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Rose, Lisa. "BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING IN THE FIELD: CONTINUOUS FOCAL VERSUS FOCAL INTERVAL SAMPLING." Behaviour 137, no. 2 (2000): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502006.
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AbstractI compared data collection rates for continuous and interval focal samples during a two-year, single-observer field study of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. I also compared the basic activity budgets generated by the two sampling methods, estimates of numbers in proximity, and rates at which additional ad libitum observations could be recorded. I collected 1238 hours of focal data (620 hr continuous, 618 hr interval). I found focal interval sampling to be 25% more time efficient, despite higher rate of sample loss, partly because interval samples are easier to obtain in difficult conditions. I found no evidence that interval sampling provided better opportunities for ad libitum observation than continuous sampling. Overall, the two methods yielded similar estimates of activity budgets. However, continuous sampling resulted in somewhat higher estimates of time spent eating, while interval data gave somewhat lower estimates of time spent foraging (looking for or handling food items) and moving, resulting in lower estimates of foraging success. Interval sampling also yielded slightly lower estimates of time spent vigilant. I attribute these patterns to two major effects: (1) errors of omission (missing rare behaviors of short duration) during interval samples and (2) a greater tendency toward conditional sampling bias (under-representing behaviors due to difficult sampling conditions such as rapid travel) under a continuous sampling regime.
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Oktiansyah, Rian. "Daily Activity of Male Mice (Mus musculus) in Laboratory." Jurnal Biota 5, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v5i2.3359.
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The importance of observing the behavior of mice in the laboratory is additional information to compare with their behavior in nature and an effort to increase the welfare of mice (animal welfare) through alleviating the pain and suffering associated with scientific procedures. This study aims to study the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory. The method used was ad libitum and focal animal sampling. Based on the ad libitum sampling method, the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory were divided into 9 activities, namely locomotion, grooming, eating, foraging, social, exploration, resting, making nests, and drinking. Based on the focal animal sampling method, the main activity carried out by male mice in the laboratory was locomotion.
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Oliveira, M. H. V., J. M. Oliveira, D. H. B. Domingues, F. M. Hosken, G. Tarôco, L. G. Gaya, F. N. A. Ferreira, et al. "Behavioral activities of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) in a semi-intensive farming system in Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 5 (September 2020): 1965–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11998.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi-intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p <0.05) for eating, pool contact, movement, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing and sleeping. These results contribute to the understanding of instinctive animal habits and to the development of nutritional, environmental and health management protocols that meet the requirements of peccaries.
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Newman, Ronald E., Jeffery A. Downing, Peter C. Thomson, Cherie L. Collins, David J. Henman, and Stuart J. Wilkinson. "Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern." Animal Production Science 54, no. 3 (2014): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13120.
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Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.
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Petitclerc, D., P. Dumoulin, H. Ringuet, J. Matte, and C. Girard. "Plane of nutrition and folic acid supplementation between birth and four months of age on mammary development of dairy heifers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-091.
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Forty-seven dairy heifers of approximately 10 d of age were assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial design to study the effects of folic acid supplementation (0 vs. 40 mg) administered weekly i.m. and levels of feed intake after weaning on mammary development. Folic acid treatment started immediately and all heifers were weaned 5 wk later. Heifers were then either fed ad libitum grass hay and concentrates or restricted to a body weight gain of approximately 700 g d−1 until slaughter at 4 mo of age. Average daily gain was affected by feed intake level after weaning (615 vs. 954 g d−1P < 0.01); however, folic acid supplementation increased weight gain only during the 5-wk period following weaning (P < 0.05). Heifers fed ad libitum were 33% heavier before slaughter (P < 0.001) but there was no effect due to folic acid supplementation (P > 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on serum prolactin and growth hormone concentrations (P > 0.05); overall, prolactin increased and growth hormone decreased over the 16-wk sampling period. However, serum IGF-1 concentrations were significantly higher in heifers fed ad libitum following weaning as compared with the feed-restricted animals (P < 0.001); overall, IGF-1 concentrations increased linearly between weeks 2 and 16 (P < 0.001). Plane of nutrition did not have any effect (P > 0.05) on the total volume of parenchymal tissue in the mammary gland (61.6 vs. 63.6 cm3); however, ad libitum feeding increased significantly (P < 0.001) the volume of extraparenchymal tissue in the gland (262.0 vs. 1067.6 cm3). After adjusting data for the difference in body weight at slaughter, the amount of parenchymal tissue was smaller in animals fed ad libitum (P < 0.05); this adjustment did not change the effect of plane of nutrition on mammary extraparenchymal tissue. In conclusion, a fast rate of gain after weaning up to 4 mo of age induced a large accumulation of mammary fat, but did not negatively affect the total amount of parenchymal tissue in the mammary gland of dairy heifers. Key words: Plane of nutrition, folic acid, mammary gland, IGF-1
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Shingfield, Kevin J., and Nicholas W. Offer. "Evaluation of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary pseudouridine excretion in lactating dairy cows." Agricultural and Food Science 7, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72866.
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The potential of the spot urine sampling technique to assess urinary pseudouridine excretion was evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were fed two experimental diets in a complete change-over design with two 14 day experimental periods. Diets were either silage fed ad libitum with a concentrate supplement offered as a single meal (SF), or a complete diet formulated from the same ingredients (CD). Total urine collections were performed for 24h at 2 h intervals on days 11 and 14. Pseudouridine and creatinine excretion during each 2h interval depended on time of collection (pseudouridine, P
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Gidenne, T., T. Bouyssou, and Y. Ruckebusch. "Sampling of digestive contents by ileal cannulation in the rabbit." Animal Science 46, no. 1 (February 1988): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003214.
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ABSTRACTA technique is described for the collection of digestive contents with a glass T-shaped ileal cannula, in rabbits fed ad libitum. Repeated samples of ileal contents were easily obtained by gravity from conscious animals lying in a hammock for 1 h, twice a week, over a period of 2 months. Analysis of the ileal contents showed no diurnal variations in concentrations of crude protein, neutral-detergent fibre, ammonia, and total short-chain volatile fatty acids. The fresh weight output was maximal at 09.00 h and minimal at 03.00 h. The transit time of phenol sulphone phthalein between mouth and ileum was 75 (s.d. 14) min and did not vary according to the time of day when measured (08.00 to 12.00 h, 14.00 to 18.00 h, 20.00 to 24.00 h).
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Scrimgeour, K., M. J. Gresham, L. R. Giles, P. C. Thomson, P. C. Wynn, and R. E. Newman. "Ghrelin secretion is more closely aligned to energy balance than with feeding behaviour in the grower pig." Journal of Endocrinology 198, no. 1 (April 22, 2008): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0627.
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Secretory characteristics of the ghrelin profile for the pig are still unknown. Our objective was to clarify the mechanisms that influence ghrelin secretion during differing feeding patterns. Pigs were initially fed a commercial pelleted diet offered ad libitum and blood samples collected for 24 h at intervals of 1 h. The pigs were then entrained for 17 days to a twice daily interval feeding regimen (0900–1000 and 1600–1700 h) and blood samples were collected for 12 h (0800–2000 h). This was followed by a similar interval feeding and blood sampling regimen with the 0900–1000 h feeding period being replaced by a sham feed where pigs were shown their usual feed but none offered. During the ad libitum feeding regimen, there was no preprandial rise or postprandial fall in circulating plasma total ghrelin concentration, which remained constant throughout the sampling period. In addition, no preprandial rise or postprandial fall in ghrelin concentrations was observed when pigs were fed either twice or once daily; however, plasma ghrelin concentration rose gradually over the 12-h sampling period during the twice daily feeding regimen and increased further when pigs were fed once per day. This increase in ghrelin levels coincided with an increase in plasma GH and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and was not associated with either plasma glucose or insulin concentrations. These results suggest that circulating total plasma ghrelin concentrations in the pig appear to be influenced by chronic changes in energy balance rather than the feeding pattern per se.
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Moore, L. G., A. Pfeffer, W. Ng Chie, H. A. Miller, K. M. Rogers, and L. E. O'Keeffe. "Induction of an acute phase response in lambs causes an increase in plasma levels of GH and IGF-I." Journal of Endocrinology 144, no. 2 (February 1995): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1440243.
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Abstract GH and IGF-I plasma concentrations were measured in lambs during an acute phase response induced by an intrathoracic injection of yeast. The acute phase response was indicated by reduced feed intake, weight loss and an increase in plasma concentrations of the acute phase protein haptoglobin. Intensive blood sampling on day 1 revealed elevated basal concentrations of GH in the yeast-injected group compared with concentrations in pair weight and ad libitum fed control lambs. This suggests that at the beginning of an acute phase response there is an increase in either GH secretion or the half life of GH. No evidence of a specific GH-binding protein in sheep plasma could be detected. IGF-I concentrations in the yeastinjected group remained constant for 3 days then increased to a peak level at day 6. In contrast, plasma IGF-I concentrations were depressed from days 3 to 6 in the pair weight control group and they were unchanged in the ad libitum fed controls. When the IGF-I concentrations were elevated in the yeast-injected group, this group had a higher daily weight gain despite their lower feed intake compared with the ad libitum fed controls. These results suggest that IGF-I may be associated with the increase in weight in the late stage of an acute phase response during recovery from an infection or injury. Day 1 GH peak amplitude concentrations in the yeast-injected lambs were negatively correlated with IGF-I concentrations on the following 2 days yet in the pair weight lambs the correlation was in a positive direction suggesting that the relationship between GH and IGF-I is different between animals that lose weight during an acute phase response and animals that lose weight because of feed restriction. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 243–250
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Alonso-Alvarez, Carlos, and José L. Tella. "Effects of experimental food restriction and body-mass changes on the avian T-cell-mediated immune response." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-190.
