Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Acute intensive care unit'

Critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) commonly develop severe muscle wasting and weakness and consequently impaired muscle function. This not only delays respirator weaning and ICU discharge, but has deleterious effects on morbidity, mortality, financial costs, and quality of life of survivors. Acute Quadriplegic Myopathy (AQM) is one of the most common neuromuscular disorders underlying ICU muscle wasting and paralysis, and is a consequence of modern intensive care interventions, although the exact causes remain unclear. Muscle gene/protein expression, intracellular signalling, post-translational modifications, muscle membrane excitability, and contractile properties at the single muscle fibre level were explored in order to unravel the mechanisms underlying the muscle wasting and weakness associated with AQM and how this can be counteracted by specific intervention strategies. A unique experimental rat ICU model was used to address the mechanistic and therapeutic aspects of this condition, allowing time-resolved studies for a period of two weeks. Subsequently, the findings obtained from this model were translated into a clinical study. The obtained results showed that the mechanical silencing of skeletal muscle, i.e., absence of external strain (weight bearing) and internal strain (myosin-actin activation) due to the pharmacological paralysis or sedation associated with the ICU intervention, is likely to be the primary mechanism triggering the preferential myosin loss and muscle wasting, features specifically characteristic of AQM. Moreover, mechanical silencing induces a specific gene expression pattern as well as post-translational modifications in the motor domain of myosin that may be critical for both function and for triggering proteolysis. The higher nNOS expression found in the ICU patients and its cytoplasmic dislocation are indicated as a probable mechanism underlying these highly specific modifications. This work also demonstrated that passive mechanical loading is able to attenuate the oxidative stress associated with the mechanical silencing and induces positive effects on muscle function, i.e., alleviates the loss of force-generating capacity that underlie the ICU intervention, supporting the importance of early physical therapy in immobilized, sedated, and mechanically ventilated ICU patients.

Objective:Iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in paediatric patients is a well-recognised complication of vascular access. This retrospective review of a paediatric intensive care unit identified patients who developed iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia between January 2008 and July 2013. Methods: The medical records of inpatients diagnosed with acute limb ischaemia during the study period were reviewed. Patients with other causes of acute limb ischaemia were excluded. A descriptive analysis of demographics, primary diagnosis, type of vascular access used, affected anatomical region, clinical presentation, type of therapy, type of block, response to intervention used and outcomes was conducted. Results:A total of 28 patients presented with signs of acute limb ischaemia, of whom 28.6% were aged <30 days, 46.4 % were between one and 12 months and 25% were between one and five years old; 78.6% of the affected limbs were lower limbs. Four patients had resolution of ischaemia upon removal of the vascular access devices. 23 patients received various forms of pharmacological sympathectomy, in addition to conservative therapy. One patient had missing data on the type of sympathectomy that was done. The response to the sympathectomies was: 60.9% good, 8.7% moderate, 8.7% poor and in 21.7% no responses. Documented tissue loss related to the ischaemia occurred in six (21.4%) of the 28 patients. Conclusions: Iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in children are usually managed without surgical intervention. Pharmacological sympathectomies lead to increased blood flow to the affected limb via vasodilatation of collateral vessels, with an added advantage of reducing ischemic pain. The improved blood flow is postulated to avoid and/or minimise the amount of tissue loss. Pharmacological sympathectomies may, thus, have a role to play in th e management of iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in the paediatric population.

The psychiatric acute departments are intensive units serving patients with a broad spectrum of psychiatric conditions. Patients with the most florid psychiatric symptoms are admitted to Psychiatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). These units are supposed to provide the necessary diagnostic and acute therapeutic help, control inappropriate behaviours, and provide the services in an environment which assists the patients’ recovery and is acceptable to patients, health workers and the general society. PICUs are criticised for poor environments, high levels of coercion and lack of evidence base from controlled trials or post occupancy evaluations. Long term studies of the rate of seclusion indicate no decrease in spite of changing political attitudes and hospital environments. There is a need fo new methods to treat violent or threatening incidents in psychiatric wards. Norwegian PICUs use segregation nursing with the patients placed in separately locked areas with staff. This model may be an alternative to seclusion. Controlled trials regarding effects of principles and facilities for such treatment are lacking. The general aim of the present study was to investigate effects of facilities for segregation, and several assumed risk factors in a Norwegian PICU.

The current thesis is based on data from 118 consecutively admitted patients to the PICU at St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. The thesis has the following conclusions:

Main conclusions

1: Interior and furnishing like an ordinary home in the PICU create an environment with comparable treatment outcomes to the traditional dismal interior and has positive effects on many patients’ well being. Patient selfrating were significantly in favour of the ordinary home interior compared to the traditional interior

2: The principles of patient segregation in PICUs have favourable effects on behaviours associated with and the actual numbers of violent and threatening incidents. The changes in assessments of behaviour measured by differences in BVC ratings from baseline (admittance) to day 3 were significantly in favour of segregating the patients in the PICU compared to not segregating the patients in the same area. There were significantly lower reported incidents of violent or threatening incidents when using the PICU as a segregation area compared to not using the PICU as a segregation area.

3: In PICUs substance use is associated with favourable outcomes compared to patients not using substances. There was a significant difference in the changes of GAF-S –symptom ratings from admittance (baseline) to day three between the patient groups with or without a substance use diagnosis. The largest increase was in the patient group with a substance use diagnosis indicating more reduction of symptoms.

4: Threatening and violent incidents are not common acute manifestations of recent substance use in PICU populations. There was no significant difference in the number of threatening or violent incidents between the patient groups with or without a substance use diagnosis.

5: Substance use predicts shorter length of inpatient stay in PICU populations. The mean length of stay in the PICU was significantly shorter in the patient group with a substance use diagnosis compared to the patient group without a substance use diagnosis.

6: In PICUs prediction of short-term aggressive and threatening incidents should be based on clinical global judgement, and instruments designed to predict short-term aggression in psychiatric inpatients. In the hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis the global clinical evaluation from the physician on duty, the nurse clinicians’ global evaluation of “intensity of testing out and pushing limits”, and the observer rated scale scoring behaviours predicting imminent violence in psychiatric inpatients (BVC), were the factors positively associated with short-term threatening and violent incidents.

7: The predictive properties for BVC in the PICU-setting are satisfactory for the first three days after a single rating at admittance.

Additional conclusions:

1: Patients who have experienced segregation settings like seclusion have desires for alternative treatment conditions. These desires are to a large extent met by Norwegian PICUs. These PICUs are effective.

2: In the architecture and design of PICUs it is important to take into consideration the possibilities for segregation of patients.

Paper III reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier ScienceDirect.com

Acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM), or critical illness myopathy, is a common debilitating acquired disorder in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients characterized by generalized muscle wasting and weakness of limb and trunk muscles. A preferential loss of the thick filament protein myosin is considered pathognomonic of this disorder, but the myosin loss is observed relatively late during the disease progression. In attempt to explore the potential role of factors considered triggering AQM in sedated mechanically ventilated (MV) ICU patients, we have studied the early effects, prior to the myosin loss, of neuromuscular blockade (NMB), corticosteroids (CS) and sepsis separate or in combination in a porcine experimental ICU model. Specific interest has been focused on skeletal muscle gene/protein expression and regulation of muscle contraction at the muscle fiber level. This project aims at improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle specific differences in response to the ICU intervention and the role played by the different triggering factors. The sparing of masticatory muscle fiber function was coupled to an up-regulation of heat shock protein genes and down-regulation of myostatin are suggested to be key factors in the relative sparing of masticatory muscles. Up-regulation of chemokine activity genes and down-regulation of heat shock protein genes play a significant role in the limb muscle dysfunction associated with sepsis. The effects of corticosteroids in the development of limb muscle weakness reveals up-regulation of kinase activity and transcriptional regulation genes and the down-regulation of heat shock protein, sarcomeric, cytoskeletal and oxidative stress responsive genes. In contrast to limb and craniofacial muscles, the respiratory diaphragm muscle responded differently to the different triggering factors. MV itself appears to play a major role for the diaphragm muscle dysfunction. By targeting these genes, future experiments can give an insight into the development of innovative treatments expected at protecting muscle mass and function in critically ill ICU patients.

Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-35).
Introduction. Models for mortality prediction are traditionally developed from prospective multi-center observational studies involving a heterogeneous group of patients to optimize external validity. We hypothesize that local customized modeling using retrospective data from a homogeneous subset of patients will provide a more accurate prediction than this standard approach. We tested this hypothesis on patients admitted to the ICU with acute kidney injury (AKI), and evaluated variables from the first 72 hours of admission. Methods. The Multi-parameter Intelligent Monitoring for Intensive Care II (MIMIC II) is a database of patients admitted to the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center ICU. Using the MIMIC II database, we identified patients who developed acute kidney injury and who survived at least 72 hours in the ICU. 118 variables were extracted from each patient. Second and third level customization of the Simplified Organ Failure Score (SAPS) was performed using logistic regression analysis and the best fitted models were compared in terms of Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit test (HL). The patient cohort was divided into a training and test data with a 70:30 split. Ten-fold cross-validation was performed on the training set for every combination of variables that were evaluated. The best fitted model from the cross-validation was then evaluated using the test set, and the AUC and the HL p value on the test set were reported. Results. A total of 1400 patients were included in the study. Of these, 970 survived and 430 died in the hospital (30.7% mortality). We observed progressive improvement in the performance of SAPS on this subset of patients (AUC=0.6419, HL p=0) with second level (AUC=0.6639, HL p=0.2056), and third level (AUC=0.7419, HL p=0.6738) customization. The best fitted model incorporated variables from the first 3 days of ICU admission. The variables that were most predictive of hospital mortality in the multivariate analysis are the maximum blood urea nitrogen and the minimum systolic blood pressure from the third day. Conclusion. A logistic regression model built using local data for patients with AKI performed better than SAPS, the current standard mortality prediction scoring system.
by Leo Anthony G. Celi.
S.M.

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IntroduÃÃo: A lesÃo renal aguda (LRA) à um achado comum em pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e està associada a altos Ãndices de mortalidade. O perfil da UTI, o diagnÃstico categÃrico na admissÃo, os fatores socioeconÃmicos da regiÃo e as caracterÃsticas epidemiolÃgicas exercem influÃncia no resultado do tratamento de pacientes com LRA. Objetivo: Determinar a incidÃncia, os fatores associados, e a mortalidade da LRA em pacientes vÃtimas ou nÃo de trauma, que estiveram internados em uma UTI geral de uma regiÃo de baixa renda. MÃtodos: Estudamos consecutivamente 279 pacientes internados em uma UTI durante o perÃodo de um ano. Pacientes com menos de 24 horas de permanÃncia na unidade e com doenÃa renal crÃnica foram excluÃdos. A LRA foi classificada de acordo com os critÃrios propostos pelo Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) - âAcute Kidney Injury Work Groupâ em trÃs estÃgios. As anÃlises estatÃsticas foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student e de Mann-Whitney para variÃveis contÃnuas, com e sem distribuiÃÃo normal respectivamente. Para comparaÃÃo de frequÃncias foi utilizado o teste de Fisher. A regressÃo logÃstica multivariada foi utilizada para testar variÃveis como preditores de LRA e morte. Resultados: O diagnÃstico categÃrico na admissÃo da UTI foi dividido proporcionalmente em 51.6% nÃo relacionados ao trauma e 48.4% relacionados ao trauma. A maioria dos diagnÃsticos de trauma estava associada ao traumatismo crÃnio encefÃlica (TCE) 79.5%. A incidÃncia global de LRA foi de 32,9% distribuÃdos em trÃs estÃgios: 33,7% LRA estÃgio I; 29,4% LRA estÃgio II e 36,9% LRA estÃgio III. Os pacientes que desenvolveram LRA eram mais idosos, apresentaram maior Ãndice de diabetes mellitus, permaneceram por maior tempo internados em UTI, demonstraram maior valor no escore APACHE II e necessitaram com maior freqÃÃncia de ventilaÃÃo mecÃnica e uso de drogas vasopressoras. Em comparaÃÃo com os pacientes que nÃo tiveram trauma, os que tiveram apresentaram maior prevalÃncia do sexo masculino, maior pontuaÃÃo no escore APACHE II, maior dÃbito urinÃrio e eram mais jovens. NÃo houve diferenÃa no desenvolvimento de LRA e na mortalidade entre pacientes com trauma e sem trauma. A idade, presenÃa de diabetes, escore APACHE II e uso de drogas vasopressoras foram preditores independentes para a LRA. O risco de morte aumentou em dez vezes na presenÃa de LRA (OR = 14.51; IC95% = 7.94-26.61; p<0,001). ConclusÃes: Existe uma alta incidÃncia de LRA nesse estudo. A LRA foi fortemente associada com mortalidade, tanto entre pacientes com trauma, como em pacientes sem trauma. O trauma, especialmente o vinculado com lesÃo cerebral por TCE, devido a acidentes de trÃnsito envolvendo veÃculos motorizados de duas rodas, deve ser visto como uma importante causa evitÃvel de LRA.
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with high mortality. Type of ICU, category of admission diagnosis, and socioeconomic characteristics of the region can impact AKI outcomes. We aimed to determine incidence, associated factors and mortality of AKI among trauma and non-trauma patients in a general ICU from a low-income area. Methods: We studied 279 consecutive patients in an ICU during a follow-up of one year. Patients with less than24-hour stay in the ICU and with chronic kidney disease were excluded. AKI was classified according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria in three stages. Comparisons were performed by the Student-t and MannâWhitney tests for continuous variables, respectively with and without normal distribution. Comparisons of frequencies were carried out by the Fisher test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test variables as predictors for AKI and death. Results: Admission categories were proportionally divided into 51.6% of non-trauma diagnosis and 48.4% of trauma cases. Most trauma cases involved brain injury (79.5%). The overall incidence of AKI was 32.9%, distributed among the three stages: 33.7% stage 1, 29.4% stage 2 and 36.9% stage-3. Patients who developed AKI were older, had more diabetes, stayed longer in the ICU, presented higher APACHE II and more often needed mechanical ventilation and use of vasopressors. In comparison with non-trauma cases, trauma patients had a greater prevalence of males, higher APACHE II score, higher urine output, and younger age. There was no difference concerning development of AKI and crude mortality between trauma and non-trauma patients. Age, presence of diabetes, APACHE score and use of vasopressors were independent predictors for AKI, and AKI increased the risk of death ten-fold (OR = 14.51; CI 95% = 7.94-26.61; p<0.001). Conclusions: There was a high incidence of AKI in this study. AKI was strongly associated with mortality both among trauma and non-trauma patients. Trauma cases, especially brain injury due to traffic accidents involving motorized two-wheeled vehicles, should be seen as an important preventable cause of AKI.

Introduction: Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in developing countries are described in a profile of young age, with less comorbidities, with unifactorial, and with a lower mortality compared to patients in developed countries. Objective: To assess mortality in patients with acute kidney injury undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and its associated factors in a developing country setting. Methods: Retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, and mortality variables were collected from patients who presented AKI and underwent HD between January 2014 and December 2015 at a national reference hospital in Lima, Peru. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated through Poisson regressions. Results: Data from 72 patients with AKI that underwent HD were analyzed, 66.7% of them were < 64 years old, and 40.2% of all patients died undergoing HD. Crude analysis showed higher mortality among those who used vasopressors, but lower mortality among those with creatinine values > 8.9 mg/ dL. The adjusted analysis showed that having had a creatinine level of > 8.9 mg/ dL, compared to a creatinine level of < 5.2 mg/dL at the time of initiating HD, was associated with 74% less probability of death. Conclusion: Four out of every ten AKI patients undergoing HD die. Higher levels of creatinine were associated with lower probability of mortality.

