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Dirska, Henry. "A Declarative Rules API for Managing Adaptation Relationships in Context-Oriented Programming." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/135.
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Context-aware computing requires software that can adapt to changes in context. When contextual circumstances trigger multiple adaptations, software must also understand the relationships between these adaptations and react according to the rules governing these relationships. Adaptable software needs a means to establish and interpret these rules in order to avoid any undesirable and potentially catastrophic conflicts.
This dissertation designs and implements the Adaptation Rules Management API (ArmAPI). ArmAPI has been demonstrated to work with a Context-Oriented Programming variation for Java called ContextJ* to execute conflict-free adaptations in two software applications. ArmAPI allows programmers to define relationship types between adaptations, and transfers these definitions to Prolog facts and rules. The Prolog engine, encapsulated within ArmAPI, then works with imperative algorithms to determine the appropriate adaptations to execute based on the current set of facts, rules, and contextual circumstances.
Context represents all of the conditions for all of the entities known to an observing device. In any environment, context represents a large amount of data that can influence a multitude of conflicting adaptations. This research provides an incremental step towards overcoming the problem of adaptation conflict by constructing an API that considers the relationship types of inclusion, exclusion, ordering, conditional dependency, and independence. The API has been validated via two prototypes that provide typical scenarios.
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Naidoo, Sagaren Krishna. "New rules for security and survival: Southern Africa's adaptation to a changing world environment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003024.
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In the wake of the post-Cold War era, students of international relations were forced to review their theoretical frameworks to explain new rules for international peace and security. States are now confronted with new constraints for their security and survival as current trends in international politics depict a 'regionalisation' of peace and security. For southern Africa, likewise, the end of the Cold War and, moreover, apartheid, compels its member states to redefine their security strategies and mechanisms for survival. This thesis undertakes to examine southern Africa's adaptation to new rules of a changing world environment, to ensure a stable and secure region, into the next millennium. At the outset of this thesis lies a conceptual contextualisation of security within the major contemporary theoretical approaches of international relations. By examining the essential differences between the redefinitions and new conceptualisations of security, this thesis, firstly argues that the state in southern Africa must be retained as a primary referent of security. This argument is premised on the need to create stronger states for a 'regionalisation' of security in southern Africa. The second issue examined is the changing world environment and its impact on the state and development in Africa, as the new constraints to which the continent must adapt, for security and survival. Arguing that the new international economic order and 'globalisation' dictate the new rules, this chapter asserts that the 'weak' states in Africa need to be strengthened to have the necessary capacity to be the means for its people's security. Finally this thesis examines the new rules for southern Africa's adaptation to a changing world environment. The new rules for the African sub-continent involve the formation of a security regime and economic community with, the power-house, South Africa. Using the Southern African Development Community(SADC) as the umbrella body, the formation of the Organ for Politics, Defence and Security, and signing of trade protocols for a movement towards a free trade area, are evidence of southern Africa's attempts to adapt to new rules for its security. Such adaptation cannot, however, be accomplished with 'weak' states. Southern African states will have to, therefore, be strengthened to attain a more secure adaptation to the new international (economic) order.
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Lacoursière, Marc. "Proposed uniform rules for business-to-business payments on the Internet, adaptation of documentary credit rules for North American small and medium-size enterprises." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66353.pdf.
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Dixon, Matt Luke. "The lateral prefrontal cortex supports an integrated representation of task-rules and expected rewards : evidence from fMRI-adaptation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36766.
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Our capacity for self-control is supported by the use of behaviour-guiding rules. A fundamental question is how we decide which one of out of many potential rules to follow. If different rules were integrated with their expected reward-value, they could be compared, and the one with the highest value selected. However, it currently remains unknown whether any areas of the brain perform this integrative function. To address this question, we took advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-adaptation—the ubiquitous finding that repeated as compared to novel stimuli elicit a change in the magnitude of neural activity in areas of the brain that are sensitive to that stimulus. We created a novel fMRI-adaptation paradigm in which instruction cues signaled novel or repeated task-rules and expected rewards. We found that the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS)—a sub-region of the lateral prefrontal cortex—exhibited fMRI-adaptation uniquely when both rule and reward information repeated as compared to when it was novel. fMRI-adaptation was not observed when either factor repeated in isolation, providing strong evidence that the IFS supports an integrated representation of task-rules and rewards. Consistent with an integrative role, the IFS exhibited correlated activity with numerous rule-related and reward-related areas of the brain across the entire experimental time-course. Additionally, the correlation strength between the IFS and a subset of these regions changed as a function of the novelty of rule and reward information presented during the instruction cue period. Our results provide novel evidence that the IFS integrates rules with their expected reward-value, which in turn can guide complex decision making.
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Henriksson, Maria P. "Human Rationality : Observing or Inferring Reality." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-246315.
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This thesis investigates the boundary of human rationality and how psychological processes interact with underlying regularities in the environment and affect beliefs and achievement. Two common modes in everyday experiential learning, supervised and unsupervised learning were hypothesized to tap different ecological and epistemological approaches to human adaptation; the Brunswikian and the Gibsonian approach. In addition, they were expected to be differentially effective for achievement depending on underlying regularities in the task environment. The first approach assumes that people use top-down processes and learn from hypothesis testing and external feedback, while the latter assumes that people are receptive to environmental stimuli and learn from bottom-up processes, without mediating inferences and support from external feedback, only exploratory observations and actions. Study I investigates selective supervised learning and showed that biased beliefs arise when people store inferences about category members when information is partially absent. This constructivist coding of pseudo-exemplars in memory yields a conservative bias in the relative frequency of targeted category members when the information is constrained by the decision maker’s own selective sampling behavior, suggesting that niche picking and risk aversion contribute to conservatism or inertia in human belief systems. However, a liberal bias in the relative frequency of targeted category members is more likely when information is constrained by the external environment. This result suggests that highly exaggerated beliefs and risky behaviors may be more likely in environments where information is systematically manipulated, for example when positive examples are highlighted to convey a favorable image while negative examples are systematically withheld from the public eye. Study II provides support that the learning modes engage different processes. Supervised learning is more accurate in less complex linear task environments, while unsupervised learning is more accurate in complex nonlinear task environments. Study III provides further support for abstraction based on hypothesis testing in supervised learning, and abstraction based on receptive bottom-up processes in unsupervised learning that aimed to form ideal prototypes as highly valid reference points stored in memory. The studies support previous proposals that integrating the Brunswikian and the Gibsonian approach can broaden the scope of psychological research and scientific inquiry.
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Weerasinghe, A. "A General Model of Adaptive Tutorial Dialogues for Intelligent Tutoring Systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8732.
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Adaptive tutorial dialogues have been successfully employed by ITSs to facilitate deep learning of conceptual domain knowledge. But none of the approaches used for generating dialogues have been used across instructional domains and tasks. The objective of this project was twofold: (i) to propose a general model that provides adaptive dialogue support in both well- and ill-defined instructional tasks (ii) to explore whether adaptive tutorial dialogues are better than non-adaptive dialogues in acquiring domain knowledge.
Our model provides adaptive dialogue support by identifying the concepts that the student has most difficulty with, and then selecting the tutorial dialogues corresponding to those concepts. The dialogues are customised based on the student’s knowledge and explanation skills, in terms of the length and the exact content of the dialogue. The model consists of three parts: an error hierarchy, tutorial dialogues and rules for adapting them.
We incorporated our model into EER-Tutor, a constraint-based tutor that teaches database design. The effectiveness of adaptive dialogues compared to non-adaptive dialogues in learning this ill-defined task was evaluated in an authentic classroom environment. The results revealed that the acquisition of the domain knowledge (represented as constraints) of the experimental group who received adaptive dialogues was significantly higher than their peers in the control group with non-adaptive dialogues. We also incorporated our model into NORMIT, a constraint-based tutor that teaches data normalization. We repeated the experiment using NORMIT in a real-world class room environment with a much smaller group of students (18 in NORMIT study vs 65 in EER-Tutor study) but did not find significant differences. We also investigated whether our model could support dialogues in logical database design and fraction addition using paper-based methods.