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The T-cell-mediated immune response (CMI) of birds, measured with the phytohaemagglutinin skin test, is in most cases positively correlated with their body mass. This correlation, however, does not imply causality, since high-quality birds may be more immunocompetent as well as heavier at the time of sampling. We assessed this relationship experimentally by measuring the changes in body mass and CMI in individual captive yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans) maintained with food provided ad libitum (control group), with no food (fasting group), or with one-third of their daily food requirements (subfeeding group). We identified a direct, nonlinear relationship between food intake, body mass, and CMI. Before the experiment started, body mass of birds (corrected for size) fed ad libitum did not correlate with their CMI, while a positive correlation was found after food restriction. This suggests that birds may reach a threshold above which increases in food intake and body mass do not enhance CMI. Thereafter, food restriction caused decreases in CMI that were significantly correlated with the percentage of body mass lost by each bird. However, for birds that lost similar proportions of body mass, changes in CMI varied according to food-restriction treatment, the subfeeding group exhibiting a stronger CMI than the fasting group.
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Ponnampalam, E. N., R. D. Warner, S. Kitessa, M. B. McDonagh, D. W. Pethick, D. Allen, and D. L. Hopkins. "Influence of finishing systems and sampling site on fatty acid composition and retail shelf-life of lamb." Animal Production Science 50, no. 8 (2010): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10025.
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Thirty 7-month-old crossbred lambs (Poll Dorset × Border Leicester × Merino) finished over 5 weeks on either low quality pasture or grain-with-hay on a farm in southern Victoria were assessed for carcass parameters, muscle fat composition and retail colour stability. Lambs on the grain diet had a mix of barley grain (80%) and lentils (20%) at 800 g/head.day (air-dry basis ~ad libitum) with cape weed (Arctotheca calendula) hay available at all times. Lambs under grazing had predominantly rye grass (Lolium perenne) and barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) available ad libitum. Carcass weight tended to be higher (P = 0.14) in grain-fed lambs than in grass-fed lambs, but fatness indicated by GR (total muscle + fat tissue thickness at 11 cm from midline) did not differ between feeding systems. Fatty acid composition was determined in the loin from the forequarter (M. longissimus thoracis) and lumbar (M. longissimus lumborum) regions and from the leg region (M. semimembranosus). This showed that grain-finished lamb had higher muscle fat (P < 0.001) and omega-6 fatty acid (P < 0.001) content. Alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or total omega-3 fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between feeding groups. Saturated fatty acids were greater (P < 0.01) in both loin sampling sites than the leg. The levels of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid were lower (P < 0.01) in the forequarter (9%) or lumbar (11%) sites than the leg sampling site. The distribution pattern of fatty acids across the three sampling sites did not differ between feed types. Retail colour stability determined over 4 days of display (only performed in muscle from the lumbar site), evaluated by the redness (HunterLab a*-value) and metmyoglobin formation (reflectance ratio at 630 : 580-nm wavelengths) was superior for grass-fed lamb compared with short-term grain-finished lamb. The results demonstrate that the health claimable omega-3 fat mainly EPA or total omega-3 fat content in lamb was not altered by short-term grain finishing compared with lamb finished under pasture grazing conditions.
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Rotter, B. A., B. K. Thompson, and M. Lessard. "Effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated diet on performance and blood parameters in growing swine." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-046.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diet (4.0 mg DON kg−1 diet) on performance and blood parameters of growing pigs (18.0–50.8 kg body weight) over a 42-d period. Blood samples were collected weekly from all animals. Ad libitum fed control and pair-fed control groups were used to distinguish between differences in feed intake and specific effects of the DON-containing diet. Pigs fed the DON-diet had on average 20% lower feed intake and 13% lower weight gain compared to the control ad libitum fed pigs. At necropsy there were no differences in the absolute and relative organ weights, but the fundic region of the stomach of pigs fed the DON-diet was more corrugated than for either of the controls. Blood profiles based on weekly sampling showed transient changes in serum protein for the DON-diet. Serum protein decreased compared to both controls at weeks 2 and 3 followed by recovery to control values. The β-globulin values between weeks 2 and 4 were also depressed. The data suggest that DON may impair protein synthesis in the liver, however, the animals were able to adapt to the dietary contamination and showed recovery by the end of the 6 wk experiment. Key words: Deoxynivalenol, contaminated corn, Fusarium, mycotoxin, swine, blood parameters, natural killer cells
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Mioto da Costa, M. C., L. C. V. Ítavo, C. C. B. Ferreira Ítavo, A. M. Dias, H. V. Petit, F. A. Reis, R. C. Gomes, E. S. Leal, M. V. G. Niwa, and G. J. de Moraes. "Evaluation of internal and external markers to estimate faecal output and feed intake in sheep fed fresh forage." Animal Production Science 59, no. 4 (2019): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16567.
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The objectives of the present study were to estimate dry-matter intake and output of faeces using two external and four internal markers in sheep fed Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu on an ad libitum basis over 3- and 5-day periods. Six sheep fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned in a crossover design experiment to receive either of two treatments of external markers, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Faecal output was obtained by total faecal collection and faecal grab sampling. Faeces were collected for 3- or 5-day periods, and, for each collection period, two sampling methods were compared; grab samples were collected directly in the rectum once daily, and a second sample was taken at the same time directly in faecal collection bags after having determined the daily total output of faeces. Faecal concentrations of the internal markers, indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and indigestible acid detergent lignin (iADL), were determined. Faecal output was not accurately predicted with indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and iADL. Dry-matter intake was predicted with iADL and TiO2 when faeces were collected for 5 days as grab samples once daily, or as total collection and with Cr2O3 when faecal grab samples were collected for 5 days. The results using external markers indicated that TiO2 is not a marker equivalent to Cr2O3 for estimating intake and faecal output. TiO2 was the only external marker to accurately estimate faecal output, independent of the method (total or grab) and time period (3 or 5 days) used; this suggests that TiO2 is the best marker tested for predicting the faecal output of sheep that are fed a diet of fresh Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu) grass ad libitum.
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Persinger, M. A., and G. Belanger-Chellew. "Brief Successive Temporal Observational Sampling as a Possible Indicator of Daily Overt Seizure Activity in Epileptic Rats." Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, no. 1 (February 2001): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.95.
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Chronic, limbic epilepsy was induced in male rats by a single systemic injection of lithium and pilocarpine. In two separate experiments, each 6 mo. in duration, the proportion of the population that displayed an overt motor seizure (head nodding, rearing, and forelimb clonus) within 10 min. each day after delivery of food pellets (despite food provided ad libitum) was recorded. Cumulative records for the numbers of rats in each population that displayed overt seizure for the first time during the observation period were plotted as a function of time. The occurrence of the saturated (approaching 100%) asymptote at about five months was interpreted to indicate that brief (10 min.) sampling over the 144 successive days that would compose a single 24-hr. period could serve as an estimate of the average probability of an overt seizure during an average 24-hr. period. If this assumption is correct, then these rats would have displayed about one overt seizure per day.
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Cameron, N. D., and M. K. Curran. "Responses in carcass composition to divergent selection for components of efficient lean growth rate in pigs." Animal Science 61, no. 2 (October 1995): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013904.