A epidemiologia da injúria renal aguda (IRA) nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento ainda não foi sistematicamente examinada. Estudos epidemiológicos da incidência de IRA nos países em desenvolvimento são escassos e mais raros são estudos populacionais prospectivos na Amazônia brasileira. No capítulo I descreveu-se uma revisão sistemática de estudos sobre a epidemiologia da IRA em pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) publicados (2005-2015) nas bases de dados PUBMED, CENTRAL, LILACS e IBECs. Foram examinadas as diferenças na incidência de IRA, a severidade e a mortalidade; seguindo a divisão dos países de acordo com os critérios da Organização das Nações Unidas. Identificaram-se 92 estudos: 59 de países desenvolvidos, 32 de países em desenvolvimento e um estudo com dados de ambos os grupos de países. Dos estudos avaliados, 78 por cento usaram critérios padrão para definição da IRA (RIFLE, AKIN ou KDIGO). Entretanto, encontramos 11 diferentes definições para oligúria e 23 diferentes definições para a creatinina basal. Ambos os grupos relataram ocorrência de IRA na UTI de até 40 por cento . No entanto, a necessidade de diálise, tempo de permanência na UTI e as taxas de mortalidade foram maiores nos países em desenvolvimento, o que pode refletir diferenças nas condições sociais e na infraestrutura hospitalar nesses países. No capítulo II foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em todas as UTIs da cidade de Rio Branco, que atendem a cerca de 75 por cento da população do estado do Acre. Os dados foram coletados durante 18 meses nos anos 2014 e 2016. Pacientes com menos de 18 anos, doença renal crônica dialítica, transplante renal ou internação na UTI < 48 horas foram excluídos. A IRA foi diagnosticada pelo KDIGO e a mortalidade foi avaliada durante a internação na UTI, 30 e 180 dias após a alta da UTI. Dos 1494 pacientes admitidos, 1073 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A incidência de IRA foi de 52,8 por cento , e a prevalência foi de 67,3. A diálise foi oferecida a 8,2 por cento dos pacientes que fizeram IRA na UTI. Apenas 2,2 por cento das internações foram devidas às doenças tropicais. Os fatores de risco para IRA foram: balanço hídrico positivo maior que 1500 ml / 24h (OR 2,98, p <0,001), pacientes não cirúrgicos (OR 1,69; p = 0,001), aumento de idade (OR 1,16 para aumento de 10 anos; p <0,001) e aumento do escore APACHE II (OR 1,06 para aumento de uma unidade; p <0,001). Em comparação com pacientes que não tiveram IRA, o tempo de permanência na UTI (7 vs 5 dias, p <0,001), assim como as mortalidades na UTI e no hospital (43,4 por cento vs 14 por cento , p <0,001 e 52 por cento vs 18,5 por cento , p <0,001, respectivamente) foram maiores nos pacientes que fizeram IRA na UTI. Foram fatores de risco para mortalidade nos pacientes com IRA na UTI: aumento da idade, sepse, KDIGO estágio 3, uso de ventilação mecânica, de drogas vasoativas e choque. A mortalidade precoce e tardia (até 30 ou 180 dias após a alta na UTI, respectivamente) se associou à presença de IRA. Portanto a IRA é comum em pacientes de UTI nessa região, com poucas internações por doenças tropicais e similares etiologias e fatores de risco com os países desenvolvidos; contudo, com taxas de mortalidade mais altas, o que pode representar as condições econômicas e a dificuldade no acesso aos sistemas de saúde
The epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in the developed and developing world has not been systematically examined. Epidemiological studies of AKI incidence in developing countries are still scantier and scarcer are prospective population-based studies in Brazilian Amazon, a peculiar region, epidemiologically different from the others. On chapter I we describe a systematic review of published studies (20052015) identified in PUBMED, CENTRAL, LILACS, and IBECs databases using the search terms defining acute kidney injury (AKI) and intensive care unit (ICU). We examined the differences in ICUAKI incidence, severity, associated mortality and describe geographic variations based on the gross national income. We identified 92 studies: 59 from developed countries and 32 from developing countries. One study had data from both group of countries. Of these, 78 per cent used standard criteria (RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO); however, we found 11 different definitions for oliguria and 23 different definitions for baseline creatinine. Both groups related ICUAKI incidence up to 40 per cent . However, the need for RRT, ICU length of stay and mortality rates were higher in developing countries. Despite the attempt to standardize the criteria for defining AKI, there is still no uniformity in the settings for baseline creatinine, oliguria and timeframe for AKI assessment. Differences in ICU length of stay need for RRT and mortality rates may reflect differences in the entry criteria and the social conditions, access to health care and hospital infrastructure. On chapter II, we did a prospective study on all adult patients admitted in all ICUs of Rio Branco, a western amazon region (600 square kilometers and 800,000 inhabitants). Data were collected for 18 months during the years 2014 and 2016. Patients with age under 18, chronic kidney disease stage 5, kidney transplant or ICU stay < 48 hours were excluded. AKI was diagnosed by KDIGO and mortality was assessed 30 and 180 days after ICU discharge. Of 1494 patients admitted, 1073 fulfilled selection criteria. AKI incidence was 52.8 per cent , and the prevalence was 67.3 per cent . Only 2.2 per cent had tropical diseases. Risk factors for AKI were positive fluid balance over 1500 ml/24h (OR 2.98; p <0,001), nonsurgical patients (OR 1.69; p =0,001), increased age for 10 years interval (OR 1,16; p <0,001) and increased APACHE II score (OR 1,06; p <0,001). ICU length of stay was higher in ICUAKI patients (7 vs 5 days, p <0,001), as well as ICU and hospital mortality (43.4 per cent vs 14 per cent , p <0,001 and 52 per cent vs 18.5 per cent , p <0,001, respectively) compared with no AKI patients. Risk factors for mortality in patients with AKI during ICU stay were: age, presence of sepsis, KDIGO stage 3, use of mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs and shock. In conclusion, we observed that AKI is common in ICU patients in the western Brazilian Amazon with few hospitalizations for tropical diseases and similar etiologies, risk factors and outcomes as in developed countries; however, with higher mortality rate that may be due to the local economic conditions and poor access to health care

Introdução: A lesão renal aguda (LRA) ocorre em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI), com incidência de 30%, enquanto que a incidência hospitalar é 3-5%. A mortalidade nestes pacientes, inalterada nas últimas décadas, varia entre 50 e 70%. O padrão clínico para diagnóstico da LRA é a dosagem da creatinina sérica, que é um método pouco sensível, tardio e incapaz de discriminar a gravidade da lesão. Esse fato compromete o uso de terapias efetivas em tempo hábil e não permite vislumbrar a evolução pós LRA. O reconhecimento da lesão renal precoce contribui para a prevenção de danos renais maiores. O NGAL, proteína presente no sangue e na urina proveniente da lesão de células tubulares renais, é capaz de detectar a LRA antes do aumento da creatinina, estabelece medidas de prevenção e tratamento logo após o insulto, indica o grau de severidade da lesão e sugere o início da terapia de substituição renal (TSR). Objetivo: Esse estudo visa caracterizar a evolução da função renal de pacientes com LRA baseados na classificação AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) e no NGAL. Material e método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo consistindo de 83 pacientes internados em UTI, avaliados em relação ao fluxo urinário, creatinina plasmática e NGAL. Resultados: Um total de 65 pacientes desenvolveram LRA, 28 a adquiriram durante a internação na UTI e 37 já apresentavam LRA na admissão. Dos pacientes com LRA, trinta e três (50,8%) apresentaram AKIN estágio 1, treze (20,0%) apresentaram AKIN estágio 2 e dezenove (29,2%) AKIN estágio 3. Os pacientes classificados em AKIN estágio 3 apresentaram valor significativamente maior de NGAL do que o grupo com AKIN estágio 1. Níveis de NGAL significativamente menores (p< 0,05) foram encontrados em pacientes que não desenvolveram LRA. Dentre os fatores associados ao óbito, destacamos a presença de doença de Chagas, LRA e Sepse; a baixa fração de ejeção (FE); o uso de drogas vasoativas (DVA), ventilação mecânica (VM) e balão intra-aórtico (BIA); maior pontuação no escore SOFA; necessidade de hemodiálise; redução da diurese e elevações da creatinina e NGAL. Observamos que somente as variáveis: presença de BIA (p=0,013), balanço hídrico positivo positivo (p< 0,001) e necessidade de hemodiálise (p< 0,001) foram preditores de óbito. Somente a presença de sepse, distúrbios do sódio e fluxo urinário foram preditores de diálise Conclusão: Níveis de NGAL colhidos nas primeiras 24 horas de admissão na UTI contribuíram para predizer o desenvolvimento da LRA além de corresponder ao aumento da severidade da LRA.
Introduction: The incidence of AKI varies from 3-5% in hospitalized patients to 30% in patients in intensive care units (ICU). Over the last decades, mortality rates have remained unchanged for adult patients, at 50-70%. The clinical standard for AKI diagnosis is the serum creatinine levels, which have low sensitivity, are incapable of differentiating the lesions severity, and lead to the late diagnosis in the injury process. These facts compromise the timely use of effective therapies and the assessing of the lesions evolution. NGAL, a protein present in the blood, in the urine and provenient from kidney tubule cells damage, is capable of detecting AKI before serum cretinine levels rise, allowing treatmen to be undertaken right after the injury; it also reflects injury severity and may forecast the need of renal replacement therapy. Objective: this study aims to assess the evolution of kidney function of AKI patients, based on the AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) classification and on NGAL levels. Material and methods: Coorte prospective study consisting of 83 intensive care patients, who had their serum creatinine, NGAL and urine output evaluated. Results: a total of 65 patients developed AKI, 28 developed it during their hospital stay, and 37 already demonstrated it at ICU admission. Of the AKI patients, 33 (50,8%) were classified as AKIN stage 1, 13 (20,0%) as AKIN stage 2 and 19 (29,2%), as AKIN stage 3. The AKIN stage 3 patients showed to have significantly higher NGAL levels than AKIN stage 1 patients. Significantly lower NGAL levels (p<0,05) were found in patients that have not developed AKI. Among the factors associated to mortality, we highlight Chagas disease, AKI and sepsis, low ejection fraction, the use of vasoative drugs, mechanical ventilation, intra-aortic balloon pump use, higher SOFA score, need of renal replacement therapy, reduction in urine output, higher NGAL and serum creatinine levels. Only positive hydric balance (p>0,001), the use of intra-aortic balloon pump, and the need of renal replacement therapy were able to predict death. Also, only the urine output, the presence of sepsis or sodium disturbances were able to predict the need of renal replacement therapy. Conclusion: NGAL levels obtained in the fist 24 hours after admission to the intensive care unit contributed to the prediction of AKI development, and they were indicative of the injurys severity.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence and risk factors for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in critically ill Brazilian patients. Study retrospective, documentary and with quantitative approach. The AKI identification was performed using the criteria proposed by the acronym KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes). Data were collected, between October 2016 and January 2018, from patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between January 2011 and December 2016 Was used a form constructed and validated specifically for use in the study, which extracted patients' information registered at admission to the ICU, which refer to the clinical- epidemiology patients profile, as well as laboratory and hemodynamic parameters and the need for dialysis. The data collected evaluated the AKI incidence, its risk factors and the overall mortality rate, as well as among AKI patients and among patients with dialysis. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyzes were performed, using logistic regression tests and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In all analyzes p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant and all data were analyzed in software R. The study included 1,500 patients, AKI incidence was 40.5% (n = 608) and need of dialysis was 13% (n = 79). The risk factors at ICU admission to AKI occurrence were: hypertension (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07-1.94, p = 0.017), serum creatinine concentration (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 2.65-4.73; cutoff: >1.16 mg/dL; p <0.001), serum albumin concentration (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.07-1.89, cutoff: 0.35, p 0.015), APACHE II score (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.56-2.81, cutoff: >24 points, p <0.001) and SAPS 3 score (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.31-2.33, cutoff: >68 points, p <0.001). The overall mortality rate was 18.5%, at AKI patients 39.1%, and at patients with AKI dialytic 62%. The AKI incidence was high and the data are consonant with the literature. We identified the AKI predictors among critically ill Brazilian patients, and the results of this study may contribute to the implementation of targeted care therapies, as well as to establish strategies that can promote patient safety.
Objetivou-se identificar, nesta pesquisa, a ocorrência e os fatores de risco para Injúria Renal Aguda (IRA) em pacientes brasileiros em estado crítico por meio de um estudo retrospectivo, documental e com abordagem quantitativa. A identificação de IRA foi realizada com a aplicação dos critérios propostos pelo acrônimo KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes). Coletou-se, entre outubro de 2016 e janeiro de 2018, dados de pacientes que foram admitidos em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2016. Utilizando-se um formulário construído e validado especificamente para uso neste estudo, extraiu-se dos prontuários informações registradas na admissão à UTI, as quais referiam-se ao perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes, bem como aos parâmetros laboratoriais e hemodinâmicos e à necessidade de diálise. Por meio dos dados coletados, avaliou-se a incidência de IRA, os fatores de risco e a taxa de mortalidade global entre pacientes com IRA e entre aqueles com IRA dialítica. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais, com aplicação de testes de regressão logística e da curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic). Em todas as análises, considerou-se p-valor < 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo e todos os dados foram analisados no software R. Incluíram-se no estudo 1.500 pacientes, sendo que a incidência de IRA foi de 40,5% (n= 608) e de IRA dialítica de 13% (n= 79). Os fatores de risco na admissão à UTI para ocorrência de IRA foram: hipertensão (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% = 1.07-1.94; p-valor = 0.017), concentração sérica de creatinina (OR = 3.54; IC 95% = 2.65-4.73; cut-off: >1.16 mg/dL; p-valor <0.001), concentração sérica de albumina (OR = 1.42; IC 95% = 1.07-1.89; cut-off: ≤ 2.81; p-valor 0.015), escore do APACHE II (OR = 2.10; IC 95% = 1.56-2.81; cut-off: >24 pontos; p-valor <0.001) e escore do SAPS 3 (OR = 1.75; IC 95% = 1.31-2.33; cut-off: > 68 pontos; p-valor <0.001). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 18,5%, nos pacientes com IRA 39,1%, e nos pacientes com IRA dialítica de 62%. A incidência de IRA foi alta e os dados estão em consonância com a literatura especializada. Identificamos os preditores para IRA entre pacientes brasileiros criticamente enfermos, assim sendo, os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para implementação de terapias de cuidado direcionadas, bem como para estabelecer estratégias que possam promover a segurança do paciente.

