Relevant bibliographies by topics / Acute respiratory tract infection

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Acute respiratory tract infection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Mizgerd, Joseph P. "Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." New England Journal of Medicine 358, no. 7 (2008): 716–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra074111.

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&NA;. "Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 27, no. 6 (2008): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e31816fc362.

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Bahawal, Sadida, Farida Manzoor, Mehboob Alam Siddiqui, Shakil Ahmad, and Imran Sarwar. "ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 01 (2016): 065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.01.796.

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Zinc is an essential rnicronutrient with catalytic role in over a hundred specificmetabolic enzymes in human metabolism regulates the expression of the metallothioneingene, apoptosis and synaptic signaling and needed for many aspects of immune system. Thusthe zinc ‘supplementation in patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections might havepotential benefits. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in patientswith acute lower respiratory tract infections. Study design: Quasi experimental study. Setting:Study was conducted in the pediatrics department Independent hospital Faisalabad; the indoorpatients meeting the inclusion criteria from 26th January to 25th July 2013 were included instudy. Material and methods: 100 children meeting the inclusion criteria were included in thestudy which were divided into two groups with random allocation i.e. Group A (Odd number)& Group B (Even number). Group A was given zinc supplementation 20mg of elemental zincfor 14 days. Along with antimicrobials, oxygen and antipyretics for fever while 50 childrenin Group B were given with antimicrobials. Oxygen and antipyretics for fever without zinc.Results: Baseline clinical parameters were comparable in both groups at admission. Outcomemeasures considered were duration of fever, tachypneoa, chest indrawings and total durationof hospital admission. Effect of zinc supplementation is significant with p-value of less than 0.05for duration of tachypnoea and chest indrawings and total duration of hospital admission whileresult showed p-value equal to 0.05 that is just significant for duration of fever.
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Siddiqui, Riyaz Ahmed, Tanaji R. Shende, Y. Dhoble, and Archana S. Borkar. "Antibiotic trends in acute febrile illness." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 2 (2017): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170325.

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Background: Acute febrile illness has various etiologies. Different antimicrobials are used for different causes of fever to treat and there are interpersonal variations in prescription of antimicrobials. Therefore this study aims at to analyze the trends in the antimicrobial prescription in patients of acute febrile illness due to various etiologies in the medicine department of a tertiary care hospital.Methods: It is a record based observational study that was carried out at NKP salve institute of medical sciences and RC, Nagpur. 200 case record files of patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute febrile illness in the dept. of Medicine due to various etiologies were analyzed. Antibiotics prescribed for various causes of acute febrile illness like respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infection, gastrointestinal infection, malarial infections, septicemia, meningitis, pyrexia of unknown origin etc. were noted and data was analyzed for prescription pattern of antimicrobials.Results: Out of 200 patients of febrile illness the common clinical conditions for which antibiotics were prescribed were respiratory tract infections (upper respiratory tract infection 25.5% and lower respiratory tract infection 14%), acute gastroenteritis (20%), and urinary tract infection (13.5%) followed by, pyrexia of unknown origin (8.5%), viral fever (8%), malaria (7%), hepatitis A (1.5%), meningitis (1%) and rickettsial infection (1%). The commonly prescribed antibiotics were ceftriaxone in (19.37%) and cefixime (15.93%) followed by coamoxiclav (12.5%), azithromycin (11.87%), doxycycline (10.31%), ofloxacin and ornidazole (8.43%), levofloxacin (6.25%), ofloxacin (4.68%), ciprofloxacin (1.87%), artesunate (3.75%), artemether and lumefantrine (4.37%) and valacyclovir (0.625%).Conclusions: Our study concluded that most common disease for which antibiotics prescribed were respiratory tract infection and gasterointestinal infections. Most common antibiotic used were third generation cephalosporins especially ceftriaxone and cefixime.
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Sunaryo, Merry. "THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR AND USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ON THE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN FURNITURE INDUSTRY WORKERS." Indonesian Journal of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/ijmlst.v2i1.1307.

