Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adaptative optics'
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Saab, Kassem. "Optique adaptative pour les télécommunications optiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEO016/document.
Full textFree space optical communications are able to allow rates of several tens of gigabits/s. In order to process these flows and benefit from the techniques developed in the context of fiber optics, it is desirable to inject the received beam into a single mode fiber. In this case, adaptive optics is proposed to limit the injection losses induced by the degradation of the beam quality caused by the atmospheric turbulence.In this thesis, we consider a link between a satellite and a ground receiving station.For high elevations when amplitude perturbations can be averaged by increasing the size of the pupil and the correction of the phase is sufficient by conventional adaptive optics (AO), this work deals with the experimental implementation of the coupling optimization between a conventional AO and a single mode fiber, by correcting the non common path aberrations between the measurement path of the wave front and the injection path of the corrected signal. The accomplished work in this context is summarized by the following tasks: definition of an automatic injection optimization method by controlling a single deformable mirror for the parallel correction of fast phase disturbance and quasi-static differential aberrations; numerical study of the implementation of the proposed method defined end-to-end simulations ; implementation of the method in the laboratory on the BOA bench, modeling the atmospheric turbulence by rotating phase screens, and validation of the injection optimization in closed loop ; application of the method on the ODISSEE bench at the OCA and closing of the loop on a laser signal emitted by the Japanese satellite SOCRATE.Besides, the link must be operational for a maximum duration. Indeed, the system must operate even when the satellite is low on the horizon and, therefore, when the crossed portion of atmosphere is thick. In these particular conditions, the disturbances induced by the air index fluctuations are stronger than for astronomical observations, so that, the simultaneous correction of the phase and the amplitude is essential to reach the desired injection ratio (> 50 %). Based on this analysis, the second part of this thesis focuses on the study of the experimental implementation of an innovative approach of a phase and amplitude correction based on using an integrated Mach-Zehnder. The work done in this part consists in the following points : elaboration of correction principle by a Mach-Zehnder and proposition of a generalized device with N channels ; theoretical analysis of the superposition by the proposed device ; development of a control algorithm based on the architecture proposed in integrated optics ; numerical validation of operation by end-to-end simulations ; design of the prototype for the experimental validation of the concept in the laboratory
Blary, Flavien. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la turbulence optique en espace confiné." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4131/document.
Full textOptical turbulence and its impact on measured images is a well-known phenomenon in astronomy. Models based on the Kolmogorov theory, elaborated for a dynamical turbulence description, and methods, such as Adaptive Optics, were both developed so as to understand and correct the degradations caused by this turbulence. Analysis of the same phenomenon in indoor situation was however less investigated. The local air volume is nonetheless prone to optical perturbations sources which could have non negligible impacts on the measurements of instruments installed at proximity. This document introduces a first approach of indoor optical turbulence characterization. After the introduction of the studied phenomenon and the mathematical tools employed, this thesis present optical turbulence characterizations inside Thales Alenia Space clean rooms used for optical instrument integration and testing. Analyses inside telescope domes are also shown in this document. All the results were obtained using the INTENSE instrument which was developed during the thesis for optical turbulence characterizations using angle of arrival fluctuations of laser beams. In anticipation for future ameliorations of optical turbulence analysis methods, a chapter of this thesis is dedicated to the work made on a turbulence energy profile extraction and its application on the INTENSE instrument. Conclusions and perspectives of the work made during this thesis are presented at the end of the document
Gallagher, Joseph. "Adaptive optics for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAY054/document.
Full textThis research project combines two complementary aspects: the development of an assembly incorporating an Adaptive Optics microscope system and the study of cancerous masses (multicellular spheroids) under mechanical pressure.These two axes are mutually beneficial since the implementation of the adaptive optics will enable imaging and physical measurements in spheroids; On the other hand, the study of spheroids will characterize the aberrations induced by this type of samples and understand the requirements of the adaptive optics system imposed by the observation of these samples as well as the limits of optical microscopy in biological tissues
Bierent, Rudolph. "Optique adaptative appliquée aux télécommunications laser en espace libre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4356/document.
Full textFree Space Optical communications (FSO) are range limited due to atmospheric turbulence. Adaptive optics can mitigate turbulence effects by adding a phase modulation on the emitted laser beam. However, both phase and amplitude modulation are needed to perform long range FSO. Previous numerical studies have shown that iterative phase conjugation is an efficient modulation technique for lasercom systems.This PhD thesis is dedicated to the development and the realization of the first experimental demonstration of the iterative phase conjugation principle in a controlled turbulence environment. An optical bench, representative of a long range propagation through strong turbulence, has been scaled down to few-meters propagation in visible.Several methods for complex field measurement and modulation are numerically studied. Selected methods are implemented and tested, such as a novel focal plane technique for complex field measurement. Finally, iterative phase conjugation is performed and results cross-correlated with an end-to-end model representative of the optical bench.This work is the first experimental demonstration of the optical phase conjugation principle. Applications can be found in other fields than lasercoms, such as high power lasers or propagation through highly diffusing biological tissues, both in need of laser emission modulation
Jarosz, Jessica. "Vers la conception d'un système d'optique adaptative pour la photocoagulation laser de la rétine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066649/document.
Full textThe laser lesion delivered by current retinal photocoagulation laser systems is not well controlled. The issue is to get a better confinement of the laser lesion that is to control the size of the laser lesion as well as the laser lesion positioning in the retina, in order to prevent any retinal damage. Such a confinement could be reached if the laser system featured a higher numerical aperture and was associated with a real-time correction of the aberrations of the eye. Adaptive optics gives access to such a correction; this technique has been used for the past twenty years for diagnosis (retinal imaging). However, further work is still to be achieved to improve the robustness of current adaptive optics systems before implementing adaptive optics in therapeutic systems, in particular in retinal laser photocoagulation systems. Indeed, unlike imaging where the acquisition can be repeated as many times as necessary, the confinement of the laser lesion must be maintained over time during the whole laser treatment. In this thesis, we provide guidance for the future design of an adaptive optics system for retinal photocoagulation. Such a design has to rely on a thorough knowledge of the ocular aberrations to correct. Thus, a highly temporally as well as spatially resolved aberrometry study on a large population was performed and conclusions on the design of an adaptive optics system for the eye were drawn from this study. Besides, a test bench was designed and set up to face the practical problems coming with the implementation of an adaptive optics system for the eye
Héritier-Salama, Cédric Taïssir. "Innovative calibration strategies for large adaptive telescopes with pyramid wave-front sensors." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0371.
Full textThe ground-based observation is at the edge of a breakthrough with the development of the extremely large telescopes. To benefit from the full scientific potential of theses telescopes, the instruments will rely on complex adaptive optics (AO) systems that will require a fine-tuning before and during the operation. The design of the telescopes and the complexity of the pyramid wavefront sensor (PWSF) demands to completely rethink and optimize the AO calibration procedures. We propose to use pseudo synthetic models of the AO system to generate numerically the calibration data, identifying the key-parameters of the model from experimental inputs. In this thesis, I introduce the development and experimental validation of such a pseudo synthetic model for the AO systems of the large binocular telescope with PWFS. Complementary to this first research, I investigated different strategies to provide tracking capabilities of the model parameters during the operations
Errera, Marie-Hélène. "Etude des mécanismes immunitaires des uvéites idiopathiques par une approche biologique et l'optique adaptative." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066714/document.
