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Journal articles on the topic 'Adaptive watermarking'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

ZHANG, FAN, and HONGBIN ZHANG. "DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING CAPACITY ANALYSIS." International Journal of Information Acquisition 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878905000428.

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In watermarking schemes, image can be considered as a communication channel to transmit messages. This paper presents a new adaptive capacity analysis scheme for image watermarking, realizes a content adaptive watermarking algorithm invisibly embedding the strongest watermark, and discusses the watermarking capacity of blind watermarking and non-blind watermarking. This paper also analyzes the relation between watermarking capacity and watermarking detection bit error rate (BER), and derives the relation between capacity and the limit of BER. According to the result of research, watermarking detection BER mainly influenced by the watermarking average energy and watermarking capacity. The BER rises with the increase of watermarking capacity.

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2

Dragoi, Ioan-Catalin, and Dinu Coltuc. "Adaptive Pairing Reversible Watermarking." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 25, no. 5 (May 2016): 2420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2016.2549458.

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3

Qi, Wenfa, Yuxin Liu, Sirui Guo, Xiang Wang, and Zongming Guo. "An Adaptive Visible Watermark Embedding Method based on Region Selection." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (March 3, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6693343.

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Aiming at the problem that the robustness, visibility, and transparency of the existing visible watermarking technologies are difficult to achieve a balance, this paper proposes an adaptive embedding method for visible watermarking. Firstly, the salient region of the host image is detected based on superpixel detection. Secondly, the flat region with relatively low complexity is selected as the embedding region in the nonsalient region of the host image. Then, the watermarking strength is adaptively calculated by considering the gray distribution and image texture complexity of the embedding region. Finally, the visible watermark image is adaptively embedded into the host image with slight adjustment by just noticeable difference (JND) coefficient. The experimental results show that our proposed method improves the robustness of visible watermarking technology and greatly reduces the risk of malicious removal of visible watermark image. Meanwhile, a good balance between the visibility and transparency of the visible watermark image is achieved, which has the advantages of high security and ideal visual effect.

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Feng, Gui, and Yi Min Yang. "Adaptive DCT Based Digital Watermarking Scheme." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1136.

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The paper proposes an adaptive digital watermarking scheme based on chaos sequence and DCT transform. The scheme can choose the location for watermark inserting adaptively, and properly assign the embedding intensity in different inserting locations according to the characteristic of human visual system (HVS). On the other hand, this scheme combines chaos sequence and scrambling technique to improve the ability to withstand various attacks. The experimental results show that, the method can basically satisfy transparency and robustness requirement.

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5

Yu, Chuying, Xiaowei Li, Xinan Chen, and Jianzhong Li. "An Adaptive and Secure Holographic Image Watermarking Scheme." Entropy 21, no. 5 (May 2, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21050460.

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A novel adaptive secure holographic image watermarking method in the sharp frequency localized contourlet transform (SFLCT) domain is presented. Based upon the sine logistic modulation map and the logistic map, we develop an encrypted binary computer-generated hologram technique to fabricate a hologram of a watermark first. Owing to the enormous key space of the encrypted hologram, the security of the image watermarking system is increased. Then the hologram watermark is embedded into the SFLCT coefficients with Schur decomposition. To obtain better imperceptibility and robustness, the entropy and the edge entropy are utilized to select the suitable watermark embedding positions adaptively. Compared with other watermarking schemes, the suggested method provides a better performance with respect to both imperceptibility and robustness. Experiments show that our watermarking scheme for images is not only is secure and invisible, but also has a stronger robustness against different kinds of attack.

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6

Chen, Chien-Chang, and Yao-Hong Tsai. "Adaptive reversible image watermarking scheme." Journal of Systems and Software 84, no. 3 (March 2011): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.11.891.

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7

Hu, Yongjian, and Sam Kwong. "Wavelet domain adaptive visible watermarking." Electronics Letters 37, no. 20 (2001): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20010838.