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Dust is one type of potential hazardzs in the workplace that can affect the health of the workers. The occupation that are always exposed to dust is furniture industry workers so that they have higher risk of getting acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) disorder which can interfere with breathing. The wood dust is formed from some of the sawn wood and sanding that will lead to an acute respiratory tract infection. The study aimed to determine the effect of environmental factor and the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) against the symptoms of acute respiratory infections in the furniture industry workers. The research method used was quantitative method with observational and cross-sectional research types and it was analysed by using logistic regression test. The population in this study was the workers of the furniture industry at Semarang street, Surabaya City, with a total of 57 people, of which 37 furniture workers as a sample. The results show that most of the workers has symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection. It could be influenced by the environmental factor such as dust exposure that produced wood dust in each manufacturing processes. Additionally, the use of PPE also affected the occurrence of acute respiratory tract infections symptoms in the workers. In conslusion, many factors can influence the occurrence of acute respiratory tract infection symptoms in the furniture industry workers. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the dust exposure in workers by wearing PPE such as respirators.
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Rzepka, Aneta, and Anna Mania. "An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 16, no. 4 (2020): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2020.0069.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.
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Oentiono, Oki Yonatan, and Nurul Ratna Mutu Manikam. "Effect of vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infection : an evidence-based case report." World Nutrition Journal 4, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25220/wnj.v04.i1.0002.

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Background: One of the frequent health problems that regularly occurs in Indonesia, as a tropical country is an acute respiratory tract infection, including influenza. Since immunological benefit of vitamin D already proven, hypothetically, vitamin D can be used as protective agent to prevent influenza or other respiratory tract infections. Objective: This evidence-based case report was focused on the evaluation of protective ability of vitamin D supplementation to prevent influenza or other acute respiratory tract infections.Methods: Literature searching was conducted on PubMed data base and Cochrane Library using the related keyword combinations.Results: Two randomized-clinical trials (RCTs) and a meta-analysis study were fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the incidence of influenza but reduce the incidence of non-influenza infection. High-dose vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the reduction of acute respiratory tract infection incidence. The meta-analysis concluded that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk for acute respiratory tract infection and the stronger effects occurred on low-levels of vitamin D serum.Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation may prevent acute respiratory tract infections, especially in subjects with low-levels of vitamin D serum.
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Hanifa, Yasmeen, and Robert Walton. "Vitamin D and Acute Respiratory Tract Infection." Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews 7, no. 6 (2011): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157339811798072586.

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BAKHEET, SIEMA M., MUHAMMAD M. HAMMAMI, and JOHN POWE. "Radioiodine Bronchogram in Acute Respiratory Tract Infection." CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE 22, no. 5 (1997): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199705000-00006.

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Kabra, S. K., Rakesh Lodha, S. Broor, R. Chaudhary, M. Ghosh, and R. S. Maitreyi. "Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 70, no. 1 (2003): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02722742.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Lee, Patrick Chi Lik. "Experimental studies on cough associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection in man." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715399.

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Sung, Rita Yn-Tz. "Acute bronchiolitis in Hong Kong Chinese infants." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339352.

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Kristo, A. (Aila). "Acute rhinosinusitis during upper respiratory infection in children." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514278720.

