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Journal articles on the topic 'Acute Pepper Spray Inhalation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Sweeting, B. M. "Mass casualty acute pepper spray inhalation – Respiratory severity effect." African Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 4 (2013): S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2013.08.063.

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2

Chan, Theodore C., Gary M. Vilke, Jack Clausen, et al. "The Effect of Oleoresin Capsicum “Pepper” Spray Inhalation on Respiratory function." Journal of Forensic Sciences 47, no. 2 (2002): 15247J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs15247j.

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3

Takano, Yuki, Tadataka Sekiyama, Naoki Okamoto, and Shu Hashimoto. "Acute Lung Injury Caused by Inhalation of Waterproofing Spray." Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 75, no. 2 (2016): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4264/numa.75.2_92.

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4

Jinn, Yasuto, Norikazu Akizuki, Minoru Ohkouchi, Naohiko Inase, Masahiko Ichioka, and Fumiaki Marumo. "Acute Lung Injury after Inhalation of Water-Proofing Spray while Smoking a Cigarette." Respiration 65, no. 6 (1998): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000029320.

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5

Karpova, E. P., D. A. Tulupov, and V. A. Grabovskaya. "Topical antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis in children." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 17 (November 1, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-17-64-71.

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The authors presented an overview of the existing data on inhalation therapy with antibacterial drugs in acute rhinosinusitis and exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis in children. The overview includes general information about the etiology and features of the course of acute rhinosinusitis. It also contains indications for systemic and topical antibiotic therapy in acute rhinosinusitis specified in the Russian clinical guidelines. The advantages of using a combination preparation of thiampheni-col and N-acetylcysteine by inhalation therapy for acute rhinosinusitis in children and adults are

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6

van den Bersselaar, L. R., J. G. van der Hoeven, and B. de Jong. "Suicide after inhaling a pyrethrins containing insecticide spray." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 4 (2019): e227936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-227936.

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Pesticide self-poisoning is rare in developed countries. We report a suicide case after inhalation of a pyrethrins containing insecticide spray. The patient presented at the emergency department with respiratory failure. Despite mechanical ventilation, he developed severe pulmonary inflammation with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and died 5 days later. Studies reporting on acute pyrethrins or pyrethroids insecticide poisoning in both occupational and non-occupational cases usually describe mild and self-limiting respiratory symptoms as the predominant symptom. Severe or fatal cases

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7

Pauluhn, J., L. Machemer, G. Kimmerle, and A. Eben. "Methodological aspects of the determination of the acute inhalation toxicity of spray-can ingredients." Journal of Applied Toxicology 8, no. 6 (1988): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550080608.

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8

Matsumoto, Keizo, Nobuya Ogawa, Kuniaki Nerome, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Zanamivir in Treating Influenza Virus Infection in Adults: Results from Japan." Antiviral Therapy 4, no. 2 (1998): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965359900400202.

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The study was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effects of zanamivir, a highly selective, potent and specific inhibitor of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases, in adult patients with acute influenzalike illness. Patients who presented within 36 h of the onset of influenza-like symptoms were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments, twice daily, for 5 days: 10 mg zanamivir powder for inhalation (zanamivir inhalation group), 10 mg zanamivir powder for inhalation plus 6.4 mg zanamivir nasal spray (zanamivir inhalation plus intranasal group) or placebo (placebo group). The pri

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9

Kundawala, Aliasgar J., Khushbu S. Chauhan, Harsha V. Patel, and Swati K. Kurtkoti. "Inhalable Spray Dried Pro-Liposome Powder Containing Budesonide for Pulmonary Delivery." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 14, no. 4 (2021): 5538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2021.14.4.3.

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Budesonide is an anti-asthmatic agent which is used to control the symptoms of asthma like bronchospasm, oedema. Drug delivered to lung through inhalation will provide systemic and local drug delivery at lower dose in chronic and acute diseases. Dry powder inhalers are the best choice for targeting the anti-asthmatic drugs through pulmonary route. The objective of the present study is to prepare inhalable lipid coated budesonide microparticles by spray drying method so effective delivery of budesonide to the lungs can be achieved. The microparticles in the form of dry powder were obtained by e

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10

Jensen, Alexander C. Ø., Niels E. Ebbehøj, Anja J. Huusom, Keld A. Jensen, Ulla B. Vogel, and Jorid B. Sørli. "The Underlying Mechanism of Poisoning after the Accidental Inhalation of Aerosolised Waterproofing Spray." Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 2 (2024): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jox14020039.