Our evaluation studies and investigations on paper indicated that our model can provide adaptive support for both ill-and well-defined tasks associated with a well-defined domain theory. The results also indicated that adaptive dialogues are more effective than non-adaptive dialogues in teaching the ill-defined task of database design.
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Mahfoudh, Mariem. "Adaptation d'ontologies avec les grammaires de graphes typés : évolution et fusion." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH1519/document.
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Étant une représentation formelle et explicite des connaissances d'un domaine, les ontologies font régulièrement l'objet de nombreux changements et ont ainsi besoin d'être constamment adaptées pour notamment pouvoir être réutilisées et répondre aux nouveaux besoins. Leur réutilisation peut prendre différentes formes (évolution, alignement, fusion, etc.), et présente plusieurs verrous scientifiques. L'un des plus importants est la préservation de la consistance de l'ontologie lors de son changement. Afin d'y répondre, nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à étudier les changements ontologiques et proposons un cadre formel capable de faire évoluer et de fusionner des ontologies sans affecter leur consistance. Premièrement, nous proposons TGGOnto (Typed Graph Grammars for Ontologies), un nouveau formalisme permettant la représentation des ontologies et leurs changements par les grammaires de graphes typés. Un couplage entre ces deux formalismes est défini afin de profiter des concepts des grammaires de graphes, notamment les NAC (Negative Application Conditions), pour la préservation de la consistance de l'ontologie adaptée.Deuxièmement, nous proposons EvOGG (Evolving Ontologies with Graph Grammars), une approche d'évolution d'ontologies qui se base sur le formalisme GGTOnto et traite les inconsistances d'une manière a priori. Nous nous intéressons aux ontologies OWL et nous traitons à la fois : (1) l'enrichissement d'ontologies en étudiant leur niveau structurel et (2) le peuplement d'ontologies en étudiant les changements qui affectent les individus et leurs assertions. L'approche EvOGG définit des changements ontologiques de différents types (élémentaires, composées et complexes) et assure leur implémentation par l'approche algébrique de transformation de graphes, SPO (Simple PushOut). Troisièmement, nous proposons GROM (Graph Rewriting for Ontology Merging), une approche de fusion d'ontologies capable d'éviter les redondances de données et de diminuer les conflits dans le résultat de fusion. L'approche proposée se décompose en trois étapes : (1) la recherche de similarité entre concepts en se basant sur des techniques syntaxiques, structurelles et sémantiques ; (2) la fusion d'ontologies par l'approche algébrique SPO ; (3) l'adaptation de l'ontologie globale résultante par le biais des règles de réécriture de graphes.Afin de valider les travaux menés dans cette thèse, nous avons développé plusieurs outils open source basés sur l'outil AGG (Attributed Graph Grammar). Ces outils ont été appliqués sur un ensemble d'ontologies, essentiellement sur celles développées dans le cadre du projet européen CCAlps (Creatives Companies in Alpine Space) qui a financé les travaux de cette thèseOntologies are a formal and explicit knowledge representation. They represent a given domain by their concepts and axioms while creating a consensus between a user community. To satisfy the new requirements of the represented domain, ontologies have to be regularly updated and adapted to maintain their consistency. The adaptation may take different forms (evolution, alignment, merging, etc.), and represents several scientific challenges. One of the most important is to preserve the consistency of the ontology during the changes. To address this issue, we are interested in this thesis to study the ontology changes and we propose a formal framework that can evolve and merge ontologies without affecting their consistency.First we propose TGGOnto (Typed Graph Grammars for Ontologies), a new formalism for the representation of ontologies and their changes using typed graph grammars (TGG). A coupling between ontologies and TGG is defined in order to take advantage of the graph grammars concepts, such as the NAC (Negative Application Conditions), in preserving the adapted ontology consistency. Second, we propose EvOGG (Evolving Ontologies with Graph Grammars), an ontology evolution approach that is based on the TGGOnto formalism that avoids inconsistencies using an a priori approach. We focus on OWL ontologies and we address both : (1) ontology enrichment by studying their structural level and (2) ontology population by studying the changes affecting individuals and their assertions. EvOGG approach defines different types of ontology changes (elementary, composite and complex) and ensures their implementation by the algebraic approach of graph transformation, SPO (Single pushout).Third, we propose GROM (Graph Rewriting for Ontology Merging), an ontologies merging approach that avoids data redundancy and reduces conflict in the merged result. The proposed approach consists of three steps: (1) the similarity search between concepts based on syntactic, structural and semantic techniques; (2) the ontologies merging by the algebraic approach SPO; (3) the global ontology adaptation with graph rewriting rules.To validate our proposals, we have developed several open source tools based on AGG (Attributed Graph Grammar) tool. These tools were applied to a set of ontologies, mainly on those developed in the frame of the CCAlps (Creatives Companies in Alpine Space) European project, which funded this thesis work
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Vannier, Nathan. "The clonal plant microbiota : assembly rules, heritability and influence on host phenotype." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B027/document.
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Les plantes vivent en association avec une grande diversité de microorganismes qui forment son microbiota. Ce microbiote fournit des fonctions clés qui influencent tous les aspects de la vie d'une plante, de l'établissement à la croissance jusqu'à la production. Cette thèse a pour intention de déterminer les règlent d'assemblage du microbiote et ses conséquences pour le phénotypel l'adaptation et l'évolution des plantes. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous avont utilisé différentes approches expérimentales comprenant des plantes clonales comme organismes modèles ainsi que des mésocosmes prairiaux pour analyses à l'échelle des communautés. Nos résultats ont démontré i) que les Champignons Mycohiziens à Arbuscules induisent d'important es variations phénotypiques pour les traits des plantes clonales impliqués dans l'exploration de l'espace et l'exploitation des ressources. Ces changements dépendent de l'identité des symbiontes et altèrent les capacités des plantes à développer des réponses plastiques à l'hétérogénéité environnementale. ii) Les plantes ont évolué un méchanisme permettant la transmission d'une partie de leur microbiote a leur descendance, assurant la qualité de leur habitat. iii) Le contexte spécifique des communautés de plantes est un facteur majeur structurant l'assemblage du microbiota des plantes à échelle locale. L'abondance de certaines espèces de plante dans le voisinage d'une plante cible augmente ou diminue la diversité de son microbiote, déterminant in fine ses performances. De manière générale, cette thèse démontre l'importance des organismes symbiotiques dans la compréhension de l'adaptation et de l'évolution des plantesPlants live in association with a wide diversity of microorganisms forming the microbiota. The plant microbiota provides a variety of key functions that influence many aspects of plant's life comprising establishment, growth and reproduction. The present thesis aims at determining the assembly rules of the plant microbiota and its consequences for plant phenotype, adaptation and evolution. To fulfill this objective, we used different experimental approaches using either clonal plants as model organisms or grassland mesocosms for community-wide analyses. Our results demonstrated i) that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi induce important phenotypic variations in clonal plants traits involved in space exploration and resources exploitation. These changes depended on the identity of the symbionts and altered the plants ability to produce plastic responses to environmental heterogeneity. ii) Plants have evolved a mechanism allowing the transmission of a part of their microbiota to their progeny, ensuring thus their habitat quality. iii) The plant community context is a major factor structuring local plant microbiota assembly. Particular plant species identity in the neighborhood increase or decrease the microbiota diversity and ultimately determine the focal plant performance. This thesis overall demonstrates the importance of symbiotic microorganisms in the understanding of the plant adaptation and evolution. From the knowledges acquired we developed a novel understanding of symbiotic interactions in clonal plants by extending the holobiont theory to the meta-holobiont theory
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Boban, Vesin. "Personalizacija procesa elektronskog učenja u tutorskom sistemu primenom tehnologija semantičkog veba." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=87677&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Predmet istraživanja disertacije obuhvata realizaciju opšteg modela tutorskogsistema za elektronsko učenje iz različitih domena primenom tehnologija semantičkogveba i primena tog modela za izgradnju tutorskog sistema za učenje programskog jezika Java sa elementima personalizacije.Cilj disertacije je implementacija i predstavljanje svih elemenata tutorskog sistema zaučenje programskog jezika Java pomodu tehnologija semantičkog veba. Ovaj procesobuhvata kreiranje osnovnih gradivnih ontologija kao i pravila za izvođenje konkretnihakcija kojim se postiže personalizacija nastavnog materijala.The subject of the dissertation includes the implementation of a conceptual model of tutoring system for e-learning in different domains using semantic web technologies and application of that model in a design of a tutoring system for personalised learning of Java programming language.The goal of the dissertation is the implementation and presentation of all elements of the tutoring system for learning the Java programming language using semantic web technologies. This process includes the creation of the fundamental building blocks of ontologies and rules for carrying out the actions for adaptation of teaching materials.