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Abstract Acute rhinosinusitis is estimated to be one of the most common diseases in childhood. Still, the diagnostics and clinical relevance of this disease are controversial. Bacterial rhinosinusitis cannot be differentiated from mere rhinitis on clinical grounds alone. Abnormal radiologic findings have been found to be common in child and adult volunteers without sinus symptoms and in adults during viral upper respiratory infection. In children, the results of the few placebo-controlled studies on the benefit of antimicrobial treatment of clinically diagnosed acute rhinosinusitis are controversial. Bacteriologic cultures obtained from the middle meatus by rigid nasal endoscopy have been introduced as a way to determine the bacteriology of the maxillary sinus in adults, but they have not been studied in children with acute symptoms. In this thesis, incidental paranasal abnormalitites were found to be common in healthy school children examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some of these abnormalities resolved during a follow-up period of 6 months, but new abnormalities appeared in some children. MRI abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses were found to be much more common in children with acute upper respiratory infections, and most of these abnormalities resolve spontaneously. Children with acute rhinosinusitis confirmed clinically and by imaging did not benefit from cefuroxime treatment as compared to placebo. Pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis) in the nasal middle meatus during acute upper respiratory infection predicted longer duration of the symptoms and signs of common cold. Based on these findings, imaging methods should not be used in the diagnostics of acute rhinosinusitis in children. Similarily, incidental imaging findings of abnormalities in the paranasal sinuses or in children with symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis are not an indication for antimicrobial treatment. Because middle meatal pathogenic bacteria were found to predict prolonged symptoms of upper respiratory infection, a randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the clinical value of middle meatal culture in identifying the children who would benefit from antimicrobial treatment during acute respiratory infection.
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Chorazy, Margaret Lynn. "Polymicrobial respiratory tract infections in a hospital-based pediatric population, with particular emphasis on the role of human rhinoviruses." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/788.

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Pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study were to describe the epidemiology of polymicrobial ARTI in a hospital-based pediatric population and to investigate the association of polymicrobial infection and severity of illness. We conducted a retrospective study of 559 archived respiratory specimens from 421 children under the age of 10 years collected from March 28, 2008 through June 30, 2009 and stored by the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Specimens were tested by immunofluorescence assay and/or viral culture at the time of collection (influenza A and B, parainfluenza [PIV] 1-3, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], adenovirus [Ad]) and uniformly by RT-PCR (human metapneumovirus [hMPV], rhinovirus [HRV], human bocavirus [HBoV]) and PCR (Ad) for the current study. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Results from this study suggest that polymicrobial respiratory tract infections are common in this population. A virus was identified in 61.3% of 349 respiratory specimens from children with confirmed or suspected ARTI. HRV (27.5%), RSV (18.9%), HBoV (8.3%), hMPV (7.7%), and PIV (6.6%) were the most common viruses detected. A viral coinfection was identified in 21.5% of the 214 virus-positive specimens and was most often detected for Ad (53.3% of 15 Ad-positive specimens), HBoV (51.7% of 29 HBoV-positive specimens), PIV (43.5% of 23 PIV-positive specimens), HRV (35.4% of 96 HRV-positive specimens), and RSV (34.8% of 66 RSV-positive specimens). Among the 46 specimens with dual or triple viral coinfections detected, the most frequent virus-virus combination was HRV-RSV (n=12). We hypothesized that certain host-specific risk factors were associated with the likelihood of viral coinfection. While none of the covariates in the final model were significant, the results were suggestive. Male gender (OR 1.70, 95% CI 0.83-3.46), age between 6 months to 1 year (as compared to children less than 6 months old, OR 2.15, 95% CI 0.75-6.19), and history of any chronic condition that may result in immunosuppression (OR 2.05, 95% CI 0.99-4.23) were each associated with increased odds of viral coinfection (p > 0.05). We also hypothesized that children with coinfections would be more likely to have severe ARTI. Children with viral-bacterial coinfection, as compared to children with viral mono-infection, were more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit (OR 6.00, 95% CI 2.51-14.33) even after controlling for age, history of prematurity, urban/rural residence, and leukocytosis. This study will inform medical and public health professionals with regard to the epidemiology of polymicrobial infections and their potential importance as a cause of severe acute respiratory tract infection in children. Furthermore, results of this study may contribute to the ongoing discussion of the importance of diagnostic ability to reliably detect multiple concurrent pathogens in a single individual.
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Nurhaeni, Nani. "Assessment of the feasibility of modifying risk factors for acute respiratory infection in children under five years of age in West Java, Indonesia /." St. John's, NF : [s.n.], 2001.

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Gibson, Roger L. "Primary prevention of acute respiratory infection among United States Air Force recruits through the use of antimicrobial handwipes : a randomized clinical trial /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10905.