The aim: was to describe and compare a group of experts and critical care nurses' agreement in detecting delirium in intubated, ventilator treated patients with sedation / analgesia, before and after an in house training intervention with the instrument Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Method: A quasi-experimental study, one group pretest - posttest design. A convenience sample of 17 critical care nurses in a general intensive care unit included. To detect delirium the instrument CAM-ICU was used, 21 paired tests before and 22 after an educational intervention. Main Results: The results showed that after an in house training intervention sensitivity and kappa coefficient improved of the characteristic 1 "acute onset and fluctuating course," an improvement that was significant. In other features, and overall values were signs of numerical improvement and deterioration in sensitivity, specificity and kappa coefficient but no significant change. Conclusion: Implementing a new instrument for detecting delirium in clinical practice requires education and follow-up. A small sample of critical care nurses with varying ability to use the new instrument and the fact that patients' status may change rapidly making it difficult to draw any conclusions from this study. It is clear, however, that education and follow-up is needed when new care routines are introduced, and that further studies are needed to clarify whether the CAM-ICU is a valit and reliable instrument to use in clinical practice.
Syftet var att beskriva och jämföra en expertgrupp och intensivvårdssjuksköterskors överensstämmelse i att detektera delirium hos intuberade, respiratorbehandlade patienter med sedering/analgesi, före och efter en utbildningsintervention med instrumentet Confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Metod: En kvasiexperimentell studie, en grupps pretest – posttest design. Ett bekvämlighetsurval på en allmän intensivvårdsavdelning där inkluderades 17 intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. För att detektera delirium användes instrumentet CAM-ICU, 21 parmätningarna före och 22 efter en utbildningsintervention. Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att efter utbildningsinterventionen förbättrades sensitiviteten och kappa koefficienten i kännetecken 1 ”akut insättande eller fluktuerande förlopp”, en förbättring som var signifikant. I övriga kännetecken och totalvärden fanns tecken på numerär förbättring och försämring i sensitivitet, specificitet och kappakoefficient men ingen signifikant förändring. Slutsats: Att implementera ett nytt instrument för att detektera delirium i klinisk verksamhet kräver utbildning och uppföljning. Ett litet sample av intensivvårdssjuksköterskor med varierad förmåga att använda det nya instrumentet samt det faktum att patienters status hastigt kan förändras gör det svårt att dra några slutsatser av denna studie. Klart är dock att utbildning och uppföljning behövs när nya vårdrutiner införs, och att ytterligare studier behövs för att klargöra om CAM-ICU är ett valit och reliabelt instrument att använda i klinisk verksamhet.

Introdução: Pacientes com câncer frequentemente apresentam distúrbios de coagulação, que podem se manifestar clinicamente na forma de trombose ou simples alterações nos exames de hemostasia. A injúria renal aguda (IRA) é comum em pacientes oncológicos e pode ocorrer como consequência do próprio câncer; do tratamento; ou sepse secundária à imunossupressão causada pela quimioterapia. A IRA é encontrada em até 67% dos pacientes em UTI e está associada à alta mortalidade, além de resultar em maior custo e tempo na internação hospitalar. O sangramento causado pela uremia é uma complicação que pode ocorrer em pacientes com falência renal. O efeito da interação da IRA na coagulação dos pacientes com câncer ainda não está elucidado. Objetivo: Estudar o perfil de coagulação dos pacientes oncológicos com sepse grave ou choque séptico e avaliar o efeito da IRA na coagulação destes pacientes. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes maiores de 18 anos, portadores de tumores sólidos ou hematológicos, admitidos na UTI do ICESP com diagnóstico de sepse grave ou choque séptico. Critérios de exclusão: pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica em programa regular de diálise e pacientes com coagulopatia prévia ou história familiar de coagulopatia. Métodos: Foram estudados pacientes admitidos no período de agosto de 2012 a janeiro de 2014. A coleta de exames de sangue foi realizada no momento da admissão na UTI e ao apresentar IRA, pelo critério AKIN. O perfil de coagulação estudado compreendeu: TP, TTPa, D-dímero, fibrinogênio, fator VIII, avaliação de adesão e agregação plaquetária com Impact-R®, tromboelastografia e avaliação da geração de trombina. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram obtidos a partir dos prontuários. Resultados: foram incluídos 144 pacientes na análise final. As características foram semelhantes nos grupos em relação à idade, IMC, sexo, e comorbidades tais como, hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus. Os testes convencionais de coagulação (TP, TT, TTPa) estavam alterados no grupo com IRA. Entretanto, a análise da coagulação pela tromboelastografia não demonstrou diferença entre os grupos com IRA comparados com o grupo que não apresentou IRA. A análise da função plaquetária pelo Impact-R® revelou que a uremia não piorou a adesão e agregação plaquetária. Observou-se que houve menor geração de trombina e nível de Ddímero mais elevado no grupo com IRA AKIN3. Regressão logística multivariada demonstrou que a necessidade de ventilação mecânica, nível de proteína C reativa mais elevada, e IRA estavam associados à maior mortalidade. Maior geração de trombina estava associada à menor mortalidade. Conclusão: a IRA em pacientes críticos oncológicos com sepse ou choque séptico está associada ao alargamento dos testes de coagulação convencionais (TP, TT, TTPa), devido à deficiência de alguns fatores de coagulação. Entretanto, a tromboelastografia, que analisa a hemostasia global do paciente, apresentou resultado normal devido à hiperativação da função plaquetária. O acúmulo de toxinas urêmicas, devido à injúria renal aguda, não levou à piora da função plaquetária. Pelo contrário, houve até um aumento na agregação e adesão plaquetária nos pacientes oncológicos.
Introduction: Patients with cancer often have coagulation disorders, which may manifest clinically as thrombosis or simple changes in hemostasis tests. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequent in cancer patients and may occur as a consequence of the cancer itself or due to the treatment or sepsis secondary to immunosuppression caused by chemotherapy. AKI is found in up to 67% of ICU (Intensive Care Unit) patients, associated with high mortality, and resulting in increased cost and stay in the hospital. Bleeding caused by uremia is a complication that can occur in patients with renal failure. The effect of the interaction between AKI and coagulation in cancer patients has not been yet elucidated. Objectives: To analyse the coagulation profile in cancer patients with severe sepsis or septic shock and evaluate the effect of AKI in the coagulation profile. Inclusion criteria: patients older than 18 years old with solid or hematological tumors admitted to the ICU, diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock. Exclusion criteria: patients with chronic renal failure undergoing regular dialysis program and patients with previous coagulopathy or family history of coagulopathy. Methods: We studied patients admitted to the ICU between August 2012 and January 2014. The collection of blood samples was performed at the time of ICU admission and at the time of AKI, according to the AKIN criteria. The coagulation profile included: PT, aPTT, D-dimer, fibrinogen, factor VIII, platelet adhesion and aggregation, thromboelastography and evaluation of thrombin generation. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from medical records. Results: A total of 144 patients was included in the final analysis. The following characteristics were similar between groups: age, BMI, gender, and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conventional coagulation tests results (PT, TT, aPTT) were altered in the group with AKI. However, analysis of coagulation by thromboelastography showed no difference between groups with AKI compared with the group without AKI. Platelet function analysis by Impact-R® revealed that uremia has not worsened platelet adhesion and aggregation. It was observed that there was less thrombin generation and higher D-dimer level in the AKIN3 group. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the need for mechanical ventilation, higher level of C-reactive protein, and AKI were associated with higher mortality. Higher thrombin generation was associated with lower mortality. Conclusions: AKI in critically ill cancer patients with sepsis or septic shock is associated with abnormalities of conventional coagulation tests (PT, TT, aPTT) due to some coagulation factors deficiency. However, thromboelastography which analyzes the global hemostasis presented a normal result, probably due to platelet function hyperactivation. Furthermore, the accumulation of uremic toxins due to acute kidney injury did not worsen platelet function in cancer patients

Injúria renal aguda (IRA) é doença de elevada incidência, associada a altas taxas de morbimortalidade. Sepse, pós-operatório de grandes cirurgias e baixo débito cardíaco são as principais causas de IRA em todo o mundo. Na maioria destas situações, expansão volêmica é parte do manejo preventivo e terapêutico da IRA. Contudo, a manutenção de uma estratégia de infusão liberal de fluidos pode causar balanço hídrico positivo (BH+), que tem sido associado a desfechos desfavoráveis em pacientes criticamente enfermos. BH+ frequentemente ocorre nestes pacientes que recebem grandes infusões de volume, mesmo que apresentem volume urinário considerado satisfatório ou acima de 0,5ml/kg/h. Nesta situação, se não houver elevação da creatinina sérica, não será feito o diagnóstico de IRA pelos critérios do Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO), ainda que haja claro déficit na eliminação da sobrecarga hidrossalina. Este estudo observacional prospectivo, com controle pareado por dias de exposição ao BH+ avaliou a associação entre BH+ e diagnóstico subsequente de IRA (pelos critérios do KDIGO) e mortalidade em 233 pacientes admitidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) geral. Observamos por análise de regressão logística que cada 100 ml de aumento no BH se associou a elevação de 4% na chance de desenvolver IRA (OR 1,04; IC 95% 1,01 a 1,08). Comparado ao primeiro quartil de BH médio, o quarto quartil de BH médio (BH > +1793 ml/dia) se associou a chance 3,12 vezes maior de desenvolver IRA (OR 3,12; IC 95% 1,13 a 8,65). Comparado ao BH de zero até +1500 ml/dia, o BH médio > +1500 ml/dia se associou a chance 3,4 vezes maior de desenvolver IRA, (OR 3,4; IC 95% 1,56 a 7,48). Um modelo de efeito fixo mostrou que BH+ estava presente pelo menos seis dias antes do diagnóstico de IRA pelos critérios do KDIGO. Para avaliar o desfecho óbito, consideramos o BH durante toda internação na UTI. Observamos que cada 100 ml de aumento no BH se associou a incremento de 7% na mortalidade (OR 1,07; IC 95% 1,02 a 1,12). Comparado ao primeiro quartil, o quarto quartil de BH médio (BH > +1652 ml/dia) se associou a chance 2,8 vezes maior de evoluir para óbito (OR 2,8; IC 95% 1,04 a 7,66). Comparado aos pacientes com BH de zero a +1500 ml/dia, os pacientes com média de BH > +1500 ml/dia apresentavam chance 3,8 vezes maior de evolução para óbito (OR 3,8; IC 95% 1,55 a 9,16). Em conclusão, BH+ como variável contínua, em quartis ou utilizando ponto de corte maior do que +1500 ml/dia se associou de maneira independente a maior chance de desenvolvimento subsequente de IRA e evolução para óbito em pacientes criticamente enfermos. No presente trabalho, o BH + foi biomarcador precoce de IRA. Estes achados sugerem que BH+ deve ser incluído nos critérios de definição de IRA, ao lado da creatinina e diurese
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with high incidence, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Sepsis, major surgery and low cardiac output are the main causes of AKI worldwide. In the majority of these situations, volume expansion is part of both prevention and therapeutic management of AKI. However, maintaining liberal fluid infusion strategy can cause fluid overload and it is associated to poor outcomes in critically ill patients. Positive fluids balance (FB) frequently occurs in these patients receiving high volume infusion, even if the urinary output is adequate (above 0.5ml/kg/h). In this situation, if there is no serum creatinine (SCr) increase, AKI will not be diagnosed by current Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria, even with a clear kidney inability to eliminate the body excess of fluid. This prospective, paired control, cohort study aimed to evaluate the association between positive FB and subsequent development of AKI by KDIGO criteria and mortality in 233 critically ill adults. By multiple logistic regression, we showed that each 100 ml increase in FB was independently associated to a 4% increase in the chances for developing subsequent AKI (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08). When compared to the first quartile, the fourth FB quartile (FB > +1793ml/day) was associated with a 3.12 times greater chance of developing AKI (OR 3.12; 95% CI 1.13 to 8.65). Compared to FB zero to 1,500ml/24h, the mean FB above +1,500 ml/24h was associated with an OR of 3.4 for AKI (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.56 to 7.48). A mixed effect model demonstrated that a positive FB predicted AKI development defined by KDIGO criteria within 6 days. To assess the outcome mortality, we evaluated the mean FB during the whole ICU hospitalization. Each 100 ml increase in FB was associated to a 7% increase in the chances for death (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12). Compared to the first quartile, patients in the fourth FB quartile (FB > +1652 ml/day) showed an OR of 2.8 for death (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.04 to 7.66). Mean FB above +1,500 ml/24h was associated with an OR of 3.8 for death, as compared to FB zero to 1,500ml/24h (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.55 to 9.16). In conclusion, positive FB, as continuum variable, as quartiles and as absolute thresholds, was independently associated with subsequent AKI development and death in critically ill patients. In this study, the positive FB was early biomarker of AKI. These findings suggest that positive FB should be included in the criteria for AKI in addition to serum creatinine and urine output

