust, implying that institutional culture change may require more profound efforts.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
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20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Jordana, Jacint, Christian Volpe Martincus, and Andrés Gallo. Export Promotion Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Institutional Portrait. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011218.
Full textAbstract:
Virtually all Latin American and Caribbean countries have established specialized organizations to promote their exports. Existing analyses of these organizations are at best partial and fragmentary. This paper aims at overcoming these limitations of the literature by presenting a consistent, detailed organizational characterization of the major export promotion entities in their respective countries. This characterization is primarily based on data collected through an extensive survey that we have conducted among organizations in the region, and, to put them into an appropriate perspective, among relevant organizations from countries outside of the region. Moreover, for a few countries, we have carried out in-depth case studies not only to report more precise information on those aspects covered by the survey, such as the number and diversity of other actors, both public and private, engaged in export promotion along with their interaction patterns.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach, and Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links: Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.
Full textAbstract:
There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra Leone and Ghana. We highlight two key sets of findings. First, tax transparency is only meaningful if it is accessible and easily understood by taxpayers and relates to their everyday experiences and priorities. In particular, we find that taxpayers do not just want basic information about tax obligations or aggregate revenue collected, but information about how much revenue should have been collected and how revenues were spent. At the same time, taxpayers do not want information to be shared with them through a one-way form of communication, but rather want to have spaces for dialogue and interaction with tax and government officials, including through public meetings and radio call-in programmes. Second, strategies to encourage taxpayer engagement are more likely to be effective where forums for engagement are perceived by taxpayers to be safe, secure, and sincere means through which to engage with government officials. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizen concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust, dialogue and expanded knowledge. These findings have significant implications for how governments design taxpayer education and engagement programmes and how civil society actors and development partners can support more equitable and accountable tax systems. Our findings provide concrete lessons for how governments can ensure that information shared with taxpayers is meaningful and accessible. Moreover, we show that civil society actors can play important roles as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums and dialogues around tax issues, and trainers of taxpayers, supporting greater tax literacy and sustained citizen engagement.
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Hertz, Jana C., Derick W. Brinkerhoff, Robin Bush, and Petrarca Karetji. Knowledge Systems: Evidence to Policy Concepts in Practice. RTI Press, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.pb.0024.2006.
Full textAbstract:
This policy brief reviews the evolution of knowledge-to-policy studies and the emergence of systems perspectives. We explore the less well understood issue of how to grow and reinforce knowledge systems in settings where they are weak and underdeveloped. We offer a knowledge systems model that encapsulates current thinking and present an example of an effort to strengthen a knowledge system, drawn from a project managed by RTI in Indonesia. We conclude with some recommendations for strengthening knowledge systems including promoting debate among a diversity of voices within the knowledge system, providing sustained stakeholder commitment to the systems approach, investing in the components of the knowledge system as well as the interaction between components, fostering a balance between government mechanisms and space for civil society perspectives, and exploring how knowledge systems can engage the private sector. We conclude with suggestions for applying the knowledge systems model in new country contexts including use of a political economy analysis as well as gauging readiness of government actors, research institutes, and media to engage.