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Obodai, Evangeline [Verfasser]. "Molecular Epidemiology of Respiratory Viruses associated with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children from Ghana / Evangeline Obodai." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1112133402/34.

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Ong, G. M. L. "The study of the prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and respiratory viral co-infections in acute respiratory tract infections and atheroma." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403183.

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Al-sultan, Muhammed S. "Using the medical expenditure panel survey (MEPS) to assess antibiotic utilization in acute respiratory tract infections /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3112112.

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Neumark, Thomas. "Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care with special emphasis on Acute Otitis Media." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Allmänmedicin, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54832.

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Background and aims: Most respiratory tract infections (RTI) are self-limiting. Despite this, they are associated with high antibiotic prescription rates in general practice in Sweden. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the management of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) with particular emphasis on acute otitis media (AOM). Methods: Paper I: A prospective, open, randomized study of 179 children presenting with AOM and performed in primary care. Paper II & III: Study of 6 years data from primary care in Kalmar County on visits for RTI, retrieved from electronic patient records. Paper IV: Observational, clinical study of 71 children presenting with AOM complicated by perforation, without initial use of antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II & III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by >10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP<50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics. Results: Children with AOM who received PcV had some less pain, used fewer analgesics and consulted less, but the PcV treatment did not affect the recovery time or complication rate (I). Between 1999 and 2005, 240 445 visits for RTI were analyzed (II & III). Antibiotics were prescribed in 45% of visits, mostly PcV (60%) and doxycycline (18%). Visiting rates for AOM and tonsillitis declined by >10%/year, but prescription rates of antibiotics remained unchanged. For sore throat, 65% received antibiotics. Patients tested but without presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics in 40% of cases. CRP was analyzed in 36% of consultations for RTI. At CRP<50mg/l antibiotics, mostly doxycycline, were prescribed in 54% of visits for bronchitis. Roughly 50% of patients not tested received antibiotics over the years.Twelve of 71 children with AOM and spontaneous perforation completing the trial received antibiotics during the first nine days due to lack of improvement, one child after 16 days due to recurrent AOM and six had new incidents of AOM after 30 days (IV). Antibiotics were used more frequently when the eardrum appeared pulsating and secretion was purulent and abundant. All patients with presence of S.pyogenes received antibiotics.
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Books on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Regional, Workshop on Acute Respiratory Infections (1986 Manila Philippines). Regional Workshop on Acute Respiratory Infections. Printed and distributed by the Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 1987.

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McLaughlin, Arthur J. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Pro-Ed, 2004.

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Roberto, Palermo, and McLaughlin Arthur J. 1947-, eds. Infection control in respiratory care. 2nd ed. Aspen Publishers, 1996.

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A, Gluck T., and Johnson, Margaret A., M.D., eds. Illustrated handbook of respiratory disease in HIV infection. Parthenon, 1998.

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Davies, Bronwen Jean. Physical activity and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in university students. Laurentian University, Human Development Department, 2000.

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Arnold, Sandra Lillian Ruth. The impact of diagnostic uncertainty on antibiotic prescribing for pediatric respiratory tract infection. National Library of Canada, 2003.

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Flannigan, B. Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments: Diversity, health impacts, investigation and control. 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2011.

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Microorganisms in home and indoor work environments: Diversity, health impacts, investigation, and control. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis, 2011.

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Newton, Pippa. Upper respiratory tract infections, including influenza. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0128.

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Infections of the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx are termed upper respiratory tracts infections. These include acute coryza, pertussis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, laryngitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, and influenza. Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses account for the majority of acute coryzal illnesses. Acute sinusitis (<4 weeks duration) is also usually viral in origin. About 70% of pharyngitis and tonsillitis cases are viral in etiology. Haemophilus influenzae (Type B) is responsible for most cases of epiglottitis. Acute laryngitis and laryngotracheobronchitis are usually caused by human parainfluenza viruses. This chapter focuses on upper respiratory tract infections, including their etiology, symptoms, demographics, natural history, complications, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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ed, Douglas R. M., Kerby-Eaton E. ed, and International Workshop on Acute Respiratory Infections in Childhood (1984 : Sydney, Australia), eds. Acute respiratory infections in childhood: Proceedings of an International Workshop, Sydney, August 1984. Dept. of Community Medicine, University of Adelaide, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Prince, Alice. "Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Respiratory Tract." In Mucosal Immunology of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5326-0_10.