A disfunção renal é uma complicação comum associada a desfechos clínicos negativos em pacientes pediátricos gravemente doentes. Na prática clínica, a medida de creatinina sérica continua sendo o marcador mais usado e aceito para monitoramento da função renal, embora haja várias limitações relacionadas ao seu uso. A cistatina C é uma proteína de baixo peso molecular que apresenta características ideais para um marcador da taxa de filtração glomerular. Neste estudo, nossos objetivos foram descrever e analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes pediátricos gravemente doentes com lesão renal aguda (LRA); classificar a gravidade da LRA segundo o critério RIFLEp, verificar sua praticabilidade; e avaliar a utilidade da cistatina C sérica em detectar comprometimento da taxa de filtração glomerular e sua associação com a creatinina sérica nos 2 primeiros dias de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP). Para a estimativa da taxa de filtração glomerular, foi medido o clearance de creatinina. No estudo epidemiológico, foram analisados 174 pacientes internados na UTIP. LRA foi diagnosticada em 45% dos pacientes. Idade menor ou igual a 12 meses, escore PRISM maior ou igual a 6, hipotensão arterial, sepse, tempo de circulação extracorpórea maior do que 120 minutos, pressão intra-abdominal maior ou igual a 8 mmHg e subnutrição proteico-calórica foram fatores de risco associados à LRA. A presença de LRA foi associada a piores desfechos clínicos como maior tempo de internação na UTIP e maior tempo de uso de ventilação mecânica. Na alta da UTIP, 41% dos pacientes com LRA mantinham função renal alterada. No estudo da cistatina C, foram envolvidos 122 pacientes. Observamos que, no grupo de pacientes com LRA (41,8%) segundo o critério RIFLEp, as medidas de cistatina C foram significativamente mais altas tanto no momento da admissão na UTIP quanto de 24 a 36 h após. O desempenho da cistatina C como biomarcador na análise da curva ROC (AUC=0,77) e dos valores de eficiência diagnóstica foi melhor do que o da creatinina sérica (AUC=0,65) em pacientes pediátricos gravemente doentes. Concluímos que o critério RIFLEp mostrou-se importante na detecção precoce de LRA em pacientes de risco e que a cistatina C é melhor marcador do que a creatinina sérica para detectar LRA em pacientes pediátricos gravemente doentes.
Kidney disfunction is a common complication associated with poor clinical outcomes in critically ill pediatric patients. In the clinical setting, serum creatinine is still the most widely used and accepted biomarker for the assessment of renal function; however, it carries a number of limitations. Cystatin C is a low molecular weight protein that has ideal features for measuring the glomerular filtration rate. The present study aims to describe and analyze the epidemiological profile of critically ill pediatric patients with acute kidney injury (AKI); to classify the severity of AKI according to the pRIFLE criteria; to assess its feasibility; and to evaluate the utility of serum cystatin C in determining the deterioration of glomerular filtration rate and its association with serum creatinine in the first two days following PICU admission. In order to estimate glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance was used. The epidemiological study assessed 174 patients admitted to PICU; 45% of these were diagnosed with AKI. Age equal or lower than 12 months, PRISM score equal or higher than 6, hypotension, sepsis, cardiopulmonary bypass time longer than 120 minutes, intra-abdominal pressure equal or higher than 8 mmHg and protein-energy malnutrition were risk factors for AKI. AKI was associated with poorer clinical outcomes, such as PICU inpatient time and prolonged mechanical ventilation. When discharged from PICU, 41% of patients with AKI still had altered renal function status. In the cystatin C study, 122 patients were enrolled. The AKI patients\' subgroup (41.8%), according to pRIFLE, showed significantly higher cystatin C levels, both at the time of PICU admission as well as 24 to 36 hours afterwards. Cystatin C performance as a biomarker in ROC curve analysis (AUC=0,77) and its diagnostic efficiency values were better than serum creatinine (AUC=0,65) in critically ill pediatric patients. We conclude that the pRIFLE criteria is definetely important for the early diagnosis of AKI in risk patients and that cystatin C is a more reliable biomarker than serum creatinine to detect AKI in critically ill pediatric patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem muitas controvérsias, nos estudos epidemiológicos existentes, a respeito da incidência e desfechos da síndrome de lesão pulmonar aguda. A incidência e as características clínicas da síndrome dependem principalmente da definição utilizada e da metodologia empregada no estudo, bem como da disponibilização e utilização dos leitos nas unidades de terapia intensiva da região estudada. Pela ausência de dados epidemiológicos existentes de lesão pulmonar aguda na Grande Vitória, no Espírito Santo, realizamos este estudo para analisar a incidência, características, sobrevida aos 28 dias e mortalidade hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes internados nas 14 unidades de terapia intensiva da Grande Vitória, durante o período de 15 meses, submetidos à ventilação mecânica e que preencheram os critérios de lesão pulmonar aguda da Conferência de Consenso Européia-Americana de 1994 foram selecionados prospectivamente para o estudo. Os pacientes também foram classificados de acordo com a nova definição de Berlim. Avaliamos as características clínicas e funcionais no primeiro dia de internação, durante a primeira semana, no 14º dia e no 28º dia de evolução. Foram calculadas a incidência da síndrome acumulada/ano, a sobrevida aos 28 dias e a mortalidade hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 7.133 pacientes admitidos nas unidades de terapia intensiva, dos quais 130 (1,8%) foram selecionados. A mediana de tempo para o diagnóstico de lesão pulmonar aguda foi de 2 dias (IQ: 0-3 dias), sendo 25,4% dos diagnósticos realizados no momento da internação na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os fatores de risco foram principalmente pneumonia (35,3%), sepse não pulmonar (31,5%) e trauma (16,9%). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 44,2 ± 15,9 anos, sendo 61,5% do sexo masculino. A média do APACHE II foi de 20,7 ± 7,9 e a média da PaO2/FiO2, de 206,7 ± 61,6. O tempo médio em ventilação mecânica foi de 21 ± 15 dias e o tempo médio de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 26,4 ± 18,7 dias. De acordo com a nova definição de Berlim, os pacientes com a síndrome de desconforto respiratório agudo foram classificados em: leve, com 49 casos (37,7%); moderada, com 68(52,3%); e grave, com 13(10%). A incidência acumulada de LPA foi de 10,1 casos/100.000 habitantes/ano, sendo 3,8 casos/100.000 habitantes/ano para LPA sem SDRA e 6,3 casos/100.000 habitantes/ano para SDRA, representando 1,7% das admissões no ano. A relação PaO2/FiO2 nos dias 6 e 7 de evolução após o diagnóstico da síndrome foi um fator preditor independente para a mortalidade aos 28 dias, que foi de 38,5% (95% IC, 30,1-46,8). A mortalidade intrahospitalar foi de 49,2% (95% IC, 40,6-57,8), não diferindo entre os pacientes com LPA sem SDRA e SDRA. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de LPA nos pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva na região da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, foi baixa, sendo a maioria dos casos diagnosticada 2 dias após a admissão nas unidades de terapia intensiva. A mortalidade aos 28 dias e a hospitalar dos pacientes com LPA sem SDRA e com SDRA não foram estatisticamente diferentes neste estudo. As mudanças nas práticas assistenciais nas unidades de terapia intensiva poderão contribuir para a redução da incidência da SDRA intrahospitalar
INTRODUCTION: There are many controversies in the existing epidemiological studies regarding the incidence and outcomes in acute lung injury. The incidence and clinical features of the syndrome mainly depend on the definition adopted and on the methodology employed in the study, as well as on the availability and use of beds in intensive therapy units in the regions studied. Due to the absence of existing epidemiological data concerning acute lung injury in Vitória, Espírito Santo, we conducted this study to analyze the incidence, clinical characteristics, survival rate at 28 days, and mortality rate. METHODS: The patients hospitalized in the 14 units of intensive therapy in the region of Grande Vitória for the period of 15 months submitted to mechanical ventilation, who fulfilled the criteria of acute lung injury as defined by the Conference of European-American Consensus of 1994, were prospectively selected for the study. These patients were also classified according to the new Berlin definition. We evaluated the clinical and functional characteristics on the first day of hospitalization, during the first week, on day 14 and on day 28 of clinical evolution. We calculated the cumulative incidence/year for the syndrome, the survival rate at 28 days, and hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 7,133 patients admitted to the intensive care units was evaluated, of whom 130 (1.8%) were selected. The median time to diagnosis of acute lung injury was 2 days (IQR: 0-3 days), 25.4% of diagnoses being made at admission to the intensive care unit. The risk factors were mainly pneumonia (35.3%), nonpulmonary sepsis (31.5%) and trauma (16.9%). The patients\' mean age was 44.2 ± 15.9 years, 61.5% being male. The APACHE II prognostic score averaged 20.7 ± 7.9, mean arterial oxygenation variable PaO2/FiO2 206 ± 61.6 and time on mechanical ventilation with a mean of 21 ± 15 days. The average length of stay in intensive care unit was 26.4 ± 18.7 days. Based on the new Berlin definition, patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome were classified as mild: 49 (37.7%); moderate: 68 (52.3%); and severe: 13 (10%). The cumulative incidence was 10.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants /year for ALI, of which 3.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants / year were for non-ARDS ALI and 6.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants / year were for ARDS, representing 1.7% of admissions in the year. The variable arterial oxygenation on days 6 and 7 of evolution after the diagnosis of the syndrome was an independent factor for mortality at 28 days, which was 38.5% (95% CI, 30.1 to 46.8). In-hospital mortality was 49.2% (95% CI, 40.6 to 57.8), and did not differ between patients with ALI non-ARDS and acute respiratory distress syndrome Summary (ARDS). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of acute lung injury in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in the region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo was low, most of them being diagnosed 2 days after admission to intensive care units. Mortality at 28 days and hospital mortality of patients with ALI non-ARDS were not statistically different in this study. Changes in care practices in intensive therapy units can contribute to reduce the incidence of in-hospital ARDS

Introdução - Pacientes com Insuficiência Renal Aguda (IRA) internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) apresentam elevada complexidade. A melhor abordagem na utilização de índices prognósticos nesses pacientes é uma questão em discussão. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) determinar o perfil epidemiológico e os fatores preditores de mortalidade de pacientes críticos com IRA em nosso meio; 2) avaliar a performance de 05 índices prognósticos gerais (APACHE II, SAPS II, OSF, LODS E SOFA) e de 03 índices específicos para pacientes com IRA (Liaño, Mehta e SHARF) nessa população; 3) avaliar os fatores relacionados ao chamado do nefrologista (CN) e seu impacto no prognóstico desses pacientes. Métodos - Foram acompanhados prospectivamente todos os pacientes admitidos em seis UTIs do HCFMUSP que desenvolveram IRA entre Novembro de 2003 e Junho de 2005. Para definição de IRA foi utilizado o critério correspondente ao primeiro nível do sistema RIFLE de classificação (aumento em 50% na creatinina basal). A IRA foi classificada como do tipo clínica ou cirúrgica. Os índices foram calculados sequencialmente: 1) no dia do diagnóstico da IRA - D0; 2) no dia de preenchimento dos critérios dos índices específicos - D1, ocorrendo um dia após o D0; 3) no dia do chamado do nefrologista - D3, ocorrendo três dias após o D0. O desempenho dos escores foi avaliado em termos de discriminação pela análise da área sob a curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) (AUROC) e de calibração avaliada pelo teste de goodness-of-fit de Hosmer e Lemeshow. Em cada dia foi realizado um modelo de regressão logística para os fatores preditores de mortalidade. Resultados - Um total de 366 pacientes foi acompanhado. A incidência de IRA foi de 19% e a mortalidade geral foi de 68%. O índice geral e o índice específico com melhor desempenho nos três momentos estudados foram o SAPS II (D3, AUROC:0,83) e o SHARF (D3, AUROC:0,81), respectivamente. Todos os índices apresentaram boa calibração, exceto o OSF (no D1) e o Mehta (no D3). Idade avançada esteve presente nos modelos logísticos nos três dias de análise, assim como a presença de falência de órgãos, distribuídas da seguinte maneira: D0: falências cardiovascular, neurológica e hepática; D1: falências cardiovascular e neurológica; D3: falências respiratória, neurológica e hepática. No D0, nível mais baixo de albumina e maior tempo de internação na UTI (Tempo IRA UTI) tiveram relação com maior mortalidade. No D1, diurese diminuída, maior nível de lactato e de Tempo IRA UTI, sepse, e os níveis R e I (quando comparados ao nível F) do sistema RIFLE apresentaram relação com óbito. No D3, lactato e diurese apresentaram comportamento similar ao do D1. Pacientes que apresentaram variação de nível do RIFLE (entre D0 e D3), na direção de melhora, apresentaram menor mortalidade (quando comparados aos que não mudaram de nível). A AUROC dos modelos teve a seguinte distribuição: D0: 0,83; D1: 0,81; D3: 0,89. Essa última, com melhora significativa de desempenho em relação aos dias anteriores. Os modelos apresentaram boa calibração nesses três momentos. A CN foi realizada em 53,3% dos pacientes, acontecendo dentro de dois dias após o D0 em 65,8% dos pacientes, definindo o grupo CN precoce ou CPN. Os demais pacientes formaram o grupo CN tardia ou CTN. Esse último grupo apresentou maior mortalidade (OR:4.04/IC:1.60-10.17) e menor taxa de recuperação da função renal (OR:0.22/CI:0.08-0.60). Um índice de propensão (IP) para a CPN foi realizado. As variáveis finais retidas no modelo foram: IRA de origem clínica (OR:2,66/IC:1,14 - 5,99); origem da UTI da clínica médica (OR:5,95/IC:1,80 - 19,59) ou da Pneumologia (OR: 3,58/IC:1,06 - 12,06), Cr (OR:2,04/IC:1,38 - 3,02); diurese (OR:0,99/IC:0,99 - 1,00) e pH (OR:0,008/IC:0,001 - 0,20). Após correção pelo IP, a CTN persistiu relacionada com maior mortalidade (OR:3,61/IC:1,14 - 11,40) e menor taxa de recuperação da função renal (OR:0,24/IC:0,07 - 0,85). Conclusões - Pacientes críticos com IRA apresentam elevada mortalidade. Uma avaliação evolutiva e precoce pode melhorar o desempenho dos modelos prognósticos nesses pacientes. A CPN representa uma intervenção capaz de melhorar a sobrevida e a função renal de pacientes críticos com IRA.
Introduction - Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are among the most complex in medicine. The best prognostic evaluation approach for these patients is an issue under discussion. The aims of this study were: 1) define the epidemiological characteristics and identify mortality predictive factors in AKI critically ill patients; 2) validate 5 general scores (APACHE II, SAPS II, SOFA, LODS and OSF) and 3 specific scores (SHARF, Liaño and Mehta); 3) assess factors related to nephrology consultation (NC) and its impact on patients prognosis. Methods - All AKI cases developed in 6 ICUs of HCFMUSP were prospectively followed between November 2003 and June 2005. All prognostic scores were applied at three distinct moments: diagnosis day (D0); the day when AKI-specific criteria were met and the day of nephrology consultation. A logistic regression model was carried out from the mortality related variables for each day. We have used as AKI definition the criterion corresponding to R stage of RIFLE classification (increase over 50% in basal serum creatinine - Cr). AKI was classified as clinic or surgical in origin. Score performance was assessed by discrimination (area under the ROC - receiver operator characteristic - curve estimation) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test evaluation). Results - Three hundred sixty six patients were analyzed. ARF incidence was 19% and overall mortality was 68%. Meeting the specific score criteria occurred one day after D0 (D1) and NC, 3 days after D0 (D3). SAPS II and SHARF were the general and specific scores presenting the best performance with AUROC of 0.83 and 0.81, respectively. All scores presented good calibration except OSF (on D1) and Mehta (on D3) scores. We have observed a progressive improvement in scores and logistic models performance over time. On D0, advanced age, low albumin values, higher length of stay in ICU (before AKI diagnosis), cardiovascular, neurological and liver failure related with mortality. Model discrimination (AUROC curve: 0.83) and calibration was good. On D1, advanced age, lower urine output, increased lactate values, longer ICU length of stay, occurrence of sepsis and levels R or I of RIFLE system (compared to level F), cardiovascular and neurologic failure related with mortality. Model discrimination (AUROC curve: 0.82) and calibration was also good. On D3, age, lactate and urine output had the same trend of D1. Level variations in RIFLE remained at the final model as follows: patients with a decrease of RIFLE level had a marked lower mortality (OR:0.18/IC:0.10-0.30) and those with an increase of RIFLE level presented the opposite trend (OR:4.33/IC:2.58 - 7.28), using cases with no change of level as comparing group. Model discrimination (AUROC curve: 0.89) and calibration were very good, with better performance than previous days. NC was performed in 53.3% of patients, occurring within 48 hours after D0 in 65.8%. This group was defined as early-NC and the remaining were designed delayed-NC group. This group presented higher mortality (OR:4.04/CI:1.60-10.17) and decreased renal function recovery (OR: 0.22/CI:0.08-0.60). A propensity score (PS) for early-NC was performed. Variables retained on the final model were: clinic origin AKI (OR:2.66/CI:1.14 - 5.99); internal medicine (OR:5.95/IC: 1.80 - 19.59) or Pneumology ICU origin (OR:3.58/IC:1,06 - 12,06), Cr (OR:2.04/CI: 1.38 - 3.02); urine output (OR:0.99/CI:0.99 - 1.00) and pH (OR:0.008/CI:0.001 - 0.20). After adjustment for PS, delayed-NC persisted related to higher mortality (OR:3.61/CI:1.14 - 11.40) and worse renal function outcome (OR:0.24/CI:0.07 - 0.85). Conclusions - Critically ill AKI patients presented high mortality. A sequential prognostic evaluation since early stages of AKI disease could improve the performance of prognostic models. Early NC could be an important intervention resulting in better survival and improved renal function recovery.

