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1
Makoveenko, D. O., S. V. Siden, and V. V. Pyliavskyi. "USE OF ADAPTIVE ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR INCREASE THE THROUGHPUT IN LTE-A." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control, no. 3 (October 6, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-3-2.
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Context. The aim of the article is to analyze the throughput of the LTE-A mobile network on the uplink using an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. Objective. Suggestions have been made for the possibility of using adaptive antenna arrays to increase bandwidth in LTE-A mobile networks and analyze the benefits of its use compared to the standard type of base station antenna Method. To achieve this result, a computer model of noise analysis of the mobile network in the form of a flat regular hexagonal antenna array consisting of 7 three-sector cells was developed. To estimate the benefit from the use of adaptive antenna arrays, two options were analyzed: when using a standard antenna array of the LTE-A network, and an adaptive linear equidistant antenna array. During the simulation, 100 random placements of subscribers of useful and interference signals were performed and the minimum, maximum and average gain from the use of adaptive antenna arrays was calculated. The average value of the gain for the adaptive antenna array in the direction of the subscriber station, which generates a useful signal of 5.69 dB more than the standard antenna array of the LTE-A network. At the same time, there is a significant reduction in the gain of the adaptive antenna in the direction of the interference subscriber stations, namely, for those with the highest interference level, the gain is 32.84 dB and 28.33 dB, respectively. To clearly show the gain in the qualitative characteristics of the network, a bandwidth analysis was performed for different types of antennas. The bandwidth distribution (transport block size) for 50 resource blocks using an adaptive equidistant linear antenna array compared to a standard antenna array is presented. Results. It is shown that due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit / s for all types of distribution considered channels. Conclusions. The article proposes the use of adaptive antenna arrays to increase the bandwidth of the LTE-A network. The simulation of bandwidth for 50 resource blocks showed that in the presence of internal system interference when using standard antennas of base stations, the average bandwidth is from 11.2 Mbps to 12.3 Mbps. At the same time, due to the use of adaptive antenna systems, the average bandwidth increases from 11 Mbit/s to 35 Mbit/s for all types of multipath channels considered.
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Bansal, Preeti, and Nidhi Chahal. "Smart Antennas for Various Applications." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 4, no. 2 (2022): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2022.07.31.316.
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The paper presents about smart antennas for advancement in wireless and mobile communication. Smart antennas also called adaptive array antennas with better signal processing & can be used to calculate beam forming vectors which helps in tracking & locating antenna beam of target. Smart antennas are helpful in health monitoring in covid-19 pandemic and provides better service quality. Smart antenna is one of the rising innovations which can satisfy the prerequisites. Smart antennas are being used for controlling, monitoring and analyzing real time systems for various applications In smart antennas spatial division of the signal is used as compared to spectrum division, it can be beneficial for improving the performance of wireless communication. This paper describes how switched beam & adaptive array antennas differ from basic antennas.
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Li, Lixun, Wenkun Gu, and Yongqing Wang. "Group Delay Evaluation for GNSS Adaptive Antenna Array." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2976, no. 1 (2025): 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2976/1/012004.
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Abstract Beam forming processing of adaptive antenna introduces distortions of group delay. For high-precision GNSS applications, the distortions cannot be ignored. In order to solve the problem, an evaluating method of adaptive array group delay based on availability beam is proposed. This method consists of three steps: firstly, setting the available beamwidth of the antenna; secondly, configuring different interference scenarios and calculating the group delay variation within the available beamwidth for each scenario; finally, averaging group delay variations obtained across different scenarios to derive the mean group delay variation. This method is applied to evaluate the group delay performance of four typical planar arrays under interference conditions. Experimental results indicate that the uniform circular array is the optimal high-precision adaptive antenna configuration under interference conditions. Additionally, by setting an appropriate available beam threshold, the stability of the average group delay of the adaptive antenna can be improved. The method can quickly and effectively evaluate the group delay of the adaptive antenna, and the evaluation results can serve as a reference for the performance assessment of high-precision GNSS adaptive antennas.
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Aseel, Abdul-Karim Qasim, Hassan Sallomi Adheed, and Khalid Jassim Ali. "Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (2021): 856~869. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.1899.
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One of the exciting technologies used to meet the increasing demand for wireless communication services is a smart antenna. A smart antenna is basically confirmed by an array of antennas and a digital beamformer unit through which cellular base station can direct the beam toward the desired user and set nulls toward interfering users. In this paper, different array configurations (linear, circular, and planer) with the REDS algorithm are implemented in the digital beam-forming unit. The wireless system performance is investigated to check the smart antenna potentials assuming Rayleigh fading channel environment beside the AWGN channel. Results show how the REDS algorithm offers a significant improvement through antenna radiation pattern optimization, sidelobe level, and interference reduction, and also the RDES algorithm proves fast convergence with minimum MSE and better sidelobe level reduction comparing with other algorithms.
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Wnuk, Marian. "Adaptive Antenna Array Control Algorithm in Radiocommunication Systems." Algorithms 17, no. 2 (2024): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a17020081.
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An important element of modern telecommunications is wireless radio networks, which enable mobile subscribers to access wireless networks. The cell area is divided into independent sectors served by directional antennas. As the number of mobile network subscribers served by a single base station increases, the problem of interference related to the operation of the radio link increases. To minimize the disadvantages of omnidirectional antennas, base stations use antennas with directional radiation characteristics. This solution allows you to optimize the operating conditions of the mobile network in terms of reducing the impact of interference, better managing the frequency spectrum and improving the energy efficiency of the system. The work presents an adaptive antenna algorithm used in mobile telephony. The principle of operation of adaptive systems, the properties of their elements and the configurations in which they are used in practice are described. On this basis, an algorithm for controlling the radiation characteristics of adaptive antennas is presented. The control is carried out using a microprocessor system. The simulation model is described. An algorithm was developed based on the Mathcad mathematical program, and the simulation results of this algorithm, i.e., changes in radiation characteristics as a result of changing the mobile position of subscribers, were presented in the form of selected radiation characteristics charts.