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AbstractCarcass composition was measured after six generations of divergent selection for lean growth rate on ad-libitum and restricted feeding, lean food conversion and daily food intake in populations of Large White (LW) and Landrace (LR) pigs. There were 161 half-carcass dissections in LW pigs and for LR pigs, a double sampling procedure combined information from 53 half-carcass and 53 hand joint dissections. The performance test started at 30 kg and finished at 85 kg with ad-libitum feeding and after 84 days with restricted feeding, and pigs were slaughtered at the end of the test.In the LR population, selection for lean growth on restricted feeding increased carcass lean content (605 v. 557 (s.e.d. 19) g/kg), but there were no significant responses in carcass lean content with the selection strategies on adlibitum feeding. Selection for lean food conversion and high lean growth on restricted feeding reduced carcass fat content (201 v. 241 (s.e.d. 14) and 150 v. 218 (s.e.d. 18) g/kg), but selection for high lean growth rate with adlibitum increased carcass fat content (212 v. 185 (s.e.d. 11) g/kg). Responses in carcass composition were not significant with selection on daily food intake.In the LW population, selection for high lean food conversion or low daily food intake increased carcass lean content (539 v. 494 and 543 v. 477 (s.e.d. 11) g/kg) to a greater extent than selection on lean growth rate (509 v. 475 g/kg). Responses in carcass fat content were equal and opposite to those in carcass lean content. Selection on lean growth rate with ad-libitum feeding increased lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) (491 v. 422 (s.e.d. 23) g/day), but there was no change in fat tissue growth rate (FTGR) (206 v. 217 (s.e.d. 15) g/day). In contrast, FTGR was reduced with selection on lean food conversion (169 v. 225 g/day), but LTGR was not significantly increased (520 v. 482 g/day). Selection for lean growth rate with restricted feeding combined the desirable strategies of lean growth rate on adlibitum feeding and lean food conversion, as LTGR was increased (416 v. 359 (s.e.d. 12) g/day) and FTGR decreased (126 v. 156 (s.e.d. 7) g/day). The preferred selection strategy may be lean growth rate on restricted feeding, which simultaneously emphasizes rate and efficiency of lean growth.For ad-libitum fed LW pigs, coheritabilities for growth rate, daily food intake and backfat depth with carcass lean content were negative (-0·12, -0·22 and -0·50 (s.e. 0·05), but positive with carcass subcutaneous fat content (0·22, 0·24 and 0·50), when estimated from six generations of performance test data and carcass dissection data in generations 2, 4 and 6.
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Beltranena, E., G. R. Foxcroft, F. X. Aherne, and R. N. Kirkwood. "Endocrinology of nutritional flushing in gilts." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-128.
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As part of a nutritional flushing study, the endocrine status of gilts was compared to gain further knowledge of the mechanism(s) that mediate the restoration of ovulation rate. From 45.3 kg BW to puberty, 42 gilts were fed 2.0 kg d−1 (L) or ad libitum (H). From puberty to second estrus, one-half of the L gilts had their feed allowance increased to 2.8 kg d−1 (LH). Gilts in the H group continued to be fed ad libitum (HH). Gilts in the LH and H groups showed a greater increase in ovulation rate between first and second estrus than LL gilts (P < 0.05). Based on sampling every 4 h through the peri-estrous period of 28 gilts, feeding level did not affect mean plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (pLH), estradiol-17β or progesterone concentrations (P > 0.05). During the follicular phase, however, LH and HH gilts had not only a greater proportion of samples > 1 ng mL−1 but also showed an increased mean pLH daily sample variance compared with LL gilts (P < 0.05). The latter parameters were interpreted as indicators of an increased frequency of episodic pLH release. Furthermore, HH gilts had greater (P < 0.05) plasma insulin concentrations through the peri-estrous period and greater insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations during the pLH-surge period than LL gilts. These results confirm that increased plasma insulin may be an important metabolic cue, which in an independent or synergistic action with gonadotropins and IGF-I mediates the ovulatory response to flush-feeding. Key words: Gilt, flushing, ovulation, gonadotropins, insulin, IGF-I.
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Ballard, Karen Ann, and Kit M. Kovacs. "The acoustic repertoire of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-159.
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Airborne and waterborne acoustic sounds of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) were recorded during the breeding seasons of 1988 and 1989 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. During 36 h of in-air focal-animal sampling and 9 h of ad libitum underwater sampling, 410 sounds, in total, were recorded and analyzed. In the field, the context of signals was noted whenever possible. This included the behaviour of the signaller and that of its nearest neighbour. Frequency and temporal variables, measured directly from sonograms, were analyzed using a combination of principal components analysis and cluster analysis. Three major classes of sounds containing 5 call types were suggested by the cluster analysis. Variation occurs in the structure of calls both within and between call classes. Sounds that were created using the hood and septum both under water and in air, as well as a variety of underwater clicks and knocks, were distinct from voiced, airborne calls. Not surprisingly, most acoustic signals were used in agonistic (79%) or sexual (12%) situations during the reproductive period.
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Arnold, Myrtha, Yunting Dai, Patrick Tso, and Wolfgang Langhans. "Meal-contingent intestinal lymph sampling from awake, unrestrained rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 302, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): R1365—R1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00497.2011.
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Standard procedures for intestinal lymph collection involve continuous, quantitative drainage of the lymph fluid in anesthetized or restrained animals that are often euthanized within 48 h. We here describe a novel technique for the nonocclusive cannulation of the major intestinal lymph duct in rats that allows for repetitive in vivo sampling of intestinal lymph from unrestrained, awake, and ad libitum-fed animals. The distinctive feature of this novel technique is that a 5- to 7-mm long piece of Vialon tubing (OD/ID: 0.8/0.7 mm) with a small hole in its wall is first implanted into the major intestinal lymph duct for stabilization. The tapered tip (OD: ≈0.1 mm) of the catheter is then inserted into the hole of the tubing and fixed in place with a polyamid suture and a drop of tissue glue. In our hands, catheters implanted this way remain patent for up to 6 wk after surgery. In an initial experiment we collected lymph from six adult rats before (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, and 180 min (120 μl, each) after the onset of isocaloric (12.5 kcal) low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) test meals and measured active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Intestinal lymphatic GLP-1 concentration increased ( P < 0.05) from ≈4 pmol/l (0 min) to a peak of 33 ± 6 (means ± SE) or 22 ± 4 pmol/l at 15 (HF) or 30 min (LF) after meal onset and gradually returned to baseline levels by 180 min. With this new technique fewer animals are required to generate physiologically relevant data for various aspects of gastrointestinal physiology that involve the lymphatic system. Furthermore, the advantage of this system is that the animal can act as its own control when the effect of different experimental protocols is tested.
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Upa, Fernandez T., Saroyo Saroyo, and Deidy Y. Katili. "KOMPOSISI PAKAN TIKUS EKOR PUTIH (Maxomys hellwandii) DI KANDANG." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.17.1.2017.14900.
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ABSTRAK Tikus ekor putih (Maxomys hellwandii) adalah hewan endemik Sulawesi dengan status konsevasinya yaitu least concern yang keberadaannya masih kurang diperhatikan. Ancaman utama tikus ekor putih adalah perburuan untuk dijual penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis pakan tikus ekor putih dan porsinya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memberikan informasi tentang komposisi pakan tikus ekor putih sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam upaya konservasi terutama dalam kegiatan penangkaran dengan upaya domestikasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah ad libitum sampling dengan menghitung berat pakan yang dikonsumsi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi jenis pakan tikus ekor putih terdiri dari: pepaya (51,3%), umbi singkong (15,7%), buah kelapa (15,6%), serangga (belalang) (13,9%), daun sirih (2,9%), kulit buah ketapang (0,4%), buah sirih (0,2%), buah beringin (0,1%). Dari hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tikus ekor putih mengonsumsi buah pepaya lebih dari 50% dari total pakan dan tikus ekor putih bukan spesies herbivora sejati, tetapi cenderung omnivora. Kata kunci: tikus ekor putih (Maxomys hellwandii), endemik, Sulawesi, komposisi pakan COMPOSITION OF FEED WHITE-TAIL RAT (Maxomys hellwandii) IN THE CAGE ABSTRACT White-tailed Rat (Maxomys hellwandii) is an endemic species from Sulawesi with least concern (LC) conservation status. The existence of this species is still less attention. The main threat is hunting White-tailed rats for sale, this research aims to inventory the types of feed and the white rat tail portion. This study was conducted to provide information on the composition of the feed white-tailed rats that can be utilized in conservation efforts, especially in the activities of breeding with domesticated effort. The method used in this study was ad libitum sampling to calculate the weight of feed consumed.From the results obtained that the composition of White-tailed Rat feed types such as: papaya (51.3%), cassava tubers (15.7%), coconuts (15.6%), insects (grasshoppers) (13.9% ), leaf Piper beetle (2.9%), fruit peel Terminalia catappa (0.4%), vine Pieper beetle (0.2%), fruit Ficus sp. (0.1%). From these results it can be concluded that the white-tailed rat eating papaya fruit of more than 50% of the total feed and white-tailed rat is not true herbivorous species, but tend to be omnivorous. Keywords: white-tailed rat (Maxomys hellwandii), endemic to Sulawesi, feed composition
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Eppley, Timothy M., Katie Hall, Giuseppe Donati, and Jörg U. Ganzhorn. "An unusual case of affiliative association of a female Lemur catta in a Hapalemur meridionalis social group." Behaviour 152, no. 7-8 (2015): 1041–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003267.
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Polyspecific associations are well documented, but have rarely been observed in strepsirrhines. In this study we present a unique affiliative association between a female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and a group of southern bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur meridionalis) in south-east Madagascar. Our main research focused onH. meridionalis; however, due to the presence of theL. cattawe treated her as a group member, including her in the focal sampling ofHapalemursocial behaviour. We also recorded ad libitum data on all food species/items and any unique events or occurrences. Among observations, both species appeared to have a mutual understanding of vocalisations, behavioural synchronisation, dietary overlap, and possible service exchange, e.g., grooming. We also observed theL. cattaoccasionally attending to the bamboo lemur infant. This included grooming, baby-sitting, and even transporting the infant. The behavioural flexibility exhibited by both species has allowed the successful integration of the female ring-tailed lemur.