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Partridge, Tony. "Self-adaptation and rule generation in a fuzzy system for X-ray rocking curve analysis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88863/.
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X-ray rocking curve analysis is an example of a changing application domain. The salient characteristic of such a domain is that situations and facts can change over time. This means that the domain cannot be modelled by a fixed set of fuzzy rules. Instead, the rules must change over time and these changes must model actual changes that occur in the application domain. Three new techniques have been developed for altering a set of fuzzy rules: altering the credibility weight of an expert and using connection matrices to shift the focus of attention between different sets of rules; fine-tuning and changing the membership functions of fuzzy premise variables and thereby altering the meaning of the rules; and generating new fuzzy rules by inductive learning from examples. A fuzzy system for X -ray rocking curve analysis has been developed and used to test each of these techniques. This fuzzy system uses frames, logic-based variables, connection matrices and credibility weights, fuzzy rules and a record of previous decisions in order to model X-ray rocking curve analysis. Question and answer sessions with the user are used to describe experimental rocking curves and structural parameters are deduced from this description. These structural parameters are then used to simulate a theoretical curve, which is compared with the experimental one. A performance measure is derived to calculate the degree of matching between the two curves. This performance measure is used to test each of the three techniques in turn. Tests have shown that the fuzzy system optimises its performance to suit new situations and facts.
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Dolan, Autumn Huneycutt Lois L. ""We have chosen a few things from among many" the adaptations and suitability of nuns' rules in Merovingian Gaul /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6468.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Lois Huneycutt. Includes bibliographical references.
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Amdal, Ingunn. "Learning pronunciation variation : A data-driven approach to rule-based lecxicon adaptation for automatic speech recognition." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1560.
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To achieve a robust system the variation seen for different speaking styles must be handled. An investigation of standard automatic speech recognition techniques for different speaking styles showed that lexical modelling using general-purpose variants gave small improvements, but the errors differed compared with using only one canonical pronunciation per word. Modelling the variation using the acoustic models (using context dependency and/or speaker dependent adaptation) gave a significant improvement, but the resulting performance for non-native and spontaneous speech was still far from read speech.
In this dissertation a complete data-driven approach to rule-based lexicon adaptation is presented, where the effect of the acoustic models is incorporated in the rule pruning metric. Reference and alternative transcriptions were aligned by dynamic programming, but with a data-driven method to derive the phone-to-phone substitution costs. The costs were based on the statistical co-occurrence of phones, association strength. Rules for pronunciation variation were derived from this alignment. The rules were pruned using a new metric based on acoustic log likelihood. Well trained acoustic models are capable of modelling much of the variation seen, and using the acoustic log likelihood to assess the pronunciation rules prevents the lexical modelling from adding variation already accounted for as shown for direct pronunciation variation modelling.
For the non-native task data-driven pronunciation modelling by learning pronunciation rules gave a significant performance gain. Acoustic log likelihood rule pruning performed better than rule probability pruning.
For spontaneous dictation the pronunciation variation experiments did not improve the performance. The answer to how to better model the variation for spontaneous speech seems to lie neither in the acoustical nor the lexical modelling. The main differences between read and spontaneous speech are the grammar used and disfluencies like restarts and long pauses. The language model may thus be the best starting point for more research to achieve better performance for this speaking style.
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Buruianã, Monica-Elena. "L'application de la loi étrangère en droit international privé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0067/document.
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Le droit international privé, tel qu’il résulte des droits nationaux et du droit de l’Unioneuropéenne, accorde une attention particulière aux systèmes juridiques étrangers. L’application de la loiétrangère constitue l’expression de l’importance reconnue aux systèmes juridiques étrangers, mais appliquerune loi qui est extérieure au système juridique du for peut provoquer, du fait de sa différence, des réactionsdéfensives. L’application de la loi étrangère se trouve ainsi confrontée à différents obstacles qui tendent àgarantir une application prioritaire de la lex fori. D’une part, les techniques employées par le systèmejuridique du for pour appliquer la loi étrangère ne lui sont pas favorables, comme en témoigne l’interventionrécurrente de l’exception d’ordre public international. D’autre part, des éléments exogènes au systèmejuridique du for, comme la compréhension différente d’une même institution juridique, peuvent égalementfaire échec à l’application de la loi étrangère. Il existe ainsi un décalage entre la lettre des règles de droitinternational privé du for, qui permettrait d’envisager une application fréquente de la loi étrangère et l’usagequi en est fait par les autorités du système juridique du for, qui mène souvent à sa neutralisation. Cette étudedéfend un meilleur respect de la lettre des règles relatives à l’application de la loi étrangère, qui aurait poureffet de promouvoir ce type d’application. Dans cette perspective, le droit international privé de l’Unioneuropéenne fournit d’importants enseignements, dans la mesure où il dynamise l’application de la loiétrangère appartenant à d’autres Etats membresThe national or the European private international law is taking into a particular accountthe foreign legal systems. The foreign law application is an expression of the attention given to the foreignlegal systems, but applying a law that belongs to a different legal system than the legal system of the forumcountry may provoke a defence reaction caused by the existing differences between the legal systemsinvolved. The foreign law application is therefore confronted to different obstacles that tend to ensure aprimary application of the lex fori. First, the techniques used by the legal system of the forum country toapply the foreign law are not entirely favourable to this kind of application, as evidenced by the recurrentintervention of the international public policy. Furthermore, there are elements that are exogenous to thelegal system of the forum country, such as different understandings of the same legal institution that canobstruct the foreign law application. There is thus a gap between the theory of the private internationalrules, which would appeal a frequent application of the foreign law, and the use that is made of them by theauthorities of the forum country, which often leads to the neutralization of the foreign law. This studydefends a better compliance to the theory of private international law, which would promote the applicationof the foreign law. In this perspective, the private international law of the European Union provides animportant source of « savoir-faire » as it promotes the application of a foreign law belonging to anotherMember States
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Karlsson, Linnea. "A Division-of-Labor Hypothesis : Adaptations to Task Structure in Multiple-Cue Judgment." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1327.
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Laugen, Ane Timenes. "Local Adaptation, Countergradient Variation and Ecological Genetics of Life-history Traits in Rana Temporaria." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Populationsbiologi, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3332.