Nelle persone affette da Grave Cerebrolesione Acquisita la connessione al ventilatore meccanico è l’unica alternativa che permetta ai soggetti di raggiungere o mantenere una stabilità clinica. Il paziente è a rischio per sviluppo di ingombro secretivo periferico presentando un quadro fisiopatologico di tipo restrittivo.L’ingombro bronchiale profondo rappresenta perciò il punto di partenza per la riacquisizione del respiro spontaneo. L’obiettivo è reperire le evidenze scientifiche relative alle tecniche respiratorie di disostruzione bronco-polmonare e verificare se possono essere applicate al fine di ricercare una precoce acquisizione del respiro spontaneo nei soggetti affetti da GCLA. L’obiettivo, è anche quello di distinguere, le tecniche da utilizzare per le vie aeree prossimali e quelle per le vie aeree distali. La ricerca bibliografica è stata eseguita sulle seguenti banche dati medico-scientifiche: The Cochrane Library e PubMed. La valutazione della qualità metodologica viene effettuata attraverso la PRISMA checklist. Sono stati selezionati studi relativi alle tecniche di airways clearance in diverse patologie respiratorie. In 2 studi viene effettuata una revisione sistematica riguardante queste tecniche; uno stila delle linee guida per il trattamento di tre tipologie di pazienti; mentre gli altri 7 studi descrivono l’argomento in modo generale rappresentando però anch’essi un valido strumento informativo. La sintesi dei risultati dati dagli studi ci consente di considerare tecniche valide al raggiungimento della clearance tracheo-bronchiale nel GCLA le seguenti: Mechanical Insufflation-Exsufflation (MI-E), l’Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation (IPV), la Positive Espiratory Pressure (PEP). Queste tecniche possono essere applicate adattandole a persone non collaboranti, rispondendo comunque agli obiettivi prefissati. In questo modo la persona, recuperata una corretta clearance bronco-polmonare, può intraprendere un precoce percorso verso il respiro spontaneo.

En réanimation, il n’existe pas de gold standard pour estimer le débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG). Nous avons mesuré la clairance du iohexol chez 20 patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë (injection de 5 mL de iohexol et cinétique riche sur 24h). Les clairances urinaire et plasmatique étaient équivalentes ; la clairance plasmatique n’était pas influencée par le remplissage. Nous avons étudié la distribution de la clairance du iohexol chez 85 patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë. Quarante-et-un patients (48%) avaient un DFG < 30 mL.min-1, 29 (34%) entre 30 et 60mL.min-1, 10 (12%) entre 60 et 90mL.min-1, 4 (5%) entre 90 et 130 mL.min-1 et 1 (1%) > 130 mL.min-1. Nous avons mesuré les biomarqueurs lésionnels [TIMP-2].[IGFBP-7] juste avant, 6h et 24 h après un scanner injecté en réanimation; il n’y a pas eu d’augmentation significative des biomarqueurs, confortant l’hypothèse d’une toxicité négligeable des produits de contraste iodés en réanimation. En conclusion, le iohexol peut être considéré comme un gold standard pour l’estimation du DFG chez des patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë en termes de faisabilité, fiabilité et sécurité
There is no gold standard for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in intensive care unit. We measured iohexol clearance in 20 patients experiencing acute circulatory failure (5 mL iohexol bolus, urine and blood-sample collections over 24h). Urinary and plasma clearances were equivalent; rapid fluid infusion did not influence plasma clearance. We studied iohexol clearance repartition in 85 patients experiencing acute circulatory failure. Forty-one (48%) had a GFR < 30 mL.min-1, 29 (34%) between 30 and 60mL.min-1, 10 (12%) between 60 and 90mL.min-1, 4 (5%) between 90 and 130 mL.min-1 and 1 (1%) > 130 mL.min-1. We measured lesion biomarkers [TIMP-2].[IGFBP-7], before, 6h and 24h after an injected computed tomography scan; there was no significant raise in the biomarkers. This result supports the hypothesis that contrast media are armless in intensive care units. To conclude, iohexol can be considered as a gold standard for GFR estimation in acute-circulatory-failure patients regarding feasibility, reliability and safety

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar associação entre ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério RIFLE pediátrico (pRIFLE) e desfechos negativos em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Crianças submetidas à cirurgia cardíaca em um hospital terciário no sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas da internação até a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) ou óbito. A variável de exposição foi ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE, que divide disfunção renal aguda em 3 categorias: R-Risco, I-Lesão, F-Insuficiência. Os desfechos estudados foram morte, tempo de ventilação mecânica (VM) e tempo de internação na UTIP. Resultados: Oitenta e cinco crianças foram estudadas. Quarenta e sete (55,3%) não desenvolveram disfunção renal aguda durante a internação na UTIP, enquanto que 22 (25,9%), 7 (8,2%) e 9 (10,6%) foram classificadas nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente. A incidência de óbito foi de 18,4% e de 4,2% nos pacientes com e sem disfunção renal aguda, respectivamente. Comparado a crianças que não desenvolveram disfunção renal, a razão de chances ajustada de óbito foi 1,046 (0,09-11,11), 8,358 (1,32-52,63) e 7,855 (1,53-40,29) nos grupos R, I, e F, respectivamente (p = 0,022). Os tempos de VM e de internação na UTIP foram significativamente maiores nas crianças com disfunção renal aguda. Conclusões: Ocorrência de disfunção renal aguda de acordo com o critério pRIFLE está associado com maior morbidade (maior tempo de VM e de internação na UTIP) e maior mortalidade em crianças em pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca.
Objectives: This study aims to investigate association between occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) according to pediatric RIFLE (pRIFLE) criteria and adverse outcomes in children after heart surgery. Methods: Children submitted to open heart surgery in a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil were followed from arrival until discharge from the Pediatric Intensive care Unit (PICU) or death. The exposition variable was occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria, which divides AKI in three categories: R-Risk, I-Injury, F-Failure. The outcomes studied were death, length of mechanical ventilation (MV) and length of PICU stay. Results: Eighty five children were studied. Forty seven (55.3%) did not have AKI during PICU stay, while 22 (25.9%), 7 (8.2%) and 9 (10.6%) were classified as R, I and F, respectively. The incidence of death was 18.4% and 4.2% in patients with and without AKI, respectively. Comparing to children who did not develop AKI, the adjusted odds ratio for death was 1.046 (0.09-11.11), 8.358 (1.32-52.63) and 7.855 (1.53-40.29) in the R, I and F group, respectively (p = 0.022). Lengths of MV and of PICU stay were significantly higher in those with AKI. Conclusions: Occurrence of AKI according to pRIFLE criteria is associated to adverse outcomes in children after open heart surgery.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características clínicas, laboratoriais, sociais e intervenções terapêuticas em doentes que foram submetidos a hemodiálise em duas unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário da região dos Campos Gerais no período de 01 de janeiro de 2014 a 01 de janeiro de 2016, para tentar encontrar associações entre essas características e a mortalidade. Também teve como objetivo identificar fatores de risco que pudessem ser modificados através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar da equipe de saúde. Foram avaliadas cinquenta variáveis. As variáveis quantitativas foram analisadas em média e desvio padrão e foram comparadas através do teste t de Student. As variáveis qualitativas foram apresentadas em valores absolutos e porcentagem e foram comparadas através do teste de Fisher. Os seguintes achados tiveram uma associação positiva para mortalidade: presença de ventilação mecânica, níveis mais elevados de potássio sérico, níveis mais baixos de creatinina no momento do internamento, uso de ranitidina para profilaxia de úlcera péptica, ausência de diurese e a necessidade do uso de noradrenalina. Estudos prospectivos com uma abordagem interdisciplinar na tentativa de minimizar os possíveis fatores de risco associados à maior mortalidade nesses pacientes são necessários.
This article aims to describe the clinical, laboratorial and social characteristics as well as therapeutical interventions in patients under hemodialysis and it’s association with mortality. This study was performed at two Intensive Care Units of Campos Gerais Tertiary Hospital from January first 2014 to January first 2016. This study also sought to analyze modifiable risk factors through a health care interdisciplinary approach. Fifty variables were analyzed. Quantitative variables were calculated with median and standart deviation and compared through Student t test. Fisher test was performed with the qualitative variables as well as comparison in absolute numbers and percentage. Mortality had positive association with Mechanical ventilation system, high blood levels of potassium, lower levels of creatinine at the admission time, use of ranitidine, the absence of diuresis and use of noradrenalin. Prospective studies with an interdisciplinary outreach will be required to try to minimize feasible risk factors associated with mortality.

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Introdução: Lesão renal aguda (LRA) é um problema de saúde que repercute diretamente nos índices de morbimortalidade de pacientes graves. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à LRA em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos durante a hospitalização em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Foi realizado um estudo tipo caso-controle em uma UTI geral de hospital privado do interior paulista, mediante levantamento dos registros de prontuário dos pacientes internados, no período de 2014 e 2015. Para tanto, os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo: dois casos, constituído de pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos que desenvolveram LRA durante hospitalização na UTI e dois controles com o mesmo perfil, mas que não desenvolveram LRA durante o período do estudo. Considerou-se LRA um aumento de 0,3 mg/dl sobre o valor basal de creatinina sérica nas primeiras 48hs de internação na UTI, conforme definição adotada na classificação AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network), pelo critério de creatinina. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, raça, estado civil, dias de internação, desdobramento da hospitalização, uso de ventilação mecânica, diagnóstico de entrada, fatores de risco cardiovascular e outras comorbidades, fatores de risco nefrológicos), procedimentos realizados (vascular e contrastado), medicamentos nefrológicos/utilização de antibióticos e exames laboratoriais. Inicialmente, todas as variáveis foram analisadas descritivamente. As variáveis quantitativas foram apresentadas em termos de médias e desvios-padrão e as variáveis classificatórias em tabelas contendo frequências absolutas (n) e relativas (%). Foi realizada análise univariada de cada exposição sobre a LRA, incluindo no modelo de regressão logística múltipla as exposições que nesta etapa mais se associaram com a LRA. Na sequência realizou-se o teste de interações duplas entre as exposições incluídas no modelo múltiplo, e o modelo final foi composto somente com os principais efeitos de cada exposição, gerando assim odds ratio da LRA entre pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. Resultados: Participaram deste estudo 656 pacientes, sendo 205 do grupo clínico, 123 do cirúrgico e o mesmo número de controle, para ambos os grupos (328). O tempo de internação dos clínicos foi maior, média de 10 dias, a prevalência da LRA foi estimada em 12%. Praticamente a mesma proporção de homens e mulheres foram acometidos pela LRA. Na análise univariada foram identificados como fatores associados à LRA para o grupo de pacientes clínicos: dias de internação (p<0.0001), óbito (p<0.0001), ventilação mecânica (p<0.0001), diagnóstico respiratório (p=0.0178) e cardiovascular (p=0.0008), diabetes (p=0.0347), hipertensão arterial (p=0.0009), sepse (p<0.0001), parada cardiorrespiratória (p=0.0326), hipovolemia (p=0.0002), insuficiência cardíaca (p<0.0001), procedimento contrastado (p=0.0046), quimioterapia (p=0.0180), droga vasoativa (p<0.0001), antibiótico e antibiótico simultâneo (p<0.0001), associação > três fatores (p<0.0001). Para o grupo de cirúrgicos destacaram-se: ter companheiro (p=0.0085), dias de internação (p<0.0001), óbito (p<0.0001), ventilação mecânica (p<0.0001), diagnóstico gastrointestinal (p=0.0094) e neurológico (p=0.0349), doença tromboembólica (p=0.0442), sepse (p=0.0006), PCR (p=0.0442), hipovolemia (p=0.0199), arritmia (p=0.0099), neoplasia renal (p=0.0442), doença obstrutiva renal (p=0.0242), furosemida (p=0.0031), droga vasoativa (p<0.0001), antibiótico simultâneo (p<0.0001), associação > três fatores (p<0.0001). Na análise multivariada foram identificados como fatores associados à LRA para o grupo de pacientes clínicos: hipertensão (p=0.0349; OR=1.9615), hipovolemia (p=0.0060, OR=5.607), insuficiência cardíaca (p=0.0032; OR=5.3123), noradrenalina (p<0.0001; OR 9.4912), dopamina (p=0.0009; OR 3.5212), dobutamina (p=0.0131; OR 5.2612) antibiótico simultâneo (p<0.0001; OR=3.4821), e associação > três fatores (p<0.0001; OR=5.0074). Nesta análise, para os cirúrgicos os fatores associados à LRA foram: hipovolemia (p=0.0260; OR=3.2778), furosemida (p=0.0032; OR=2.3701), noradrenalina (p=0.0060; OR=4.8851), glico/polipeptídeo (p=0.0009; OR=22.9281) e associação > três fatores (p<0.0001; OR=1.2682). Conclusão: A LRA em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos é um evento multifatorial, que ocorreu notadamente em pacientes com idade avançada, com maior tempo de internação e predispões ao óbito. Associou-se a etiologias cardiovasculares, complicações decorrentes da gravidade dos participantes e utilização de medicamentos com potencial nefrotóxico. O estudo também mostrou que a concomitância de mais de três fatores de risco contribuiu para a LRA. Produto da dissertação: Elaborado software para classificação do risco e presença de LRA entre pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos hospitalizados na UTI adulto, o qual foi incluído na plataforma institucional do prontuário eletrônico. Este material aborda duas etapas de avaliação: a primeira integra os fatores associados com a disfunção renal e eventual emissão de alerta amarelo via sistema de prescrição médica e evolução multiprofissional; e a segunda, com a detecção da LRA utilizando o critério de AKIN (e eventual emissão de alerta vermelho via sistema de prescrição médica e evolução multiprofissional). As avaliações serão realizadas na admissão e a cada 48 horas de hospitalização na UTI.
Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a health problem that directly affects the morbidity and mortality rates of critically ill patients. Object: Identify the factors associated with AKI in clinical and surgical patients during hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Method: A case-control study was carried out at a general ICU of a private hospital in the interior of São Paulo, by means of a survey of the records of hospitalized patients, in the period of 2014 and 2015. Participants were divided into four groups. : Two cases, consisting of clinical and surgical patients who developed AKI during ICU hospitalization and two controls with the same profile but who did not develop AKI during the study period. An increase of 0.3 mg / dL over the baseline serum creatinine in the first 48 hours of ICU admission was considered, according to the definition adopted by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), by the creatinine criterion. The variables analyzed were: gender, age, color, marital status, days of hospitalization, hospitalization, use of mechanical ventilation, diagnosis of entry, cardiovascular risk factors and other comorbidities, nephrological risk factors), vascular and Nephrological drugs / use of antibiotics and laboratory tests. Initially, all variables were analyzed descriptively. The quantitative variables were presented in terms of means and standard deviations and the classificatory variables in tables containing absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. Univariate analysis of each exposure on AKI was performed, including in the multiple logistic regression model the exposures that were most associated with AKI at this stage. The double interactions test was performed between the exposures included in the multiple model, and the final model was composed only with the main effects of each exposure, thus generating the odds ratio of AKI between clinical and surgical patients. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: 656 patients participated in this study, 205 of the clinical group, 123 of the surgical group and the same number of controls, for both groups (328). Clinical hospitalization time was longer, mean of 10 days, the prevalence of AKI was estimated at 12%. Almost the same proportion of men and women were affected by the AKI. In the univariate analysis, the following factors were identified for the clinical group: hospitalization (p <0.0001), death (p <0.0001), mechanical ventilation (p <0.0001), respiratory (p = 0.0178) and cardiovascular (P = 0.0008), hypertension (p = 0.0008), hypertension (p = 0.0009), sepsis (p <0.0001), cardiorespiratory arrest (p = 0.0326), hypovolemia (P <0.0180), vasoactive drug (p <0.0001), antibiotic and simultaneous antibiotic (p <0.0001), association> three factors (p <0.0001). For the surgical group, the following were the most important: companion (p = 0.0085), days of hospitalization (p <0.0001), death (p <0.0001), mechanical ventilation (p <0.0001), gastrointestinal (p = 0.0094) and neurological (P = 0.0449), thromboembolic disease (p = 0.0442), sepsis (p = 0.0006), CRP (p = 0.0442), hypovolaemia (p = 0.0199), arrhythmia (p = 0.0099), renal neoplasia (P = 0.0242), furosemide (p = 0.0031), vasoactive drug (p <0.0001), concurrent antibiotic (p <0.0001), association> three factors (p <0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, hypertension (p = 0.0349, OR = 1.9615), hypovolemia (p = 0.0060, OR = 5.607), heart failure (p = 0.0032, OR = 5.3123) (P <0.0001; OR 9.4912), dopamine (p = 0.0009, OR 3.5212), and dobutamine (p = 0.0131; OR 5.2612) 0.0001; OR = 5.0074). In this analysis, the factors associated with AKI were hypovolemia (p = 0.0260, OR = 3.2778), furosemide (p = 0.0032, OR = 2.3701), noradrenaline (p = 0.0060, OR = 4.8851), glycol / polypeptide P = 0.0009; OR = 22.9281) and association> three factors (p <0.0001; OR = 1.2682). Conclusion: The LRA in clinical and surgical patients is a multifactorial event that occurred notably in patients with advanced age, with longer hospitalization and predispositions to death. It was associated with cardiovascular etiologies, complications due to the severity of the participants and use of drugs with nephrotoxic potential. The study also showed that the concomitance of more than three risk factors contributed to AKI. Product of the dissertation: Elaborated software for risk classification and presence of AKI among clinical and surgical patients hospitalized in the adult ICU, which was included in the electronic medical records institutional platform. This material addresses two stages of evaluation: the first integrates the factors associated with renal dysfunction and eventual issuance of yellow alert via the medical prescription system and multiprofessional evolution; And the second, with the detection of AKI using the AKIN criterion (and possible red alert issuance via a medical prescription system and multiprofessional evolution). The evaluations will be performed at admission and every 48 hours of ICU hospitalization.