Full textMost of experimental models of uveitis are mediated by lymphocytic subtypes CD4+ T-Helper 1 (Th1) et Th17. The aim of this thesis is to study the immune mechanisms in idiopathic uveitis (i.e. unknown etiology) in humans. First, we will determine the biological spectrum of 30 cytokines/ chemokines/ growth factors in aqueous humour and sera by Luminex® technology. Those mediators will be measured in the serum and aqueous humour of patients with active intermediate and posterior uveitis classified as idiopathic. Those results will be compared to a cohort of patients with no inflammation and to patients with uveitis of various causes. We found that the profile of mediators changes regarding to the cause of the intraocular inflammation. The proinflammatory process is related to increased levels of cytokines Th1 (IFNγ, IL-12), Th17 (IL-17), TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, G-CSF and IP-10 idiopathic uveitis. The sera of the patients with idiopathic uveitis have increased levels IL-17 and IP-10. Secondly, the immune mechanisms of uveitis were studied by adaptive optics imaging (FIOA) and particularly the observation of anatomic changes related to ocular inflammations. We ruled out any correlation betweeen the perivascular cellular opacification in FIOA and the cytokines/ chemokines found in the eyes with uveitis. An understanding of the profile of mediators in inflammation and their determination could help to target idiopathic uveitis with correct therapies
Vargas, Martín Fernando. "Óptica adaptativa en oftalmoscopia: corrección de las aberraciones del ojo mediante un modulador espacial de cristal." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10846.
Full textThe image formation properties of the eye are determined by the aberrations of the optics. The complete correction of the aberrations would allow diffraction-limited resolution. The aberrations of the eye are not easily modeled and are different for each subject.This thesis proposes the use of adaptive optics techniques to measure and correct the static aberrations of the eye. The principles and methods developed are useful in specific applications, i.e., high-resolution retinal imaging, ophthalmic lens design, etc.Two non-invasive methods have been used to measure the wave aberration function: Phase Retrieval Techniques from two double-pass retinal images; and the Hartmann-Shack sensor. A Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator was used to adaptively correct the wave front aberration of the eye.This thesis also includes guidelines to calibrate and control the proposed techniques.Finally, experimental explorations of these methods are reported. Several results are presented, including the measure and the subsequent compensation of the wave aberration for artificial and human eyes.
Kasprzack, Marie. "Thermally Deformable Mirrors : a new Adaptive Optics scheme for Advanced Gravitational Wave Interferometers." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112252/document.
Full textIn this thesis we develop a new technique of adaptive optics for the Advanced Gravitational Interferometers, based on a new type of deformable mirror for the injection beam of the interferometer. This deformable mirror, based on a thermal actuation, has to be a high vacuum compatible and low-cost device, that is working without any electronic or mechanic noise. It has to allow the correction of high order modes to improve the matching of high power laser beams in the interferometer.An experimental setup has been made to characterize the first prototype on air. An efficient process and a control loop have allowed to determine the possibilities and limits of the device. We have demonstrated its ability to correct high order modes of an infrared laser beam. Afterwards, we have validated the improvement of mode matching into a fixed cavity
Voyez, Juliette. "Mesures optiques de profils de turbulence atmosphérique pour les futurs systèmes d'optique adaptative." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975076.
Full textAbelli, Andrea. "Commande pour l'optique adaptative : du cas linéaire au cas non linéaire." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE4019.
Full textHis thesis investigates the control aspects of Adaptive Optics applications, a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effect of wavefront distortions, to high angular resolution imaging. The Adaptive Optics control problem is presented through a survey of the literature. Consequently, the design of a feedback controller is addressed, from a modern control point of view, by means of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian control methodology. The proposed approach emphasizes the ability of the adaptive optics loop to reject the atmospheric aberration. We derive a diagonal state-space system representation which clearly separates the dynamics of the plant (deformable mirror and wavefront sensor) from the disturbance dynamics (atmospheric model). This representation facilitates the numerical resolution of the problem. A frequency analysis is carried out to check the performance and robustness specifications of the multiple-input multiple-output feedback system. Moreover, we analyze the performance and the robustness of LQG-based control compared to classic integral control, by means of end-to-end simulations and by considering different levels of wavefront sensor noise. During on-sky observations, the turbulent energy and relative speed of each atmospheric layer can change rapidly degrading the wavefront estimate. For this reason, a numerical model design algorithm guaranteeing satisfactory disturbance rejection performance even in the case of time-varying turbulence's characteristic is derived. Numerical experiments using the Software Package CAOS have been conducted to demonstrate the robustness of every proposed approach. Given the author firm belief that the future of Adaptive Optics also relies on the development of more sophisticated (i.e., nonlinear) models, a substantial amount of work was dedicated to the study of two classes of widespread pattern recognition methods. Namely Support Vector Machines and Kernel Methods, whose regression capabilities are exploited in the solution of the nonlinear optimal tracking problem. Concerning Support Vector Machines, thanks to the singular optimal control theory, constraints are loosened permitting an easier and faster numerical resolution of the optimization problem. So that, in the fully deterministic case the Support Vector controller results simpler to synthesize. With reference to Kernel Methods, an original attempt to bring together their regression strengths with the concept of Adaptive Inverse Control is presented. The Kernel Recursive Least-Square algorithm is used to implement an adaptive inverse controller capable of forcing a suitable nonlinear dynamics to follow a desired output. This very method can also be used to check if a given arbitrary trajectory is an admissible output for the nonlinear system under study. Such an innovative algorithm could be fruitfully applied, in future works, to the control of Tip-Tilt mirrors. Eventually, a first sketch of the theoretical framework supporting the use of Adaptive Inverse Control for the solution of the general tracking problem is given. After introducing the mathematical formulation of the tracking problem and the needed mathematical definitions, sufficient and necessary conditions (linear case) and sufficient (nonlinear case) conditions to the existence of the solution are derived
Canuet, Lucien. "Fiabilisation des transmissions optiques satellite-sol." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESAE0005/document.
Full textOptical wavelengths are an alternative to radio-frequency links for future satellite-to-groundtransmissions. They are envisioned in the framework of payload/telemetry data transfer (opticaldownlinks from LEO satellites) or communication (bi-directional optical links with GEOsatellites). However, as it propagates through the atmosphere, the optical wave can be deeplyaffected by atmospheric turbulence which induces randomspatial and temporal variations ofits amplitude and phase. Variations in amplitude translate into fluctuations of the collectedpower (scintillation). The phase distortions affect the spatial distribution of the power at thefocal plane of the telescope causing deleterious losses when the incident flux needs to becoupled to an optoelectronic detector or to a single-mode optical fiber. Such losses result indynamical attenuations of the received signal -called fading- and hence potentially to the lossof information. The most recent feasibility studies highlight the use of two types of fadingmitigation techniques: adaptive optics systems and digital techniques (coding and interleaving).To limit the complexity and cost of such systems, the optimization of these mitigationtechniques should be conducted jointly. The main objective of this thesis is therefore theinvestigation of the complementarity of physical (adaptive optics) and digital data reliabilitymechanisms (interleaving, correcting and erasure codes in a cross-layer approach)
Gofas, Salas Elena. "Manipulation of the illumination of an Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscope for functional imaging of the retina in-vivo High loop rate adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscope with structured illumination capability In vivo near-infrared autofluorescence imaging of retinal pigment epithelial cells with 757 nm excitation." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS195.
Full textAs the only transparent optical window of our body, the eye gives a unique access to the observation of neural and vascular networks. Today however, a new era is opening up for high-resolution imaging, which should no longer be limited to giving access to tissue structures, but may also tackle their functions. In fact, biomarkers for the functioning of the whole human body can be found in retinal imaging. Neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's) or arterial hypertension could thus be diagnosed early by high precision imaging of the retina. In my thesis work, I intended to show how the full-field ophthalmoscope, associated to imaging modalities adjusting geometrical settings of the illumination, could contribute to research on the retina. To achieve this ambitious goal, we modified the full-field ophthalmoscope built at the National Hospital Center of Quinze-Vingts with a specific image processing and two new instruments inspired by full-field microscopy. We have integrated these instruments into the illumination path of the ophthalmoscope to manipulate the geometry of the retinal illumination. These new implementations allow us to make use of more advanced imaging techniques, such as dark field imaging or noninvasive near infrared angiography. These imaging modalities have been exploited to image the retina functionally. We focused mainly on the light coupling function of photoreceptors and on blood perfusion
Xiao, Peng. "Optique adaptative et interférométrie spatialement incohérente plein champ pour l’imagerie de la rétine." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLET015/document.