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Waterproofing sprays can cause acute respiratory symptoms after inhalation, including coughing and dyspnoea shortly after use. Here, we describe two cases where persons used the same brand of waterproofing spray product. In both cases the persons followed the instructions on the product and maximized the ventilation by opening windows and doors; however, they still became affected during the application of the product. Products with the same batch number as that used in one case were tested for their effect on respiration patterns of mice in whole-body plethysmographs and lung surfactant funct

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11

Wang, Kai, Dagui Chen, Chenxi Zhang, Lu Lu, Fusheng Shang, and Yinghua Li. "Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Cationic Liposome as a Promising Nano Spray for Acute Pneumonia Treatment." Polymers 16, no. 10 (2024): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101384.

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Acute pneumonia (AP), triggered primarily by pathogens like bacteria and viruses, is a leading cause of human mortality. Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent, plays a pivotal role in the treatment of AP. However, its therapeutic use is hindered by the need for high dosages and the associated cardiac and hepatic toxicities. In this study, we synthesized polyethylene glycol-modified cationic liposomes to encapsulate ribavirin (RBV-PCL) and formulated it into a spray, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of RBV through respiratory administration. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a compound known t

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12

Tryka, A. F., W. E. Cox, and S. H. Van Devanter. "ESI detection of titanium in lungs of a spray paint sniffer." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100084971.

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Do lungs of inhalation substance abusers contain materials indicative of such abuse, and is it possible to detect these materials by electron energy loss spectroscopy? While most abuse involves only volatile materials, spray paint is one material where when volatile materials evaporate, resultant solid particles may be of respirable size. These particles may contain paint pigments such as titanium dioxide.Lung biopsy tissue was obtained for diagnostic purposes from a 16 year old male who presented with acute onset of progressive respiratory insufficiency. The patient later admitted to a histor

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13

Konicek, Donna M., Adam J. Plaunt, Sachin Gharse, et al. "Preclinical Investigation of a Lipoglycopeptide Dry Powder Inhalation Therapy for the Treatment of Pulmonary MRSA Infection." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 9 (2023): 2250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092250.

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The increased prevalence of pulmonary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in patients living with cystic fibrosis (CF) is concerning due to a correlation with reduced life expectancy and lack of available treatment options. RV94 is a next generation lipoglycopeptide designed for pulmonary delivery that preclinically demonstrated high potency against MRSA in planktonic and protected colonies and improved pulmonary clearance relative to same class molecules. Here, RV94 was formulated into a dry powder for inhalation (DPI) to investigate the localized treatment of pulmona

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14

Li, Jianliang, Ling Song, Han Li, et al. "Aerosol Inhalation of Luteolin-7-O-Glucuronide Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation." Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 12 (2024): 1731. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121731.

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Background: Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (L7Gn) is a flavonoid isolated from numerous traditional Chinese herbal medicines that exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Previous research has revealed that aerosol inhalation is the most straightforward way of administration for the delivery of respiratory agents. Thus far, the impact of aerosol inhalation of L7Gn on lung inflammation and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: The real-time particle size for L7Gn aerosol inhalation was detected by the Spraytec spray droplet size measurement system, including transmission and size diameters. The

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15

Mishlanov, Vitaliy Ju, Alexander G. Chuchalin, Valery A. Chereshnev, and Evgeniy V. Polyakov. "Mechanisms of biological effectiveness of ionic forms of metals of variable valence in respiratory medicine." Research Results in Biomedicine 10, no. 2 (2024): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2658-6533-2024-10-2-0-7.

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Background: The task to develop new drugs containing metals of variable valence requires systematization of our knowledge, experimental and clinical studies. The aim of the study: To investigate the mechanisms of the effectiveness of the mineral complex containing metals of variable valence in the treatment of respiratory diseases, to conduct preclinical trials and clinical testing of a new inhalation mineral solution. Materials and methods: The ability of cerium (III) ions to exhibit reducing properties was demonstrated by carrying out chemical reactions of cerium (III) chloride and sulfate w

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16

Barry, James D., Robert Hennessy, and John G. McManus. "A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Regimens for Acute Pain for Topical Oleoresin Capsaicin (Pepper Spray) Exposure in Adult Volunteers." Prehospital Emergency Care 12, no. 4 (2008): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10903120802290786.