A incidência de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) é de 5 a 25% e está associada a elevada mortalidade. A intensidade da resposta inflamatória reflete a magnitude do processo fisiopatológico da LRA e parece estar relacionada a um aumento na gravidade desses pacientes. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: a) avaliar o nível de mediadores inflamatórios em pacientes críticos com LRA; b) avaliar o perfil desses mediadores em conjunto com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais, comparando pacientes críticos com e sem LRA; c) avaliar o impacto desses mediadores na sobrevida dos pacientes. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, do tipo caso-controle, em quatro UTIs do HCFMUSP no período entre novembro de 2006 e março de 2008. LRA foi definida segundo a classificação de RIFLE. Foram realizadas dosagens séricas dos seguintes marcadores: fator de necrose tumoral- (TNF-), receptor solúvel do tipo 1 do TNF- (sTNFR1), interleucina (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, leptina e proteína C-reativa (PCR). Os mediadores foram dosados no dia do diagnóstico de LRA (D1), dois dias após o D1, denominado D3 e quatro dias após o D1, denominado D5. A população final de análise foi composta por 52 pacientes no grupo caso e 9 pacientes no grupo controle. No D1, os níveis séricos de IL-6 estavam significativamente mais elevados nos pacientes com LRA: 61,68 (14,30 389,11) pg/mL versus 13,21 (1,50 47,06) pg/mL (p=0,032). Da mesma forma, os níveis de TNF-: 3,22 (0,57 xvi 15,9) pg/mL nos pacientes com LRA versus 0,32 (0,32 0,34) pg/mL nos controles (p<0,001). Os níveis séricos de sTNFR1 dosados, neste primeiro dia, foi significativamente menor no grupo LRA: 554,48 (459,48 770,61) pg/mL versus 768,82 (590,78 840,86) pg/mL no grupo controle, (p=0,035). No D3, os níveis séricos de TNF- mantiveram-se mais elevados, 4,64 (1,10 11,81) pg/mL versus 0,32 (0,32 0,34) pg/mL (p<0,001). Após análise de regressão logística, a dosagem mais elevada de TNF-, no D1, permaneceu como fator independente associado a LRA. Dentre os pacientes do grupo LRA, os marcadores inflamatórios que tiveram valor preditivo para menor sobrevida, quando dosados no D1, foram: PCR maior ou igual a 80 mg/dL, 39±6,7 dias versus 42±8,1 dias (p=0,023); IL-8 maior ou igual a 77 pg/mL, 25±11,4 dias versus 42±15,7 dias (p=0,037); IL-10 maior ou igual a 90 pg/mL, 24±9,2 dias versus 39±5,7 dias (p=0,029) e sTNFR1 menor ou igual a 540 pg/mL, 29±6,7 dias versus 39±5,7 dias (p=0,029). Após análise de regressão proporcional de Cox, IL-10 e sTNFR1 permaneceram como preditores independentes de menor sobrevida entre os pacientes com LRA. Na população analisada, o perfil de citocinas nos pacientes com LRA sugere um aumento da resposta imunológica pró-inflamatória, já no dia do diagnóstico da LRA, sendo TNF- um marcador de LRA neste dia. O perfil de citocinas preditoras de sobrevida em pacientes com LRA sugere o envolvimento da resposta imunológica anti-inflamatória na menor sobrevida destes pacientes, sendo sTNFR1 e IL-10 preditores independentes de menor sobrevida em pacientes críticos com LRA
The incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Intensive Care Units (ICU) ranges between 5 and 25% and is associated with an increased mortality. The degree of the inflammatory response reflects the severity of the physiopathologic process involved in AKI which appears to be correlated to the underline severity of the disease in these patients. The aims of this study were: a) evaluate serum level of inflammatory mediators in AKI critically ill patients; b) assess the pattern of these inflammatory mediators in addition to some others clinical and laboratory parameters, in order to compare these values in patients with and without AKI; c) correlate the serum level of these inflammatory markers and patient survival. We conduct a prospective, observational, case-control study in four ICUs at Clinic Hospital of University of Sao Paulo from November 2006 to March 2008. AKI was defined based on the RIFLE classification system. The following inflammatory mediators were measured in the serum: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (sTNFR1), interleukin (IL) -6, IL-8, IL-10, leptin e C-reactive protein (PCR). The inflammatory mediators were measured in the day of AKI diagnosis (D1), two and four days after the diagnosis, named D3 and D5, respectively. We analyzed 52 AKI patients and 9 controls. In D1 serum levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in AKI patients: 61.68 (14.30 389.11) pg/mL vs 13.21 (1.50 47.06) pg/mL in controls (p=0.032). Also the serum levels of TNF- were higher in AKI patients; 3.22 (0.57 15.9) pg/mL vs 0.32 (0.32 0.34) pg/mL in controls (p<0.001). The serum levels of sTNFR1 in the first day were significantly lower in the AKI group; 554.48 (459.48 770.61) pg/mL vs 768.82 (590.78 840.86) pg/mL in controls, (p=0.035). In D3, the serum levels of TNF- were still higher, 4.64 (1.10 11.81) pg/mL vs 0.32 (0.32 0.34) pg/mL (p<0.001). After logistic regression, the higher serum levels of TNF- remained as independent factor associated to AKI. Among the AKI patients, the inflammatory mediators that were predictive of survival in the first day were: PCR 80 mg/dL, 39±6.7 days vs 42±8.1 days (p=0.023); IL-8 77 pg/mL, 25±11.4 days vs 42±15.7 days (p=0.037); IL-10 90 pg/mL, 24±9.2 days vs 39±5.7 days (p=0.029) and sTNFR1 540 pg/mL, 29±6.7 days vs 39±5.7 days (p=0.029). After Cox proportional hazards survival regression, IL-10 and sTNFR1 remained as independent predictors of lower survival among patients with AKI. In the population studied, the pattern of cytokines in patients presenting AKI suggests an elevated pro-inflammatory immunologic response since AKI diagnosis. TNF- was the AKI marker in this first day. The pattern of cytokines related to AKI point to the role of immunologic anti-inflammatory response on the lower survival of these patients. The higher levels of sTNFR1 and IL-10 were independent factors associated with lower survival rates in AKI critically ill patients

Introdução: Pacientes portadores de câncer estão sobrevivendo mais devido aos avanços no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dos tumores. A diminuição da mortalidade relacionada ao câncer e o envelhecimento da população acarretaram um número crescente de pacientes oncológicos internados em UTI. Objetivos: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores de risco para IRA nos pacientes oncológicos críticos. Métodos: Foram avaliados, prospectivamente, 371 pacientes oncológicos internados nas UTIs do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo e do Hospital AC Camargo, entre novembro de 2011 a março de 2013. Os pacientes foram avaliados na admissão, 24h e 48h da internação na UTI. Foram coletados os parâmetros demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais os quais foram analisados para os desfechos IRA, conforme o critério AKIN (Cr > 0,3 mg/dl ou aumento de 50% sobre a Cr basal em 48h) e óbito na UTI. Os dados foram submetidos à análise bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: A incidência de IRA nos pacientes oncológicos foi de 45,1%, sendo que apenas 5,2% necessitaram de tratamento dialítico. Os pacientes com IRA apresentaram mais frequentemente admissão cirúrgica (49% IRA vs 34% sem IRA; p=0,022). Na admissão à UTI, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de IRA (IRA vs sem IRA) foram: ventilação mecânica (26,6% vs 16,0%; p=0,031), frequência cardíaca (88 bpm vs 82 bpm; p=0,029), balanço hídrico (575 ml vs 275 ml; p = 0,0002), lactato (19 mg/dL vs 17 mg/dL; p= 0,046) e fósforo (3,9 mg/dL vs 3,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001). A taxa de óbito hospitalar foi de 37,3% sendo que 25,3% ocorreu na UTI. A mortalidade foi mais prevalente em pacientes com câncer hematológico (8,6% sobreviventes vs 19,5% óbitos; p = 0,008), procedentes do pronto atendimento (23,5% sobreviventes vs 34,1% óbitos; p = 0,002), admissão clínica (50,4% sobreviventes vs 84,1% óbitos; p < 0,0001) e internação não planejada (59,9% vs 86,6% óbitos; p < 0,0001). Outros fatores relacionados ao óbito foram: sinais de congestão, uso de drogas vasoativas, choque séptico e infecção respiratória (p < 0,0001). Os dias de internação prévios à admissão na UTI também se relacionaram ao óbito (6 dias óbitos vs 2 dias sobreviventes; p < 0,0001). Os exames laboratoriais que se relacionaram ao óbito foram (sobreviventes vs óbitos): hipoalbuminemia (2,7 g/dL vs 2,4 g/dL; p= 0,003), aumento do INR (1,3 vs 1,5; p < 0,0001); aumento do lactato (17 mg/dL vs 20,5 mg/dL; p = 0,037), PCR (41,8 mg/dL vs 148,4 mg/dL; p < 0,0001) e TP (69% vs 59,5%; p = 0,001). Conclusão: A IRA é frequente em pacientes oncológicos admitidos na UTI e apresenta alta mortalidade. As ocorrências de IRA e óbito encontram-se mais relacionados com a gravidade das disfunções orgânicas no momento da admissão à UTI, do que às características da neoplasia de base
Introduction: Cancer patients are currently presenting longer survival due to advances in diagnosis and treatment. Mortality reduction related to cancer and aging of population had led to an increased admission of cancer patients in the ICU. Objectives: Evaluation of the prevalence and risk factors for AKI in critically ill cancer patients. Methods: It was prospectively evaluated 371 cancer patients admitted to the ICU in Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo and Hospital AC Camargo, from November 2011 until March 2013. Patients were evaluated at admission, 24h and 48h in the ICU. Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters were collected which were correlated with the outcome AKI (AKIN I - Cr > 0.3 mg/dL or 50% increase over baseline in 48h) and mortality in the ICU. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The incidence of AKI in cancer patients was 45.1% but only 5.2% were dialysed. AKI patients were more frequently admitted due to surgical admission (AKI 53% vs. 49% non-AKI, p=0.022). At ICU admission, factors associated with AKI development (AKI vs. non-AKI) were: mechanical ventilation (26.6% vs. 16%, p =0.031), heart beats (88 bpm vs. 82 bpm, p=0.029), fluid balance (575 ml vs. 275 ml, p=0.0002), lactate (19 mg/dLvs. 17 mg/dL, p=0.046) and phosphorus (3.9 mg/dL vs. 3.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). Hospital mortality rate was 37.3% whereas ICU mortality was 25.3%. Mortality was more prevalent in patients with hematological cancer (8.6% survivors vs. 19.5% non-survivors, p = 0.008), patients from emergency room (23.5% survivors vs. 34.1% non-survivors, p = 0.002), patients with clinical admission (50.4% survivors vs. 84.1% non-survivors, p < 0.0001) and non-elective admission (59.9% vs. 86.6% non-survivors, p < 0.0001). Other factors related to mortality were: volume overload, vasoactive drugs use, septic shock and pulmonary infection (p < 0.0001). Hospitalization period before ICU admission also correlated with mortality (6 days survivors vs. 2 days non-survivors, p 0.0001). The laboratory parameters that correlated to mortality were (survivors vs. non-survivors): hypoalbuminemia (2.7 g/dL vs. 2.4 g/dL, p=0.003), increased INR (1.3 vs. 1.5, p < 0.0001), increased lactate (17 mg/dL vs. 20.5 mg/dL, p=0.037), PCR (41.8 mg/dL vs 148.4 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) e PT (69% vs. 59.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: AKI is a frequent complication in cancer patients admitted to ICU, presenting high mortality rate. AKI and mortality outcomes are more related to the severity of organs dysfunction at ICU admission than the patient´s cancer disease

Palliative health care is offered to any patient experiencing a life limiting or life changing illness. The palliative approach includes goals of care, expert symptom management, and advance care planning in order to reduce patient suffering. Complex care can be provided by palliative care specialists while primary palliative care can be given by educated staff nurses. However, according to the literature, intensive care unit (ICU) nurses have demonstrated a lack of knowledge in the provision of primary care as well as experiencing moral distress from that lack of knowledge. In this doctor of nursing practice staff education project, the problem of ICU nurses' lack of knowledge was addressed. Framed within Rosswurm and Larrabee's model for evidence-based practice, the purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based staff education plan. The outcomes included a literature review matrix, an educational curriculum plan, and a pretest and posttest of questions based on the evidence in the curriculum plan. A physician and a master's prepared social worker, both certified in palliative care, and a hospital nurse educator served as content experts. They evaluated the curriculum plan using a dichotomous 6-item format and concluded that the items met the intent of the objectives. They also conducted content validation on each of the pretest/posttest items using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (not relevant) to 4 (very relevant). The content validation index was 0.82 indicating that test items were relevant to the educational curriculum objectives. Primary palliative care by educated ICU nurses can result in positive social change by facilitating empowerment of patients and their families in personal goal-directed care and reduction of suffering.