Full textThis thesis follows the study and development of an adaptive optics full-field optical coherence tomography (AO-FFOCT) system, aiming for high resolution en face human retinal imaging. During the quantification of the effects of geometrical aberrations on the FFOCT system performance, it is shown that, with spatially incoherent illumination, the lateral resolution of FFOCT is insensitive to aberrations, which only cause the FFOCT signal reduction. Since low order aberrations like myopia and astigmatism dominate in human eye, a non-conjugate AO configuration by using transmissive wavefront corrector is suggested and applied for low order aberrations correction to simplify the AO-FFOCT system. Wavefront corrections are done with a wavefront sensorless method by using FFOCT signal level as the metric. Experiments with scattering samples and artificial eye model are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the customized AO-FFOCT system for aberration correction. In order to resolve the eye motion effects and employ real-time matching of the optical path lengths of the two interferometric arms in FFOCT, a system combination of traditional spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT) with FFOCT is adopted. With this combined system, high resolution FFOCT cellular retinal imaging is achieved in human eye in vivo for the first time
Bernard, Anaïs. "Développement de nouveaux outils de traitement et d’analyse pour l’optique adaptative grand champ." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0336/document.
Full textThe next decade will see the first light of the new Extremely Large Telescopes. Their large diameter (from 25 to 39 meters across), increases both their sensitivity and their angular resolution. However, angular resolution of all sizes ground-based telescope is always strongly limited by the atmospheric turbulence. To tackle this problem and fully exploit their capabilities, large optical telescopes are now indissociable of their Adaptive Optics (AO) instruments. AO is a technic that consists in analyzing the effects of turbulence on the wavefront and compensating for it in real time, thanks to one or several deformable mirrors in order to restore the initial angular resolution of optical telescopes. In addition, most of the 8-10 meters telescopes are supplied with laser guide stars systems in order to increase the portion of the sky that can benefit for such an AO correction. Such systems are called Wide Field AO (WFAO). However, despite the excellent performance of such systems, the correction performed is not perfect and some residuals still limit the image quality. In order to get the best science results out of the WFAO images, dedicated and optimized reduction and analyses tools are needed. The first part of this document present an astrophysics analyses of WFAO images aiming to study massive star formation in an extra-galactic environment. In addition to new science results, the study carried out on these observations has enable to highlight the critical parameters that limit the scientific analyses of Wide Field AO data. The second part of this document is dedicated to the development of a new distorsion correction tool that aims to reduce these error terms
Villecroze, Rémy. "Modélisation d’un système d’optique adaptative à grand champ pour la reconstruction de la réponse impulsionnelle multi-spectrale des futurs spectro-imageurs 3D du VLT et de l’ELT." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10061.
Full textCamboulives, Adrien-Richard. "Compensation des effets de la turbulence atmosphérique sur un lien optique montant sol-satellite géostationnaire : impact sur l'architecture du terminal sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS564/document.
Full textAn optical link based on a multiplex of wavelengths at 1.55µm is foreseen to be a valuable alternative to the conventional radio-frequencies for the feeder link of the next-generation of high throughput geostationary satellite. Considering the limited power of lasers envisioned for feeder links, the beam divergence has to be dramatically reduced. Consequently, the beam pointing becomes a key issue. During its propagation between the ground station and a geostationary satellite, the optical beam is deflected and possibly distorted by atmospheric turbulence. It induces strong fluctuations of the detected telecom signal, thus reducing the capacity. A steering mirror using a measurement from a beam coming from the satellite is used to pre-compensate the deflection. Because of the point-ahead angle between the downlink and the uplink, the turbulence effects experienced by both beams are slightly different, inducing an error in the correction. The performance criteria is the minimum detectable irradiance 95% of the time. A fast model, named WPLOT, taking into account pointing errors and their temporal evolution, is proposed to evaluate the minimum irradiance as a function of the ground station parameters and quality of the correction. The model’s results are compared to those obtained with a more physical but requiring more computation power: TURANDOT. A sensitivity study has been realized and led to a sizing of a ground station. The model also enables the generation of time series in order to optimize the forward error correction codes in order to be compliant with the targeted capacity (1Terabit/s by 2025)
Nguyen, Khanh Linh. "Mesures optiques de profils de turbulence pour les futurs systèmes d'optique adaptative et d'observation." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4242/document.
Full textThe knowledge of atmospheric turbulence in horizontal aim allows to better understand the physics of the heat fluxes at the ground-atmosphere interface. It also allows, in vertical aim, to improve the performance of future wide-field adaptive optics systems for astronomical observation. The profile of Cn²locally characterizes the force of turbulence. The CO-SLIDAR method, developed by ONERA, allows profiles of Cn² along the line of sight of the telescope, from the slopes and scintillations of a double source measured by Shack-Hartmann analyzer. This method was validated in vertical aim but had not yet shown its effectiveness in horizontal aim. The two experiments in Lannemezan and Châtillon-Meudon introduced a new Shack-Hartmann Infrared profilometer: the SCINDAR. They were carried out on heterogeneous and piecewise homogeneous surfaces respectively, and they participate in the validation of the method for agronomic and ecological applications. My study consists of improving SCINDAR profilometer signal processing and validating the CO-SLIDAR method for near-ground atmospheric turbulence measurements. This method has been adapted using a spherical wave propagation formalism. The study identified and took into account sources of error in processing: the cold machine vibration of the SCINDAR cryogenic wavefront analyzer and the extent of the sources in the weight functions of the direct model set for data processing. My study focuses on improvement of the SCINDAR data processing and experimental validation profiles Cn² obtained with Cn² measurements acquired by scintillometers. I first built a database of slopes and scintillations of verified quality. For the inversion of the data, I chose the L1L2 regularization which is suitable for near-ground Cn² measurements. The method of setting the hyperparameters of this regularization is unsupervised. It makes it possible to increase the reliability and the accuracy of the Cn² profile estimation in a pragmatic way using the relative errors of the macroscopic turbulent parameters. The SCINDAR profilometer with the improved CO-SLIDAR method finally produces Cn² profiles of excellent quality. These profiles are successfully compared to scintillometer measurements. All of this work constitues the adaptation of the CO-SLIDAR method for measurements of near-ground turbulence
Bardou, Lisa. "Analyse de front d'onde sur étoile laser allongée pour l'optique adaptative de l'ELT." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC036/document.
Full textThe ELT (Extremely Large Telescope) is a telescope whose diameter is 39 m currently under construction by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). In order to fully benefit from its size, ELT instruments will be equipped with Adaptive Optics (AO) systems to compensate the atmospheric turbulence. These AO systems require the use of Laser Guides Stars (LGS) in order to have as large a sky coverage as possible. LGS are generated using a laser tuned on a resonant frequency of sodium atoms contained in a layer approximately 90km high and 10 km thick. Therefore, a LGS is a luminous cylinder in the high atmosphere, lighted by sodium atoms relaxation. Wavefront sensing on these artificial stars suffers from known limitations. On a telescope the size of the ELT, their use is further complicated by the perspective effect which causes an elongation of the LGS when it is seen from a point distant from its launch position : the cylinder is no longer seen by its circular section, but on the side. On a 39m telescope, the elongation can reach up to 20 arcseconds, which is large compared to to the diameter of the cylinder determined by the turbulence, that is about 1 arcsecond. Variability of the thickness, height and density distribution of the sodium layer then have an impact on wavefront sensing. The study of this problem, which concerns both sensing algorithms and wavefront sensor design, has already been the subject of many work relying on simulations and laboratory experiments. This thesis aims at studying this question using experimental data obtained on sky. These data were acquired using the AO demonstrator CANARY, placed on the William Herschel Telescope (WHT) on the island of La Palma in the Canaries Island. CANARY was developed by LESIA in collaboration with Durham University; the laser and its launch telescope were supplied and operated by ESO. In this experiment, the extreme elongation of LGS as will be seen on the ELT was reproduced by placing the launch telescope 40 m away from the William Herschel Telescope. The wavefront was the measured on the elongated LGS thus created. The studies led during this thesis consisted in the preparation of the instrument and in particular the LGS Wavefront Sensor (WFS), the realisation of the observations and processing on the data obtained. Analysis of these data allowed to build an error breakdown of wavefront sensing on the elongated LGS. Thanks to this error breakdown, performances of different measurement algorithms where compared, as well as their behaviour according to the variability of the sodium profile and the turbulence conditions. Finally, different wavefront sensor designs were extrapolated which allowed to establish limits on their designs for the ELT
Gemayel, Pierre. "Optique adaptative par modulateur spatial de lumière en microscopie et holographie." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH9294/document.