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Africa, Aaron Don M., Rica Rizabel M. Tagabuhin, and Jan Jayson S. D. Tirados. "Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLAB." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 3 (2021): 1584–93. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1584-1593.
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Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver. Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional antenna system.
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Sallam, Tarek Abdel Rahman, Adel Bedair Abdel-Rahman, Masoud Alghoniemy, and Zen Kawasaki. "Flower Pollination Algorithm for Adaptive Beamforming of Phased Array Antennas." Journal of Machine Intelligence 2, no. 2 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21174/jomi.v2i2.71.
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This paper introduces the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) as an optimization technique suitable for adaptive beamforming of phased array antennas. The FPA is a new nature-inspired evolutionary computation algorithm that is based on pollinating behaviour of flowering plants. Unlike the other nature-inspired algorithms, the FPA has fewer tuning parameters to fit into different optimization problems. The FPA is used to compute the complex beamforming weights of the phased array antenna. In order to exhibit the robustness of the new technique, the FPA has been applied to a uniform linear array antenna with different array sizes. The results reveal that the FPA leads to the optimum Wiener weights in each array size with less number of iterations compared with two other evolutionary optimization algorithms namely, particle swarm optimization and cuckoo search.
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Chiba, Isamu, Wataru Chujo, and Masayuki Fujise. "Beam-space CMA adaptive array antennas." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 78, no. 2 (1995): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410780208.
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Ullah, Irfan, Benjamin D. Braaten, Adnan Iftikhar, Symeon Nikolaou, and Dimitris E. Anagnostou. "Beamforming with 1 × N Conformal Arrays." Sensors 22, no. 17 (2022): 6616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176616.
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The rapid growth of wireless spectrum access through cellular and IoT devices, for example, requires antennas with more capabilities such as being conformal and self-adapting beamforming. In this paper, the adaptive beamforming patterns of microstrip patch antenna arrays on changing flexible (or conformal) curved surfaces are developed by deriving array coefficients based on the projection method that includes the mutual coupling between elements. A linear four-element microstrip patch antenna array is then embedded on two deformed conformal surfaces to investigate the projection method for desired beamforming patterns. The generated beamforming radiation patterns using the computed weighting coefficients are validated with theoretical equations evaluated in MATLAB, full-wave simulations in HFSS and measurement results. The measured results of the fabricated system agree with the simulated results. Furthermore, new guidelines are provided on the effects of mutual coupling and changing conformal surfaces for various beam-forming patterns. Such demonstrations pave the way to an efficient and robust conformal phased-array antenna with multiple beam forming and adaptive nulling capabilities.
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De Nicola, Silvio, Antonio De Maio, Alfonso Farina, Michele Fiorini, Leopoldo Infante, and Marco Piezzo. "Effects of Mutual Coupling of Radiating Antennas on an Adaptive Radar Detector." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 57, no. 4 (2011): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-011-0063-2.
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Effects of Mutual Coupling of Radiating Antennas on an Adaptive Radar Detector In this paper, we address the adaptive detection/classification of signals in a homogenous interference environment. We refer to a radar system equipped with a phased array antenna and account for both the presence of mutual coupling between radiating antennas and a possible coherent interferer impinging on the array mainbeam. To deal with this scenario, we adopt a two-stage detection/classification scheme, enjoying the Costant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) property, to discriminate between target detection and coherent interferer rejection. Finally, we evaluate the system performance via Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that our system has interesting rejection capabilities and satisfactory detection levels. As a consequence, it could be successfully applied in real scenarios where mutual coupling is present.
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M. Africa, Aaron Don, Rica Rizabel M. Tagabuhin, and Jan Jayson S. D. Tirados. "Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLAB." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 3 (2021): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1584-1593.
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<span id="docs-internal-guid-ad3b6b0d-7fff-2d92-685e-3d423ac2713f"><span>Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver. Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional antenna system.</span></span>
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So, Hideya, Kouhei Suzaki, and Daisuke Goto. "Undesired Radiation Suppression Technique with Adaptive Control for Distributed Array Antenna Systems in Mobile Environment." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 2 (2020): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i2.1044.
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We have proposed a distributed array antenna (DAA) system for high-speed satellite communications. The DAA system uses multiple small tracking antennas and combines the transmission signals in-phase to increase the antenna gain. DAA system has a problem that the undesired radiation at the sidelobe direction increases as the antenna gain at the main lobe direction increases. In the mobile environment, the conventional technique can suppress the undesired radiation in the limited condition because of changing the direction of the undesired radiation according to the movement of the mobile station. This paper proposes a DAA technique that suppresses the undesired radiation by setting a transmission plate at each antenna aperture and moving them via adaptive control. The transmission plate consisting of a metal patch or slot retransmits electromagnetic waves and changes the amplitude and phase of the waves. To change the radiation patters of each antenna, the transmission plate rotates according to movement of the mobile station. After combining these changed signals, the adaptive control selects the rotate angle of the transmission plate to decrease the undesired radiation at the sidelobe direction. The antenna gain on the main lobe direction after combining is achieved with lower loss because the insertion loss through the transmission plate is smaller. The proposed technique offers more than $2.4$ dB improvement with three antennas and more than $3.5$ dB improvement with four antennas assuming each consists of $8 ¥times 8$ patches.