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Machado, Felipe Santana, Claudia Guimarães Costa, and Alan Loures Ribeiro. "BEHAVIOURAL DESCRIPTION OF Sapajus nigritus (GOLDFUSS, 1809) RAISED IN CAPTIVITY AT IPATINGA, MG." HOLOS 4 (August 2, 2014): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1671.
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The maintenance of animals in captivity is one of the many ways of species preservation and allows studies that are often unattainable under natural conditions. Primate’s behavior and ecology studies supply tools for the development of conservation and management strategies. Consequently, the current research aimed to describe the patterns of behavior of a capuchin monkey, Sapajus nigritus, group raised in captivity at the Biodiversity Center of Associação Esportiva e Recreativa at Ipatinga, MG, Brazil. The Scan Sample was used with five minutes intervals. Ad libitum and Focal Animal were the complementary sampling. Twenty-three behavioral categories were recorded; this is considered average when compared to other ethograms. The behavioral class with greater prominence was foraging, however the different categories of behavior suggest a complex capacity of intra-specific interaction. The information serves as basic tools for the formulation of conservation strategies, management and to the comprehension of ecological interactions.
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Oliveira, Miguel Filipe da Silva, and Sofia N. Wasterlain. "How zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) target gestural communication within and between age groups." Antropologia Portuguesa, no. 37 (December 11, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-7982_37_1.
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Gestural communication among nonhuman primates evolved as a response to their complex social environment. In this scope, males and females, adults and non-adults employ different gestures, probably due to their distinct social roles. In this study, a within and between age group analysis of the gestures produced in different contexts was carried out. For this purpose, a community of 16 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was observed during a 3-month period. Initially, data were collected through ad libitum sampling in order to identify their gestural repertoire. Subsequently, focal sampling was used to identify who gesticulated with whom and in what context. Overall, the results showed that juvenile chimpanzees tend to direct their gestures to different age groups according to the context; more specifically, juvenile chimpanzees frequently gesticulate within their age group in play contexts, and with older individuals in locomotion and affiliation contexts. Based on this, a certain degree of flexibility in juvenile chimpanzees gestural signalling is suggested, to the extent that they rather direct their gestural signs to chimpanzees of an apparently more adequate age group, with the aim of involving themselves in the activities’ context in which the gestural sign is produced.
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Rook, A. J., W. J. Fisher, and J. D. Sutton. "Sources of variation in yields and concentrations of milk solids in dairy cows." Animal Science 54, no. 2 (April 1992): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610003676x.
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AbstractEighteen multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were offered grass silage ad libitum and 3,6 or 9 kg dry matter per day of concentrates. Triplicate milk samples were taken at each of two daily milkings over a 28-day period and analysed for fat protein and lactose concentration. Milk yield and fat concentration were more variable than protein and lactose concentrations both between animals and between days. Sampling variation was small for all component concentrations. The main source of variation for all traits was time of milking (morning or afternoon) followed by variation between cows and by day-to-day variation. There was little linear trend with time in the data due to cows being close to peak yield. There was no evidence of cyclical variation over time for any trait. Mean weekly or monthly yields and concentrations were better predicted using samples from four rather than from two consecutive milkings but there was no further advantage from using six samples.
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Wijerathne, Iresha, and Sriyani Wickramasinghe. "Behavioral Pattern of Endemic Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros gingalensis) within the Breeding and Nonbreeding Seasons." International Journal of Biodiversity 2018 (March 11, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9509785.
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The hornbills are among the most extraordinary looking birds in the world. Out of two species of hornbill, the Ocyceros gingalensis is the only endemic grey hornbill in Sri Lanka. This study was conducted in Mihintale Sanctuary which is comprised of secondary dry mixed evergreen forest patches and semiurbanized area from 2013 to 2015. Ad libitum focal animal sampling was used to construct an ethogram for the behavior of Sri Lanka grey hornbill (SLGh). The study recorded 35 behavioral events in 11 acts under 4 types of their activities. Courtship and mating activities were recorded within the study period. Food items were changed throughout the parental care period. Within this period chicks were offered sufficient food comprised of fruits and flesh. These revealed that the nesting of the SLGh in suburb areas is not good sign since it potentially indicates the loss of adequate breeding conditions in the forest. Conservation of SLGh depends on protection of trees and tree cavities as an important ecological niche.
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Lucchini, Karen, Rebecca Umeed, Luana Guimarães, Paulo Santos, Iara Sommer, and Bruna Bezerra. "The role of touch in captive and semi-captive Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus)." Behaviour 158, no. 3-4 (February 9, 2021): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10069.
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Abstract Tactile signals have been neglected in aquatic animal studies despite being a major communication modality. We investigated Antillean manatees’ tactile behavioural repertoire and budget in captivity (7-females and 4-males) and semi-captivity (4-males) in Brazil. We detected 17 tactile behaviours (14.03% of the activity budget) with social, self-maintenance, or environmental exploration functions. The observation method influenced the detection of self-maintenance behaviours — focal animal and ad libitum detected more of these behaviours than scan sampling. Age, sex, housing, and centre routines influenced the tactile repertoire. The captive females and semi-captive males tactile patterns differed, suggesting that sex and animal-pool density play a role in tactile patterns. We recommend carefully choosing the observation method when investigating functional categories of manatee tactile behaviours. The monitoring and stimulation of manatee tactile behaviours should integrate rehabilitation and reintroduction practices. Environmental enrichment may stimulate tactile behaviours related to habitat exploration, key behaviours in aiding manatee navigation.
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Fachrozi, Ilham, and Sri Catur Setyawatiningsih. "Perilaku Harian Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca Fascicularis) Di Arboretum Universitas Riau (UNRI) Dan Sekitarnya." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 13, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v13i2.11414.
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AbstrakArboretum Universitas Riau (UNRI) merupakan habitat monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis). Banyak aktivitas di lokasi tersebut, diduga mempengaruhi pola perilaku M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku harian M. fascicularis di Arboretum UNRI dan sekitarnya. Pengamatan menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dan ad libitum. Pengamatan perilaku harian M. fascicularis dilakukan pada kelompok A, yang berjumlah 9 ekor. Frekuensi jenis-jenis perilaku harian M. fascicularis secara berturut turut adalah perilaku pindah, istirahat, makan, bermain, menelisik, agresif, dan seksual. Macaca fascicularis pradewasa cenderung melakukan perilaku pindah, istirahat, dan bermain. M. fascicularis dewasa cenderung melakukan perilaku pindah, istirahat, dan makan. Jenis kelamin tidak berpengaruh terhadap perilaku harian M. fascicularis pradewasa, tetapi berpengaruh pada individu M. fascicularis dewasa, khususnya perilaku makan, berpindah, dan menelisik. Perilaku seksual intraspesies terjadi hanya pada individu betina alfa, dewasa (Ma) dengan jantan alfa dewasa (Mon). Perilaku menelisik dan mounting heteroskesual interspesies terjadi antara M. fascicularis jantan, alfa (Mon) dengan M. nemestrina betina dewasa. Perilaku mounting isoseksual terjadi antara M. fascicularis jantan dewasa dan pradewasa dari kelompok yang berbeda. Perilaku harian yang dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia adalah perilaku makan.Abstract Riau University Arboretum is a habitat of long-tailed macaque (M. fascicularis). Human activities at the location are pressumed to influence M. fascicularis behavior patterns. The study aims to determine the daily behaviour of M. fascicularis in around of Arboretum UNRI. Observations used focal animal sampling and ad libitum methods. Observation of the daily behavior was carried out in Group A, which consisted of 9 individuals. The frequency of M. fascicularis daily behaviors were moving, resting, eating, playing, grooming, aggresive, and sexual behaviour, respectively. Immature M. fascicularis are more likely to perform the moving, resting, and playing behavior. Whereas mature M. fascicularis are more likely to perform the moving, resting, and eating behavior. Gender does not affect the daily behavior of immature M. fascicularis, it affects the individual mature M. fascicularis, especially feeding, moving and grooming behavior. Intraspesific hetrosexual behaviour occured only between alfa, mature female(Ma) and alpha, mature male (Mon). Interspesific heterosexual grooming and mounting behaviors occured between M. fascicularis alpha, male individual and mature female M. nemestrina. Intraspecific mounting isosexual behavior occured on mature and immature of M. fascicularis from different group. The daily behavior that is influence by human activities is eating behaviour.
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Pacheco-Rios, D., D. D. S. Mackenzie, and W. C. McNabb. "Comparison of two variants of the Fick principle for estimation of mammary blood flow in dairy cows fed two levels of dry matter intake." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-035.