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17

Khairnar, Sakshi V., Divya D. Jain, Srushti M. Tambe, Yashashri R. Chavan, and Purnima D. Amin. "Nebulizer systems: a new frontier for therapeutics and targeted delivery." Therapeutic Delivery 13, no. 1 (2022): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde-2021-0070.

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Drug delivery via the pulmonary route is a cornerstone in the pharmaceutical sector as an alternative to oral and parenteral administration. Nebulizer inhalation treatment offers multiple drug administration, easily employed with tidal breathing, suitable for children and elderly, can be adapted for severe patients and visible spray ensures patient satisfaction. This review discusses the operational and mechanical characteristics of nebulizer delivery devices in terms of aerosol production processes, their usage, benefits and drawbacks that are currently shaping the contemporary landscape of i

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18

Al-Alousi, L. M. "Pathology of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Case Report and a Literature Review." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 3 (1989): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900304.

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The medicolegal importance of volatile substance abuse, as an example of toxicological deaths, is reviewed. A case of a 13-year-old boy who died after inhalation of volatile substances from a deodorant spray tin is presented. Another similar case has been summarized in the discussion. Different aspects of volatile substance abuse are considered with special emphasis on those facets which are relevant to forensic pathology practice. The most important pathological alterations associated with the acute and chronic abuse of volatile substances are discussed and some histological features of these

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19

van Vliet, J. A., A. Bahra, V. Martin, et al. "Intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache." Neurology 60, no. 4 (2003): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000046589.45855.30.

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Background: Current evidence-based acute treatments of cluster headache are limited to oxygen inhalation and subcutaneous sumatriptan. Intranasal sumatriptan is a new formulation with better tolerability than the subcutaneous route. Two open-label studies suggested efficacy of intranasal sumatriptan in cluster headache.Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, patients with episodic or chronic cluster headache whose attacks lasted at least 45 minutes each treated one attack with 20 mg sumatriptan nasal spray and another one, at least 24 hours later, with matching placebo.

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20

Sun, Xiaohui, Chan Chen, Ruihao Zhou, Guo Chen, Chunling Jiang, and Tao Zhu. "Anesthesia and airway management in a patient with acromegaly and tracheal compression caused by a giant retrosternal goiter: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 4 (2021): 030006052199954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060521999541.

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A giant retrosternal goiter can lead to compression of vital organs in the mediastinum with high risk of acute cardiorespiratory decompensation. Additionally, patients with acromegaly are prone to developing severe airway obstruction and ventilation difficulties during anesthetic induction, leading to hypoxia and an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Therefore, more comprehensive airway management strategies are needed. We herein describe a 57-year-old man with acromegaly and severe tracheal obstruction caused by a giant retrosternal goiter. He presented with a 1-week history of pro

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21

Momin, Mohammad A. M., Bishal Raj Adhikari, Shubhra Sinha, Ian Larson, and Shyamal C. Das. "Roflumilast Powders for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Formulation Design and the Influence of Device, Inhalation Flow Rate, and Storage Relative Humidity on Aerosolization." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 8 (2021): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081254.

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Roflumilast is currently administered orally to control acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance and weight loss have limited its application. This work aimed to develop an inhalable roflumilast formulation to reduce the dose and potentially circumvent the associated toxicity. Roflumilast was cospray-dried with trehalose and L-leucine with varied feed concentrations and spray-gas flow rates to produce the desired dry powder. A Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) was used to assess the aerosolization efficiency. I

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22

Garashchenko, T. I., L. I. Ilenko, A. P. Yastremsky, and N. E. Payganova. "The role of topical therapy in the complex treatment of tonsillopharyngitis in children." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 1 (April 3, 2025): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2025-105.

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Acute tonsillopharyngitis is a common disease (2–5% of paediatric outpatient visits) for which systemic antimicrobials are often prescribed. However, streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis, infection caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), is one of the main indications for antibiotic therapy in acute tonsillopharyngitis in children. When developing a treatment regimen for the disease, preference is given to topical therapy (except in cases of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis), and the topical antimicrobial therapy methodology recognises that laryngospasm may occur in young children

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23

Ihsan, Taufiq, Tivany Edwin, and Winna Anggraeni. "Behavioral responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by sublethal exposure to chlorpyrifos: a case study in Twin Lakes of West Sumatra." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 5, no. 4 (2018): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ehem.2018.28.