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Qasim, Aseel Abdul-Karim, Adheed Hassan Sallomi, and ِAli Khalid Jassim. "Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (2021): 856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.1899.
Full textAbstract:
One of the exciting technologies used to meet the increasing demand for wireless communication services is a smart antenna. A smart antenna is basically confirmed by an array of antennas and a digital beamformer unit through which cellular base station can direct the beam toward the desired user and set nulls toward interfering users. In this paper, different array configurations (linear, circular, and planer) with the REDS algorithm are implemented in the digital beam-forming unit. The wireless system performance is investigated to check the smart antenna potentials assuming Rayleigh fading channel environment beside the AWGN channel. Results show how the REDS algorithm offers a significant improvement through antenna radiation pattern optimization, sidelobe level, and interference reduction, and also the RDES algorithm proves fast convergence with minimum MSE and better sidelobe level reduction comparing with other algorithms.
14
Dr. Joy Chen and Lu-Tsou Yeh. "Adaptive Array Processing based Wireless Energy Transmission for IoT Applications." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 2, no. 3 (2021): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2020.3.004.
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Rechargeable energy sources are essential for the extreme deployment of Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors with the massive growth in smart systems. In order to meet these requirements, wireless energy transmission (WET) provides demand based power to the sensors. Temporary energy storage is done using supercapacitors. This overcomes the drawback of release of hazardous wastes released by IoT connected disposables after their working life. WET is made possible through adaptive array processing. The system consists of a transmitting side with multiple antennas and a receiving side with a programmable energy harvester. Several far-field adaptive processing schemes such as conventional beamformers, multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC), multiple beam antenna system, regenerative hybrid array, digital beamformer, and generalized sidelobe canceller are tested and compared with the proposed modified beamforming model for superior performance. As the number of antennas increases, the gain increases. Gain and cumulative distribution function are analyzed over multiple distances for multiple iterations. The received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is also estimated to validate the performance of the proposed model.
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Li, Song, Feixue Wang, Xiaomei Tang, Shaojie Ni, and Honglei Lin. "Anti-Jamming GNSS Antenna Array Receiver with Reduced Phase Distortions Using a Robust Phase Compensation Technique." Remote Sensing 15, no. 17 (2023): 4344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15174344.
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Antenna arrays with adaptive filtering can protect the integrity and functionality of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers against interference. However, a major problem with existing adaptive array processing algorithms is that they cause phase distortions and introduce bias errors into the carrier phase measurement, limiting high-precision applications. In this paper, a robust phase compensation technique is proposed to reduce the phase distortion. First, a phase bias detection method is developed to trigger the phase compensation technique. Then, the phase bias is estimated using a robust estimation method and compensated for in the GNSS receiver. The proposed technique operates in real time and causes no processing delay, while requiring only a minor modification to existing GNSS receivers. This technique is applied to the power inversion adaptive antenna, and can also be extended to a wide variety of adaptive antennas. The simulation experiments verify the applicability of the proposed technique and also confirm its superiority over existing techniques.
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Douksha, D. V., S. V. Liashkevich, and V. A. Saetchnikov. "Development of an out-of-Focus Irradiator Based on a Phased Antenna Array for a Space Communications' Parabolic Reflector Antenna." Devices and Methods of Measurements 10, no. 3 (2019): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2019-10-3-233-242.
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Mirror antenna systems are widely used in satellite and space communication systems and radio astronomy. Development of these areas requires new efficient antenna systems' design. Possible technical solution for creating an effective mirror antenna is a “hybrid” scheme, when an adaptive phased antenna array is used as an irradiator. This paper is devoted to the development of an out-of-focus irradiator based on a phased antenna array for a space communications' parabolic reflector antenna. The aim of the work is to develop an optimal design of the irradiator with the choice of the structural element of the antenna array and experimental studies of the selected structural element.The wavefront recovery method was used as a tool for selecting the irradiator configuration. The idea of this method use is to reproduce the electromagnetic field of an incident plane wave with an irradiator in order to uniformly illuminate the aperture of the antenna mirror.In order to select the structural element of the irradiator several antennas were considered: a patch antenna, a flat spiral antenna, a conical spiral antenna. The requirements for the phased antenna array element were defined. The irradiator based on the above mentioned was simulated and the irradiator geometry was optimized according to the maximum gain criterion.The maximum gain was achieved for the irradiator based on conical spiral antennas and amounted to 30.8 dB, which for the considered mirror aperture of 2.4 m is close to traditional focal schemes. The results obtained make it possible to create an adaptive antenna system able to compensate for the deviations of the mirror's shape from the theoretical profile, as well as phase distortions in the atmosphere by changing the lattice weights coefficients.
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Han, Chuang, Haoyang Lei, Yanyun Gong, and Ling Wang. "Sparse Covariance Matrix Reconstruction-Based Nulling Broadening for UAV 2D Antenna Arrays." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (May 10, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4987990.
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Since the antennas on UAVs may have slight vibrations or the interference source is in the state of rapid movement in practice, the interference suppression performance and robustness of the traditional methods may suffer a decline. In this paper, we propose a flexible asymmetric null widening technique, which allows flexible adjustment of the null width to accommodate the variation of the interference source. This method has a good effect of spreading zero trap on the two-dimensional array and can effectively reduce the waste of degrees of freedom. Firstly, the flexible asymmetric null widening method is extended to two-dimensional arrays to accommodate 2D array antennas of UAVs. Secondly, when the SMI algorithm is applied in adaptive beamforming, the desired signal appears in sampling snapshots or using data samples, resulting in a model mismatch. To solve the model mismatch problem of UAV antenna arrays, this paper applies a sparsity-based interference plus noise covariance matrix reconstruction technique. Finally, for the application scenario that the UAV may receive signals from multiple directions, we apply the linear constrained minimum variance criterion (LCMV) to achieve the main beam gain formation in multiple directions. The simulation results show that we can generate a wide null and adjust the null width asymmetrically. The results also show that the model mismatch problem is avoided, and the performance of the adaptive beamforming is almost optimal. For the UAV antenna, we also implemented multiple beams to receive multiple signals .