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The estimation of the mammary blood flow (MBF) is an important component of studies of the utilization of metabolites by the mammary gland of lactating animals. Although there are several flow meters available to measure MBF by direct contact with the vessels perfusing the mammary gland, their use is limited mainly by the surgical preparation required for their implantation. For that reason, the application of the Fick principle was assessed as a mean to estimate MBF as part of a study on amino acid utilization by the mammary gland in three pasture-fed dairy cows at either ad libitum or restricted dry matter intakes. Two methods based on the Fick principle were assessed, namely, arterio-venous differences of amino acids (methionine: Met or phenylalanine+tyrosine: Phe + Tyr) and tritiated water (TOH). The estimated MBF was not significantly different for the Met and Phe + Tyr methods (average of 8.1 and 8.8 L min–1, respectively). The TOH method yielded a significantly lower (P < 0.05) estimate of blood flow (average of 5.3 L min–1). Using the Met and Phe+Tyr methods, the MBF was lower during the period of dietary restriction compared with the ad libitum treatment (average of 9.4 and 7.5 L min–1, respectively). In contrast, the TOH method resulted in a numerically higher MBF for the restricted group (5.7 vs. 4.9 L min–1). The short sampling period a nd the loss of indicator in the TOH method appear to be a disadvantage for extrapolating the estimated values to balance studies with lactating cows involving longer periods of time. The estimated values obtained using the Met or Phe + Tyr appear to be re presentative of the MBF during the experimental period. Therefore, any of these methods (Met, Phe + Tyr) may be used alone or in combination as an alternative to flow meters in studies of mammary metabolism. Key words: Dairy cows, mammary blood flow, Fick principle
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Van den Top, A. Marc, Arie Van Tol, Hans Jansen, Math JH Geelen, and Anton C. Beynen. "Fatty liver in dairy cows post partum is associated with decreased concentration of plasma triacylglycerols and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipocytes." Journal of Dairy Research 72, no. 2 (March 21, 2005): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905000774.
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Cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in serum lipoproteins, plasma activities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue biopsies were measured ante and post partum in dairy cows given either free or restricted access to feed during the dry period. After parturition, all cows were fed ad libitum. The purpose of this study was to try to understand the earlier observed marked drop post partum in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) in terms of lipoprotein metabolism in cows developing fatty liver post partum. As would be expected, free access to feed during the dry period induced a rise of hepatic TAG concentrations post partum associated with a decrease in plasma TAG levels. Total and free cholesterol concentrations in the VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL2 fractions fell immediately after parturition. VLDL and IDL cholesterol concentrations remained at a constant, low level during the entire sampling period post partum, whereas the drop in LDL and HDL2 cholesterol post partum was followed by a rebound rise. Plasma LCAT and PLTP activities decreased by on average 19% and 33%, respectively, after parturition and then rose to values seen before parturition, but there was no effect of feeding regimen during the dry period. Activities of LCAT and PLTP were significantly correlated with cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in LDL and HDL2. Plasma LCAT activity, as measured with exogenous substrate, and PLTP activity were both positively correlated with HDL3 phospholipid levels. LPL activity in adipose tissue dropped after parturition, the drop being smaller after feeding ad libitum during the dry period. It is concluded that the drop in adipose tissue LPL activity post partum is at variance with the simultaneous fall in plasma TAG. Possibly, the decrease in adipose tissue LPL activity helps to channel fatty acids away from adipose tissue into the udder. The post-partum changes in lipid transfer proteins in the blood are in line with the changes observed in the levels of the lipoproteins.
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Cameron, N. D., E. McCullough, K. Troup, and J. C. Penman. "Physiological responses to divergent selection for daily food intake or lean growth rate in pigs." Animal Science 76, no. 1 (February 2003): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053285.
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AbstractCorrelated responses in physiological traits to divergent selection on components of efficient lean growth identified physiological traits for use as predictors of genetic merit and provided a biological explanation for the between-selection line differences in protein and lipid deposition. Responses (differences between high (H) and low (L) selection lines) in protein metabolism during ad-libitum feeding were associated with divergent selection for daily food intake (DFI) (reduced serum creatinine concentration (H = 1·30 v. L = 1·56, s.e.d. 0·08 mg/dl)) and for lean growth rate on an ad-libitum feeding regime (LGA) (increased serum urea (H = 48 v. L = 36, s.e.d. 4 mg/dl) and creatinine (H = 1·74 v. L = 1·45 mg/dl)) concentrations, but not with selection for lean growth on a restricted feeding regime (LGS). Following 24-h fasting, responses in lipid metabolism, in the form of higher serum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations, were detected with divergent selection for both LGA (399 v. 248, s.e.d. 66 µmol/l) and LGS (H = 361 v. L = 107 µmol/l). The high LGS line appeared to ‘preserve’ protein to a greater extent than the high LGA line and similarly there was greater maintenance of lipid depots by the low LGS line compared with the low LGA line. A tentative ranking of the two pairs of lean growth selection lines on the basis of ‘importance’ of protein deposition would be high LGS, high LGA, low LGA and low LGS.Coheritabilities for serum creatinine concentration with predicted lysine balance and lysine required for protein deposition (-0·17 and 0·17, s.e. 0·08) indicated that serum creatinine concentration may usefully be included in breeding value prediction for lysine requirement and protein deposition to increase the accuracy of predicted genetic merit.Fasting did not increase the coheritabilities for serum creatinine concentration, so inclusion of serum creatinine concentration in a selection criterion for dietary lysine requirement or protein deposition does not require withdrawal of food before blood sampling animals.
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Chen, X. B., A. T. Mejia, D. J. Kyle, and E. R. Ørskov. "Evaluation of the use of the purine derivative: creatinine ratio in spot urine and plasma samples as an index of microbial protein supply in ruminants: studies in sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 1 (August 1995): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007458x.
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SUMMARYIn ruminants, the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) reflects the absorption of microbial purines and can be used as an index of microbial protein supply. The objective of this study, carried out in Aberdeen, 1992, was to examine whether PD concentrations in spot urine or plasma samples vary diurnally during a given feeding regime and if they reflect differences in daily PD excretion induced by varying feed intake. Sixteen sheep were offered ad libitum one of four diets (fresh weight basis, the rest of each diet being minerals and vitamins): (1) 99·9% lucerne (pelleted); (2) 50% hay, 30% barley, 9% fishmeal and 10% molasses; (3) 72% straw, 7% molasses and 20% molassed sugarbeet pulp; and (4) 97% barley. Measurements were made for 1 week after a 2-week adaptation period. Urine was collected daily on days 1–4 and hourly on days 5–7. Hourly urine collection was achieved using a fraction collector. Plasma samples were collected hourly from 09·00 to 17·00 h on day 4. Feed intake varied considerably (347–1718 g DM/day) between diets and between animals. Daily excretion of PD (7·1–22·6 mmol/day) was linearly related to DM intake (r = 0·85, n = 16), and so was the microbial N supply (3·9–19·5 g N/day) estimated from daily PD excretion (r = 0·87). In hourly urine samples, the ratio of PD:creatinine concentrations showed no significant difference between sampling times, and was linearlycorrelated with the daily PD excretion (r = 0·92). Similarly, plasma PD concentration also showed little diurnal fluctuation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased with feed intake. Plasma PD was not well correlated with daily PD excretion in urine (r = 0·57). The tubular load of PD (plasma PD × GFR) was better correlated with the daily excretion (r = 0·80). It appears that when sheep are fed ad libitum, PD in spot urine may provide a practical indicator of microbial protein supply status.
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Dirksen, Carsten, Jesper Graff, Stefan Fuglsang, Jens F. Rehfeld, Jens J. Holst, and Jan L. Madsen. "Energy intake, gastrointestinal transit, and gut hormone release in response to oral triglycerides and fatty acids in men with and without severe obesity." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 316, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): G332—G337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00310.2018.
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Dietary fat, and particularly fatty acids (FAs) from hydrolyzed triglycerides (TGs), reduces appetite, whereas paradoxically, a high-fat diet leads to excess calorie intake. We therefore hypothesized that the appetite-regulating effects of FAs are perturbed in obesity. Ten men with severe obesity [median body mass index (BMI) of 51.0 kg/m2(range of 47.9–69.0)] and 10 men without obesity [BMI of 24.6 kg/m2(range of 21.7–26.8)] were recruited for a double-blind randomized crossover study. On two occasions, participants were given isocaloric (2,660 kJ) and isovolemic (80 ml) loads of either oleic acid (long-chain FA) or olive oil (TG) containing radiolabeled lipid and water markers. Postload scintigraphy, blood sampling, and assessment of appetite were performed for 10 h, after which an ad libitum meal was served. Compared with olive oil, oleic acid slowed gastric mean emptying time (GMET) for lipids ( P < 0.001), accelerated orocoecal transit time (OCTT; P = 0.005), increased postload cholecystokinin section ( P < 0.001), and suppressed ad libitum energy intake ( P = 0.028) in men with severe obesity, and similar effects were seen in the nonobese group (no group × lipid interactions). However, independent of lipid loads, GMET and OCTT were slower (GMETlipidP = 0.046; GMETwaterP = 0.003; OCTT P = 0.001), and basal and postload secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was attenuated ( P = 0.045 and P = 0.048, respectively) in men with severe obesity compared with men without obesity. We conclude that the more potent appetite-regulating effects of oleic acid versus olive oil are unimpaired in men with severe obesity. However, regardless of lipid formulations, severe obesity is associated with slowed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated GLP-1 secretion.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Orally ingested fatty acids more efficiently reduce appetite and energy intake than triglycerides also in men with severe obesity. Men with severe obesity have delayed gastrointestinal transit and attenuated early gut hormone responses after an oral lipid load compared with men without obesity.