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The main aim of this work was to identify local adaptation processes in amphibian populations, thereby improving the general understanding of genetics and mechanisms behind the evolution and maintenance of biological diversity. Phenotypic and genetic variation in life-history traits was studied within and between populations common frog (Rana temporaria) populations along a 1600 km transect from southern Sweden to northern Finland. Embryonic and larval development and growth was investigated both under field and laboratory conditions. The results suggest ample genetic diversity in larval life-history traits among Fennoscandian common frog populations. Larval developmental rate along the gradient has evolved a countergradient variation pattern of genotypes and phenotypes as indicated by the positive relationship between developmental rate and latitude under laboratory conditions and the lack of such a relationship in the field. The data suggest that this pattern has evolved because of time constraints due to decreasing length of growth season with latitude. Neither field-caught adults nor laboratory raised larvae displayed a linear latitudinal size cline as expected from the so called Bergmanns rule. Rather, size increased towards the mid-latitude populations and decreased thereafter, indicating that body size is a product of direct environmental induction or a trade-off with other life-history characters. Age and size at hatching showed no consistent latitudinal pattern, indicating that the embryonic stage is not as time constrained as the larval stage. A large part of the variation in age and size at metamorphosis among populations was due to additive genetic effects. However, small, but significant maternal effects, mostly due to variation in egg size and non-additive genetic effects also contributed to among population variation. A comparison of divergence in presumably neutral molecular genetic markers (FST) and quantitative characters (QST) revealed that although both estimates of divergence were relatively high, estimates of QST was generally higher than those of FST, indicating that the genetic variation observed in larval traits is primarily a result of natural selection rather than genetic drift. Hence, our results reinforce the conclusion that intraspecific genetic heterogeneity in the young northern European ecosystems may be more widespread than previously anticipated
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Nguyen, Ngoc Bien. "Adaptation via des inéqualités d'oracle dans le modèle de regression avec design aléatoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4716/document.
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À partir des observations Z(n) = {(Xi, Yi), i = 1, ..., n} satisfaisant Yi = f(Xi) + ζi, nous voulons reconstruire la fonction f. Nous évaluons la qualité d'estimation par deux critères : le risque Ls et le risque uniforme. Dans ces deux cas, les hypothèses imposées sur la distribution du bruit ζi serons de moment borné et de type sous-gaussien respectivement. En proposant une collection des estimateurs à noyau, nous construisons une procédure, qui est initié par Goldenshluger et Lepski, pour choisir l'estimateur dans cette collection, sans aucune condition sur f. Nous prouvons ensuite que cet estimateur satisfait une inégalité d'oracle, qui nous permet d'obtenir les estimations minimax et minimax adaptatives sur les classes de Hölder anisotropesFrom the observation Z(n) = {(Xi, Yi), i = 1, ..., n} satisfying Yi = f(Xi) + ζi, we would like to approximate the function f. This problem will be considered in two cases of loss function, Ls-risk and uniform risk, where the condition imposed on the distribution of the noise ζi is of bounded moment and of type sub-gaussian, respectively. From a proposed family of kernel estimators, we construct a procedure, which is initialized by Goldenshluger and Lepski, to choose in this family a final estimator, with no any assumption imposed on f. Then, we show that this estimator satisfies an oracle inequality which implies the minimax and minimax adaptive estimation over the anisotropic Hölder classes
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Chihani, Bachir. "Enterprise context-awareness : empowering service users and developers." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01048688.
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Context-aware applications must manage a continuous stream of context according to dedicated business logic. Research was limited on proposing frameworks and platforms that have predefined behavior toward applications. This thesis attempts to extend background works by proposing new concepts serving as foundation for a flexible approach for building context-aware applications. The thesis examines the state of the art of context-aware computing, then adopts well-established software design principles and a functional decomposition for designing a reference model for context management enabling seamless integration of context-awareness into applications. Also, the thesis studies the use of context in common applications and proposes a context-centric modeling approach which allows the creation of a graph-based representation where entities are connected to each other through links representing context. Furthermore, the context graph decouples the presentation and the semantics of context, leaving each application to manage the appropriate semantic for their context data. Case studies are conducted for the evaluation of the proposed system in terms of its support for the creation of applications enhanced with context-awareness. A simulation study is performed to analyze the performance properties of the proposed system. The result of this thesis is the introduction of a novel approach for supporting the creation of context-aware applications that supports the integration of context-awareness to existing applications. It empowers developers as well as users to participate in the creation process, thereby reducing usability issues
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Pistori, Hemerson. "Tecnologia adaptativa em engenharia de computação: estado da arte e aplicações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-02032004-145107/.
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Neste trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de contribuições teóricas e práticas que buscam solidificar alguns conceitos da teoria dos dispositivos adaptativos baseados em regras, enfatizando a sua alta aplicabilidade. Uma ferramenta de apoio ao desenvolvimento de autômatos adaptativos, incluindo recursos de animação gráfica, foi desenvolvida de acordo com uma nova proposta de formalização que deverá complementar e simplificar a proposta original. A principal complementação está relacionada com a interpretação e a implementação de funções adaptativas, em sua forma mais geral: com ações elementares de consulta podendo retornar resultados múltiplos. A nossa proposta de formalização, que inclui um algoritmo para a execução de funções adaptativas, é uma ferramenta importante na determinação do impacto da execução da camada adaptativa no cálculo de complexidade geral de um autômato adaptativo. A tese apresenta também uma técnica para a integração de dispositivos adaptativos, basicamente discretos, com mecanismos capazes de manipular informação não-discreta. É mostrado também como estes resultados teóricos e as ferramentas desenvolvidas podem ser aplicadas na solução de problemas nas áreas de aprendizagem computacional, construção de compiladores, interface homem-máquina, visão computacional e diagnóstico médico.This work presents a practical and theoretical assembly of contributions that consolidates some concepts from the rule-driven adaptive devices theory, emphasizing their high applicability. A supporting tool for the development of adaptive automata, which includes graphical animation resources, has been implemented, in agreement with our proposal of formalization. This proposal aims to complement and simplify the original proposal by including an in-depth analysis and formalization of adaptive functions implementation, in their most general form: with elementary query actions being able to return multiple results. The new formalization of adaptive functions, which includes an algorithm for adaptive function execution, is an important tool for determining the impact of an adaptive layer on the complexity analysis of general adaptive automata. The thesis also presents a new technique for the integration of adaptive automata with mechanisms for the manipulation of continuous values. Finally, the application of these theoretical results and the tools developed, to the solution of problems in the area of machine learning, compiler construction, man-machine interface, computational vision and medical diagnosis, is demonstrated.
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Sun, Jie. "Intelligent flood adaptative contex-aware system." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC076/document.
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A l’avenir, l'agriculture et l'environnement vont pouvoir bénéficier de plus en plus de données hétérogènes collectées par des réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF). Ces données alimentent généralement des outils d’aide à la décision (OAD). Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons spécifiquement aux systèmes sensibles et adaptatifs au contexte basés sur un RCSF et un OAD, dédiés au suivi de phénomènes naturels. Nous proposons ainsi une formalisation pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de ces systèmes. Le contexte considéré se compose de données issues du phénomène étudié mais également des capteurs sans fil (leur niveau d’énergie par exemple). Par l’utilisation des ontologies et de techniques de raisonnement, nous visons à maintenir le niveau de qualité de service (QdS) des données collectées (en accord avec le phénomène étudié) tant en préservant le fonctionnement du RCSF. Pour illustrer notre proposition, un cas d'utilisation complexe, l'étude des inondations dans un bassin hydrographique, est considéré. Cette thèse a produit un logiciel de simulation de ces systèmes qui intègre un système de simulation multi-agents (JADE) avec un moteur d’inférence à base de règles (Jess)In the future, agriculture and environment will rely on more and more heterogeneous data collected by wireless sensor networks (WSN). These data are generally used in decision support systems (DSS). In this dissertation, we focus on adaptive context-aware systems based on WSN and DSS, dedicated to the monitoring of natural phenomena. Thus, a formalization for the design and the deployment of these kinds of systems is proposed. The considered context is established using the data from the studied phenomenon but also from the wireless sensors (e.g., their energy level). By the use of ontologies and reasoning techniques, we aim to maintain the required quality of service (QoS) level of the collected data (according to the studied phenomenon) while preserving the resources of the WSN. To illustrate our proposal, a complex use case, the study of floods in a watershed, is described. During this PhD thesis, a simulator for context-aware systems which integrates a multi-agent system (JADE) and a rule engine (Jess) has been developed.Keywords: ontologies, rule-based inferences, formalization, heterogeneous data, sensors data streams integration, WSN, limited resources, DSS, adaptive context-aware systems, QoS, agriculture, environment
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Santos, José Maria Novaes dos. "Dispositivos adaptativos cooperantes: formulação e aplicação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-16112015-144910/.