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Antonov, A. S., V. V. Balenkov, and E. L. Kapylov. "Wideband antenna with circular polarization for GLONASS system." Issues of radio electronics, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2021-3-4-13.
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The article analyzes the requirements for antennas used in modern anti-jamming navigation equipment of the consumer of GLONASS. Some options and their disadvantages are considered. Presents the results of the development, computer modeling and experimental study of a breadboard circular polarization antenna layout for the GLONASS system. Tests were carried out for both a single antenna layout and a two-element antenna array. Experimental frequency dependences of such parameters as matching, isolation, gain and axial ratio, as well as radiation patterns at key frequencies are given. The achieved bandwidth covers the L1 and L2 ranges of GLONASS. Based on the results obtained, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using the developed antenna as a single element of adaptive antenna arrays of the GLONASS system.
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Khan, A., and J. S. Roy. "Thinned Smart Antenna of a Semi-circular Dipole Array for Massive MIMO Systems." Advanced Electromagnetics 12, no. 4 (2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v12i4.2303.
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Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) is a multi-user MIMO technology that can provide high-speed multimedia services in 5G wireless networks using sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave bands. The massive MIMO (MMIMO) installs array antennas in the base stations, using hundreds of transceivers with other RF modules. One of the drawbacks of the MMIMO system is its huge power consumption, and the beamforming network with RF modules for a large number of antennas is the main contributor to the power consumption. In this paper, a novel beamforming method is proposed for the low power consumption of an MMIMO system. The proposed thinned smart antenna (TSA) of a semi-circular array produces a secure beam toward the user’s terminal with reduced interference. By thinning the antenna array, some of the antenna elements are kept off, resulting in less power consumption, while the array pattern remains the same as a fully populated array with a reduced side lobe level (SLL). The sub-6 GHz band of 5 GHz is used for the design of thinned array antennas. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the array sequence in thinning, and the adaptive signal processing algorithms least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS), and sample matrix inversion (SMI) are used for the beamforming of the TSA, and the corresponding algorithms are GA-LMS, GA-RLS, and GA-SMI. The power saving of 40% to 55% is achieved using TSA. The maximum SLL reductions of 13 dB, 12 dB, and 14 dB are achieved for TSA using GA-LMS, GA-RLS, and GA-SMI algorithms, respectively.
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Chaker, Hichem, Abri Mehadji, and Hadjira Badaoui. "Linear annular antennas array design by evolutionary algorithms: A comparative study." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2023): 368–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.1118.
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This paper exposes a comparative study that was made between the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) and the hybrid model genetical swarm optimizer approaches (GSO) for the synthesis of 1-D equally spaced annular ring antenna arrays for both TM11 and TM12 modes. The synthesis of 1-D uniform antenna arrays is designed as a mono objective problem. The employed optimization techniques are compared in terms of convergence rate and side lobes level reduction. Several original numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed techniques. The results reveal that the suggested array antenna synthesis approach using genetical swarm optimizer outperforms the adaptive particle swarm optimi zation in terms of side lobes level reduction and convergence rate.
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Mishra, Manisha, Anindita Khan, and Jibendu Roy. "Design of multiple-beam microstrip smart antenna for massive MIMO applications." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 37, no. 4 (2024): 655–69. https://doi.org/10.2298/fuee2404655m.
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To improve the capacity of a radio communication system, MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) wireless technology is used, where multiple antennas are installed at both the transmission and reception ends. At the receiving end, by combining the received signals from all antennas, the fading effect can be reduced, which increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and minimizes the error rate. Wireless networks in multi-user environments need massive MIMO (MMIMO) systems as multiple antenna networks. The MMIMO installs large antenna arrays in the base stations, using a large number of transceivers with other RF modules to produce a very narrow and targeted radiation beam with reduced interference. This paper describes the method of producing multiple targeted radiation beams using an MMIMO smart antenna system with a microstrip array. The sub-6 GHz band of 5 GHz is used for the design of multiple beam smart antennas. The adaptive signal processing algorithm least mean square (LMS) is used for the beamforming of microstrip smart antennas. The number of antenna elements in the smart antenna is varied from 30 to 45. In case of three beam formation, the achieved maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -13 dB and minimum null depth is -27 dB. In case of four beam formation, the achieved maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -12 dB and minimum null depth is -25 dB. There was no deviation of the generated beam directions from the target user directions.
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Vegni, C., M. Tosti, and A. M. Vegni. "Innovative Radiating Systems for Train Localization in Interference Conditions." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/623950.