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8

Song, Haohao, Songyu Yu, Xiaokang Yang, Li Song, and Chen Wang. "Contourlet-based image adaptive watermarking." Signal Processing: Image Communication 23, no. 3 (March 2008): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2008.01.005.

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9

Liu, Tao. "A Kind of DWT Domain Image Digital Watermarking Algorithm Research." Advanced Materials Research 1044-1045 (October 2014): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1044-1045.991.

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An image-adaptive watermarking algorithm based on wavelet transform was proposed. At first, A digital image used as watermarking was scrambled. Next, the original image was decomposed by discrete wavelet transform,and in accordance with the characteristics of human visual system, wavelet decomposition in the low-frequency domain, Methods which average of adjacent domain instead of single wavelet decomposition coefficients was used to estimate and quantitative, watermarking was adaptively embedded in wavelet coefficients of low-frequency domain. At last, the simulation experimental results show that the algorithm for a variety of conventional image processing has good robustness.

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10

Senthilkumar, M., and PS Periasamy. "Contourlet transform and adaptive neuro-fuzzy strategy–based color image watermarking." Measurement and Control 53, no. 3-4 (January 6, 2020): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019878873.

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In the today Internet era, protection of digital content during transmission is an indigent. Alphanumeric watermarking is a resolution to the copyright defense than the endorsement of information into the system. In exhibit watermarking calculation, wellbeing of such watermarking process is moderately low. For expanding the soundness, an approach is presented, which is contourlet change with neuro-fuzzy-based watermark inserting process. The conventional approaches having loss during data recovery, this situation will be resolved using proposed watermarking scheme and also increase the security of watermarked image. The proposed color image watermarking scheme binary image is embedded over the shading image which utilizes contourlet and converse contourlet calculation for preprocessing of an image and neuro-fuzzy calculation to implant the bits in the green plane of an image. After completing the watermarking process, the results are analyzing using the quality assessment metrics like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) etc., It is implemented using MATLAB R2013 software. The developed MATLAB code is converted into Hardware Description Language (HDL) and then implemented for Virtex-5 L110T Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) kit.

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11

Che, Sheng Bing, Jin Kai Luo, and Bin Ma. "Quasi-Blind Adaptive Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on Human Visual System." Advanced Materials Research 179-180 (January 2011): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.179-180.103.

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A quasi-blind adaptive video watermarking algorithm in uncompressed video wavelet domain based on human visual system is proposed in this paper. This algorithm established a visual model according to the human visual masking and the characteristics of wavelet coefficients. It did not require the scene segmentation of the video, choosing the video frames which used for embedding watermarking by the key, and embedding different watermarking which processed by Arnold scrambling into different frame, so it is robust to statistical analysis, frame crop and so on. To ensure the spatial synchrony when extracting the watermark information, zero-watermarking method and chaotic system are used to generate the synchronization information. The quantized central limit theorem is applied to adjust the low frequency coefficients, it makes the extracted watermark information keeps invariant when its element value changed in robust region. A new correlation detection method of watermarking information was put forward. Watermark detection does not require original video. It realized the quasi-blind watermark detection.

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12

Wu, Guo, Da Wei Wei, Guang Ming Tang, and Jin Feng Yang. "Adaptive Semi-Fragile Watermarking Based on Complete Quantization and Image Contents." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 2983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.2983.

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Complete quantization principle is proposed in this paper, based on which, an adaptive semi-fragile watermarking algorithm based on image contents is proposed. The algorithm uses the low frequency sub-band to construct watermarking related to the content of image, and then uses just noticeable difference of wavelet domain to embed watermarking by means of complete quantitative principle. Experiments show this algorithm can classify malicious and non-malicious manipulations accurately.

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13

Yadav, Navneet, and Navdeep Goel. "An Effective Image-Adaptive Hybrid Watermarking Scheme with Transform Coefficients." International Journal of Image and Graphics 20, no. 01 (January 2020): 2050002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467820500023.