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Background: The most commonly used insecticide by 99.8% farmers in West Sumatra, is chlorpyrifos which contains organophosphates. Chlorpyrifos is used to kill insects and other pests and works as the contact poison, gastric toxins, and inhalation. It is very useful for farmers in keeping the plants such as corn, citrus, peanuts, and so forth. Chlorpyrifos can enter the water body with direct application to control pests or indirectly through either spraying or washing during high rainfall in spray applications for plant leaves. Chlorpyrifos is also used in farming in the region of Twin Lakes (

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24

B., Michelle Sweeting. "Mass Casualty Acute Pepper Spray Inhalation Respiratory Effect Severity." June 22, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1055825.

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Pepper spray use has gained momentum since 1992 and although the active ingredient is readily available, it is considered a weapon with restricted use in many regions, including The Bahamas. In light of controversy in the literature regarding the severity of presenting respiration complaints among individuals postacute exposure of pepper spray inhalation, this descriptive case series study was conducted to assess the respiratory status of persons evaluated during a mass casualty in The Bahamas. Parameters noted were patients- demographics and respiration severity determined via clinical examin

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25

Ye, Fangfan, Qiang Fu, and Jia Huang. "Severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema precipitated by pepper spray-induced acute laryngitis: a case report." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, March 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivac079.

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Abstract We report a patient with severe spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM), pneumothorax and widespread subcutaneous emphysema with acute epiglottitis after inhaling pepper spray. The effects of pepper spray, which is a lachrymatory agent, on the respiratory system have not been reported. Upper airway obstruction is not a well-described cause of SPM, with which subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax might coexist; thus, mechanical ventilation might be detrimental.

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26

Epping, Guido, Joop Baarlen, and Paul Valk. "Toxic alveolitis after inhalation of a water repellent." International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health 24, no. 4 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13382-011-0038-7.

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AbstractInhalation of fluorocarbon polymers can cause pulmonary toxicity. Although multiple cases of lung injury have been reported, cellular characterization of the associated alveolitis occurring acutely after inhalation is limited. We report the case of apreviously healthy woman who presented at our Emergency Department with an acute pneumonitis following inhalation of afluorocarbon polymer-based rain-proofing spray. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed shortly after the presentation showed an elevated total cell count, with ahigh proportion of neutrophils (58%) and eosinophils (9%). Inad

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27

"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Capsicum Annuum Extract, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract, Capsicum Annuum Resin, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Powder, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit Extract, Capsicum Frutescens Resin, and Capsaicin1." International Journal of Toxicology 26, no. 1_suppl (2007): 3–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810601163939.

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Capsicum-derived ingredients function as skin-conditioning agents—miscellaneous, external analgesics, flavoring agents, or fragrance components in cosmetics. These ingredients are used in 19 cosmetic products at concentrations as high as 5%. Cosmetic-grade material may be extracted using hexane, ethanol, or vegetable oil and contain the full range of phytocompounds that are found in the Capsicum annuum or Capsicum frutescens plant (aka red chiles), including Capsaicin. Aflatoxin and N -nitroso compounds ( N -nitroso dimethylamine and N -nitrosopyrrolidine) have been detected as contaminants. T

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28

Muralidharan, Priya, Brielle Jones, Graham Allaway, Shyam S. Biswal, and Heidi M. Mansour. "Design and development of innovative microparticulate/nanoparticulate inhalable dry powders of a novel synthetic trifluorinated chalcone derivative and Nrf2 agonist." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76585-2.

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AbstractChalcone derivatives are shown to possess excellent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties which are of great interest in treating respiratory diseases such as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis (PF). This study successfully designed and developed dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations of TMC (2-trifluoromethyl-2′-methoxychalone), a new synthetic trifluorinated chalcone and Nrf2 agonist, for targeted pulmonary inhalation aerosol drug delivery. An advanced co-spray drying particl

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29

Teitge, Bailey, Kristen Marshall, and Julie Schildt. "Chemical pneumonitis secondary to inhaled waterproofing shoe spray in a canine." Veterinary Record Case Reports, August 15, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.979.