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The design of innovative radiating systems based on the metamaterial technology for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) applications in radio frequency (RF) interference conditions is proposed. To this aim, firstly two typical adaptive array techniques (i.e.,nullingandbeam-forming) are discussed and tradeed off. Secondly, FRPA (Fixed Radiation Pattern Antenna) and CRPA (Controlled Radiation Pattern Antenna) phased array configurations of miniaturized patch antennas are studied by means of electromagnetic commercial tools and phased array optimization algorithms. This process leads to the identification of a phased array design. Benefits and drawbacks for GNSS applications are highlighted. Finally, the design of the phased array is applied to a GNSS user receiver in a navigation realistic environment. Simulation results are obtained in a realistic scenario for railway applications, comprising of a GNSS satellite constellation, a GNSS user receiver (i.e., on-board train equipment) running along a track in Western Australia, and a constellation of interfering satellites. Navigation service performances (i.e., user location accuracy and service availability) are computed taking into account the adaptive array radiation pattern in two different modes (i.e., FRPA or CRPA) and band-limited white noise interference.
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Tsuji, Hiroyuki, and Mitsuhiko Mizuno. "Applications of adaptive array antennas in mobile communications." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III: Fundamental Electronic Science) 83, no. 12 (2000): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6440(200012)83:12<38::aid-ecjc5>3.0.co;2-m.
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Mizuno, Mitsuhiko, and Takeo Ohgane. "Application of adaptive array antennas to radio communications." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part I: Communications) 77, no. 2 (1994): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecja.4410770205.
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Subramaniam, Mahendrakumar, Vanitha Krishnan, Chunchu Rambabu, Gokul Chandrasekaran, and Neelam Sanjeev Kumar. "Design of NULLMAC Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Using Adaptive Antenna Array." Mobile Information Systems 2023 (April 6, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2952410.
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Usually, omnidirectional radiation pattern antenna is used in the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) which causes neighbor node interference, consumes more power, and supports only limited range of transmission. To overcome these problems, smart antennas are used. A lot of medium access control (MAC) protocols are proposed using smart antennas. Existing works addressed various problems such as hidden terminal problem, hidden beam problem, deafness of nodes, and head of line blocking problem. However, certain factors including determination of weight vector and conveying it to the neighbor nodes for distortion-free transmission are not considered. In this study, nullifying MAC (NULLMAC) framework is proposed using an adaptive antenna array (AAA) for improving network performance in MANET. NULLMAC framework uses channel information for achieving high throughput and spatial reuse through integrated physical and MAC layer. Before the transfer of data packets, the receiver initially determines its weight vector and conveys it to the transmitter through control packets. Then, the transmitter computes its weight to nullify the dynamic receivers present in the neighborhood region to find the desired receiver. Beamformer weights are determined through channel coefficients between a transmitter-receiver pair to establish distortion-free transmission. Extensive simulations are performed using OPNET integrated with MATLAB. NULLMAC framework achieves 27.22% more throughput and 40.46% increase in signal-to-noise ratio.
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Murtaza, Ali Sabilwala, Pathak Aishwary, Hiwale Anil, and Bazil Raj A.A. "A Comprehensive Review of Antenna Technologies for Foliage Penetration Radar Systems." International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews 12, no. 4 (2024): 7–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881113.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Foliage Penetration Radar (FOPEN) systems have garnered significant attention for their ability to detect and locate targets obscured by dense vegetation. Antennas are fundamental to the performance of these systems, facilitating the detection of concealed objects in challenging environments. This paper provides a thorough review of the antenna technologies employed in FOPEN radar systems, tracing their historical evolution and highlighting their critical role. Antennas are classified based on operational requirements and system configurations, with a detailed examination of key advancements such as phased array and adaptive array technologies. These advancements are evaluated for their contributions to improving radar resolution, detection range, and adaptability to complex terrains. Additionally, the challenges in designing antennas that balance wideband capabilities, high directivity, and polarization diversity are discussed, with an emphasis on optimizing foliage penetration. The paper also explores the integration of beamforming techniques, which enhance signal-to-noise ratio and enable dynamic beam steering. Through this analysis, the study offers insights into current trends and future research directions for next-generation FOPEN radar systems. <strong>Keywords:</strong> FOPEN, Antenna, Array, Gain, Bandwidth, Directivity, VHF/UHF, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Dipoles, Substrate. <strong>Title:</strong> A Comprehensive Review of Antenna Technologies for Foliage Penetration Radar Systems <strong>Author:</strong> Murtaza Ali Sabilwala, Aishwary Pathak, Anil Hiwale, A.A. Bazil Raj <strong>International Journal of Engineering Research and Reviews</strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-697X (Online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 12, Issue 4, October 2024 - December 2024</strong> <strong>Page No: 7-33</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 02-October-2024</strong> <strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13881113</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/a-comprehensive-review-of-antenna-technologies-for-foliage-penetration-radar-systems</strong>
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Dores, Gonçalo, Hugo Dinis, Diogo Baptista, and Paulo M. Mendes. "Performance Assessment of a GNSS Antenna Array with Digital Beamforming Supported by an FPGA Platform." Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (2025): 5811. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115811.
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New positioning solutions are a key factor in the pursuit of autonomous driving. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the most common method; however, traditional systems may have high position errors due to the signal’s path between the satellite and the receiver’s antenna. In this work, we present a GNSS adaptive antenna with beamforming capabilities that can apply spatial filtering to mitigate interferences and improve satellite connectivity, reducing the positioning error. The array, developed with off-the-shelf GNSS antennas, was used to demonstrate the improvement of the gain comparatively to the traditional GNSS antenna, while maintaining circular polarization in all directions. A digital beamforming solution was employed with the software-defined platform based on a Xilinx ZCU216. The full system performance was tested in an anechoic chamber, where good results were obtained in both single- and multibeam scenarios, with great agreement between the simulated and measured data. The results presented in this paper validate the proposed Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based antenna array and beamforming development platform, paving the way for the seamless and rapid design and testing of numerous antenna array geometries with up to 16 channels and beamforming algorithms, including adaptive ones. This powerful and versatile tool will accelerate research on the performance improvement of GNSS reception.