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Buyse, Johan, Kristel Janssens, Serge Van der Geyten, Pieter Van As, Eddy Decuypere, and Veerle M. Darras. "Pre- and postprandial changes in plasma hormone and metabolite levels and hepatic deiodinase activities in meal-fed broiler chickens." British Journal of Nutrition 88, no. 6 (December 2002): 641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002741.
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The present study aimed to study the effects of food deprivation and subsequent postprandial changes in plasma somatotrophic and thyrotrophic hormone levels and focused on the inter-relationships between these hormonal axes and representative metabolites of the intermediary metabolism of meal-fed broiler chickens. Male broiler chickens (2 weeks old) were fed a meal of 40–45 g/bird per d for two consecutive weeks (food-restricted (FR) treatment). The daily allowance was consumed in about 30 min. At 4 weeks of age, FR chickens were killed at several time intervals (ten per sampling time) in relation to the daily food allowance: before feeding (about 23·5 h of food deprivation), and at 10, 20, 30 (end of feeding), 40, 50, 60, 90, 120 and 200 min after initiation of feeding. Birds fed ad libitum served as controls (ad-libitum (AL) treatment). Liver tissue was collected for deiodinase type I and type III activity measurements and blood samples for analysis of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, thyroxine (T4), 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3), glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), uric acid, triacylglycerol (TG) and lactate levels. Food deprivation caused a shift from lipogenesis to lipolysis and increased fatty acid turnover, a reduction in protein anabolism and reduced metabolic rate. Food intake was followed immediately by a pronounced increase in metabolic rate, initially mainly based on anaerobic mechanisms. Refeeding gradually reversed the fasting-induced alterations in plasma hormone and metabolite levels, but the time course of changes differed between metabolites, which clearly preceded those of the hormones investigated. The order of responsiveness after food provision were glucose>uric acid≥NEFA>lactate>TG for the plasma metabolites and GH>T3>T4>IGF–I for hormones. Based on these different postprandial time courses, several functional relationships are proposed. Glucose is believed to be the primary trigger for the normalisation of the effects of fasting on these plasma variables by restoring hepatic GH receptor capacity, as well as decreasing deiodinase type III activity.
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TUORI, M., M. RINNE, and A. VANHATALO. "Omasal sampling technique in estimation of the site and extent of mineral absorption in dairy cows fed rapeseed and soybean expellers." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 3 (December 4, 2008): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606779216254.
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The effects of rapeseed and soybean expeller on digestion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur in dairy cows were investigated in a study conducted as an incomplete Latin square. The experimental diets consisted of five concentrates fed at a rate of 9 kg d-1: a mixture of barley and oats (control), which was replaced either with rapeseed or soybean expeller both at two levels (130, 180 and 230 g crude protein per kg dry matter). A mixture of grass and red clover silage (1:1) was fed ad libitum. No mineral supplements except for NaCl and trace minerals were used. Ruminal digestion was estimated by omasal sampling technique and total digestion from total faecal collection. Intake of all minerals except sodium increased with the level of protein supplementation and it was generally higher when rapeseed compared with soybean expeller diets were offered. Reticulo-rumen was the major site of net absorption of magnesium, whereas calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium were absorbed postruminally. Net absorption of sulphur took place both in the rumen and postruminally. Omasal flow of sodium and phosphorus indicated substantial secretion of these minerals into the rumen via saliva. Compared with the published data based on duodenal sampling, the results indicated that omasum has an important role in the absorption of minerals, especially sodium and phosphorus. Omasal sampling technique is a useful tool in studying ruminal mineral metabolism.;
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Levesque, H. M., C. Short, T. W. Moon, J. S. Ballantyne, and W. R. Driedzic. "Effects of seasonal temperature and photoperiod on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). I. Morphometric parameters and metabolites." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-188.
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Age-1+ to age-3+ Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were held at either constant (~9 °C) or ambient ocean temperatures (Newfoundland) from December 2000 to June 2002 under natural photoperiod and ad libitum feeding. Body mass and length, liver total lipids, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, glycogen and protein from liver and muscle, plasma glucose, and lactate were assessed over this period. Both groups increased body mass, length, and liver mass, with a significantly greater increase for the constant group at all sampling dates. Both groups demonstrated a growth phase from August to October 2001, while the ambient group showed a compensatory growth phase from May to July 2001. Gonad mass significantly increased in males and females from both groups in June 2002. Most tissue metabolites demonstrated seasonal patterns consistent with photoperiod. The effect of temperature was primarily quantitative, implicating temperature changes food conversion efficiencies, as both groups of cod had the same access to food. Under the conditions of this study, Atlantic cod growth is controlled primarily by photoperiod, with temperature affecting the amounts of tissue metabolites.
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Ario, Anton, Agus Priyono Kartono, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, and Jatna Supriatna. "Pre-release assessment of Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) during acclimatization phase in Mount Malabar Protected Forest, West Java." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 17, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.17.2.189-196.
Full textAbstract:
Pre-release aassessment study of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in gradually during acclimatization phase in the Mount Malabar Protected Forest, West Java. We studied eleven Javan gibbons in February-March 2014, February-March 2015, March-April 2015, and July-August 2016. The purpose of this study was to assess the readiness of Javan gibbon behavior in acclimatization phase prior to release. Data collection was conducted by focal animal sampling method with 5-minute interval recording time and ad libitum method. The average time allocation of Javan gibbon activities were the following: feeding 16.82±1,28%; moving 20.01±3.14%; resting 47.64±1.31%; socializing 12.88±2.92%; sexual 0.69±0.54%; and vocalizing 1.96±0.59%. We compared activity allocation data from this study and those from wild Javan gibbons and found similarities as follows: 55.30% at a family of Jowo-Bombom-yani-Yudi, 51.42% at a pair of Moly-Nancy, 44.57% at a pair of Robin-Moni and 62.19% at a family of Mel-Pooh-Asri. Based on readiness assessment of 11 Javan gibbons, 3 were considered almost ready for release, while 8 individuals were considered ready.
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Martin, J. R., H. Porchet, R. Buhler, and J. Bircher. "Increased ethanol consumption and blood ethanol levels in rats with portacaval shunts." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 248, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): G287—G292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.3.g287.
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In a series of experiments, it was demonstrated that male rats with end-to-side portacaval shunts (PCS) consumed more ethanol and exhibited higher blood ethanol levels than sham-operated control animals in chronic tests with 2% ethanol and water ad libitum. Ethanol intake in the 6 h prior to blood sampling was 2-5 times and blood ethanol 10-50 times higher in PCS than control rats. These effects were not due to the feminization of male rats occurring after a PCS, since female PCS rats exhibited comparable increases of ethanol intake and blood ethanol. In both sexes ethanol elimination rate and alcohol dehydrogenase activity per total liver were lower after PCS than in control rats, explaining the disproportionate increase in blood ethanol relative to ethanol intake. Interestingly, ethanol intake was not abnormal in PCS rats fed a low-protein, low-tryptophan diet (corn) alone or as a supplement to the usual chow diet. Such dietary modulation of ethanol preference in this animal model of chronic liver dysfunction merits further attention.
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Sia, Marni Yanti, Cornelis K. Pattinasarany, and Andri Tuhumury. "HABITAT DAN PERILAKU BURUNG JULANG IRIAN (Rhyticeros plicatus) DI RESORT MASIHULAN SEKSI WILAYAH 1 TAMAN NASIONAL MANUSELA." Jurnal Hutan Tropis 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v8i2.9045.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the habitat and daily behavior of hornbills at Masihulan Resort, Manusela National Park. Study was conducted on March 2019. Ad libitum sampling method was used to observe the hornbills behavior, while combination of lines and line terraced was used to obtained vegetation data. Hornbills require a natural habitats that are not affected by human activity, but can also adapt to habitats that have been disturbed with low levels of interference. An important factor of habitat that affects the distribution and daily activities of hornbills are the presence of feeding trees and nesting trees. Diet sources of hornbills in both locations consist of five spesies of plants, namely Ficus benjamina, Octomeles sumatrana, Myristica lancifolia, Pometia pinatta, and Eugenia sp; they were more abundant on Ilie than Hua Hui Jalang. The behaviors that had been identified were feeding, calling, grooming, and beak rubbing behavior. Four behaviors were observed at Hua Hui Jalang, namely: feeding (8%), grooming (32%), beak rubbing (40%), and calling (20%); and threebehaviors were observed at Ilie, namely : feeding (29,17%), grooming (31.25%), and calling (39.58%).
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Jokthan, G. E., C. A. M. Lakpini, A. M. Adamu, G. N. Akpa, and I. A. Adeyinka. "Effect of Supplementing Rice Straw with Pigeon Pea Forage on Rumen and Blood Metabolites of Yankasa Sheep." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i2.1383.