Full textSince the 50s, recovering the phase information of a diffracted beam has a major interest in several fields such as microscopy, astronomy and many others. Generally, the solutions fall into two broad categories: interferometric methods and iterative methods based on beam propagation. The advantage of the latter is that they are less sensitive to noise, and their experimental implementation is simpler. Also, the progress in computer technologies as well in digital imaging devices makes the application of this approach easier and more interesting. However, even if the effectiveness of these methods has been demonstrated in several fields, their use remained limited because of certain requirements on the experimental conditions and the non-convergence of their algorithm to a single solution in many cases. This is even more true for the so-called "complex objects", having an amplitude and a phase, which can greatly reduce their field of application. To overcome the convergence problems and improve the robustness of these methods, many experimental strategies have been employed. They are all based on the same principle, which consists of introducing new well-known constraints in the object plane. This increases the number of acquired spectrum, and therefore diversifies the sources of information about the starting object, which will help the iterative algorithm to converge more quickly towards the final solution. As examples of such experimental strategies, one can record several spectra from different areas of the object, or modulate the wavelength of the incident beam, or also acquire the spectrums across two or more parallel planes connected through Fresnel or Fourier transform.In this context, the present work aims to experimentally demonstrate a technique known as SSPR (Spread Spectrum Phase Retrieval), proposed in 2007 by Zhang, while modifying it in order to make it more flexible. The idea is to introduce, using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator M strong phase modulation into the object field, then record in the Fourier plane the M corresponding spectrums. These M acquisitions will then be used in an iterative algorithm what will allow us to recover the object wavefront by simulating the propagation of the light between spatial and frequency spaces. The first part of this thesis includes a complete study on spatial light modulators; in order to select which one will be best suited for our application. Once liquid crystal spatial light modulators are selected, we present their technical characteristics, as well as the calibration tests needed to ensure their linear and optimal functioning. Then we show several possible applications with this type of component, in various scientific fields, like holography, microscopy, adaptive optics and interferometric methods to reconstruct the phase of a beam.In the second part, we focus our work around the SSPR iterative method. We will show how to make the application of this method simpler by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, and by working in Fourier plane instead of Fresnel plane. However, after applying SSPR we have noticed that the quality of experimental results is very inferior to the quality of simulation results. Therefore, a detailed study of the noise sources is conducted. Each of these noise sources adds its own contribution, yet modulator cross-talk remains the factor that deteriorates the most the quality of reconstruction. In fact liquid crystal spatial light modulators are known to have a strong cross-talk between their pixels commonly recognized as fringing field effect. As the pixels are micrometric, each addressed one affects its neighbors, and thus, the phase retardation obtained from a pixel will not be uniform over its entire surface. This will result in a blurring effect of the desired sharp edge between the pixels; therefore, the real displayed phase map will be very different from the addressed one. [...]
Teixeira, Joël. "Nouvelle approche de mesure de front d'onde sans analyseur pour la microscopie à deux photons : application à l'imagerie in vivo de l'hippocampe." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEO017/document.
Full textDeep in vivo two-photon microscopy is severely limited by optical aberrations. Adaptive optics is now a widely used technique to overcome this issue. It relies on one of several possible wavefront sensing techniques. Indirect or sensorless wavefront estimation has the advantage of being easy-to-implement on existing systems. Modal sensorless approach, initially developed for two photon imaging by Débarre et al., has become a standard technique based on the maximization of an image quality metric such as the mean image intensity.However, the indirectly inferred wavefront is influenced by the sample, which may induce a strong bias in the estimation, the so-called sample dependence. This PhD work aims at developing an improved modal sensorless approach that is not affected by sample dependence.I first study the impact of aberrations and of the sample structure on the mean image intensity.A new analytical expression of the mean image intensity is given and makes explicit the interplay between the shape of the 3D PSF and the sample spatial distribution. Through numerical simulations I show that the metric sensitivity to aberrations is preserved for samples much larger than the spatial resolution.Secondly, I study the Standard Modal Sensorless (SMS) approach for different sample scenarios. I characterize the sample dependence issue induced by strong fluorescent structures located out-of-focus. Then, I show that the displacement-free technique fails at fully removing the sample dependence. This analysis leads to the development of our Axially-Locked Modal Sensorless approach (ALMS). This new approach solves the sample dependence by an automatic and controlled adjustment of the focusing depth so as to lock on bright sample features. Furthermore, the ALMS approach is based on a specifically designed image quality metric.The performance of this approach is numerically compared with the SMS and the displacement-free approaches. Finally, ALMS is demonstrated through ex vivo and in vivo experimental tests
Maji, Suman Kumar. "Multiscale methods in signal processing for adaptive optics." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909085.
Full textPaillier, Laurie. "Architecture de récepteur cohérent pour les liens optiques satellite-sol avec optique adaptative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT026.
Full textBoth the increasing imaging resolution of earth observation satellites and the advent of a space-based globalized internet are currently urging for very high data rate transmissions between space and ground.With the promise to provide tens of Gbps per channel, optical links may become a major breakthrough technology, assuming that the technological assets developed for the fibered networks can be exploited. Especially, phase modulation techniques have demonstrated their tremendous efficiency for fibered networks. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of their transposition to the case of satellite-to-ground optical links, accounting for their specificities: laser phase noise, Doppler effect, and the impact of propagation through the turbulent atmosphere and its correction by adaptive optics to maximize coherent detection efficiency. To investigate the main limitations of such a BPSK modulated coherent link, I developed a tool performing a detailed simulation of the data transmission process. It includes the beam propagation through the atmosphere, the atmospheric disturbances correction by adaptive optics, and the synchronization step necessary to recover the modulated phase. We investigated two architectures of digital receiver: one based on a phase-locked loop, and the other one based an open loop approach. We formalized a design methodology to reduce the impact of laser phase noise on the accuracy of synchronization. Laser phase noise remains however the main contributor to the residual phase error. The two architectures achieve comparable performance in terms of residual phase error, convergence threshold and error rate. The impact of atmospheric turbulence and its correction by adaptive optics was investigated for different turbulence conditions. As expected, the importance of the quality of the adaptive optics correction is highlighted. We confirm by modeling the limited impact of turbulent phase noise on the performance.This work opens prospects for a strong increase in the achievable bit rate for coherent telemetry links when using higher-order constellations (QPSK and beyond)
Rosenbaum, David. "Etude des effets respectifs de l'âge et de l'hypertension sur l'anatomie et la fonction des artères centrales et périphériques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066018/document.
Full textWe’ve tried to decipher the respective roles of age and hypertension on anatomy and function of large and small arteries using new non invasive imaging techniques. Large arteries: Using Aortic MRI, we’ve shown the proeminent role of ageing on arterial stiffening as well as the parallel and combined influence of age and hypertension . Using radial artery tonometry, we’ve shown links between anatomy, function and atherosclerosis in a large population. This generates new hypothesis to link arterial function and cardiovascular risk. Retinal microcirculation: We’ve validated a new high resolution imaging technique : adaptive optics. We’ve confirmed in a large cohort of hypertensives the existence of an inward eutrophic remodeling. We’ve observed Blood pressure drop related short term vasodilatation without changes in wall cross section. Together with the relationship we also established between arteriolar remodeling and total peripheral resistances, our results advocate for an important part of functional remodeling in hypertension. With ageing, we’ve observed a parietal thickening with wall cross section increase without lumen modifications. We’ve also confirmed the presence of an hypertrophic remodeling in diabetic patients. In conclusion: We have validated and confirmed the added value of new arterial non invasive imaging techniques on large populations to study cardiovascular risk factors induced arterial remodeling
Schwartz, Noah. "Précompensation des effets de la turbulence par optique adaptative : application aux liaisons optiques en espace libre." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00771276.