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Kuchar, E., K. Miśkiewicz, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch, and L. Szenborn. "Pathophysiology of Clinical Symptoms in Acute Viral Respiratory Tract Infections." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2015_110.

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Majtan, Juraj. "Pleuran (�-Glucan fromPleurotus ostreatus): An Effective Nutritional Supplement against Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?" In Acute Topics in Sport Nutrition. S. KARGER AG, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000341967.

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Vivier, Pierre-Hugues, and Adnan Hassani. "Urinary Tract Infection." In Imaging Acute Abdomen in Children. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63700-6_18.

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Scheer, Karen J., and Matthew L. Mintz. "Acute Cough." In Disorders of the Respiratory Tract. Humana Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-041-6_13.

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Brownstein, David G. "Sialodacryoadenitis Virus Infection, Upper Respiratory Tract, Rat." In Respiratory System. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96846-4_13.

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Brownstein, David G. "Rat Coronavirus Infection, Upper Respiratory Tract, Rat." In Respiratory System. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61042-4_12.

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Hemsley, Carolyn, and Claire van Nispen tot Pannerden. "Urinary tract infection." In Acute Medicine - A Practical Guide to the Management of Medical Emergencies, 5th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119389613.ch80.

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Linden, Peter. "Upper and lower respiratory tract infection." In Critical Care Nephrology. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5482-6_34.

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Ghaffari, Javad. "Upper Respiratory Tract Infection and Wheezing." In Pediatric Allergy. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18282-3_41.

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Conference papers on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Simatupang, Nanda Agustian, and Laras Ayu Wulandari. "The Association between Indoor Household Polution and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five in Selat Community Health Center, Batanghari District, Jambi, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54.

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ABSTRACT Background: Acute respiratory tract infections constitute the major causes of mortality and morbidity of the developing world. The risk factors of acute respiratory tract infections have been identified such as passive smoking, the practice of burning mosquito coils indoors, and firewood for cooking. The purpose of this study was examine Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at Selat community health center, Batanghari district, Jambi, Indonesia, from May to July 2020. A sample of 132 children under five aged 12-59 months was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was acute respiratory infection. The independent variables were smoking behavior of family member, repellant coil use, and firewood use. The data were collected by questionnaire, medial record, and observation sheet. The data were analyzed by Chi square. Results: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior (OR= 4.73; 95% CI= 2.20 to 10.17; p<0.001), mosquito coils (OR= 1.26; 95% CI= 0.48 to 3.29; p= 0.627), and firewood use for cooking (OR= 1.28; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.89; p= 0.538). Conclusion: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior, mosquito coils, and firewood use for cooking. Keywords: acute respiratory infection, smoking, children under five Correspondence: Nanda Agustian Simatupang. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: nandaagustians9@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282247604322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54
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Riestiyowati, Maya Ayu, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, and Vitri Widyaningsih. "Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five: A Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.57.