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A study was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing rice straw with pigeon pea forage on rumen and blood metabolites of Yankasa sheep. Sixteen yearling Yankasa ewes were used for the study. A completely randomized design was used with four animals per treatment. A basal rice straw diet was provided ad libitum and pigeon pea forage supplemented at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%of the body weight. Rumen and blood samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours post-feeding. Results of the study showed low (1.16-3.81mg/100ml) NH3-N concentration in the unsupplemented ewes. Supplementation at 1 % body weight improved the level of NH3-N concentration to 10.38mg/100ml. Volatile faty acids also increased from 26.33 to 43.33mg/l in 0.0% and 1.0% of body weight pigeon pea forage supplementation. pH variations within treatments remain within acceptable range for rumen microbial activity: There was a uniformly low level of plasma urea nitrogen in the unsupplemented diet across sampling time, supplementing at 1.0% of the body weight had the highest plasma urea nitrogen level with 3 and 6 hours post-feeding being significantly (P<0.05) higher than other sampling time. Levels of packed cell volume and haemoglobin improved from 21.00% and 48% in the supplemented diet to 32.00% and 73% at 1.0% pigeon pea forage supplementation respectively
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Zappaterra, Martina, Laura Menchetti, Leonardo Nanni Costa, and Barbara Padalino. "Do Camels (Camelus dromedarius) Need Shaded Areas? A Case Study of the Camel Market in Doha." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020480.
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This study aimed at documenting whether dromedary camels have a preference for shade and how their behavior would change depending on the presence of shade and variable space allowance. A total of 421 animals kept in 76 pens (66 with shelter (Group 1), and 10 without shelter (Group 2)) at the camel market in Doha (Qatar) were recorded for 1 min around 11:00 a.m. when the temperature was above 40 °C. The number of animals in the sun and shade and their behaviors were analyzed using an ad libitum sampling method and an ad hoc ethogram. The results of a chi-square test indicated that camels in Group 1 had a clear preference for shade (p < 0.001). The majority of Group 1 camels were indeed observed in the shade (312/421; 74.11%). These camels spent more time in recumbency and ruminating, while standing, walking, and self-grooming were more commonly expressed by the camels in the sun (p < 0.001). Moreover, locomotory stereotypic behaviors (i.e., pacing) increased as space allowance decreased (p = 0.002). Based on the findings of this pilot study, camels demonstrated a preference for shade; shade seemed to promote positive welfare, while overcrowding seemed to trigger stereotypy and poor welfare. Overall, our preliminary results are novel and provide evidence that shaded areas are of paramount importance for camel welfare. Further research, involving designed studies at multiple locations is needed to confirm these results.
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Vincent, Isobel C., H. Ll Williams, and R. Hill. "Feeding British rapeseed meals to pregnant and lactating ewes." Animal Science 47, no. 2 (October 1988): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100003378.
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ABSTRACTThree types of high glucosinolate British rapeseed meal (RSM) — extracted, expeller and extruded — were incorporated in ewe diets at 200 g/kg; soya-bean meal (SBM) at 165 g/kg replaced RSM in a control diet. Eighty housed Suffolk-Mule ewes were divided into four equal groups and given one of four diets, A (control SBM), B (extracted RSM), C (expeller RSM) or D (extruded RSM) for one reproductive cycle. Diets A and B were compared for a second season. The ewes were given a maximum of 2·5 kg diet per day during lactation. Barley straw was available ad libitum. The ewes were mated in November and December. Lambs were weaned at 42 days of age; they were given creep food similar in composition to their dams' lactation diets.There were no dietary effects on ewes in overall health, live weight, oestrous activity, conception, number of lambs born alive or lamb birth weights. A mean of 1·6 lambs were weaned per ewe mated and 58% of these were twins, in year 1. In year 2, 1·8 lambs were reared and 79% were twins. The mean milk yield over the first 4 weeks of lactation was 3·2 1 and there were no significant dietary effects. Fat concentration in milk was very variable, but in general was slightly depressed by the RSM diets, significantly so at three sampling dates. Protein concentration was consistently lower in milk from RSM than SBM groups, significantly lower at four of the weekly samplings. Thiocyanate levels in plasma and milk were related to glucosinolate intake, but were not associated with any detrimental effects. At all sampling dates, values for RSM groups were significantly greater than for SBM ewes. Plasma thyroxine values were similar regardless of diet
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Widiana, Ana, R. Robbi Januari, Rizal Maulana Hasby, and Astri Yuliawati. "Home Range Estimation and Food Plants Preference of Presbytiscomata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 3 (December 19, 2018): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i3.13800.
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Surili (Presbytis comata) is one of endemic primates of West Java whose existence is protected. The purpose of the research was to determine the estimated home range and the preferences of food plant of P. comata at Situ Patengan Nature Reserve, West Java. The home range was determined by the minimum convex polygon method by connecting the coordinates of the outermost entire outer area groups. Focal animal sampling and Ad-libitum methods were applied to obtain data of food preferences in details. The result showed that home range of several P. comata groupsat Situ Patengan Nature Reserve were varied. The home range of group A, B, C, and D were covering 3.52 Ha, 4.43 Ha, 3.76 Ha, and 3.14 Ha respectively, while the solitary individual has a home range covering 2.64 Ha. There were 27 species from 16 families of plants that was directly consumed by P. comata. P. comata more often consumed Castanopsis javanica (10.07%), C. argentea (9.35%), C. tungurut (7.91%), Sloneasigun (7.91%), and Quercus sp (7.19%). This data can be useful as a reference in P. Comata population and habitat management especially in the area of Situ Patengan.
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Widiyati, Ani, B. N. Asyiah, Tri Heru Prihadi, and Dewi Puspaningsih. "Rearing technology for climbing fish (Anabas testudineus) on different salinity." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184702003.
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Optimal salinity on rearing media is needed to get the best production performance of climbing fish culture. The aim of this experiment is to get an optimal salinity on rearing media of climbing fish. This experiment was conducted in wet lab of Research Institute for freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension. The treatments were different salinities on rearing media; 0 ppt, 3 ppt, 6 ppt and 9 ppt. Each treatment has 3 replicates. Experiment design use completely randomized design. The initial weight of fish was 1 ± 0.11g and initial length of fish was 2 ± 0.3 cm. Aquaria of 40x22x20 cm was used for rearing media. Each aquarium with 15 lt of water was stocked 350 fish. Fish was fed frozen blood worm (protein contains of 62.5%) at ad libitum. Duration time of rearing was 40 days. Sampling was conducted every 10 day for fish weight, lenght and water quality. The result showed that optimal salinity of survivale rate, specific growth rate and total length were on salinity of 1.8 ppt, 2.5 ppt and 3.3 ppt. The value of water quality parameter in aquaria such as temperature, pH, Oxygen, nitrite, nitrate an amonia is still feasible for climbing fish rearing.
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Risby, Terence H., Long Jiang, Sigfried Stoll, Donald Ingram, Edward Spangler, Jane Heim, Richard Cutler, George S. Roth, and Joseph M. Rifkind. "Breath ethane as a marker of reactive oxygen species during manipulation of diet and oxygen tension in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.617.
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Breath ethane, O2consumption, and CO2 production were analyzed in 24-mo-old female Fischer 344 rats that had been fed continuously ad libitum (AL) or restricted 30% of AL level (DR) diets since 6 wk of age. Rats were placed in a glass chamber that was first flushed with air, then with a gas mixture containing 12% O2. After equilibration, a sample of the outflow was collected in gas sampling bags for subsequent analyses of ethane and CO2. The O2 and CO2 levels were also directly monitored in the outflow of the chamber. O2 consumption and CO2 production increased for DR rats. Hypoxia decreased O2consumption and CO2 production for the AL-fed and DR rats. These changes reflect changes in metabolic rate due to diet and [Formula: see text]. A significant decrease in ethane generation was found in DR rats compared with AL-fed rats. Under normoxic conditions, breath ethane decreased from 2.20 to 1.61 pmol ethane/ml CO2. During hypoxia the levels of ethane generation increased, resulting in a DR-associated decrease in ethane from 2.60 to 1.90 pmol ethane/ml CO2. These results support the hypothesis that DR reduces the level of oxidative stress.
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RICHMOND, A. S., A. R. G. WYLIE, A. S. LAIDLAW, and F. O. LIVELY. "An evaluation of contrasting C32 alkane dosing and faecal sampling regimes to estimate herbage dry matter intake by beef cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 2 (May 20, 2014): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000410.