Full textMendes, da Costa Rodrigues Gonçalo. "Adaptive optics with segmented deformable bimorph mirrors." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210166.
Full textCurrent designs for these correctors consist of scaling up the proven technologies of flexible optical plates deformed under the out-of-plane action of linear actuators. This approach will lead to an exponential growth of cost with the number of actuators, and in very complex mechanisms.
This thesis proposes a new concept of optical correction which is modular, robust, lightweight and low-cost and is based on the bimorph in-plane actuation.
The adaptive mirror consists of segmented identical hexagonal bimorph mirrors allowing to indefinitely increase the degree of correction while maintaining the first mechanical resonance at the level of a single segment and showing an increase in price only proportional to the number of segments.
Each bimorph segment can be mass-produced by simply screen-printing an array of thin piezoelectric patches onto a silicon wafer resulting in very compact and lightweight modules
and at a price essentially independent from the number of actuators.
The controlled deformation of a screen-printed bimorph mirror was experimentally achieved with meaningful optical shapes and appropriate amplitudes; its capability for compensating turbulence was evaluated numerically. The generation of continuous surfaces
by an assembly of these mirrors was numerically simulated and a demonstrator of concept consisting of 3 segments was constructed.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Abada, Sami. "Conception et réalisation de microsystèmes optiques (MOEMS) en polymère pour l'optique adaptative intégrée sur diodes laser verticales (VCSELs)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30374/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study and the fabrication of a novel type of polymer MOEMS (Micro Optical Electrical Mechanical Systems) to achieve passive or active beam shaping of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). To improve the photonic integration of these compact laser sources in optical communication and detection systems (sensors, biomedical analysis), we designed a polymer-based optical microsystem that is suitable with a post-processing integration on VCSELs. Its operation principle is based on the out-of-plane displacement of a suspended SU-8 membrane including a polymer refractive microlens at its surface. Thanks to electro-thermal actuation, the vertical displacement of the membrane allows to dynamically modify the microlens-source distance and leads to a vertical shift of the laser beam waist position. MOEMS actuation power and reliability were optimized owing to a comprehensive tri-dimensional thermo-electro-mechanical model that takes into account SU-8 material properties and precise geometry of the device. Technological steps necessary for the collective fabrication of such MOEMS on VCSELs arrays were also developed. In particular, we report on a new photoresist film transfer method we developed to achieve a highly uniform fabrication of high aspect ratio MOEMS on small-sized or fragile samples such as GaAs-based VCSELs wafers. This method that we call "soft thermal printing" is based on the use of a thermal nano-imprint set-up. Moreover, a simple and planar process for MOEMS fabrication was successfully tested. A dedicated inkjet printing process for drop-on-demand deposition of the microlens on the membrane center was also developed. Finally, the fabricated MOEMS were characterized. A vertical displacement as high as 8µm was observed for only 12.5mW applied, in good agreement with our 3D modeling results and first results on 850nm VCSEL dynamic beam focusing were obtained, demonstrating the interest of our approach
Vermeulen, Pierre. "Microscopie à illumination structurée et optique adaptative pour l'imagerie de fluorescence 3D dynamique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00777094.
Full textMorgado, Brajones Javier. "OPTO-MECA-SPIM : imagerie dynamique et interactive de phénomènes mécanobiologiques dans les tissus." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30252.
Full textIn recent years, tissue mimics (TMs) such as microtissues, spheroids, and organoid cultures have become increasingly important in life-science research, as they provide a physiologically relevant environment for cell growth, tissue morphogenesis, and stem cell differentiation. Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) is one of the most prominent microscopy modalities for three-dimensional tissue imaging, and a sine qua non tool to understand cell biology in TMs. However, while SPIM is regarded as a very powerful tool for TM imaging, optical microscopy suffers from certain limitations when imaging 3D samples. Indeed, scattering, absorption and optical aberrations limit the depth at which useful imaging can be done, typically no more than 100 µm. Adaptive Optics (AO) is a technique capable of improving image quality at depth by correcting the optical aberrations introduced by the sample which is seeing increasing use in fluorescence microscopes. For this thesis, I have incorporated a wavefront sensor AO scheme to SPIM, able to correct aberrations in optically thick TMs such as multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Due to the low amount of light produced by non-linear guide stars such as the one used in our system, a custom high-sensitivity Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) was developed for our needs. In this work, I characterize the performance of this SHWFS and the ability of our system to correct aberration in various conditions, including inside TMs. I show unprecedented image quality improvements for in-depth imaging of MCTS, in regard of high-frequency detail and resolution. This allowed us to identify biologically relevant features at depths inaccessible to conventional SPIM. Up-converting nanoparticles (UCNP) are rare-earth based particles that are able to undergo photon up-conversion when illuminated, emitting light of a shorter wavelength than that of the illumination. Guide stars made from UCNP are especially attractive due to the possibility of them being excited in the near-infrared while emitting visible light, reducing photodamage produced by the illumination light. The viability of using UCNP as guide stars in biological samples in explored in this thesis
Koch, Edouard. "Étude morphométrique des artérioles rétiniennes chez l’homme par imagerie a haute résolution Imagerie des artérioles rétiniennes par optique adaptative, faisabilité et reproductibilité Morphometric analysis of smallarteries inthehuman retinausingadaptive optics imaging: relationshipwith bloodpressure and focalvascularchanges." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS418.
Full textSmall arteries (i.e. diameter less than 150μm), so-called resistive arteries, are essential for regulating the distribution of blood flow. These vessels are modified during many conditions, including arterial hypertension which causes a thickening of their wall. Until recently, direct observation of retinal vessels was not possible in humans. Following the discovery by our team of the possibility of visualizing the wall of the retinal vessels in humans using an imaging technology using adaptive optics (OA), we studied normal and pathological human retinal vascular morphometry. For this, original clinical protocols have been implemented, in collaboration with computer scientists, ophthalmologists and cardiologists. After contributing to the development of image segmentation software to extract quantitative data on retinal vascular morphometry, we conducted prospective, observational, cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical studies. This work enabled us to validate a methodology for measuring parameters related to the microvascular structure, and to study its variations during hypertension and during focal pathologies (arteriovenous nicking, focal arteriolar narrowing). We were able to demonstrate that the variability of the retinal artery wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) was 43% correlated with the blood pressure measured in consultation and to a lesser extent at age. This remodeling is eutrophic (i.e. without increasing the amount of the parietal material). The observation of focal arterial narrowing revealed a decrease in the internal diameter without parietal thickening and in some cases a disappearance of the focal narrowing, which suggests that these arterial narrowing are due to localized vasoconstriction. Finally, we have demonstrated that venous abnormalities occur near the arteries without direct contact with them, suggesting the existence of an indirect effect of the proximity between artery and veins on venous morphology. In diabetics, the team of Xavier Girerd with our contribution has demonstrated the existence of hypertrophic remodeling (increase in the amount of parietal material with reduction of light and parietal thickening). In patients with acute cerebral infarction, we found no correlation between the WLR and the Fazekas score, reflecting the degree of leukoaraiosis; the WLR itself is not significantly modified relative to a control population. We also studied the dynamics of retinal vasomotricity. Through various vasoconstrictor stimuli (oxygen, cold) and vasodilators (intermittent light stimulation, hypotensive treatment), we have documented the corresponding changes in caliber of small arteries and veins. Intermittent light stimulation appears to be the most promising method because of its simplicity and acceptability. In conclusion, through this work, we explored new methods of in vivo study of human retinal circulation. A broad field of clinical studies is opening up in the field of phenotyping microcirculation. Future work may be directed towards a better prediction of the risk of organic lesion, towards the follow-up of the hypotensive treatment and towards the role of the modifications induced by the diabetes in the occurrence of the diabetic retinopathy
Chebbo, Manal. "Simulation fine d'optique adaptative à très grand champ pour des grands et futurs très grands télescopes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4733/document.