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Robust and invisible watermarking provides a feasible solution to prove the ownership of the genuine content owner. Different watermarking algorithms have been presented by the researchers in the past but no algorithm could be termed as perfect. Proposed work puts forward a novel image-adaptive method of embedding a binary watermark in the image in a transparent manner. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) are used together in the proposed hybrid watermarking scheme. Image-adaptive nature of the scheme is reflected in the usage of only high entropy [Formula: see text] blocks for the watermark embedding. Binary watermark is embedded in the DCT coefficients using a flexible strength derived from the means of the DCT coefficients. This flexible strength factor (SF) has different value for the DCT coefficients originated from different [Formula: see text] blocks. Any desired level of visual quality could be obtained by varying the adjusting parameter of the flexible SF. Side information generated in the watermark embedding is used in the detection of watermark. The presented watermarking technique shows better robustness in comparison to the three contemporary watermarking techniques.

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14

Podilchuk, C. I., and Wenjun Zeng. "Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 16, no. 4 (May 1998): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.668975.

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15

Kaewkamnerd, N., and K. R. Rao. "Wavelet based image adaptive watermarking scheme." Electronics Letters 36, no. 4 (2000): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000269.

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16

Zhang, Yimin, Bijan G. Mobasseri, Behzad M. Dogahe, and Moeness G. Amin. "Image-adaptive watermarking using 2D chirps." Signal, Image and Video Processing 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2009): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-008-0102-3.

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17

Lin, Yu-Tzu, and Ja-Ling Wu. "Content adaptive watermarking for multimedia fingerprinting." Computer Standards & Interfaces 30, no. 5 (July 2008): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2007.08.012.

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18

Zhang, Lian Jun. "The Detection for Image Spread Spectrum Watermarking Based on Self-Adaptive Wavelet Transform by DSP." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 5957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.5957.

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The relation between the digital watermarking and spread-spectrum is analyzed in this paper at the beginning. Then, a spread-spectrum adaptive digital watermarking scheme based on the wavelet transform is proposed and the system for this digital watermarking algorithm based on DSP is realized. Finally, a testing on the image digital watermarking processing system by DSP is conducted. The result from the testing approves that the system is flexible and can accomplish watermark embedding and detecting.

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19

ECHIZEN, ISAO, YASUHIRO FUJII, TAKAAKI YAMADA, SATORU TEZUKA, and HIROSHI YOSHIURA. "PERCEPTUALLY ADAPTIVE VIDEO WATERMARKING USING MOTION ESTIMATION." International Journal of Image and Graphics 05, no. 01 (January 2005): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467805001677.

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Video watermarks must maintain picture quality and withstand image processing, and resolving the tradeoff between these conflicting requirements has been one of the central problems in research on video watermarking. This paper shows that watermarks are less perceptible where picture contents are moving and proposes a new criterion for measuring watermark imperceptibility from motion vectors and deformation quantities. It also proposes a watermarking method that uses this criterion to allocate watermarks to picture areas adaptively. Experimental evaluation showed that the proposed method reduces degradation in picture quality and that, for the same picture quality after MPEG encoding and decoding, between 30% and 40% more watermarks can be embedded, improving detection reliability after MPEG processing by an average of 9.5%. The proposed method would be most effective when used with MPEG encoders because they already have the necessary motion estimation functions.

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20

Seo, Young-Ho, Hyun-Jun Choi, Ji-Sang Yoo, and Dong-Wook Kim. "Adaptive Watermarking Scheme Using Biased Shift of Quantization Index." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/348321.

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We propose a watermark embedding and extracting method for blind watermarking. It uses the characteristics of a scalar quantizer to comply with the recommendation in JPEG, MPEG series, or JPEG2000. Our method performs embedding of a watermark bit by shifting the corresponding frequency transform coefficient (the watermark position) to a quantization index according to the value of the watermark bit, which prevents from losing the watermark information during the data compression process. The watermark can be embedded simultaneously to the quantization process without an additional process for watermarking, which means it can be performed at the same speed to the compression process. In the embedding process, a Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is used to hide the watermark informations and the watermark positions. The experimental results showed that the proposed method satisfies enough robustness and imperceptibility that are the major requirements for watermarking.