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Com a crescente complexidade das aplicações e sistemas computacionais, atualmente tem se tornado importante o uso de formalismos de várias naturezas na representação e modelagem de problemas complexos, como os sistemas reativos e concorrentes. Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição na Tecnologia Adaptativa e uma nova técnica no desenvolvimento de uma aplicação para execução de alguns tipos de jogos, (General Game Playing), cuja característica está associada à capacidade de o sistema tomar conhecimento das regras do jogo apenas em tempo de execução. Com esse trabalho, amplia-se a classe de problemas que podem ser estudados e analisados sob a perspectiva da Tecnologia Adaptativa, através dos Dispositivos Adaptativos Cooperantes. A aplicação desenvolvida como exemplo neste trabalho introduz uma nova ótica no desenvolvimento de aplicações para jogos gerais (GGP) e abre novos horizontes para a aplicação da Tecnologia Adaptativa, como a utilização das regras para extração de informação e inferência.The complexity of computer applications has grown so much that several formalisms of different kinds became important nowadays. Many systems (e.g. reactive and concurrent ones) employ such formalisms to represent and model actual complex problems. This work contributes to the field of Adaptive Technology, and proposes a new approach for developing general game playing system, whose feature is the capability to play a game by acknowledging the game rules only at run time. This work expands the set of problems that can be studied and analyzed under the Adaptive Technology perspective, by means of cooperating adaptive devices. The developed application used a new approach for general game playing development bringing and widens the application field of Adaptive Technology with subjects related to information extraction and inference based in the devices rules.
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Saraiva, Renata Mendonça. "Uma abordagem para o uso de raciocínio baseado em casos no suporte ao diagnóstico e tratamento adaptativo de pacientes com câncer gastrointestinal." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6081.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-19Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In recent years, there was an increasing interest in the use of information technology in the medical field. In this way, several studies have been conducted regarding a large range of diseases, including cancer. For example, there are organizations that maintain databases, which record information about cases of cancer around the world, so that health personnel can investigate such bases and find possible classifications for an initial diagnostic according to the symptoms presented by their patients. However, these databases do not offer a proper support for this investigation. This dissertation discusses the use of the of case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning technologies as a solution to support medical diagnosis via representations of actual patients and adaptations of these cases to define more specialized diagnoses, according to the peculiarities of each patient. The data collection was carried out in the Napoleao Laureano Hospital, at Joao Pessoa city, and the information inherent in the structure of the case, the rules and weights were defined in accordance with the specialized literature and conversations with health professionals. Despite the absence of a specialist, the small base of cases and presence of limited information on each of them, the results showed that the system is effective as a RBC system aimed at diagnosis about cancer. The focus of this project is on the main gastrointestinal cancer domain, but the ideas can be extended to other fields of cancer.
O tratamento de pacientes com câncer é um desafio para os hospitais e centros de saúde. O primeiro problema é classificar ou identificar o tipo específico de câncer. Em seguida, os médicos devem determinar um tratamento adequado para tal doença. Existem bancos de dados mundiais que registram informações sobre câncer, de modo que os médicos possam tentar achar uma classificação para a doença de acordo com os sintomas apresentados pelo paciente. Contudo eles não oferecem um bom suporte para a procura das doenças e, principalmente, para a identificação do tratamento. Este artigo propõe a utilização das tecnologias de raciocínio baseado em casos e raciocínio baseado em regras como solução para suportar estas duas atividades via representações de casos de pacientes e adaptações destes casos para a definição de diagnósticos mais especializados, de acordo com as peculiaridades de cada paciente. Nosso foco é sobre o câncer gastrointestinal, mas as idéias podem ser estendidas para outros domínios de câncer.
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Jatobá, Victor Miranda Gonçalves. "Uma abordagem personalizada no processo de seleção de itens em Testes Adaptativos Computadorizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100131/tde-27012019-110739/.
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Testes Adaptativos Computadorizados (CAT) baseados na Teoria de Resposta ao Item permitem fazer testes mais precisos com um menor número de questões em relação à prova clássica feita a papel. Porém a construção de CAT envolve alguns questionamentos-chave, que quando feitos de forma adequada, podem melhorar ainda mais a precisão e a eficiência na estimativa das habilidades dos respondentes. Um dos principais questionamentos está na escolha da Regra de Seleção de Itens (ISR). O CAT clássico, faz uso, exclusivamente, de uma ISR. Entretanto, essas regras possuem vantagens, entre elas, a depender do nível de habilidade e do estágio em que o teste se encontra. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é reduzir o comprimento de provas dicotômicas - que consideram apenas se a resposta foi correta ou incorreta - que estão inseridas no ambiente de um CAT que faz uso, exclusivo, de apenas uma ISR sem perda significativa de precisão da estimativa das habilidades. Para tal, cria-se a abordagem denominada ALICAT que personaliza o processo de seleção de itens em CAT, considerando o uso de mais de uma ISR. Para aplicar essa abordagem é necessário primeiro analisar o desempenho de diferentes ISRs. Um estudo de caso na prova de Matemática e suas tecnologias do ENEM de 2012, indica que a regra de seleção de Kullback-Leibler com distribuição a posteriori (KLP) possui melhor desempenho na estimativa das habilidades dos respondentes em relação as regras: Informação de Fisher (F); Kullback-Leibler (KL); Informação Ponderada pela Máxima Verossimilhança (MLWI); e Informação ponderada a posteriori (MPWI). Resultados prévios da literatura mostram que CAT utilizando a regra KLP conseguiu reduzir a prova do estudo de caso em 46,6% em relação ao tamanho completo de 45 itens sem perda significativa na estimativa das habilidades. Neste trabalho, foi observado que as regras F e a MLWI tiveram melhor desempenho nos estágios inicias do CAT, para estimar respondentes com níveis de habilidades extremos negativos e positivos, respectivamente. Com a utilização dessas regras de seleção em conjunto, a abordagem ALICAT reduziu a mesma prova em 53,3%Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) based on Item Response Theory allows more accurate assessments with fewer questions than the classic paper test. Nonetheless, the CAT building involves some key questions that, when done properly, can further improve the accuracy and efficiency in estimating examinees\' abilities. One of the main questions is in regard to choosing the Item Selection Rule (ISR). The classic CAT makes exclusive use of one ISR. However, these rules have differences depending on the examinees\' ability level and on the CAT stage. Thus, the objective of this work is to reduce the dichotomous - which considers only correct and incorrect answers - test size which is inserted on a classic CAT without significant loss of accuracy in the estimation of the examinee\'s ability level. For this purpose, we create the ALICAT approach that personalizes the item selection process in a CAT considering the use of more than one ISR. To apply this approach, we first analyze the performance of different ISRs. The case study in textit test of the ENEM 2012 shows that the Kullback-Leibler Information with a Posterior Distribution (KLP) has better performance in the examinees\' ability estimation when compared with: Fisher Information (F); Kullback-Leibler Information (KL); Maximum Likelihood Weighted Information(MLWI); and Maximum Posterior Weighted Information (MPWI) rules. Previous results in the literature show that CAT using KLP was able to reduce this test size by 46.6% from the full size of 45 items with no significant loss of accuracy in estimating the examinees\' ability level. In this work, we observe that the F and the MLWI rules performed better on early CAT stages to estimate examinees proficiency level with extreme negative and positive values, respectively. With this information, we were able to reduce the same test by 53.3% using an approach that uses the best rules together
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Schutze, Mark Kurt. "The significance of genetic and ecological diversity in a wide-ranging insect pest, Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16666/.