Full textRefined simulation tools for wide field AO systems on ELTs present new challenges. Increasing the number of degrees of freedom makes the standard simulation's codes useless due to the huge number of operations to be performed at each step of the AO loop process. The classical matrix inversion and the VMM have to be replaced by a cleverer iterative resolution of the Least Square or Minimum Mean Square Error criterion. For this new generation of AO systems, concepts themselves will become more complex: data fusion coming from multiple LGS and NGS will have to be optimized, mirrors covering all the field of view associated to dedicated mirrors inside the scientific instrument itself will have to be coupled using split or integrated tomography schemes, differential pupil or/and field rotations will have to be considered.All these new entries should be carefully simulated, analysed and quantified in terms of performance before any implementation in AO systems. For those reasons i developed, in collaboration with the ONERA, a full simulation code, based on iterative solution of linear systems with many parameters (sparse matrices). On this basis, I introduced new concepts of filtering and data fusion to effectively manage modes such as tip, tilt and defoc in the entire process of tomographic reconstruction. The code will also eventually help to develop and test complex control laws who have to manage a combination of adaptive telescope and post-focal instrument including dedicated DM
Fauvarque, Olivier. "Optimisation des analyseurs de front d'onde à filtrage optique de Fourier." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0257/document.
Full textEurope is currently preparing the largest telescope of the world: the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). Planned by 2026, this huge telescope will allow to answer fundamental questions of contemporary astrophysics. However, images of astrophysical objects done by ground based telescopes suffer from the atmospheric turbulence which reduces the capacity of instruments to distinguish objects too close to each other. The Adaptive Optics (AO) allows to restore this loss of angular resolution by correcting (thanks to a deformable mirror) in real time the perturbed wave front (measured by the WaveFront Sensor (WFS)).Until very recently, the majority of AO systems had used the Shack-Hartmann (SH) WFS. New concepts based on Fourier filtering (the Pyramid or the Zernike WFSs) have however just been put in operation in several professional observatories and their results seem to outperform the SH. Since they would potentially be chosen for the AO systems of the future ELTs, this thesis aims to consolidate their theoretical understanding and to optimize these Fourier based WFSs.We firstly develop a mathematical framework which describes all these WFSs under an unique formalism. It allows to generalize the pre-existent designs -a WFS thus becomes a "WFS class"- by considering their optical parameters as flexible quantities. We then explored the two Pyramid and Zernike classes to identify the influence of class' parameters on performance criteria in order to optimize optical designs with regard to the instrumental requirements. New configurations of the Pyramid class -that we called Flattened pyramids- show promising behaviors and are studied in details
Juvénal, Rémy. "Modélisation et commande pour les optiques adaptatives des VLT et ELT : de l'analyse de performance à la validation ciel." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO007/document.
Full textAdaptive Optics (AO) systems have revolutionized ground-based astronomical imagery, allowing for real-time compensation of turbulence-induced deformations of the optical wavefront, and therefore allowing to reach the diffraction limit. More recently, wide-field AO modalities have been proposed to expand the operational range of instruments by compensating anisoplanatism and increase sky coverage. Controlling such systems is certainly a key issue to further improve their performance and to converge towards the goals of the ELTs science programs.The first objective of this thesis work is to define a general-purpose performance analysis tool, enabling to compare different linear controllers through their error budgets, in order to improve existing instruments or make choices in the design of future instruments. To achieve this aim, a frequency-domain formalism is developed for single-conjugated AO and extended to wide-field configurations. It is shown that this tool allows to decompose controller performance using either simulations or on-sky data. New control strategies based on new disturbance models (turbulence, vibrations...) are proposed, and the improvement in performance is discussed based on their error budget. Furthermore, these results contributed to characterize an LQG controller with vibration mitigation that is to be integrated in the tip/tilt loop of the multi-conjugate AO system GeMS, at Gemini South Observatory, in Chile
Meilard, Nicolas. "Etoile Laser Polychromatique pour l’Optique Adaptative : modélisation de bout-en-bout, concepts et étude des systèmes optiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10107/document.
Full textThe polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS) provides adaptive optics (AO) with a phase referenceto correct corrugated wavefronts, including tip tilt. It relies on the chromatic dispersion of light returnedfrom the 2-photon resonant excitation of sodium in the mesosphere. Diffraction limited imaging in thevisible then becomes possible. This is mandatory for 80% of the prominent astrophysical cases for the EELT.A PLGS requires standard deviations of position measurements 26 times less than in classical cases. Thus Ihave studied the interferometric laser projector. I have designed a polychromatic base corrector to equalizethe fringe periods, a phase corrector to compensate atmospheric refraction and the optics for fringemeasurements and for keeping apart the PLGS from the science target images.The required accuracy leads me to study how the maximum likelihood algorithm approaches the Cramer-Rao bound.I have written an end-to-end code for numerical simulations of the PLGS, from the lasers to the Strehlmeasurement. I get for the VLT Strehl ratios larger than 40% at 500 nm if one uses an AO providing us a50% instantaneous Strehl (tip tilt Strehl : 80%). An analytical model validates these results.Finally I address the application of the PLGS to deep space communications and to space debris clearing
Marsset, Michaël. "Etude de la composition de surface et de la structure interne des petits corps du système solaire riches en éléments volatils." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4725.
Full textThe icy small bodies of our solar system encompass several populations of objects : the main belt asteroids, the giant planets Trojans, the Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) and the comets. During recent years, the idea that their present location is the result of orbital migrations rather than their true formation location has progressively emerged. Specifically, some asteroids could be comets, and some comets could be TNOs. Here, I present the studies carried out along my PhD aiming to constrain the physical properties of all these populations in order ultimately i) to determine the link between these populations, ii) bring key constraints to their past orbital evolution and thus iii) key constraints to the formation and evolution models for our Solar System. For that purpose, I have used spectroscopy as a main tool, as well as data modelling using a radiative transfert code and comparison of our astronomical data to laboratory measurements of meteorites and cosmic dust
Abelard, Clément. "Micro modulateur spatial de lumière transmissif pour modulation de phase et d’amplitude." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT092/document.
Full textLETI possesses an expertise allowing to realize Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) made in microelectronic technology on silicon, having very high resolutions and very small pixel steps. LETI wishes to use a specific LCD technology (IPS technology), on the one hand the electro-optical performances in the field of micro-display had to be investigated but on the other hand allows to keep costs down and reduce the number of manufacturing steps. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate on the basis of simulations and technical achievements, the performance of a micro-SLM IPS used in phase modulation and amplitude.Our investigations have been carried out on four major areas of study. The first axis is the search and testing of a specific software (LCDMaster) to simulate liquid crystal cells and floating electrodes. The second axis according to different designs of pixel and the different liquid crystal alignment modes (Homogeneous, vertical and twisted) with an IPS type control, to investigate the performances in modulation phase. The best results were obtained for a vertical alignment providing a phase shift of 2π. In addition, the performance of an adaptive optics device integrating the studied SLM has been investigated. The third axis of study focused on the performance investigation of a liquid crystal SLM with an IPS-type control using a homogeneous alignment in amplitude modulation (static and dynamic study). This study also makes it possible to study the possibilities of reducing the response time of the cell. It resulted in two SLM designs. The first design with two levels of electrodes separated by an insulator to reproduce a Faraday type effect. The second has drastically reduced the response time. The fourth area of research consists in testing prototypes based on these two designs to validate the performances obtained in simulation. Concordant results have been obtained and new types of IPS-controlled SLMs with state-of-the-art refreshing times have thus been designated and characterized
Rameau, Julien. "Caractérisation de la population de planètes géantes à grandes séparations. Imagerie différentielle avec NaCo et SPHERE au VLT." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY051/document.