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A. Shubber, Zahraa, Thamer M. Jamel, and Ali K. Nahar. "Beamforming Array Antenna Technique Based on Partial Update Adaptive Algorithms." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 14, no. 8 (2023): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.14.8.1.
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The most important issues for improving the performance of modern wireless communication systems are interference cancellation, efficient use of energy, improved spectral efficiency and increased system security. Beamforming Array Antenna (BAA) is one of the efficient methods used for this purpose. Full band BAA, on the other hand, will suffer from a large number of controllable elements, a long convergence time and the complexity of the beamforming network. Since no attempt had previously been made to use Partial Update (PU) for BAA, the main novelty and contribution of this paper was to use PU instead of full band adaptive algorithms. PU algorithms will connect to a subset of the array elements rather than all of them. As a result, a common number of working antennas for the system's entire cells can be reduced to achieve overall energy efficiency and high cost-effectiveness. In this paper, we propose a new architectural model that employs PU adaptive algorithms to control and minimize the number of phase shifters, thereby reducing the number of base station antennas. We will concentrate on PU LMS (Least Mean Square) algorithms such as sequential-LMS, M-max LMS, periodic-LMS, and stochastic-LMS. According to simulation results using a Uniform Linear Array (ULA) and three communications channels, the M-max-LMS, periodic LMS, and stochastic LMS algorithms perform similarly to the full band LMS algorithm in terms of square error, tracking weight coefficients, and estimation input signal, with a quick convergence time, low level of error signal at steady state and keeping null steering's interference-suppression capability intact.
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Ma, Hao, Jun Wang, Xin Sun, and Wenxin Jin. "Multi-Beam Radar Communication Integrated System Design." Information 14, no. 10 (2023): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14100566.
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In this paper, we propose a multi-beam integrated radar and communication scheme using phased-array antenna, in which the same LFM-BPSK integrated waveform is used for both the radar and the communication beams. In the integrated beam design, the radar beam is periodically scanned in different directions for detection, and the communication beam is periodically manipulated in one direction for communication. The system’s beamforming uses adaptive beamforming technology to achieve radar echoes and communication reception. For the LFM-BPSK integrated waveform used by the system, we propose a method for estimating parameters during communication reception. Through simulation, the proposed beam-pattern design, adaptive beamforming, and parameter estimation scheme can achieve radar and communication functions using phased-array antennas.
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Lu, Zukun, Feiqiang Chen, Yuchen Xie, Yifan Sun, and Hongliang Cai. "High Precision Pseudo-Range Measurement in GNSS Anti-Jamming Antenna Array Processing." Electronics 9, no. 3 (2020): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030412.
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Radio frequency interference has become a rising problem to the signal of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). An effective way to achieve anti-jamming is by using an antenna array in GNSS signal processing. However, antenna array processing will cause a decline in the accuracy of pseudo-range measurements because of the channel mismatch and some other non-ideal factors. To solve this problem, space–time or space–frequency adaptive array processing is widely used for interference cancellation while constraining the delay of each antenna at the same time. In this paper, an anti-jamming algorithm with a time-delay constraint is proposed, where one antenna is chosen as the reference and data from other antennas is corrected based on the signal received from it. The deduction and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of pseudo-range measurements without degradation of anti-jamming performance.
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Chougule, Rutuja. "Smart Antenna Systems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 1182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43988.
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Abstract: Smart antennas have received increasing interest for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. These systems of antennas include a large number of techniques that attempt to enhance the received signal, suppress all interfering signals, and increase capacity, in general. The main purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current state of research in the area of smart antennas, and to describe how they can be used in wireless systems. A smart antenna takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Diversity effect involves the transmission and/or reception of multiple radio frequency (RF) waves to increase data speed and reduce the error rate. Thus, this article provides a basic model for determining the angle of arrival for incoming signals, the appropriate antenna beamforming, and the adaptive algorithms that are currently used for array processing. Moreover, it is shown how smart antennas, with spatial processing, can provide substantial additional improvement when used with TDMA and CDMA digitalcommunication systems.
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Al-Ka'bi, A., M. E. Bialkowski, and J. Homer. "Performance of adaptive array antennas in mobile fading environment." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 2, no. 1 (2008): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20070032.
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Luyen, Tong, and Nguyen Cuong. "An effective beamformer for interference suppression without knowing the direction." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (2023): 601–10. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp601-610.
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This paper proposes an effective beamformer for uniform linear arrays of half-wave dipole antennas based on binary bat algorithm (BBA) by controlling complex weights (both amplitudes and phases) excited at elements in an array. The proposed beamformer can impose adaptive nulls at interferences without knowing directions in the sidelobe region by minimizing the total output power of an array, whereas the main lobe and sidelobe levels are maintained. To demonstrate this capability, the proposal will be evaluated in several scenarios, compared to a beamformer based on binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO).
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Alnaiemy, Yahiea, Mohammed N. Majeed, Mohsin Ali Ahmed, Taha A. Elwi, and Sarah Mohemmed Fawzi Hussein. "Intelligent Antenna Array Systems for Modern Communication Networks." Academic Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24237/asj.03.01.946e.
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In last two decades, Smart Antenna Systems (SAS) as well as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have emerged as strong and efficient contenders for 5G wireless communication networks due to the advantages they may bring based on the improvements in transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals with respect to omnidirectional antennas. Although there is a fair amount of academic software previously available in this field, cross-use systems simulators do not utilize sufficient wireless system requirements to implement all requirements, and therefore, they do not provide the opportunity to emulate on the broadest lines where SAS or MIMO is more widely used. In this work, a new idea will be formed to improve MIMO 5th generation (5G) smart antenna using adaptive equalizer technology. This new proposal will appear distinctly and noticeably to improve the performance and efficiency of transmission and reception, in addition to its high sensitivity.