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Paropsis atomaria (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) is a eucalypt feeding leaf beetle endemic to southern and east coast Australia, and it is an emergent pest of the eucalypt hardwood industry. Paropsis atomaria was suspected to be a cryptic species complex based on apparent differences in life history characteristics between populations, its wide geographical distribution, and extensive host range within Eucalyptus. In this study genetic and ecological characters of P. atomaria were examined to determine the likelihood of a cryptic complex, and to identify the nature and causes of ecological variation within the taxon. Mitochondrial sequence variation of the gene COI was compared between populations from the east coast of Australia (South Australia to central Queensland) to assess genetic divergence between individuals from different localities and host plant of origin. Individuals from four collection localities used for the molecular analysis were then compared in a morphometric study to determine if observed genetic divergence was reflected by morphology, and common-garden trials using individuals from Lowmead (central Qld) and Canberra (ACT) were conducted to determine if morphological (body size) variation had a genetic component. Host plant utilisation (larval survival, development time, and pupal weight) by individuals from Lowmead and Canberra were then compared to determine whether differential host plant use had occurred between populations of P. atomaria; individuals from each population were reared on an allopatric and sympatric host eucalypt species (E. cloeziana and E. pilularis). Finally, developmental data from each population was compared and incorporated into a phenology modelling program (Dymex(tm)) using temperature as the principle factor explaining and predicting population phenology under field conditions. Molecular results demonstrated relatively low genetic divergence between populations of P. atomaria which is concomitant with the single species hypothesis, however, there is reduced gene flow between northern and southern populations, but no host plant related genetic structuring. Morphometric data revealed insufficient evidence to separate populations into different taxa; however a correlation between latitude and size of adults was discovered, with larger beetles found at lower latitudes (i.e., adhering to a converse Bergmann cline). Common garden experiments revealed body size to be driven by both genetic and environmental components. Host plant utilisation trials showed one host plant, E. cloeziana, to be superior for both northern and southern P. atomaria populations (increased larval survival and reduced larval development time). Eucalyptus pilularis had a negative effect on pupal weight for Lowmead (northern) individuals (to which it is allopatric), but not so for Canberra (southern) individuals. DYMEX(tm) modelling showed voltinism to be a highly plastic trait driven largely by temperature. Results from across all trials suggest that P. atomaria represents a single species with populations locally adapted to season length, with no evidence of differential host plant utilisation between populations. Further, voltinism is a seasonally plastic trait driven by temperature, but with secondary influential factors such as host plant quality. These data, taken combined, reveal phenotypic variability within P. atomaria as the product of multiple abiotic and biotic factors and representing a complex interplay between local adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, and seasonal plasticity. Implications for pest management include an understanding of population structure, nature of local adaptation and host use characteristics, and predictive models for development of seasonal control regimens.
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Pimenta, Adinovam Henriques de Macedo. "Geração genética de classificador fuzzy intervalar do tipo-2." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/444.
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Previous issue date: 2009-10-30Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The objective of this work is to study, expand and evaluate the use of interval type-2 fuzzy sets in the knowledge representation for fuzzy inference systems, specifically for fuzzy classifiers, as well as its automatic generation form data sets, by means of genetic algorithms. This work investigates the use of such sets focussing the issue of balance between the cost addition in representation and the gains in interpretability and accuracy, both deriving from the representation and processing complexity of interval type-2 fuzzy sets. With this intent, an evolutionary model composed of three stages was proposed and implemented. In the first stage the rule base is generated, in the second stage the data base is optimized and finally, the number of rules of the rule base obtained is optimized in the third stage. The model developed was evaluated using several benchmark data sets and the results obtained were compared with two other fuzzy classifiers, being one of them generated by the same model using type-1 fuzzy sets and the other one generated by the Wang&Mendel method. Statistical methods usually applied for comparisons in similar contexts demonstrated a significant improvement in the classification rates of the intervalar type-2 fuzzy set classifier generated by the proposed model, with relation to the other methods.
O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar, expandir e avaliar o uso de conjuntos fuzzy intervalares tipo-2 na representação do conhecimento em sistemas de inferência fuzzy, mais especificamente para os classificadores fuzzy, bem como sua geração automática a partir de conjuntos de dados, por meio de algoritmos genéticos. Esse trabalho investiga o uso de tais conjuntos com enfoque na questão de balanceamento entre o acréscimo de custo da representação e os ganhos em interpretabilidade e precisão, ambos decorrentes da complexidade de representação e processamento dos conjuntos fuzzy intervalares do tipo-2. Com este intuito, foi proposto e implementado um modelo evolutivo composto por três etapas. Na primeira etapa á gerada a base de regras, na segunda é otimizada a base de dados e, por fim, na terceira etapa o número de regras da base gerada é otimizado. O modelo desenvolvido foi avaliado em diversos conjuntos de dados benchmark e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outros dois classificadores fuzzy, sendo um deles gerados pelo mesmo modelo, porém, utilizando conjuntos fuzzy do tipo-1 e, o outro, gerado pelo método de Wang&Mendel. Métodos estatísticos de comparação usualmente aplicados em contextos semelhantes mostraram aumento significativo na taxa de classificação do classificador fuzzy intervalar do tipo-2 gerado pelo modelo em relação aos outros dois classificadores utilizados para comparação.
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Mattazio, Rafael Rocha. "Modelo numérico mecanobiológico para a obtenção da matriz de rigidez estrutural e da densidade mineral na remodelagem óssea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18146/tde-12052016-135352/.
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Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo mecanobiológico de remodelagem óssea para a estimativa de variações, provocadas por perturbações mecânicas ou biológicas, na matriz de rigidez estrutural da escala macroscópica e na densidade mineral em uma região do osso. Na cooperação entre as áreas da saúde e da engenharia, como nos estudos estruturais de biomecânica no sistema esquelético, as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais devem ser conhecidas, entretanto os ossos possuem uma constituição material altamente complexa, dinâmica e variante entre indivíduos. Sua dinâmica decorre dos ciclos de absorção e deposição de matriz óssea na remodelagem óssea, a qual ocorre para manter a integridade estrutural do esqueleto e adaptá-lo aos estímulos do ambiente, sejam eles biológicos, químicos ou mecânicos. Como a remodelagem óssea pode provocar alterações no material do osso, espera-se que suas propriedades mecânicas também sejam alteradas. Na literatura científica há modelos matemáticos que preveem a variação da matriz de rigidez estrutural a partir do estímulo mecânico, porém somente os modelos mais recentes incluíram explicitamente processos biológicos e químicos da remodelagem óssea. A densidade mineral óssea é um importante parâmetro utilizado no diagnóstico de doenças ósseas na área médica. Desse modo, para a obtenção da variação da rigidez estrutural e da densidade mineral óssea, propõe-se um modelo numérico mecanobiológico composto por cinco submodelos: da dinâmica da população de células ósseas, da resposta das células ao estímulo mecânico, da porosidade óssea, da densidade mineral óssea e, baseado na Lei de Voigt para materiais compósitos, da rigidez estrutural. Os valores das constantes das equações dos submodelos foram obtidos de literatura. Para a solução das equações do modelo, propõe-se uma implementação numérica e computacional escrita em linguagem C. O método de Runge-Kutta-Dorman-Prince, cuja vantagem consiste no uso de um passo de solução variável, é utilizado no modelo para controlar o erro numérico do resultado do sistema de equações diferenciais. Foi realizada uma avaliação comparativa entre os resultados obtidos com o modelo proposto e os da literatura dos modelos de remodelagem óssea recentes. Conclui-se que o modelo e a implementação propostos são capazes de obter variações da matriz de rigidez estrutural macroscópica e da densidade mineral óssea decorrentes da perturbação nos parâmetros mecânicos ou biológicos do processo de remodelagem óssea.This Master thesis addresses a mechanobiological model that estimates variations in the bone macroscopic stiffness matrix and mineral density caused by mechanical or biological disturbances in a bone site undergoing the bone remodeling phenomenon. In interdisciplinary studies in health and engineering sciences, as structural biomechanical studies of the skeleton, the mechanical properties of the materials must be known. However, the bone material is highly complex, displays a dynamic behavior and its characteristics vary among individuals. Its dynamic behavior results from the bone matrix deposition and resorption cycles of the bone remodeling phenomenon for the maintenance of the skeletal structural integrity and its adaptation to environmental stimuli, which can be biological, chemical or mechanical. As bone remodeling can change the quantities of the bone material, deviations in the bone mechanical properties are also expected. The literature reports mathematical models that can predict changes in the bone structural stiffness matrix promoted by mechanical stimuli, however, only the newest ones have explicitly included the biochemical processes from bone remodeling. Bone mineral density is an important parameter for the diagnosis of bone diseases, therefore, a mechanobiological numerical model of the bone remodeling phenomenon is proposed for the determination of changes in bone stiffness and mineral density. The method is composed of five modules, namely, bone cells population dynamics, response of bone cells to mechanical stimuli, bone porosity, bone mineral density and bone stiffness calculated by Voigt\'s Law for composite materials. The values of the constants for the equations of the modules were obtained from the literature. A numerical computational code written in C language was implemented, so that the equations of the model could be solved automatically. The Runge-Kutta-Dorman-Prince method, whose advantage is its variable solution step, solved the differential equations ensuring numerically controlled errors for the solutions. A benchmark analysis was conducted using the solutions of the proposed model and the latest bone remodeling models. The model, the numerical method and the code implementation estimated changes in the macroscopic structural stiffness matrix and mineral density of the bone caused by induced disturbances in the mechanical or biological parameters of the bone remodeling process.