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AbstractA 3‐year‐old, female, spayed, mixed breed dog developed progressive dyspnoea after exposure to waterproofing shoe spray. The dog developed severe hypoxaemia and hypercapnia, and was subsequently diagnosed with veterinary acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to chemical pneumonitis. Mechanical ventilation was initiated due to respiratory compromise. Severe hypercapnia persisted despite aggressive treatment. Unfortunately, the patient experienced cardiopulmonary arrest non‐responsive to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A postmortem examination was performed, revealing pulmonary ha

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30

Fu, Meng, Chun-Mei Feng, Le-Jie Cao, et al. "Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Occupational Exposure to Waterproofing Spray: A Case Report and Literature Review." Frontiers in Public Health 10 (February 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.830429.

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BackgroundAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious respiratory disease, caused by severe infection, trauma, shock, inhalation of harmful gases and poisons and presented with acute-onset and high mortality. Timely and accurate identification will be helpful to the treatment and prognosis of ARDS cases. Herein, we report a case of ARDS caused by occupational exposure to waterproofing spray. To our knowledge, inhalation of waterproofing spray is an uncommon cause of ARDS, and what makes our case special is that we ruled out concurrent infections with some pathogens by using metagen

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31

Azizkhani, Reza, Babak Masoumi, Farhad Heydari, Mohammad Nasr-Esfahani, and Mohammad Golban. "Comparison of penthrox (methoxyflurane) inhalation and intravenous morphine for acute limb fracture pain management in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial." Frontiers in Emergency Medicine, July 20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18502/fem.v9i2.19195.

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Objective: Effective pain management is crucial in emergency settings, and both penthrox (methoxyflurane) inhalation and intravenous morphine are commonly used analgesics. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction associated with penthrox spray and morphine for acute limb fracture pain management in the emergency department. Methods: This prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 50 patients aged 20-55 years with acute limb fracture pain, randomly assigned to receive either penthrox spray or intravenous morphine. The p

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32

Hernandez, Arlet, Jenna Hedlich-Dwyer, Saddam Hussain, et al. "Acute exposure to dihydroxyacetone promotes genotoxicity and chromosomal instability in lung, cardiac, and liver cell models." Toxicological Sciences, June 12, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfae075.

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Abstract Inhalation exposures to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) occur through spray tanning and e-cigarette aerosols. Several studies in skin models have demonstrated that millimolar doses of DHA are cytotoxic, yet the genotoxicity was unclear. We examined the genotoxicity of DHA in cell models relevant to inhalation exposures. Human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B, lung carcinoma cells A549, cardiomyocyte Ac16, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG3 were exposed to DHA, and low millimolar doses of DHA were cytotoxic. IC90 DHA doses induced cell cycle arrest in all cells except the Ac16. We examined DH

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Chavda, Vivek P., Lalitkumar K. Vora, Rajeev K. Singla, et al. "Nitric oxide and its derivatives containing nasal spray and inhalation therapy for the treatment of COVID-19." Current Pharmaceutical Design 29 (October 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612829666221024124848.

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Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major health concern worldwide and evolved into different variants. SARS-CoV-2 possesses a spike glycoprotein on its envelope that binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor of the host cell via the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the upper respiratory tract. Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus variants changes the seveirity of dieseases and treatment scenarios, repurposing current medicines may provide a quick and appealing method with established safety features. The efficacy and safety of antivira

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34

Kawaguchi, Takako, Takashi Tachiwada, Kei Yamasaki, et al. "An Autopsy Case of An Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Triggered by the Inhalation of a Waterproofing Spray." Internal Medicine, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8330-21.

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35

Barry, James D., Robert Hennessy, and John G. McManus. "A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Regimens for Acute Pain for Topical Oleoresin Capsaicin (Pepper Spray) Exposure in Adult Volunteers." January 1, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903120802290786.

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Objective. Several topical therapies have been proposed to treat acute pain from exposure to oleoresin capsaicin (OC). The purpose of this study was to determine the most beneficial topical treatment for relieving contact dermatitis pain caused by OC exposure. Methods. We performed a single-blind, randomized human experiment evaluating the effectiveness of five different regimens for the treatment of topical facial OC exposure. Forty-nine volunteer, adult law enforcement trainees were exposed to OC during a routine training exercise andwere randomized to one of five treatment groups (aluminum

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"2 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Shellac." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 5, no. 5 (1986): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818609141914.