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SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out to evaluate different dosing and sampling regimes for estimating the dry matter intake (DMI) of vegetation by grazing beef cattle. Experiment 1 compared the DMI of a perennial ryegrass pasture by 48 grazing beef cattle dosed with C32n-alkane and faecally sampled at different time intervals. The cattle, of dairy and suckler origin, were balanced by origin and allocated to one of three alkane-dosing treatments (n=16): T1, dosed once daily (10.30 h) with two 500 mg boluses of C32 alkanes; T2, dosed twice daily (09.00 and 16.00 h) with a 500 mg bolus of C32n-alkane; and T3, dosed twice daily (07.00 and 19.00 h) with a 500 mg bolus of C32n-alkane. Faecal samples were collected concurrently with dosing in each treatment. Dosing interval had no effect on estimated DMI, when calculated using the n-alkane content of faeces sampled concurrently with dosing, suggesting that once-daily dosing with concurrent faecal sampling is adequate to estimate DMI by beef cattle. The objective of Expt 2 was to compare the accuracy of herbage DMI estimated using a once-daily C32 alkane dosing regime and n-alkane concentrations in faeces sampled at 09.00, 13.00, 17.00 and 21.00 h, against DMI measured directly. Twelve Holstein-Friesian bulls (mean body weight 265 kg) were housed individually in digestibility stalls and offered harvested perennial ryegrass or harvested semi-natural upland vegetation, both ad libitum. The DMI estimated by once-daily dosing with n-alkane and concurrent per rectum faecal sampling did not differ significantly from the directly measured DMI for either herbage type. It is concluded that a once-daily alkane dosing and concurrent faecal sampling protocol is adequate to reliably estimate the DMI of both upland and lowland pasture vegetation by beef cattle.
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Cárdenas, A. M., P. Gallardo, L. Moyano, and J. J. Presa. "Autecology, feeding preferences and reproductive biology of Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) vagans (Eversmann, 1848) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae) in Mediterranean ecosystems." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 1 (November 7, 2016): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000481.
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AbstractChorthippus vagans is a common species of Gomphocerinae (Orthoptera) on the Iberian Peninsula. It is endangered in Central Europe where information about its ecological requirements is available; however, aspects of its biology are almost unknown in Mediterranean ecosystems, where it is widespread and common. The focus of this study was to determine how C. vagans adjusts its biology to environmental features of this ecosystem and to interpret how it may be affected by the ecological changes related to the re-vegetation programme linked to the construction of the Breña dam (SW Spain). The research parameters included the autoecology, feeding response and some aspects of reproduction of this species in the Southern Iberian Peninsula. To determine the local distribution and phenology of C. vagans, monthly samplings were conducted (2007–2010) in 12 sampling plots. For the food selection tests, ten nymphs and ten adults were placed individually in insectaries under controlled conditions. Grasses (Lolium sp.) and shrubs (Cistus sp.) were supplied ad libitum in two types of tests, monospecific and mixed diet. The reproductive biology was analysed by both observations of anatomical structures (integument, bristles, tibial spines, tarsal claws and mandibles) and ovarian dissections of 29 females and in laboratory rearing experiments with 15 pairs of adults. The results indicate that C. vagans shows an extended activity period which peaks at the end of summer. It is a polyphagous grasshopper, although adults show a slight preference for grasses. In addition, it is a univoltine species with spring–summer breeding activity.
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Sanchez-Casanova, Rubi, Luis Sarmiento-Franco, Jose Segura-Correa, and Clive J. C. Phillips. "Effects of Outdoor Access and Indoor Stocking Density on Behaviour and Stress in Broilers in the Subhumid Tropics." Animals 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121016.
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Studies investigating the welfare of commercial-line broiler chickens raised in houses with outdoor access in the tropics are scarce, and none have investigated whether responses vary according to indoor conditions. Hence, we assessed the effects of providing outdoor access at two indoor stocking densities on broiler chickens’ growth, behaviour, stress responses and immunity in a tropical region of Mexico. One hundred and sixty chickens were assigned to one of four treatments in a factorial design: with or without outdoor access and low or high stocking density indoors. Ad libitum sampling was used to build a purpose-designed ethogram. Scan sampling was used to record the number of birds engaged in each activity of this ethogram, both indoors and outdoors. Heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and serum corticosterone levels were tested in weeks four and six of age. When the birds were 42 days old, they were slaughtered, and the bursa and spleen harvested and weighed. In an interaction between stocking density and outdoor access, birds at the high stocking density with no outdoor pens spent the least time walking and preening and more time lying (p < 0.05). Birds given outdoor access foraged more, but only at indoor low stocking densities (p < 0.05). Outdoor access reduced heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, indicating reduced stressor response. Birds with low stocking density indoors and outdoor access appeared more responsive to stressors, with elevated corticosterone and reduced spleen and bursa weights (p < 0.05). There were welfare benefits of outdoor access, principally in terms of increased activity, which were reflected in slower growth in the birds with outdoor access.
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Dunshea, Frank R., Chung S. Chung, Phil C. Owens, John F. Ballard, and Paul E. Walton. "Insulin-like growth factor-I and analogues increase growth in artificially-reared neonatal pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 87, no. 6 (June 2002): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002574.
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Exogenous insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I has been shown to increase growth rate in neonatal pigs while an analogue of IGF-I, long arginine (LR3) IGF-I, has been shown to be more potent than IGF-I in the rat. Therefore, two studies were conducted to determine whether IGF-I and LR3IGF-I increase growth in the artificially-reared neonatal pig. Expt 1 involved forty-two (2 kg initial weight) pigs infused with either control, IGF-I (2, 4 or 8 μg/h) or LR3IGF-I (2, 4 or 8 μg/h) infusions for 8 d. Pigs were weighed and then offered 1·7 MJ (gross energy) milk replacer/kg0·75 per d. Expt 2 involved eighteen pigs (2 kg initial weight) treated with control saline, IGF-I (8 μg/h) or LR3IGF-I (8 μg/h) infusions. After 9 d an additional pump was inserted to increase the infusion rates of each of the growth factors (16 μg/h) for a further 9 d. Cows' milk was provided ad libitum. In Expt 1 there was no overall effect of growth factors on daily weight gain or slaughter weight. However, milk intake was greater in pigs infused with growth factors (909 v. 867 g/d, P=0·027), with an apparently greater milk intake by the pigs infused with IGF-I compared with LR3IGF-I (920 v. 898 g/d, P=0·12). Infusion of LR3IGF-I decreased plasma IGF-I concentrations, but had no effect on plasma IGF-II concentrations. In Expt 2, neither IGF-I nor LR3IGF-I infusion had any effect upon daily weight gain over the first 9 d of the study. However, over the second 9 d of the study, daily weight gain was increased in LR3IGF-I-infused pigs (457 v. 386 g/d, P<0·01), but not in pigs infused with IGF-I (413 v. 386 g/d, P=0·15). Milk intake was not different during the first 9 d of the study but was significantly greater in pigs infused with growth factors over the second half of the study (3407 v. 2905 g/d, P<0·01). Plasma IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations were highly correlated (R=0·85) with average daily gain over the 3 d preceding blood sampling. In conclusion, exogenous IGF-I and particularly LR3IGF-I can increase growth rate and milk intake in artificially-reared pigs fed ad libitum but not in limit-fed piglets.
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Aktar, Mahruma, Rasel Ahammed, M. Monirul H. Khan, and MM Kabir. "Preliminary Findings On Behavioral Patterns Of The Barking Deer, Muntiacusmuntjak (Zimmermann 1780) In Captivity At Dhaka Zoo In Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 41, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v41i2.46207.
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This research was conducted to document behavioral patterns of the barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann 1780) in captivity. All-occurrence and ad libitum sampling methods were used opportunistically to observe 15 barking deer at Dhaka Zoo in Bangladesh from April to November, 2011.A total of 54 behavioral patterns of the barking deer was recorded and described under 13 major heads. Of which, 41 behavioral patterns were similar for males and females and 13 were sex different. The highest observation was recorded for self-directed behaviors (21.55%) followed by consuming behaviors (20.84%), investigative behaviors (17.65%), scent markings and depositions (14.53%), relaxed states (13.98%), agonistic interactions (2.63%), foraging behaviors (2.31%), sexual behaviors (1.83%), submissive behaviors (1.66%), elimination (1.25%), movements (1.23%), vocalization (0.3%) and affinitive interactions (0.23%). The behavioral patterns were almost similar for male and female with several patterns showing variations. Females consumed food and took rest more frequently than males, who spent more time in foraging and movement. Males also showed higher frequency of sexual behaviors and less submissive behaviors. Environmental sniffing (n=792) was the most frequently encountered behavior and preaching (n=l) was the least. The present findings reveal that majority of the behaviors resemble that of other cervids, but nibbling and barking are unique to this species.
Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(2): 233-243, December 2015
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Silva, Pâmila Carolini Gonçalves da, Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo, Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo, Maria Da Graça Morais, Jonilson Araújo da Silva, Natália Da Silva Heimbach, Gleice Kelli Ayardes de Melo, and Marlova Cristina Mioto da Costa. "Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2631.
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The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P < 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen parameters.
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Silva, Pâmila Carolini Gonçalves da, Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo, Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo, Maria Da Graça Morais, Jonilson Araújo da Silva, Natália Da Silva Heimbach, Gleice Kelli Ayardes de Melo, and Marlova Cristina Mioto da Costa. "Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 4Supl1 (August 25, 2017): 2631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4suplp2631.
Full textAbstract:
The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P < 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen parameters.