Full textHow giant exoplanet form, evolve and are made of is one of the biggest challenge of modernastronomy. They play an important role as they carry most of the planetary systemmasses. Therefore, they strongly impact their dynamics and the fate of these systems tohost life. My PhD thesis falls within an observational approach that is mandatory to bringconstraints on the diversity of planetary systems.I got my first results from a three-year survey, with NaCo at VLT. My observations ofHD142527 excluded the presence of massive giants planets to explain the structures of thistransitional disk and might favor a light multiple system. I also detected a giant planetaround HD95086 and I showed that it has particular atmospheric properties. Finally, Icarried out a statistical analysis of the whole survey to show that giant planets on wideorbitsare rare (10 − 20 %) and could not be formed via direct collapse of unstable disks.I dedicated the last part of my work to investigate the spectral simultaneous differentialimaging mode. I pointed out the biases associated to the reduction of these data andshowed that evolutionary models have to be used to analyze them. This study might helpto exploit the full potential of SPHERE/IRDIS data
Pedrazzani, Mélanie. "Microscopie de fluorescence rapide et optique adaptative pour l'étude fonctionnelle tridimensionnelle in vivo des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans la mémoire chez Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS226/document.
Full textCellular and neural network dynamics involved in memory formation remain poorly known despite the progress brought by advanced optical microscopies to neurobiology. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism constitute one of the most promising approaches due to its unique features: a small brain size, outstanding learning capabilities, very powerful genetic tools and the possibility to analyze a whole neural network with a cellular resolution. To this aim, we implemented two types of optical fluorescence microscopes coupled to cutting-edge fluorescent biosensors, calcic G-CaMP6f and voltage ArcLight probes. We used HiLo structured illumination, a technique able to provide axial optical sectioning, deep in the brain, to study the role of dopaminergic and gabaergic molecular receptors in the transmission of aversive stimulus to mushroom bodies neurons. We also evidenced a non-uniform response of type α/β mushroom bodies neurons under electrical stimulation at 10 to 20 µm depth of analysis. To penetrate deeper in the brain, we added an adaptive optics feedback loop into our microscope in order to overcome aberrations issues. We were then able to rebuild optical sections down to 50 µm depth. The second type of microscopy we developed is a multiconfocal microscope using spinning disk. The aim was to image all the mushroom bodies neurons, at the level of their cell bodies, with a cellular resolution. Since this project is at its beginning, it did not allow us to answer to advanced biological questions yet
Girard, Julien. "Validation sur le ciel du concept d'étoile laser polychromatique." Lyon 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/10/96/00/PDF/these_girard.pdf.
Full textThe atmospheric turbulence affects image quality and causes angular resolution losses at the focus of large ground based optical telescopes. Real time adaptive optics (AO) corrects wave front distortions measured with at least one bright reference source located within a tiny isoplanatic angle from the science object. At visible wavelengths, the probability to find one such natural star is ridiculously small. The laser guide star (LGS) solves the problem but the overall wavefront slope (referred here as tilt) remains undetermined. The Polychromatic Laser Guide Star will allow the use of AO with full sky coverage. Based on the tilt chromaticity, a multicolor reference spot is created in the upper atmosphere and the differential tilt is measured between two wavelengths to retrieve the tilt itself. In the present thesis, I describe ATTILA, an experiment designed to prove the feasibility of the concept in astronomical conditions. Observations carried on at Observatoire de HauteProvence on natural stars allowed us to establish the proportionality law that links the tilt and the differential tilt for the first time. A temporal monitoring of the two signals shows a good correlation. The accuracy obtained on the slope (about one Airy disk ) let us be optimistic for the future full ELP-OA demonstrator with lasers. This work required an in-depth characterization of a detector featuring the novel EMCCD technology as well as the implementation and tests of pendular seismometers dedicated to measure telescope angular vibrations
Doucet, Nicolas. "Design of an optimized supervisor module for tomographic adaptive optics systems of extremely large telescopes." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7177.
Full textThe recent advent of next generation ground-based telescopes, code-named Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT), highlights the beginning of a forced march toward an era of deploying instruments capable of exploiting starlight captured by mirrors at an unprecedented scale. This confronts the astronomy community with both a daunting challenge and a unique opportunity. The challenge arises from the mismatch between the complexity of current instruments and their expected scaling with the square of the future telescope diameters, on which astronomy applications have relied to produce better science. To deliver on the promise of tomorrow's ELT, astronomers must design new technologies that can effectively enhance the performance of the instrument at scale, while compensating for the atmospheric turbulence in real-time. This is an unsolved problem. This problem presents an opportunity because the astronomy community is now compelled to rethink essential components of the optical systems and their traditional hardware/software ecosystems in order to achieve high optical performance with a near real-time computational response. In order to realize the full potential of such instruments, we investigate a technique supporting Adaptive Optics (AO), i.e., a dedicated concept relying on turbulence tomography. In particular, a critical part of AO systems is the supervisor module, which is responsible for providing the system with a Tomographic Reconstructor (ToR) at a regular pace, as the atmospheric turbulence evolves over an observation window. In this thesis, we implement an optimized supervisor module and assess it under real configurations of the future European ELT (E-ELT) with a 40 m diameter, the largest and most complex optical telescope ever conceived. This necessitates manipulating large matrix sizes (i.e., up to 100k x 100k ) that contain measurements captured by multiple wavefront sensors. To address the complexity bottleneck, we employ high performance computing software solutions based on cutting-edge numerical algorithms using asynchronous, fine-grained computations as well as approximations techniques that leverage the resulting matrix data structure. Furthermore, GPU-based hardware accelerators are used in conjunction with the software solutions to ensure reasonable time-to-solution to cope with rapidly evolving atmospheric turbulence. The proposed software/hardware solution permits to reconstruct an image with high accuracy. We demonstrate the validity of the AO systems with a third-party testbed simulating at the E-ELT scale, which is intended to pave the way for a first prototype installed on-site
Binding, Jonas. "Measurement and correction of aberrations in light and electron microscopy." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827686.
Full textBarolle, Victor. "Approche matricielle de la tomographie à cohérence optique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET012.
Full textInterferometric techniques of microscopy display sensitivity to aberrations affecting both resolution and depth of imaging. Formerly introduced in astronomy, different methods of adaptive optics have been applied to microscopy in order to compensate for these effects. Most of them rely on the measurement of the wave front and on a close-loop correction of the aberrations using wave-front control devices. These methods are nevertheless limited by the rates of measurement and correction and can only compensate for low-order aberrations.The purpose of this thesis is to present an innovative matrix approach relying on the analysis of a new operator, the distorsion matrix, allowing to locally quantify the scattering and aberration parameters, and to compensate for the aberrations over the whole field of view. Besides, we introduce a mathematical formalism in order to describe the effects of aberrations in full-field OCT and we extend the scope of the matrix approach to very large fields of view thanks to an experimental setup of reflection matrix measurement inspired by this technique of imaging
Bourget, Pierre. "Coronographie à masque adaptatif pour imagerie et détection à haute dynamique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4375.
Full textHigh contrast imaging of extra-solar planets and environments of bright astro- physical objects in general, such as stars, active galactic nuclei or objects of the Solar System is a challenging task. Different approaches are needed if the bright region to occult is optically resolved or not. We present the Adaptive Mask concept, observations on sky and numerical simulations show the usefulness of the proposed methods to optimize the efficiency of the coronagraphs for optically resolved or non resolved objects. Accessing small IWA is considered as an edge as it provides substantial scientific and technical advantages. One of the difficulties of accessing small IWA is that coronagraphs become very sensitive to low-order aberrations such as tip-tilt. Our original approach aims at integrating the small IWA capability and the mitigation of sensitivity to low-order aberrations within the coronagraph itself. Our concept is applicable to both low and high Strehl regimes, corresponding to current and next generation AO systems. The adaptive coronagraph can adapt dynamically, in quasi real time, to adjust to the observing conditions to deliver a stable and optimized contrast at the science image level. The mask adaptability both in size, phase and amplitude also compensates for manufacturing errors of the mask itself, and potentially for chromatic effects. The mask adaptability concept using a local phase modulation in the focal plane allows synchronous modulation for high dynamic range synchronous detection of a faint target immersed in a background. The coherence of the speckles with the central star is used to discriminate them from proper companions
Giordano, Christophe. "Prédiction et optimisation des techniques pour l’observation à haute résolution angulaire et pour la future génération de très grands télescopes." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4136/document.