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Cosmetic-grade Shellac is a mixture of hydroxyaliphatic and alicyclic acids and their polyesters. It is used in cosmetic formulations at concentrations up to 25%. Shellac had an LD50 of greater than 5 g/kg in rats. Results of acute animal toxicity studies using cosmetic formulations containing up to 6% Shellac indicated no adverse effects upon oral (rats), dermal (rabbits), ocular (rabbits), and respiratory tract (rabbits) exposure. Chronic inhalation of a Shellac hair spray formulation by rabbits produced no observable toxicity. No treatment-related toxic or pathologic effects were observed w

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37

Gautam, M. P., and U. Ghimire. "TEAR GASES AND HEALTH." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 43, no. 153 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.481.

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Use of tear gases to control civil unrest is accepted practice by government authorities worldwide, in spiteof their harmful effects in human health and its ban by different organization. The most commonly usedriot control agents used as fumigant includes pepper spray, popularly known as OC (Oleoresin Capsicum)and different types of tear gases which are o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, known commonly as CS,omega-chloroacetophenone, known as CN, and dibenz 1,4-oxazepine, known as CR and different types ofsolvent used to disperse these agents. These gases are responsible for not only the acute

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38

Lipton, Richard B., John A. Kollins, and Detlef Albrecht. "Relationship of dihydroergotamine pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and nausea—A narrative review." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, November 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/head.14877.

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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationships between dihydroergotamine (DHE) pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, clinical efficacy, and nausea incidence to determine a DHE PK profile that optimizes efficacy while minimizing adverse events (AEs), particularly nausea.BackgroundDihydroergotamine is a widely used option for the acute treatment of migraine. Although multiple DHE dosage forms, with varying PK and AE profiles, have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the relationships between PK profile, efficacy, and the common DHE‐related AE, nausea, have not been comprehensively ev

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Fernández-Parra, Rocio, Pascaline Pey, Carol Reinero, and Mauro Malvè. "Salbutamol transport and deposition in healthy cat airways under different breathing conditions and particle sizes." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10 (July 18, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1176757.

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Salbutamol is a bronchodilatator commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory lower airway disease, including asthma or acute bronchospasm. As in humans, a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) is used in conjunction with a spacer and a spherical mask to facilitate salbutamol administration. However, efficacy of inhalation therapy is influenced by different factors including the non-cooperative character of cats. In this study, the goal was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the impact of breathing patterns and salbutamol particle size on overall drug transport an

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"Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Alcohol Denat., Including SD Alcohol 3-A, SD Alcohol 30, SD Alcohol 39, SD Alcohol 39-B, SD Alcohol 39-C, SD Alcohol 40, SD Alcohol 40-B, and SD Alcohol 40-C, and the Denaturants, Quassin, Brucine Sulfate/Brucine, and Denatonium Benzoate1." International Journal of Toxicology 27, no. 1_suppl (2008): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810802032388.

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Alcohol Denat. is the generic term used by the cosmetics industry to describe denatured alcohol. Alcohol Denat. and various specially denatured (SD) alcohols are used as cosmetic ingredients in a wide variety of products. Many denaturants have been previously considered, on an individual basis, as cosmetic ingredients by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, whereas others, including Brucine and Brucine Sulfate, Denatonium Benzoate, and Quassin, have not previously been evaluated. Quassin is a bitter alkaloid obtained from the wood of Quassia amara. Quassin has been used as an ins

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"Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate, Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite." International Journal of Toxicology 22, no. 1_suppl (2003): 37–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581803022s115.

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This report reviews the safety of Aluminum, Calcium, Lithium Magnesium, Lithium Magnesium Sodium, Magnesium Aluminum, Magnesium, Sodium Magnesium, and Zirconium Silicates, Magnesium Trisilicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite, Kaolin, Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite as used in cosmetic formulations. The common aspect of all these claylike ingredients is that they contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. Many silicates occur naturally and are mined; yet others are produced synthetically. Typical cosmetic uses of silicates include abrasive, opacifying agent,

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