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Luo, Yuyue, Jin Pan, J. Andrew Zhang, and Shaode Huang. "Worst-Case Performance Optimization Beamformer with Embedded Array’s Active Pattern." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9237321.
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This paper proposes an adaptive array beamforming method by embedding antennas’ active pattern in the worst-case performance optimization algorithm. This method can significantly reduce the beamformer’s performance degradation caused by inconsistency between hypothesized ideal array models and practical ones. Simulation and measured results consistently demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method in dealing with array manifold mismatches.
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Tzanidis, Ioannis, Yang Li, Gary Xu, Ji-Yun Seol, and JianZhong (Charlie) Zhang. "2D Active Antenna Array Design for FD-MIMO System and Antenna Virtualization Techniques." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/873530.
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Full dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) is one of the key technologies presently studied in the 3GPP for the next generation long-term evolution advanced (LTE-A) systems. By incorporating FD-MIMO into LTE/LTE-A systems, it is expected that system throughput will be drastically improved beyond what is possible in conventional LTE systems. This paper presets details on the 2D active antenna array design for FD-MIMO systems supporting 32 antenna elements. The FD-MIMO system allows for dynamic and adaptive precoding to be performed jointly across all antennas thus achieving more directional transmissions in the azimuth and elevation domains simultaneously, to a larger number of users. Finally, we discuss 2D antenna array port virtualization techniques for creating beams with wide coverage, necessary for broadcasting signals to all users within a sector, such as the CRS (Common Reference Signal).
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Shcherbyna, Olga, Maksym Zaliskyi, Olena Kozhokhina, and Felix Yanovsky. "Prospect for Using Low-Element Adaptive Antenna Systems for Radio Monitoring Stations." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 13, no. 5 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2021.05.01.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of prospect to apply multifunctional adaptive antenna systems for radio monitoring stations. The review of publications done demonstrates that current antennas that are developed and used in radio monitoring systems to control and measure the parameters of electromagnetic radiation should be applicable to conduct accurate measurements in wide frequency range under the condition of interferences. The analysis shows that modern adaptive antenna systems are mostly developed for radar and telecommunications applications. In this context we consider possible ways to solve the problem of adapting radio monitoring devices to a complex electromagnetic environment using antenna systems with primary processing of received signals . It was found that the developers of the antennas, which are based on adaptive interference suppression methods, focus basically on the development and implementation of adaptation processes, limiting themselves only to solving electromagnetic compatibility problems. In such approach, the functions of direction finding and measurement of radiation field parameters important exactly for radio monitoring systems are mostly ignored. Therefore, this research area opens up a wide field for identifying new possibilities for constructing multifunctional antenna systems. Focusing on this direction of research, we consider as an example the constraction of a simple two-element adaptive antenna system, which can be used to measure the parameters of the electromagnetic field in radio monitoring systems. The main relations for the error of determining the direction of arrival of the interference signal with a simple two-element antenna are investigated. The influence of the stability of the antenna array parameters and functional units of signal processing onto the errors is estimated.
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Maneiro-Catoira, Roberto, Julio Brégains, José A. García-Naya, and Luis Castedo. "Dual-Beam Steerable TMAs Combining AM and PM Switched Time-Modulation." Sensors 22, no. 4 (2022): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041399.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are increasingly requiring directional antennas that not only provide higher capacity, security, transmission range or robustness against interference, but also contribute with smart antenna capabilities such as adaptive beamforming or multi beam radiation patterns. Standard phased arrays provide these features, but employing feeding networks based on digitally controlled variable phase shifters (VPSs) which have the disadvantage of high cost and limited angular resolution. Instead, time-modulated arrays (TMAs) use switched feeding networks governed by digital periodic sequences which allow harmonic patterns to be radiated and endows (TMAs) with attractive multifunctional capabilities. In this paper, we analyze and properly combine (TMA) switched feeding networks capable of time-modulating an antenna array with discretized amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) waveforms. The advantages of the proposed innovative dual-beam (TMA) with respect to the competing architectures are, on the one hand, its power efficiency and beamsteering (BS) phase sensitivity and, on the other, its hardware simplicity, which allows for an excellent relative cost advantage.
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Tong, Luyen, and Cuong Nguyen. "An effective beamformer for interference suppression without knowing the direction." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (2023): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp601-610.
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<span>This paper proposes an effective beamformer for uniform linear arrays of half-wave dipole antennas based on binary bat algorithm (BBA) by controlling complex weights (both amplitudes and phases) excited at elements in an array. The proposed beamformer can impose adaptive nulls at interferences without knowing directions in the sidelobe region by minimizing the total output power of an array, whereas the main lobe and sidelobe levels are maintained. To demonstrate this capability, the proposal will be evaluated in several scenarios, compared to a beamformer based on binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO).</span>
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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.10719.
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<p>In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.</p>
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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2300-2309.
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<p>In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.</p>
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Hrymaliuk, I. V. "Antenna systems based on antenna arrays: the current trends of use and lines of development." Technical mechanics 2025, no. 1 (2025): 112–24. https://doi.org/10.15407/itm2025.01.112.