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21

Rangel-Espinoza, Kevin, Eduardo Fragoso-Navarro, Clara Cruz-Ramos, Rogelio Reyes-Reyes, Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, and Héctor M. Pérez-Meana. "Adaptive removable visible watermarking technique using dual watermarking for digital color images." Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, no. 11 (June 19, 2017): 13047–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4931-3.

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22

Fang, Wang Sheng, Rong Zhang, Yu Nan Li, and Lu Lu Wu. "SVD-Based Color Image Watermarking Using Discrete Wavelet Transform." Advanced Engineering Forum 1 (September 2011): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.1.209.

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For invisibility and robustness are difficult to reconcile, a combination of singular value decomposition (SVD) and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of the color image adaptive watermarking algorithm is proposed. In the embedding process, modification of the singular value of LL band and LH band exploited to the watermarking scheme which excellent preserves the quality. The additional advantage of the proposed technique is taking advantage of HVS which can adaptively regulate the watermark embedding strength. Experimental results show that the algorithm not only has better transparency, but also has good robustness such as noise, compression, filtering, cropping.

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23

SONG, Haohao. "Contourlet Based Adaptive Watermarking for Color Images." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E92-D, no. 10 (2009): 2171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e92.d.2171.

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24

ZHAO, Xuemin, Yuhong GUO, Jian LIU, Yonghong YAN, and Qiang FU. "Logarithmic Adaptive Quantization Projection for Audio Watermarking." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E95.D, no. 5 (2012): 1436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e95.d.1436.

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25

Gaata, Methaq Talib, and Refah Aamer Jaafar. "Adaptive Watermarking Technique for Speech Signal Authentication." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 8, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2016.8406.

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26

Pei, Qingqi, Xiang Wang, Yuan Li, and Hui Li. "Adaptive reversible watermarking with improved embedding capacity." Journal of Systems and Software 86, no. 11 (November 2013): 2841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.055.

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27

Liu, Yuxin. "Lapped-orthogonal-transform-based adaptive image watermarking." Journal of Electronic Imaging 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 013009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2185658.

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28

Andalibi, Mehran, and Damon M. Chandler. "Digital Image Watermarking via Adaptive Logo Texturization." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 24, no. 12 (December 2015): 5060–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2476961.

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29

Yin, Te-Lung. "Adaptive digital watermarking using fuzzy logic techniques." Optical Engineering 41, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 2675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1499968.

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30

LUO, H., J. S. PAN, and Z. M. LU. "Content Adaptive Visible Watermarking during Ordered Dithering." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E90-D, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietisy/e90-d.7.1113.

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31

Chip-Hong Chang, Zhi Ye, and Mingyan Zhang. "Fuzzy-ART based adaptive digital watermarking scheme." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2004.839992.

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32

Lihong Cui and Wenguo Li. "Adaptive Multiwavelet-Based Watermarking Through JPW Masking." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 20, no. 4 (April 2011): 1047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2079551.

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33

Lin, Pei-Yu, Yi-Hui Chen, Chin-Chen Chang, and Jung-San Lee. "Contrast-Adaptive Removable Visible Watermarking (CARVW) mechanism." Image and Vision Computing 31, no. 4 (April 2013): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2013.02.002.

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34

Mohammed, Aree Ali. "Audio Watermarking Based on Hybrid Low and High Wavelet Frequencies." International Journal of Informatics and Communication Technology (IJ-ICT) 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijict.v5i1.pp28-35.

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Transform-domain digital audio watermarking has a performance advantage over time-domain watermarking by virtue of the fact that frequency transforms offer better exploitation of the human auditory system (HAS). In this research paper an adaptive audio watermarking is proposed based on the low and high wavelet frequencies band (LF, HF). The embedded watermark can be of any types of signal (text, audio and image). The insertion of the watermark data is performing in a frequency domain after applying discrete wavelet transformation on the cover audio segments. The normalize correlation and the signal to noise ratio metrics are used to test the performance of the proposed method in terms of the robustness and imperceptibility. Test results show that an improvement of the robustness against some type of attacks when the watermark is adaptively embedded in a different wavelet bands.