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Sansonnet, Laure. "Inférence non-paramétrique pour des interactions poissoniennes." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835427.
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L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier divers problèmes de statistique non-paramétrique dans le cadre d'un modèle d'interactions poissoniennes. De tels modèles sont, par exemple, utilisés en neurosciences pour analyser les interactions entre deux neurones au travers leur émission de potentiels d'action au cours de l'enregistrement de l'activité cérébrale ou encore en génomique pour étudier les distances favorisées ou évitées entre deux motifs le long du génome. Dans ce cadre, nous introduisons une fonction dite de reproduction qui permet de quantifier les positions préférentielles des motifs et qui peut être modélisée par l'intensité d'un processus de Poisson. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation de cette fonction que l'on suppose très localisée. Nous proposons une procédure d'estimation adaptative par seuillage de coefficients d'ondelettes qui est optimale des points de vue oracle et minimax. Des simulations et une application en génomique sur des données réelles provenant de la bactérie E. coli nous permettent de montrer le bon comportement pratique de notre procédure. Puis, nous traitons les problèmes de test associés qui consistent à tester la nullité de la fonction de reproduction. Pour cela, nous construisons une procédure de test optimale du point de vue minimax sur des espaces de Besov faibles, qui a également montré ses performances du point de vue pratique. Enfin, nous prolongeons ces travaux par l'étude d'une version discrète en grande dimension du modèle précédent en proposant une procédure adaptative de type Lasso.
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Zumpe, Martin Kai. "Stabilité macroéconomique, apprentissage et politique monétaire : une approche comparative : modélisation DSGE versus modélisation multi-agents." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40022/document.
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Cette thèse analyse le rôle de l’apprentissage dans deux cadres de modélisation distincts. Dans le cas dunouveau modèle canonique avec apprentissage adaptatif, les caractéristiques les plus marquantes des dynamiquesd’apprentissage concernent la capacité des règles de politique monétaire à assurer la convergencevers l’équilibre en anticipations rationnelles. Le mécanisme de transmission de la politique monétaire estcelui de l’effet de substitution associé au canal de la consommation. Dans le cas d’un modèle multi-agentsqui relâche des hypothèses restrictives du nouveau modèle canonique, tout en restant structurellementproche de celui-ci, les variables agrégées évoluent à bonne distance de cet équilibre, et on observe desdynamiques nettement différentes. La politique monétaire influence les variables agrégées de manièremarginale via l’effet de revenu du canal de la consommation. En présence d’un processus d’apprentissagesocial évolutionnaire, l’économie converge vers un faible niveau d’activité économique. L’introductiond’un processus caractérisé par le fait que les agents apprennent individuellement à l’aide de leurs modèlesmentaux atténue le caractère dépressif des dynamiques d’apprentissage. Ces différences entre les deuxcadres de modélisation démontrent la difficulté de généraliser les résultats du nouveau modèle canoniqueThis thesis analyses the role of learning in two different modelling frameworks. In the new canonicalmodel with adaptive learning, the most remarkable characteristics of the learning dynamics deal withthe capacity of monetary policy rules to guaranty convergence to the rational expectations equilibrium.The transmission mechanism of the monetary policy is based on the substitution effect associated to theconsumption channel. In the case of an agent-based model which relaxes some restrictive assumptionsof the new canonical model - but is endowed with a similar structure - aggregate variables evolve atsome distance from the rational expectations equilibrium. Monetary policy has a marginal impact onthe agregated variables via the wealth effect of the consumption channel. When agents learn accordingto an evolutionnary social learning process, the economy converges to regions of low economic activity.The introduction of a process where agents learn individually by using their mental models induces lessdepressive learning dynamics. These differences between the two modelling frameworks show that thegeneralisation of the results of the new canonical model is not easy to achieve
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Dugrand, Camille. "Prendre la rue : politique de la citadinité vagabonde en Afrique : les Shégués de Kinshasa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010334.
Full textAbstract:
S'appuyant sur des enquêtes de terrain conduites à Kinshasa, cette thèse s'intéresse aux parcours des Shégués, ces jeunes citadins qui empruntent un chemin « différent » dans les rues de la mégapole congolaise. En « prenant » et en habitant la rue, en s'écartant des formes d'existence conventionnelles en famille et sous un toit, les acteurs se plongent dans une aventure citadine vagabonde porteuse de contraintes et d'alternatives. En contrepoint aux discours dominants qui les associent à des enfants des rues marginaux, isolés et inaudibles, ces Shégués apparaissent au contraire comme des figures incontournables de la citadinité kinoise. Assujettis à un mode d’existence semé de contraintes et d’incertitudes, ces jeunes citadins se retrouvent autour de nouvelles formes de sociabilité synonymes de soutien et de violence autant d’opportunités alternatives d’exister et de se distinguer, voire d’émerger comme des individus reconnus et renommés. Les Shégués édifient une culture de rues qui leur permet de nouer des interactions composites avec l’ensemble des usagers de la ville, au point de s’insérer dans les réseaux de pouvoir citadin. Leur singularisation sociale et la stigmatisation qu’elle engendre s’accompagne d’une multitude de contraintes mais aussi d’occasions supplémentaires d’agir sur la ville, voire d’accéder à des formes de popularité et de prestige. Comment les Shégués agissent-ils sur leur ville ? Que nous disent-ils des perspectives d’accomplissement personnel s’offrant aux jeunes de Kinshasa d’aujourd’hui ? Quels sont les impacts politiques de la violence qu’ils exercent et qu’ils subissent ? Produisent-ils une culture contre-hégémonique ou viennent-ils au contraire renforcer un ordre politique violent et clientéliste ? Quelles frontières distinguent ces jeunes acteurs des autres citadins ? Forgent-ils une culture subversive et contestataire ? Les trajectoires des Shégués donnent à voir les ambivalences d’une sous-culture juvénile dépendante de son environnement immédiat pour survivre qui se réapproprie les codes établis par les dominants tout en défiant l’exclusion à laquelle ceux-ci les assignent. S’ils peuvent ainsi apparaître comme des figures renforçant l’ordre établi par « ceux d’en haut », ces acteurs forgent des styles de vie porteurs de subversion et de contestation dans une mégapole kinoise mobile et secrète de nouvelles normes et de nouvelles façons de vivre et de survivre. Les Shégués s’affirment en définitive comme des acteurs moteurs d’une dynamique citadine qui promeut sans relâche de nouvelles figures de légitimité et de prestige, tout en reformulant continûment de nouveaux imaginaires d’autres vies possibles. Ils expriment les visées critiques et politiques d’une vie vagabonde qui participe et influe sur les changements d’une citadinité kinoise s’appliquant à réinventer les voies qui lui permettraient de renverser le cours du destin en accédant enfin à une « autre vie »Based on several field works in Kinshasa, the object of the thesis is the trajectories of « Shégués », these young city-dwellers who take a « different » path in the streets of the congolese megapolis. By « taking » the street and living in it they, diverge of conventional forms of existence under a roof in a family and throw themselves in a wandering urban adventure which generates both constraints and alternatives. In contrast to dominant discources that tend to represent them as marginal, isolated and inaudible « street children », it appears that Shégués are essential figures of the urban experience in Kinshasa. Subjected to a life full of constraint and uncertainty, they gather aroud new forms of sociability that can be seen as ways to support each other, forms of violence but also as alternative opportunities to « exist ». They can also constitute forms of distinction and even lead to the rise of famous and renowed people. The Shégués create a street culture that paves the way to heterogeneous interactions with other city dwellers and sometimes an incorporation of urban networks of power. Their social differenciation entails a process of stigmatization along a series of constraints. It also provides additional opportunities to have agency in the city and even reach some forms of popularity and prestige. How do they have agency on the city? What do they tell us on the youth’s perspectives of personal accomplishement in Kinshasa today? What are the political effects of the violence they both exert and endure? Do they produce a counter-hegemonic culture? Or do their actions tend to reinforce a violent political order? What are the social frontiers between these young actors and other city-dwellers? Do they shape a culture of subversion and protest? The trajectories of Shégués shed light on the ambivalence of a youth sub-culture, totally reliant on its local environment to urvive and that reclaim the codes established by the dominant sectors of society while challenging the exclusion they endure. While they can appear to reinforce the current « top-down » social order, the Shégués also shape new subversive and contentious life styles in a evolving megapolis, itself generating new norms and new ways of life and survival. In the end, the Shégués assert their role as actors of urban dynamic that keeps creating new figures of legitimacy and prestige while continuously reformulating new imagineries of alternative life possibilities. They express the critical and political ambition of their wandering life that contribute to « citadinity » in Kinshasa but also impact it. They do so by reinventing the ways to teverse their destiny and eventually gain acess to « another life »