Kangaroo care (KC) is a cost-efficient method to increase infant-parent bonding and neonatal health outcomes worldwide. Despite evidence supporting KC in critically ill infants, nursing perceptions regarding patient safety and interrupted work flow continued to impede practice in the local high-tech neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Their current policy failed to address the 2-person transfer method recommended for safe practice. In addition, both staff and parents lacked training and education regarding the benefits and feasibility of KC. This doctoral project aimed to decrease practice barriers and promote earlier and more frequent KC by developing and integrating an evidence-based clinical pathway within a multifaceted champion-based simulated educational training program for NICU staff and parents. Published outcomes and generated organizational data for program synthesis connected the gap in practice. Kolcaba's comfort theory served as the guiding framework to ensure a partnership in care. This quasi-experimental quantitative study used the generalized liner model for data analysis. Study findings indicated that KC occurred 2.4 more times after the intervention compared to before (p = 0.001). Descriptive data revealed that KC episodes for intubated patients nearly doubled after implementation (11.1% from 6.2%). Post-survey scores for nursing knowledge and comfort level also improved after the intervention. Although earlier KC practice was non-conclusive (p = 0.082), future trials should control groups for day of life since admission. Disseminating the KC pathway can have a positive social change on family-centered care by increasing NICU nurses' knowledge, comfort, and adoption of this evidence-based practice as an expected routine standard of care.

The rapid growth of medical sciences and technologies created the need to manage data generated by sophisticated medical equipment (e.g. lab results, vital signs, etc.). This class of equipment, especially in the modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU), emits large quantities of latient data which medical staff usually records on log sheets.
This thesis presents a database design that allows abstract definition of data types, and offers a unified view of data during the development phase, distinct levels of data management and a higher degree of system flexibility. This database model is an implementation of a database for a Patient Data Management System (PDMS) developed for use in the ICU of the Montreal Children's Hospital. The PDMS has a variety of application modules that handle and process various types of data according to functionality requirements.

Introdução: A Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA) apresenta alta incidência e mortalidade em pacientes de terapia intensiva. A ventilação mecânica é o principal suporte para os pacientes que apresentam-se com SDRA, entretanto ainda existe muito debate sobre a melhor estratégia ventilatória a ser adotada, pois a ventilação mecânica pode ser lesiva aos pulmões e aumentar a mortalidade se mal ajustada. Um dos principais mecanismos de lesão pulmonar induzida pela ventilação é o uso de volumes correntes altos, havendo evidência na literatura que a utilização de volumes correntes menores fornece uma ventilação dita protetora, a qual aumenta a probabilidade de sobrevivência. Objetivo: Explorar se uma estratégia ventilatória de alta frequência com pressão positiva (HFPPV) realizada através de um ventilador mecânico convencional (Servo-300) é capaz de permitir uma maior redução do volume corrente e estabilização da PaCO2 em um modelo de SDRA severa, inicialmente ventilado com uma estratégia protetora. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, experimental que utilizou oito porcos que foram submetidos a uma lesão pulmonar através de lavagem pulmonar com soro fisiológico e ventilação mecânica lesiva. Em seguida, os animais foram ventilados com um volume corrente de 6 mL/kg, seguido de uma randomização de sequências diferentes de frequências respiratórias (30, 60, 60 com pausa inspiratória de 10 e 30%, 90, 120, 150, 60 com manobra de recrutamento alveolar mais titulação da PEEP e HFOV com 5 Hertz), até obter estabilização da PaCO2 entre 57 63 mmHg por 30 minutos. O ventilador Servo-300 foi utilizado para HFPPV e o ventilador SensorMedics 3100B utilizado para fornecer a ventilação oscilatória de alta frequência (HFOV). Dados são apresentados como mediana [P25th,P75th]. Principais Resultados: O peso dos animais foi de 34 [29,36] kg. Após a lesão pulmonar, a relação P/F, o shunt pulmonar e a complacência estática dos animais ficaram em 92 [63,118] mmHg, 26 [17,31] % e 11 [8,14] mL/cmH2O respectivamente. O PEEP total usado foi de 14 [10,17] cmH2O durante o experimento. Da frequência respiratória de 35 (e com volume corrente de 6 mL/kg) até a frequência ventilatória de 150 rpm, a PaCO2 foi 81 [78,92] mmHg para 60 [58,63] mmHg (P=0.001), o volume corrente (VT) progressivamente caiu de 6.1 [5.9,6.2] para 3.8 [3.7,4.2] mL/kg (P<0.001), a pressão de platô de 29 [26,30] para 27 [25,29] cmH2O (P=0.306) respectivamente. Não houve nenhum comprometimento hemodinâmico ou da oxigenação, enquanto os animais utilizaram a FiO2 = 1. Conclusões: Utilizando-se de uma ventilação mecânica protetora, a estratégia de HFPPV realizada com um ventilador mecânico convencional em um modelo animal de SDRA severa permitiu maior redução do volume corrente, bem como da pressão de platô. Esta estratégia também permitiu a manutenção de PaCO2 em níveis clinicamente aceitáveis
Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has a high incidence and mortality between critical ill patients. The mechanical ventilation is the most important support for these patients with ARDS. However, until now there is an important debate about how is the best ventilatory strategy to use, because the mechanical ventilation if not well set can cause lung injury and increase mortality. The use of high tidal volume is one of the most important mechanics of ventilation induced lung injury and there is evidence in the literature that using low tidal volume is a protective ventilation with better survival. Objective: To explore if high frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFPPV) delivered by a conventional ventilator (Servo-300) is able to allow further tidal volume reductions and to stabilize PaCO2 in a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model initially ventilated with a protective ventilation. Methods: A prospective and experimental laboratory study where eight Agroceres pigs were instrumented and followed by induction of acute lung injury with sequential pulmonary lavages and injurious ventilation. Afterwards, the animals were ventilated with a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg, followed by a randomized sequence of respiratory rates (30, 60, 60 with pauses of 10 and 30% of the inspiratory time, 90, 120, 150, 60 with alveolar recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration and 5 Hertz of HFOV), until PaCO2 stabilization between 57 63 mmHg for 30 minutes. The Servo-300 ventilator was used for HFPPV and the ventilator SensorMedics 3100B was used for HFOV. Data are shown as median (P25th,P75th). Measurements and Main Results: Animals weight was 34 [29,36] kg. After lung injury, the P/F ratio, pulmonary shunt and static compliance of animals were 92 [63,118] mmHg, 26 [17,31] % and 11 [8,14] mL/cmH2O respectively. The total PEEP used was 14 [10,17] cmH2O throughout the experiment. From the respiratory rates of 35 (while ventilating with 6 mL/kg) to 150 breaths/ minute, the PaCO2 was 81 [78,92] mmHg and 60 [58,63] mmHg (P=0.001), the tidal volume progressively felt from 6.1 [5.9,6.2] to 3.8 [3.7,4.2] mL/kg (P<0.001), the plateau pressure was 29 [26,30] and 27[25,29] cmH2O (P=0.306) respectively. There were no detrimental effects in the hemodynamics and blood oxygenation, while the animals were using a FiO2 = 1. Conclusions: During protective mechanical ventilation, HFPPV delivered by a conventional ventilator in a severe ARDS swine model allows further tidal volume reductions. This strategy also allowed the maintenance of PaCO2 in clinically acceptable levels

Introdução: A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) tem como parte do seu tratamento uma ventilação mecânica adequada. A manobra de recrutamento alveolar (MRA) faz parte de um grupo de estratégias empregadas nos quadros moderados e graves. A MRA consiste na aplicação de um aumento de pressão transitório e controlado nas vias aéreas no intuito de abrir alvéolos previamente colapsados. A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é capaz de avaliar o potencial de recrutamento alveolar (PRA) a beira leito. Objetivos:1) Comparar o PRA calculado pela TIE (através do ganho de complacência regional) com a TC. 2) Avaliar o \"deslocamento vertical de volume\" como índice de recrutamento alveolar.3) Estimar precocemente o PRA, através das manobras de recrutamento de rastreio propostas, utilizando a TIE. Método: Avaliamos o PRA em um modelo experimental de SDRA. Utilizamos 15 suínos da raça Landrace. Os animais foram sedados e intubados, em seguida, submetidos ao modelo experimental de SDRA desenvolvido na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (LIM-09). Ao término da lesão, um grupo de 7 animais recebeu uma sequência randomizada de manobras de recrutamento de rastreio propostas (Pressões inspiratórias de 30, 35 e 40 cmH2O) seguidas da manobra de recrutamento máxima (Pressão inspiratória de 60 cmH2O). Os animais foram monitorados com TIE e Tomografia computadorizada por raio X (TC) durante todas as manobras de recrutamento. Outro grupo de 8 animais ,submetidos a mesma lesão e com medidas de TC e TIE, foi retirado do banco de dados do LIM-09 e também analisados. Utilizamos o programa IBM® SPSS® Statistics 9.0 e 20.0.Resultados:1) PRA calculado pela TIE atráves do ganho de complacência regional corrigido para hiperdistensão, comparado com TC, apresentou um R2=0,76. 2) PRA calculado pelo ganho de complacência regional corrigido para hiperdistensão combinado com o deslocamento vertical apresentou R2 = 0,91 comparado a TC .3) As manobras de rastreio não conseguiram predizer quantitativamente o PRA mas auxiliariam na correção da hiperdistensão. Conclusões: A TIE é capaz de avaliar o recrutamento alveolar a beira leito. O deslocamento vertical combinado com o ganho de complacência regional corrigida para hiperdistensão representam de forma semelhante a TC o comportamento pulmonar durante uma MRA. A aplicação de uma manobra de recrutamento de rastreio pode ser útil para uma manobra de recrutamento máxima mais segura
Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treatment demands a proper mechanical ventilation strategy. The alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) is an intervention applied in moderate and severe cases of ARDS. ARM is a transitory and controlled increase in mechanical ventilator pressure delivered to the lungs aiming to open previously collapsed alveoli. The electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a valuable tool at bedside; it is able to monitor and to help during an ARM performance through the estimation of the alveolar recruitment potential (ARP). Objectives: 1) To compare the ARP with the EIT as a regional compliance improvement quantification adjusted for lung hyperdistention with CT. 2) To evaluate the \"volume vertical displacement\" at the same pressure as alveolar recruitment index using EIT and CT. 3) To estimate earlier the ARP using the EIT through a screening recruitment maneuver. Methods: We evaluated the ARP in an experimental model of ARDS. We studied 15 Landrace race pigs. Subjects were sedated, intubated and submitted to the ARDS experimental model developed at Medical investigation laboratory n ° 09, University of São Paulo. In the end of the lung injury, a group of 7 pigs received a randomized sequence of screening recruitment maneuvers (inspiratory pressures of 30, 35 and 40 cmH2O) followed by a maximum recruitment maneuver (inspiratory pressure of 60 cmH2O).EIT and x-ray computed tomography (CT) monitored the steps of each recruitment maneuver. Another group of 8 pigs, submitted to the same lesion and with measures of EIT and CT, were extracted from our data bank. Analysis was performed at IBM® SPSS® Statistics 20.0. Results: 1) ARP calculated by EIT (regional compliance improvement quantification) reached a R2=0,76 when compared to CT. 2) The combination of regional compliance improvement and volume vertical displacement obtained R2 = 0,91 when compared to CT 3) The screening recruitment maneuvers were not able to predict quantitatively the ARP, but they helped in the lung hyperdistension adjustment. Conclusions: EIT is able to evaluate the ARP at bedside. The combination of regional compliance improvement and volume vertical displacement give information similar to CT about the lung behavior during a ARM. The application of a recruitment screening maneuver might be useful for more safe ARM

Thesis (M.S.N.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 3, 2008). Directed by Susan Letvak; submitted to the School of Nursing. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-58).

The purpose of this study was to describe the phenomenon of maternal attachment as it specifically relates to moderate premature delivery. The study investigated the impact of educational, counseling and therapeutic interventions on mothers who delivered premature infants. Research hypotheses were that mothers who participated in the treatment group would demonstrate significant increases in the independent variables of self esteem, social networking and family function strategies. This study also hypothesized that there would be a significant positive relationship between treatment and the dependent variable of maternal attachment. The sample consisted of 30 mother-infant dyads between the ages of 15 and 38 years of age. Infants' gestational age ranged from 32 to 36 weeks. Data were gathered using three measures: (1) a demographic profile of the subjects; (2) a questionnaire including the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, Sarason's Life Event Survey, Norbeck's Social Support Questionnaire, Feetham's Family Function Index; and (3) Barnard's Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (NCAFS). The research study consisted of a field experiment. Fifteen subjects were assigned to the experimental and control group via a modified randomized block procedure. A questionnaire was issued during infant's hospitalization and at 4 months post infant discharge from the hospital to measure the independent variable. The dependent variable was measured at 1 month, 2-1/2 months and 4 months using the NCAFS. Treatment consisted of a minimum of seven sessions during the infant's hospitalization and discharge to home. Statistical analyses were conducted in the form of frequency distributions, means, standard deviations, t-tests and correlation scores. Stepwise multiple regression techniques were used for predictor variables. Results indicated that mothers who participated in the treatment group demonstrated significantly improved maternal attachment processes than those mothers who did not receive intervention. The results did not indicate that there was a significant difference between the two groups on self esteem, social support, life events or family function. Implications for the study were noted. Recommendations for medical and mental health practitioners and future areas of research were discussed.

The literature review highlighted the continuing problem of hospital acquired infection. This study examined this problem in depth, in a high-risk area, the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A multi-centre study was conducted using multi-methods in order to capture data regarding nurses' infection control practices in neonatal units. Ninety nurses/ nursery nurses from six neonatal units were included in the study. Non-participant observation was used to investigate nurses' existing infection control practices, interviews were used to explore nurses' opinions of infection control, questionnaires were used to collect demographic data about the sample and assess nurses' knowledge of infection control issues and a Likert-type scale was developed to investigate the unit atmosphere/environment. Microbiological laboratory work was undertaken to compare the efficacies of three products (soap, alcohol hand rub and chlorhexidine) at removing/reducing the numbers of bacteria found on the hands. The effectiveness of gloves at preventing contamination of the hands was also assessed. Finally, the numbers of bacteria recovered from the hands of university administrative staff and nurses were compared to determine whether or not nurses had higher numbers of bacteria on their hands due to the number of organisms they are exposed to and their increased frequency of hand hygiene. Overall, nurses' hand hygiene practices were found to be relatively poor. However, there was some evidence that length of shift, as a proxy indicator of fatigue, and unit atmosphere/environment may influence nurses' infection control practices. Opinions and knowledge were not associated with observed practice. Nursery nurses had lower hand hygiene scores and knowledge scores than nurses and increased experience in the neonatal unit was associated with increased infection control knowledge. The number of bacteria recovered from the hands of nurses was significantly higher than the numbers of bacteria recovered from the hands of administrative staff. In the clinical setting, chlorhexidine was found to be the only product that consistently removed significant numbers of bacteria from the hands. Indeed, the alcohol hand rub was found to increase the numbers of bacteria on the hands. The number of bacteria recovered from the hands did not differ when gloves were worn. This suggests the inside of gloves may be providing a medium for the multiplication of bacteria. However, the number of bacteria recovered from the surface of used gloves was significantly lower than the numbers of bacteria recovered from nurses' hands after nursing activities. The use of gloves for all procedures on the neonatal unit may be advantageous.