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35

LATIF, ALIMOHAMMAD, and AHMAD REZA NAGHSH-NILCHI. "AN ADAPTIVE DIGITAL IMAGE WATERMARKING USING FUZZY GRADIENT ON DCT DOMAIN." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 05 (August 2011): 801–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661100761x.

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In this paper, an adaptive digital image watermarking technique using fuzzy gradient on DCT domain is presented. In our approach, the image is divided into separate blocks and the DCT is applied on each block individually. Then, the watermark is inserted in the transform domain and the inverse transform is carried out. We increase the robustness of the watermark by increasing the watermark strength. However, this reduces the fidelity of the watermarking scheme. This is because the fidelity and robustness of watermarking are generally in conflict with each other. To improve the fidelity, a new fuzzy-based method is introduced. In this method, a fuzzy gradient-based mask is generated from the host image. Then, as a post-processing stage, the generated mask is combined with the watermarked image. Experimental results show that the proposed technique has high fidelity as well as high robustness against a variety of attacks.

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36

Li, Xin, Yu Jiang, Jian Jun Song, and Wei Li Cui. "WSN Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Multi-Wavelet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3912.

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A WSN image watermarking algorithm based on multi-wavelet was proposed. When the instability of image transmission in wireless sensor networks was considered, the proposed algorithm can increase the capacity of the image watermark. In this paper, the wavelet transform coefficients were analyzed by the noise visibility function. And the bits were embedded into the coefficients which have more ability to the tolerance of the noise according to the designated threshold. We achieved the adaptive adjustment in the watermarking strength combined with the JND in the wavelet domain. The experimental results show that the improved watermarking algorithm was adapted to a grayscale image. It can improve the information capacity and the identification capability of the grayscale images greatly. In addition, the renovated algorithm was feasible in the high-capacity watermarking and the watermarking capacity was increased obviously. It provided methods and means for the high-capacity watermarking, and also provided a new way for the further research in the new watermarking technology.

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37

Lee, Yong-Seok, Young-Ho Seo, and Dong-Wook Kim. "Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands." Security and Communication Networks 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8357251.

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This paper proposes a new adaptive watermarking scheme for digital images, which has the properties of blind extraction, invisibility, and robustness against attacks. The typical scheme for invisibility and robustness consisted of two main techniques: finding local positions to be watermarked and mixing or embedding the watermark into the pixels of the locations. In finding the location, however, our scheme uses a global space such that the multiple watermarking data is spread out over all four lowest-frequency subbands, resulting from n-level Mallat-tree 2D (dimensional) DWT, where n depends on the amount of watermarking data and the resolution of the host image, without any further process to find the watermarking locations. To embed the watermark data into the subband coefficients, weighting factors are used according to the type and energy of each subband to adjust the strength of the watermark, so we call this an adaptive scheme. To examine the ability of the proposed scheme, images with various resolutions are tested for various attacks, both pixel-value changing attacks and geometric attacks. With experimental results and comparison to the existing works we show that the proposed scheme has better performance than the previous works, except those which specialize in certain types of attacks.

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HIEN, THAI DUY, YEN-WEI CHEN, and ZENSHO NAKAO. "ROBUST DIGITAL WATERMARKING BASED ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 04, no. 02 (June 2004): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026804001240.

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We propose a robust digital watermarking technique based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and evaluate the effectiveness of the method against some watermark attacks. In this proposed method, watermarks are embedded in the PCA domain and the method is closely related to DCT or DWT based frequency-domain watermarking. The orthogonal basis functions, however, are determined by data and they are adaptive to the data. The presented technique has been successfully evaluated and compared with DCT and DWT based watermarking methods. Experimental results show robust performance of the PCA based method against most prominent attacks.

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39

Yu, Hai Yan. "An Image Adaptive Watermarking Algorithm Based on Ridgelet Transform and Two-Dimensional Fuzzy Partition." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1299.