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Lacoursière, Marc. "Proposed uniform rules for business-to-business payments on the Internet adaptation of documentary credit rules for North American small and medium-size enterprises /." 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ66353.
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Thesis (D. Jur.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Law.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 403-466). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ66353.
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Liu, Ling-Chung, and 劉玲君. "The Difference in Adaptation to the Rules of World Trade Organization- From the Perspective of Institutional Change." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69289684224633490335.
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碩士國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
95
The World Trade Organization was founded on January 1st 1995, until December 11th 2005, there were 149 members in this organization, which includes over 97% of world trade volume. WTO has became one of the most important international organizations in the world, the rules of WTO regulate all trading activities of its members, which mean every trading activity must be complied with the rules of WTO. However, since the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle was overshadowed by the large street protests, the rules of WTO was constantly being questioned about its equitableness by developing and least-developed countries. Ironically, the essential rule of WTO is “non-discrimination”, all members of WTO should meet the same rights and obligations. Therefore, the question will not be whether the rules of WTO are fair or not, the real question worth to be studied is why countries have different costs when they apply the same rules. When it comes to adaptation, most developed countries have less difficulties on changing there original trading system. Nevertheless, most developing countries find them hard to comply with the rules of WTO. In this dissertation, two distinguishable cases were presented, the trade of service in United States and the trade of manufactory in Republic of Korea, to examine the difference of adaptation to WTO rules.
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Lin, Hui-Hsuan, and 林慧璇. "False Alarm Detection by Weighted Score-based Rule Adaptation through Expert Feedback." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27380566184497102372.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
資訊工程系
97
An adaptation mechanism is quite important for false alarm reduction in intrusion detection system (IDS) for solving the problem of environment change and wrongly trigger from irrelevant signatures. In this study, we proposed a weighted score-based rule adaptation (WSRA) mechanism from expert’s feedback in order to reduce the massive false alarm produced by IDS. The rule set is generated by rule learner (e.g.: RIPPER) for identify the false alert in addition to a score which represents its availability. The weighted score-based rule adaptation is intent to adjust the score according to the incoming labeled information form expert. Besides, we also proposed the concept level features to the false alarm reduction issues for easily retrieving the feedback from experts. We proposed WSRA, which makes following contributions: (a) it automatically adapts with the network environment changes to identify false alarms, (b) it proposes a new weighted score-based rule adaptation mechanism, (c) it is easier to demonstrate the rules for retrieving experts feedback benefits from concept level features. Moreover, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism performs well in false alarm reduction then other false alarm approaches which without adaptation consideration.
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Lewis, David Michael. "Individual differences and universal condition-dependent mechanisms." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/21305.
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This study investigated the hypothesis that universal psychological adaptations produce personality variation when individuals differentially face adaptive problems that shifted the cost-benefit tradeoffs of alternative personality strategies in ancestral environments. The current research tested the hypothesis that psychological adaptations calibrate individual differences in neuroticism as a functional response to social exclusion. If psychological adaptations produce neuroticism in response to social exclusion, and heritable components of individuals' social partner value influence their likelihood of being excluded, then individual differences in social partner value should yield heritable differences in neuroticism. Three conceptually distinct sub-studies tested hypotheses derived from this conceptual framework. Sub-study 1 tested the relationship between individuals' mate value, social exclusion, and neuroticism. Individuals' mate value exhibited both a direct effect on neuroticism and an indirect effect through the experience of social exclusion. Sub-study 2 investigated sexual jealousy as a specialized class of neuroticism in response to infidelity. As predicted, individuals' mate value predicted the likelihood of their partners' infidelity and their own mate guarding behavior. Sub-study 3 manipulated the threat of infidelity to test for functional shifts in neuroticism in response to relationship exclusion. Participants read vignettes describing their mates' certain fidelity, uncertain fidelity, and certain infidelity, and wrote what they would think, feel, say, and do in response to each scenario. An independent sample assessed participants' personalities based on these cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. As predicted, participants' neuroticism tracked relationship exclusion; participants' neuroticism levels increased with infidelity threat. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a universal psychological mechanism adaptively calibrates neuroticism levels in response to relationship exclusion; the certain absence or presence of the adaptive problem of relationship exclusion should deactivate or activate anti-exclusion mechanisms in all individuals. Above this situational effect, under conditions of uncertain infidelity -- in which the threat of infidelity would have ancestrally varied with men's (but not women's) mate value -- men's mate value predicted their neuroticism. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that humans possess psychological adaptations that functionally calibrate neuroticism levels. More broadly, they highlight the heuristic value of an evolutionary adaptationist framework for the study of personality and individual differences.text
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Mei, Lin. "Cognitive Context Elicitation and Modeling." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31866.
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As computing becomes ubiquitous and intelligent, it is possible for systems to adapt their behavior based on information sensed from the situational context. However, determining the context space has been taken for granted in most ubiquitous applications, and so that context-adaptive systems often miss the situational factors that are most relevant to users. The mismatch between a system's computational model and users' mental model of the context may frustrate and disorient users. This thesis describes the CCM (cognitive context model)-based approach for eliciting individual cognitive views of a context-aware task and selecting an appropriate context space for context-aware computing. It captures the situational and cognitive context for each task, using a structural architecture in which individual participants use a context view to describe their situational perspective of the task. Clustering and optimization techniques are applied to analyze and integrate context views in CCM. Developers can use the optimization output to identify an appropriate context space, specify context-aware adaptation policies and resolve run-time policy conflicts. This approach simplifies the task of context elicitation, emphasizes individual variance in context-aware activity, and helps avoid user requirements misunderstanding.