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Background: Acute Respiratory Infections are classified into the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, contributing to the leading cause of death among children under five globally. The estimation showed the deaths of more than 800,000 children under five every year or about 2,200 per day. One of the risk factors for ARI in children under five years of age is secondary exposure to tobacco smoke. This study aimed to examine the effect of cigarette smoke exposure and acute respiratory infection in children under five. Subjects and Method: This was meta analysis and systematic review. The study was conducted by collecting published articles from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Springer Link databases, from year 2010 to 2019. Keywords used “risk factor” OR “passive smoking” OR “secondhand smoking” AND “ARI due to children under five”. The inclusion criteria were full text, using English language, using cross-sectional study design, and reporting adjusted odds ratio. The collected articles were selected by PRISMA flow chart. The quantitative data were analyzed by fixed effect model using Revman 5.3. Results: 6 studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, and Nigeria reported that tobacco smoke exposure increased the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five (aOR=1.39; 95% CI= 1.22 to 1.58; p<0.001). Conclusion: Tobacco smoke exposure increases the risk of acute respiratory infection in children under five. Keywords: tobacco smoke, acute respiratory infection, children under five Correspondence: Maya Ayu Riestiyowati. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maaya.ayuu.ma@gmail.com. Mobile: 081235840067.
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Ertugrul, Duygu Celik, Atilla Elci, and Yiltan Bitirim. "An Intelligent Tracking System: Application to Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (TrackARTI)." In 2017 IEEE 41st Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsac.2017.58.

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Pezzin, Felipe Sarlo, Camila de Melo Perovani, Luana Marques Ribeiro, et al. "Acute viral myositis: case report." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.624.

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Context: Benign Acute Childhood Myositis (BACM) is a self-limited syndrome of acute myalgia prevalent in calf with impaired walking after Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. This report analyze the clinical condition and investigation of BACM case, by medical record. Case report: C.L.F.A., male, 12 years, in use of clobazam, sodium divalproate, topiramate and lamotrigine, started low back pain. One day after, presented headache, fever and nasal congestion. Reported convulsive febrile episodes. At following morning received Upper Respiratory Tract Infection diagnoses. Next day, maintained symptoms and developed thrombocytopenia. Discharged due to suspicion of dengue. After 24 hours, returned with improved thrombocytopenia, also with leukopenia. At 5th day, started pain in lower limbs and impaired walking. Due to muscle symptoms worsening and increased creatinophosphokinase, hospital admission were indicated. Laboratory tests found increased in creatinekinase (10,180 U/L), CKMB (129,6 U/L), leukopenia (2800/mm3 ) and thrombocytopenia (174,000 / mm3 ). Anti-HIV, anti- leptospirosis, dengue, Chikungunya and anti-HCV tests resulted negative. At the 6th hospitalization day, he was discharged virtue of muscle symptoms, leukocytosis and creatinekinase levels favorable progression. Conclusions: BACM has excellent prognosis and self-limited course, so outpatient care is feasible. The diagnosis is clinical. If neurological deficits, modified urine tests and rash, or symptoms duration longer than one week, differential diagnoses must be researched. Measure creatinekinase is important if pain or walking disability after viral episode. Early intervention avoids complications.
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Ramona, Stoicescu, Stoicescu Razvan-Alexandru, Codrin Gheorghe, and Schroder Verginica. "LABORATORY METHODS AND PREVALENCE OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS IN THE 2ND SEMESTER OF 2021 IN THE EMERGENCY CLINICAL COUNTY HOSPITAL OF CONSTANTA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/11.

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"Diagnosing infections with SARS-CoV-2 is still of great interest due to the health and economic impact of COVID pandemic. The 4th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected and is considered to be stronger and faster due to the dominance of Delta variant which is highly contagious [1]. SARS-CoV-2 also known as 2019-nCoV is one of the three coronaviruses (together with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV1/Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), MERS-CoV /Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) which can cause severe respiratory tract infections in humans [2]. Early diagnosis in COVID 19 infection is the key for preventing infection transmission in collectivity and proper medical care for the ill patients. Gold standard for diagnosing SARS-Co-V-2 infection according to WHO recommendation is using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)/ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The search is on to develop reliable but less expensive and faster diagnostic tests that detect antigens specific for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antigen-detection diagnostic tests are designed to directly detect SARSCoV-2 proteins produced by replicating virus in respiratory secretions so-called rapid diagnostic tests, or RDTs. The diagnostic development landscape is dynamic, with nearly a hundred companies developing or manufacturing rapid tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection [3]. In the last 3 months our hospital introduced the antigen test or Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) which detects the presence of viral proteins (antigens) expressed by the COVID-19 virus in a sample from the respiratory tract of a person. All RDT were confirmed next day with a RT-PCR. The number of positive cases detected during 3 months in our laboratory was 425. There were 326 positive tests in April, 106 positive tests in May and 7 positive tests in June. Compared with the number of positive tests in the 1st semester of 2021, the positive tests have significantly declined."
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Kolpen, Mette, Gabriella Fredman, Pelle Trier Petersen, et al. "Oxygen consumption by polymorphonuclear leukocytes in sputum from patients with acute lower respiratory tract infection." In ERS International Congress 2017 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3320.