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An image adaptive watermarking algorithm based on ridgelet transform and two- dimensional(2-D) fuzzy partition classification is proposed. In order to obtain a sparse representation of straight edge singularity, the image is first partitioned into small pieces and the ridgelet transform is applied for each piece. After analyzing texture distribution in ridgelet coefficients of each piece, two feature vectors are selected to make up for the ‘wrap around’ effect for FRIT on representation of the image texture. Then the image is classifed into frat regions and texture regions by applying 2-D fuzzy partition classification algorithm with the two feature vectors prepocessed. An watermark sequence is embedded into texture regions with the embedding strength adaptively adjusted by ridgelet coefficients based on the feature of luminance masking and texture masking. Experimental results prove robustness and transparency of the proposed watermarking scheme.

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40

Liu, Chanzi, Qingchun Chen, Hongbin Liang, and Hengchao Li. "Digital Watermarking Processing Technique Based on Overcomplete Dictionary." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 30, no. 10 (November 23, 2016): 1658002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001416580027.

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A novel sparse domain-based information hiding framework is proposed in this paper to attach the watermarking signal to the most significant sparse components of the host signal over the pre-defined overcomplete dictionary. The adaptive sparse domain can be utilized to embed watermarking logo with better security and robustness. This can be realized owing to the fact that, not only the sparse domain can be customized from the given samples, but also the sparse transform coefficients of the original watermarking signal can be embedded, which provides inherent privacy. This paper provides two kinds of methods that embed watermark directly and embed the sparse representation coefficients of watermarking logo, and analyzes the condition of uniqueness of the sparse solution. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed sparse domain digital watermarking technique over the traditional frequency domain or spatial domain schemes.

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41

Seong, Teak-Young, Ki-Chang Kwon, Suk-Hwan Lee, Ki-Ryong Kwon, and Chong-Ho Woo. "A Direction-Adaptive Watermarking Technique Based on 2DCT in the Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol." Journal of Korea Multimedia Society 17, no. 7 (July 30, 2014): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9717/kmms.2014.17.7.778.

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42

Gangadhar, Yarabham, Venkata Akula, and Chenna Pakanati. "Image Adaptive Watermarking Using Feature Point Extraction Model." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2017.0228.11.

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43

Shaomin Zhu, 朱少敏, and 刘建明 Jianming Liu. "An optimal adaptive quantization index modulation watermarking algorithm." Chinese Optics Letters 7, no. 7 (2009): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20090707.0580.

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44

KishoreKumar, K., Movva Pavani, and V. Seshu Babu. "Adaptive Hybrid Video Watermarking using WBCT and NMF." International Journal of Computer Applications 56, no. 16 (October 20, 2012): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/8975-3162.

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Samee, Rida, M. Mohsin Riaz, and Abdul Ghafoor. "Adaptive interpolation and segmentation based reversible image watermarking." Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, no. 20 (April 17, 2018): 26821–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5890-z.

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Yao, Yuanzhi, Weiming Zhang, Hui Wang, Hang Zhou, and Nenghai Yu. "Content-adaptive reversible visible watermarking in encrypted images." Signal Processing 164 (November 2019): 386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2019.06.034.

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Song, Chunlin, Sud Sudirman, and Madjid Merabti. "A robust region-adaptive dual image watermarking technique." Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 23, no. 3 (April 2012): 549–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvcir.2012.01.017.

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Favorskaya, Margarita, Eugenia Savchina, and Aleksei Popov. "Adaptive visible image watermarking based on Hadamard transform." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 450 (November 30, 2018): 052003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/450/5/052003.

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Lu, Hanyu, Mingjing Zhong, Haixiang Lan, Ruchong Hou, and Zhengjiang Hu. "Adaptive Audio Watermarking Algorithm Based on Wavelet Transform." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 719 (January 8, 2020): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/719/1/012033.

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Ishtiaq, Muhammad, Waqar Ali, Waseem Shahzad, Muhammad Arfan Jaffar, and Yunyoung Nam. "Hybrid Predictor Based Four-Phase Adaptive Reversible Watermarking." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 13213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2803301.

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