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Antenna arrays are systems that consist of a large number of antenna elements to shape, steer, and direct the beam without any physical motion of the antenna. Their basic concept is to use a group of separate antennas, each element of which can change the phase or amplitude of the radiated signal. This makes it possible to direct radiation and control the angle of the main lobe of the antenna system's radiation pattern. The use of antenna arrays is widespread in many areas, such as military radars, satellite communications, security systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), and mobile communications. The goal of this work is to analyze the possibilities of using antenna systems based on antenna arrays and estimate the current trends and lines of their development. The article considers various types and methods of antenna array control, compares their efficiency and suitability for use in various areas, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. Attention is paid to the types of antenna arrays, such as linear and planar phased arrays, and to scanning methods - from digital methods to analog approaches. The article also compares phase and amplitude control methods, which include mechanical, digital, and adaptive control of antenna arrays. These methods offer high-accuracy scanning without any physical motion of the antenna. The effect of these methods on the power consumption, signal speed, and control accuracy is taken into account. The novelty and contribution of this article lie in an in-depth comparison of different types of antenna arrays and methods to control them with emphasis on their application in a dynamic environment typical of UAVs. New solutions are proposed for optimizing antenna array designs, which may be used in future unmanned aerial vehicle systems to improve the communication quality, increase the positioning accuracy, and reduce the response time in rapidly changing circumstances.
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Singh, Anand Kumar, and Omkar Wagle. "Advanced Channel Sounding Techniques Using Phased Array Antennas." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation. 5, no. 1 (2024): 1415–21. https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.1.1415-1421.
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The accurate characterization of wireless channels is critical for optimizing communication performance, particularly in high-frequency bands such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-THz. Phased array antennas offer unique capabilities for spatially resolving multipath components and improving the efficiency of channel sounding. This paper explores advanced channel sounding techniques using phased array antennas, leveraging adaptive beamforming, angle-of-arrival estimation, and real-time beam scanning. We propose a novel method for high-resolution spatio-temporal channel characterization and evaluate its performance through simulations and real-world experiments. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in delay spread estimation, multipath detection, and angular resolution, making it a viable solution for next-generation wireless networks.
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Whipple, Adam, Mark W. Ruzindana, Mitchell C. Burnett, et al. "Wideband Array Signal Processing with Real-Time Adaptive Interference Mitigation." Sensors 23, no. 14 (2023): 6584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146584.
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Wideband beamforming and interference cancellation for phased array antennas requires advances in signal processing algorithms, software, and specialized hardware platforms. A high-throughput array receiver has been developed that enables communication in radio frequency interference-rich environments with field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based frequency channelization and packetization. In this study, a real-time interference mitigation algorithm was implemented on graphics processing units (GPUs) contained in the data pipeline. The key contribution is a hardware and software pipeline for subchannelized wideband array signal processing with 150 MHz instantaneous bandwidth and interference cancellation with a heterogeneous, distributed, and scaleable digital signal processing (DSP) architecture that achieves 30 dB interferer cancellation null depth in real time with a moving interference source.
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Mukai, R., V. A. Vilnrotter, P. Arabshahi, and V. Jamnejad. "Adaptive acquisition and tracking for deep space array feed antennas." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 13, no. 5 (2002): 1149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnn.2002.1031946.
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Xu, Y., and Z. Liu. "Adaptive array utilising multimode antennas for correlated non-circular arrivals." Electronics Letters 44, no. 22 (2008): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20081342.
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Tanyer, S. G., A. E. Yılmaz, and F. Yaman. "Adaptive desirability function for multiobjective design of thinned array antennas." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 26, no. 17-18 (2012): 2410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2012.735784.
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Allahgholi Pour, Z., and Lotfollah Shafai. "Applications of trimode waveguide feeds in adaptive virtual array antennas." Radio Science 50, no. 3 (2015): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014rs005544.
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Saeidi, Tale, and Saeid Karamzadeh. "Enhancing CubeSat Communication Through Beam-Steering Antennas: A Review of Technologies and Challenges." Electronics 14, no. 4 (2025): 754. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14040754.
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With their compact design and versatility, CubeSats have emerged as critical platforms for advancing space exploration and communication technologies. However, achieving reliable and efficient communication in the dynamic and constrained environment of low Earth orbit (LEO) remains a significant challenge. Beam-steering antenna systems offer a promising solution to address these limitations, enabling adaptive communication links with improved gain and coverage. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art in CubeSat communication, concentrating on the latest developments in beam-steering antennas. By synthesizing the findings from recent studies, the key challenges are highlighted, including power constraints, miniaturization, and integration with CubeSat platforms. Furthermore, this paper investigates cutting-edge techniques, such as phased array systems, metasurface-based designs, and reconfigurable antennas, which pave the way for enhanced performance. This study can serve as a resource for researchers and engineers, offering insights into current trends and future opportunities for advancing CubeSat communications through innovative antenna systems.
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Samantaray, Barsa, Kunal Kumar Das, and Jibendu Sekhar Roy. "Designing Smart Antennas Using Machine Learning Algorithms." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 4 (October 31, 2023): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2023.4.1329.
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Smart antenna technologies improve spectral efficiency, security, energy efficiency, and overall service quality in cellular networks by utilizing signal processing algorithms that provide radiation beams to users while producing nulls for interferers. In this paper, the performance of such ML solutions as the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, the artificial neural network (ANN), the ensemble algorithm (EA), and the decision tree (DT) algorithm used for forming the beam of smart antennas are compared. A smart antenna array made up of 10 half-wave dipoles is considered. The ANN method is better than the remaining approaches when it comes to achieving beam and null directions, whereas EA offers better performance in terms of reducing the side lobe level (SLL). The maximum SLL is achieved using EA for all the user directions. The performance of the ANN algorithm in terms of forming the beam of a smart antenna is also compared with that of the variable-step size adaptive algorithm.