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Pant, A. B., B. Subedi, L. Lama, and B. M. Meher Kayastha. "Association of Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Infection with Acute Urticaria; A Prospective Case Control Study." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2814.

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Pongdara, A., S. Lochidarat, R. Uchida, and K. Oishi. "Clinical and Risk Factors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRI) in Thailand." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a6001.

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Fitriani, Fitriani. "Factors Associated with The Risk of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection among Children under Five In Abdya District, Aceh." In The 5th Intenational Conference on Public Health 2019. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/theicph.2019.01.17.

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Dicpinigaitis, Peter, Rajani Bhat, and William Rhoton. "Effect Of Acute Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infection On Cough Reflex Sensitivity And The Urge-to-Cough Sensation." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a5546.

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Reports on the topic "Acute respiratory tract infection"

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Gerber, Jeffrey, Rachael Ross, Matthew Bryan, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Broad vs. Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Children. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/8.2018.ce.13047279.

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Yao, Jia, Xianzhe Wang, Jia Zhao, et al. Flavonoids for viral acute respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0107.

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Zhang, Ying-ying, Ru-yu Xia, Shi-bing Liang, et al. Chinese Patent Medicine Shufeng Jiedu Capsule for Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Protocol of a Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.5.0083.

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Kolavic, Shellie, Jose Sanchez, Leonard Binn, Marcela Echavarria, and Bruce Innis. Acute Respiratory Disease and Adenovirus Infection Among U.S Army Basic Trainees At Ft. Jackson, South Carolina 1998. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381351.

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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.

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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Wang, Xiao, Hong Shen, Yujie Liang, Yixin Wang, Meiqi Zhang, and Hongtao Ma. Effects of physical activity interventions for post-COVID-19 patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0036.

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Review question / Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused a huge impact in many countries and has attracted great attention from countries around the world. However, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, most attention has focused on containing transmission and addressing the surge of critically ill patients in acute care settings. As we enter the second phase of the pandemic, emphasis must evolve to post care of COVID-19 survivors. A variety of persistent symptoms, such as severe fatigue, shortness of breath, and attention disorder have been reported at several months after the onset of the infection. We urgently need to identify safe and effective COVID-19 rehabilitative strategies. Overwhelming evidence exists that physical activity produces short-, middle- and long-term health benefits that prevent, delay, mitigate and even reverse a large number of metabolic, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of physical activity interventions for rehabilitation of post-covid-19 patient and provide a reliable method and credible evidence to improve the prognosis of post-COVID-19 patients via systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.

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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.
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Evidence Update for Clinicians: Narrow- versus Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics for Common Infections in Children. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/eu5.2018.10.

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Comparing Narrow- vs. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics for Common Infections in Children. The choice of antibiotic to treat acute bacterial upper respiratory tract infections in children can affect both symptom resolution and the risk of side effects such as diarrhea and vomiting. The findings of a PCORI-funded study published in JAMA can help clinicians treating children for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs)—including acute otitis media, Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, and acute sinusitis—make decisions with parents about the medicine that is best for the child. The study, led by Jeffrey Gerber, a pediatrician and researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, included 30,086 children ages 6 months to 12 years taking narrow- and broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat ARTIs.
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Clinicians prescribe antibiotics for childhood respiratory tract infection based on assessment, rather than parental expectation. National Institute for Health Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000829.

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