Health-care-associated infections (HCAIs) affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, causing morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. About 2 million patients suffer from HCAIs in the United States, and it is estimated that 99,000 of them die each year. Studies have indicated that transmission of health-care-associated microorganisms occurs through contaminated hands of health care workers. Hand hygiene (HH) is the single most effective way to prevent health-care-associated infections, yet health care workers' hand hygiene compliance remains low. One factor responsible for poor compliance with hand hygiene guide-lines are lack of knowledge of good hand hygiene and lack of hand hygiene techniques. This project evaluated the effect of educational program on hand hygiene for intensive care unit (ICU) healthcare workers. The Health Belief Model was applied as the framework in this project. Key components of the model are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and perceived barriers. A convenience sample of 25 ICU healthcare workers participated in the educational program. Pre- and post- education surveys and tests were assessed using descriptive statistics. Results were consistent with existing findings indicating that education is needed to improve HH compliance and that effective HH reduces infections. The findings from this project may contribute to positive social change by promoting increased HH knowledge and infection prevention while decreasing complications of treatments, costs, morbidity, and mortality, thereby promoting a healthy and safe community.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are critically ill and often at extremely high risk of death. These patients receive aggressive interventions to prolong their lives. Despite these measures, many patients still succumb to their illness. Although ICU physicians are good at predicting which patients have a high risk of mortality, they are still offering interventions that do not prolong life, but potentially cause more suffering at the end of life. This is because there is a lack of high quality and early communication to discuss prognosis and establish patients' goals of care. This gap in communication is even more profound when patients are transferring from rural hospitals to busy tertiary care centers. This dissertation discusses the utilization of tele-video conferencing to enhance early communication with family members/loved ones of critically ill patients prior to their transfer from a rural hospital to a tertiary care center. It begins with a description of telemedicine and its uses in the ICU to date. Chapter 2 discusses the poor prognoses of patients receiving high intensity interventions such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The extremely dismal outcomes underscore the importance of early, thorough discussions regarding prognosis and goals of care in these patients. The next chapter describes a pilot study utilizing telemedicine to conduct formal unstructured telemedicine conferences with family members prior to transfer. This study demonstrated that palliative care consultations can be provided via telemedicine for critically ill patients and that adequate preparation and technical expertise are essential. Although this study is limited by the nature of the retrospective review, it is evident that more research is needed to further assess its applicability, utility and acceptability. Chapter 4 describes an investigation into the barriers and facilitators of conducting conferences via telemedicine and the perceptions of clinicians regarding the use of telemedicine for this purpose. This chapter identified unique barriers and facilitators to the use of telemedicine that will need to be addressed when designing a telemedicine intervention for conducting family conferences. This thesis describes the importance and process of implementation of telemedicine for the novel purpose of enhancing early communication among physicians and family members of critically ill loved ones. Further studies are needed to refine and investigate patient and family centered clinical outcomes utilizing this intervention.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Hospitalization of the newborn is necessary when health conditions require immediate assistance for their recovery. Humanized actions in the neonatal unit have been developed in order to make it less painful separation parent-child when it needs technological support and team of trained professionals. It was aimed to analyze the perception and knowledge of the nursing team on the promotion of humanized care for newborn in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit . It is a qualitative study conducted in a public hospital, large, tertiary level, in Fortaleza, Brazil, in the months October and November 2015, after approval by the Research Ethics Committee, under Protocol N. 1,191,339. The subjects were 14 nurses and 20 nursing technicians working in neonatal care. The data collected through semi-structured interviews consist identification data and five guiding issues that permeate the knowledge of the nursing team about the care and promotion of humanized care in the UTIN. In addition, we used no-participant observation and field diary. For analysis, we sought to Bardin technique that extracted the three categories lines: âTaking care of the human personâ, ânursing contributions to the humane careâ and âFactors that affect the quality of humanized care.â The results showed that the nursing team understands humanization as an indispensable element for the comprehensive care to the baby and family, which was observed from the speeches of welcome, restoring health and disease of the newborn process. The professionals had knowledge of the humanized care, played their actions conscious, oriented and appreciative way about the quality of neonatal care and parents who face the challenges inherent in the admission process. We conclude that the performance of these professionals permeates compliance with the regulations of the National Humanization Policy regarding humanized care to the newborn, family and neonatal ambience. It is believed that such actions minimize the impact caused by the characteristics of the disease treatment as well as stressors.
A hospitalizaÃÃo do recÃm-nascido faz-se necessÃria, quando as condiÃÃes de saÃde requerem assistÃncia imediata para o seu restabelecimento. As aÃÃes humanizadas na unidade neonatal tÃm sido desenvolvidas, a fim de tornar menos dolorosa à separaÃÃo pais-filho, quando este necessita de suporte tecnolÃgico e equipe de profissionais capacitados. Objetivou-se analisar a percepÃÃo e conhecimentos da equipe de enfermagem sobre a promoÃÃo do cuidado humanizado ao recÃm-nascido internado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN). Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, realizado em hospital pÃblico, de grande porte, nÃvel terciÃrio, em Fortaleza-CE-Brasil, nos meses outubro e novembro de 2015, apÃs aprovaÃÃo pelo Comità de Ãtica em Pesquisa, sob Protocolo n 1.191.339. Os sujeitos foram 14 enfermeiros e 20 tÃcnicos de enfermagem atuantes na assistÃncia ao neonato. Os dados coletados, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, consistem dados de identificaÃÃo e cinco questÃes norteadoras, que permeiam o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem acerca do cuidado e a promoÃÃo da assistÃncia humanizada na UTIN. Ademais, utilizou-se observaÃÃo nÃo participante e diÃrio de campo. Para anÃlise, sÃntese e descriÃÃo, buscou-se a tÃcnica de Bardin, que se extraÃram das falas trÃs categorias: âCuidar do ser humanoâ, âContribuiÃÃes de enfermagem para o cuidado humanizadoâ e âFatores que interferem na qualidade do cuidado humanizadoâ. Os resultados revelaram que a equipe de enfermagem compreende a humanizaÃÃo como elemento indispensÃvel para o cuidado integral ao bebà e famÃlia, o que se observou desde as intervenÃÃes de acolhimento, ao restabelecimento do processo saÃde-doenÃa do neonato. Os profissionais apresentaram conhecimentos acerca do cuidado humanizado, desempenharam suas aÃÃes de forma consciente, orientada e sensibilizada, quanto à qualidade da assistÃncia ao neonato e aos pais que enfrentam os desafios inerentes ao processo de internaÃÃo. Percebe-se, portanto, que a atuaÃÃo desses profissionais permeia o cumprimento aos regulamentos da PolÃtica Nacional de HumanizaÃÃo. Conclui-se que o cuidado humanizado aplicado nessa ambiÃncia à essencial ao recÃm-nascido e famÃlia, uma vez que minimiza o impacto causado pelas caracterÃsticas da doenÃa, tratamento, bem como os fatores estressantes da UTIN.

Objective: The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990 (PSDA) protects a patient’s right to predetermine the level of life-supporting care they are willing to receive (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1993). In Arizona, the advance directive (AD) complies with the PSDA and is used to guide care in the event of cardiopulmonary failure. The AD may indicate “do not resuscitate” (DNR), which prohibits cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiac arrest. In the institution used for this project, a palliative care team assists with identifying goals of care and helps guide interventions consistent with the AD. The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project was to complete a retrospective chart review and identify patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) with a DNR as indicated by a copy of the AD in the electronic health record (EHR) and determine if they received a palliative care consultation. This information could support a quality improvement project led by the DNP-prepared AGACNP focused on ensuring a palliative care consultation within 48 hours of admission for patients admitted to the ICU with a DNR. Methods: A search of the EHR identified patients admitted to the medical ICU over a 12-month period. The EHR of patients admitted with a DNR were reviewed to determine if they received a palliative care consultation during the ICU stay and the patient’s final disposition. Findings: A total of 38 patients had an AD indicating DNR status on admission to the medical ICU. Of those patients, 26 (68.4%) received a palliative care consultation. Twelve patients (31.6%) with a DNR status on admission did not receive a palliative care consultation. Additionally, five patients with a DNR (13.16%) died in the ICU without receiving a palliative care consultation. Conclusion: Twelve patients with an AD indicating a DNR did not receive a palliative care consultation, and five of those patients died in the ICU. The findings from this project support a quality improvement project to implement palliative care consults to review goals of care for patients with a pre-existing AD indicating a DNR code status.

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Acute Renal Failure can be defined as an abrupt and sustained reduction in the glomerular filtration rate with a consequent retention of nitrogenous waste products. Despite the development in treatment, mortality remains high, varying beetween 50 and 70%. In hospitalised patients the incidence is about 5% but in respect to intensive care units it varies from 10 to 30%. In the last three decades, the characteristics of patients who suffer from acute renal failure changed dramatically. Before the advent of dialytic treatment, the main causes of mortality were uraemia, hyperkalaemia and the cardiac complications arising from volume overload. Nowadays, the causes are sepsis, cardiopulmonary failure, nephrotoxic drugs, and post renal transplantation complications. Multiple organ dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and diabetes mellitus are morbid conditions that can aggravate the prognosis of acute renal failure in intensive care units. Due to the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the population, this study intends to evaluate its influence in the morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from acute renal failure in the intensive care unit of Hospital de Base of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil was made in the period from January 1997 to December 2000. A total of 255 (25%) of the patients were diabetic and 765 (75%) were not. Demographic data, the presence of underlying diseases, aetiology, types, the clinical features and complications of acute renal failure were evaluated. Besides these, the presence of multiple organ failure syndrome was observed. In the study population 64% were male, 46% were more than 60 years old and 85% had one or more concomitant diseases. The ischaemic aetiology predominated in 53% of cases and a clinical cause was the most common type seen at 57%. The means and standard deviations of the Apache II score and creatinine levels (mg/dL) were 20.5 + 6.7 and 3.7 + 2.0 respectively. The prevalence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, liver failure and respiratory failure were 32%, 69%, 15% and 79% respectively. Among the observed complications hyperkalaemia was seen in 35%, acidosis in 70%, sepsis in 61%, systemic arterial hypertension in 14%, bleeding in 22%, central nervous system disfunction in 44% and mortality in 71% of the cases. The demographic data, clinical features, morbidity and mortality due to acute renal failure of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were compared. The hyperkalaemia, acidosis, respiratory failure, shock, central nervous system dysfunction, hypervolaemia and the bleeding were similar in both groups. A logistic regression analysis did not demonstrate a significant association between diabetes mellitus and mortality. An ischaemic aetiology, the failure of three or more organs, hyponatraemia and acidosis exhibited significant association between mortality and acute renal failure. In conclusion, the diabetic patients were older involving fewer men, with less oliguria, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hyponatraemia and liver failure than the non-diabetic individuals. Diabetes mellitus had no influence on the mortality due to acute renal failure in the intensive care unit.
A insuficiência renal aguda pode ser definida como uma redução abrupta e sustentada da taxa de filtração glomerular com conseqüente retenção de produtos nitrogenados. Apesar da evolução terapêutica, a sua mortalidade ainda continua elevada, variando entre 50 e 70%. Em pacientes hospitalizados, a sua incidência está próxima de 5% e, especificamente, em unidades de terapia intensiva, varia entre 10 e 30%. Nas últimas três décadas, as características dos pacientes acometidos de insuficiência renal aguda alteraram-se profundamente. Antes do advento do tratamento dialítico, as principais causas de mortalidade eram a uremia, a hipercalemia e as complicações cardiológicas decorrentes da sobrecarga de volume. Atualmente, são a sepse, a insuficiência cardiopulmonar, drogas nefrotóxicas e complicações pós-transplante renal. Quanto ao prognóstico de insuficiência renal aguda em unidades de terapia intensiva, a disfunção de múltiplos órgãos, a coagulação intravascular disseminada e o diabete melito são condições mórbidas que podem piorar a sua evolução. Devido à alta prevalência de diabete melito na população, o presente trabalho propôs-se avaliar a sua influência na morbidade e mortalidade da insuficiência renal aguda em unidade de terapia intensiva. Para tal, foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 1020 pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda internados na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2000, dos quais, 255 (25%) eram diabéticos e 765 (75%) não diabéticos. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, presença de doenças de base, etiologia, tipos, quadro clínico e complicações de insuficiência renal aguda e ainda a presença de síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos. Entre a população estudada, 64% eram do sexo masculino, 46% tinham mais de 60 anos de idade, e 85% tinham uma ou mais doenças concomitantes. Nota de Resumo A etiologia isquêmica predominou com 53%, e a causa clínica foi o tipo mais freqüente com 57%. As médias e os desvios padrão de apache II e creatinina (mg/dL) foram 20,56,7 e 3,7+2 O respectivamente. A prevalência de coagulação intravascular disseminada, de choque, de insuficiência hepática e respiratória foi 32%, 69%, 15% e 79%, respectivamente. Entre as complicações, observamos a hiperpotassemia em 35%, a acidose em 70%, a sepse em 61%, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica em 14%, os sangramentos em 22%, a disfunção do sistema nervoso central em 44% e a mortalidade em 71%. Foram comparados, entre os diabéticos e os não diabéticos, os dados demográficos, quadro clínico, morbidade e mortalidade de insuficiência renal aguda. A hipercalemia, a acidose, a insuficiência respiratória, a sepse, o choque, a disfunção do sistema nervoso central, a hipervolemia e os sangramentos foram similares em ambos os grupos. A análise de regressão logística não mostrou associação significante entre diabete melito e a mortalidade. A etiologia isquêmica, a presença de três ou mais insuficiências de órgãos, a hiponatremia e a acidose foram de forma significante associadas com a mortalidade de insuficiência renal aguda. Em conclusão, os diabéticos foram mais idosos, menor prevalência de masculinos, menos oligúria, coagulação intravascular disseminada, hiponatremia e falência hepática do que os não diabéticos. O diabete melito não teve influência na mortalidade da insuficiência renal aguda em unidade de terapia intensiva.

This thesis presents the design and implementation of an automated task scheduler developed for the Patient Data Management System (PDMS) of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Montreal Children's Hospital. The principal objective of the Nursing Workload Scheduler (NWS) is to automatically generate schedules for the condition of multiple patients and multiple nurses.
This thesis begins with a literature review of computerized medical information systems. It follows with a description of the design and the implementation of the NWS. Evaluation and performance results are then presented and discussed. An outline of future extensions for the system are discussed before the conclusion.