Full textWith the next generation of extremely large telescope having mirror with a diameter larger than 30m, it becomes essential to reduce the cost of observations and to improve their scientific efficiency. Moreover it is fundamental to build these huge infrastructures in location having the best possible optical quality. The purpose of my thesis is to bring a solution easier and more economical than before. I used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Trinquet-Vernin parametrization, which computes the values of the optical turbulence, to forecast a couple of hours in advance the evolution of the sky optical quality along the coming night. This information would improve the management of observation program, called "flexible scheduling", and thereby reduce losses due to the atmospheric variations. Our results and improvements allow the model us WRF-TV to have a good agreement between previsions and in-situ measurements in different sites, which is promising for a real use in an observatory. Beyond the flexible scheduling, we wanted to create a tool to improve the search for new sites or site testing for already existing sites. Therefore we defined a quality parameter which takes into account meteorological conditions (wind, humidity, precipitable water vapor) and optical conditions (seeing, coherence time, isoplanatic angle). This parameter has been tested above La Palma in Canary island showing that the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos is located close to the best possible location of the island. Finally we created an automated program to use WRF-TV model in order to have an operational tool working routinely
Scholler, Jules. "Imagerie optique 3D multimodale : traitements spatio-temporels, correction du front d'onde et classification automatique." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS007.
Full textThis PhD project aims at combining numerical and optical methods to apply and push the limits of static and dynamic full-field optical coherent tomography (FFOCT) for microscopy and medical imaging. Post-processing methods using singular value decomposition allowed the acquisition of dynamic images in vivo for the first time while the use of the signals non-stationarities allowed to image with a better signal to noise ratio, hence deeper inside samples. Application of dynamic imaging is presented on retinal organoids where we show that our method is able to provide new interesting biological insights that are not possible with any other methods. Hardware developments to counteracts optical aberrations were successfully conducted leading to low complexity and cost efficient implementation which can reliably acquire retinal images with a diffraction limited resolution. The understanding and demonstration of the particular aberrations manifestation in FFOCT allowed us to design and simulate the performances of the proposed system. Finally, potential clinical applications of dynamic and static FFOCT for angiography in the human eye in vivo, wound healing ex vivo, retinal cell classification and breast cancer screening using machine learning methods are successfully demonstrated
Challita, Zalpha. "Optique astronomique et plasticité : développements en fabrication optique pour des miroirs actifs de formes libres." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4775/document.
Full textThe next instrumental decade in astronomy aims to be extreme. It opens with the arrival of ELTs (Extremely Large Telescopes). Their giant primary mirrors will increase the light collecting power and the angular resolution, key parameters for observing and imaging of celestial bodies. However, this also leads to an increase in the complexity, size and weight of their focal-plane instruments, to minimize flux lost and to correct for the aberrations introduced. A solution would be to implement freeform mirrors inside the optical systems of these instruments. Today, it is not possible to obtain these exotic mirror shapes using the current optical fabrication techniques and new technological breakthroughs in this domain are essential. This PhD thesis present research and development work, in upstream phase, of an innovative manufacturing process to supply freeform mirrors, which should meet required optical performances in Visible and Infrared wavelength astronomical observations. This method is an evolution of Active Optics techniques and based on the ability of metallic materials to plasticize. However, the plasticity of metallic materials remains a field of non-linear behaviours and analytically complex. It is important to compare modeling from finite element analysis and real tests. For these tests, the complete manufacturing steps of the metallic substrates were put in place. The first mirrors obtained will highlight the main working parameters and their sensibility levels, and then converge toward reliable finite elements models and a mastered solution of optical freeform mirrors fabrication
Cantalloube, Faustine. "Détection et caractérisation d'exoplanètes dans des images à grand contraste par la résolution de problème inverse." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY017/document.
Full textDirect imaging of exoplanets provides valuable information about the light they emit, their interactions with their host star environment and their nature. In order to image such objects, advanced data processing tools adapted to the instrument are needed. In particular, the presence of quasi-static speckles in the images, due to optical aberrations distorting the light from the observed star, prevents planetary signals from being distinguished. In this thesis, I present two innovative image processing methods, both based on an inverse problem approach, enabling the disentanglement of the quasi-static speckles from the planetary signals. My work consisted of improving these two algorithms in order to be able to process on-sky images.The first one, called ANDROMEDA, is an algorithm dedicated to point source detection and characterization via a maximum likelihood approach. ANDROMEDA makes use of the temporal diversity provided by the image field rotation during the observation, to recognize the deterministic signature of a rotating companion over the stellar halo. From application of the original version on real data, I have proposed and qualified improvements in order to deal with the non-stable large scale structures due to the adaptative optics residuals and with the remaining level of correlated noise in the data. Once ANDROMEDA became operational on real data, I analyzed its performance and its sensitivity to the user-parameters proving the robustness of the algorithm. I also conducted a detailed comparison to the other algorithms widely used by the exoplanet imaging community today showing that ANDROMEDA is a competitive method with practical advantages. In particular, it is the only method that allows a fully unsupervised detection. By the numerous tests performed on different data set, ANDROMEDA proved its reliability and efficiency to extract companions in a rapid and systematic way (with only one user parameter to be tuned). From these applications, I identified several perspectives whose implementation could significantly improve the performance of the pipeline.The second algorithm, called MEDUSAE, consists in jointly estimating the aberrations (responsible for the speckle field) and the circumstellar objects by relying on a coronagraphic image formation model. MEDUSAE exploits the spectral diversity provided by multispectral data. In order to In order to refine the inversion strategy and probe the most critical parameters, I applied MEDUSAE on a simulated data set generated with the model used in the inversion. To investigate further the impact of the discrepancy between the image model used and the real images, I applied the method on realistic simulated images. At last, I applied MEDUSAE on real data and from the preliminary results obtained, I identified the important input required by the method and proposed leads that could be followed to make this algorithm operational to process on-sky data
Corporon, Patrice. "La binarité des étoiles Ae/Be de Herbig vue par l'optique adaptative et la spectroscopie : une étude du système triple TY CrA." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724469.
Full textZabit, Usman. "Optimisation of a self-mixing laser displacement sensor." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0129/document.
Full textOptical Feedback Interferometry, also known as Self-Mixing, results in compact, selfaligned and contact-less sensors. In this phenomenon, a portion of the laser beam is back reflected from the target and enters the active laser cavity to vary its spectral properties. The laser diode then simultaneously acts as a light source, a micro- nterferometer as well as a light detector. In this thesis, a self-mixing displacement sensor has been optimised so that precise measurement can be obtained in real-time. The sensor is robust to the disappearance of self-mixing fringes for harmonic vibrations. It is also able to auto-adapt itself to a change in the optical feedback regime and so can extract displacement from the weak as well as moderate feedback regime signals. The use of adaptive optics, in the form of a liquid lens, has also been demonstrated for this sensor, which has allowed us to maintain the sensor in a fringe-loss less regime. The influence of speckle has also been reduced so that the sensor can now measure up to the centimetric range for non-cooperative targets. A novel technique has also been presented that makes the sensor insensitive to parasitic mechanical vibrations that would falsify the measurement under industrial conditions
Orive, miguel David. "Tomographie optique multispectrale résolue en temps pour la reconstruction de changements en profondeur de l’oxy- et de la déoxyhémoglobine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT108.
Full textIn this thesis I developed new techniques for diffuse optical tomography. In the first part, I developed a novel method to compute datatypes for diffuse optical tomography. With this new method a larger set of datatypes can be computed and noise is less correlated. Results show that better resolution in depth is obtained in comparison with the state-of-the-art. Moreover, quantification of absorption is improved significantly. In the second part, I developed total variation regularization method for diffuse optical tomography in irregular meshes. After, I performed brain motor cortex activation experiments in adult subjects with the collaboration of Politecnico di Milano. Previously developed algorithms were applied to that measurements obtaining time-series hemodynamic reconstructions of motor cortex. Finally, I coordinated the largest open dataset in diffuse optics composed by the measurements done within the BitMap network