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Canıkalp, Ebru, İlter Ünlükaplan, and Muhammed Çelik. "Estimating Value Added Tax Gap in Turkey." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2002.
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As an important issue in the fiscal structure of a country, tax gap is defined as the difference between tax burden that the taxpayer should face and the amount actually paid. In this study, tax gap was evaluated by the framework of the Value Added Tax. The reason behind this choice, i.e. Value Added Tax Gap (VAT Gap) is to make an effort to evaluate the efficiency of the tax administration, the compliance of the taxpayers and the relationship between policy gap and the compliance gap. With this aim, VAT Gap and the various methods to calculate this gap were examined. Furthermore, based on the reports by the European Commission, VAT Gap in Turkey for 1993-2014 period were estimated and evaluated by employing the top-down method.
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Dangal, Dilnath. "Value Added Tax in Nepalese Context." NUTA Journal 5, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2018): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v5i1-2.23462.
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A value added tax (VAT) is a tax not on the total value of the commodity being sold, but on the value added by the last trader. Developing countries are engaging in the study of VAT more seriously as it is the source of tax revenue which has high tax potential yield among the existing tax systems. In this situation, this paper intended to assess practices of VAT and VAT administration as well as its contribution on GDP in Nepalese context. More so, the study collected secondary data which are analyzed based on descriptive/comparative methods. The study found that, sales tax has been replaced by VAT since 1997 in Nepal. Before that sales tax played a vital role to collect revenue and resources mobilization. Department of VAT and its field offices were/are responsible for administering VAT functions that was/is not yet attractive and efficient. However, data shows that collecting VAT is in increasing order. In Fiscal Year 2014/15 it came to NRs. 11516 crore which was 5.42 percent of GDP, 29.60 percent of total revenue and 48.14 percent of indirect tax revenue. And the contribution of VAT as percent of GDP remained at average of 4.04 percent during the study period (2002/2003 to 2014/2015).
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Moina, Anto. "Tax Planning On Value Added Tax (VAT)." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 11, no. 6 (April 12, 2021): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.11.06.2021.p11440.
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Volna, Egor S., Elena B. Mishina, and Natalya L. Savchenko. "Improving the value added tax forecasting tools." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics 18, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2020.18(4).9-18.
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The value added tax (VAT) prediction is one of the essential tools to form the Russian Federation federal budget. Presently, there are various methods and tools to forecast taxes, including VAT. This research proposes to enhance the estimation of VAT inflow into the federal budget singling out certain formation factors in the GDP structure. The dynamics of the federal budget income in the period 2010-2019 has been examined. It has been stated that VAT refers to non-oil and gas revenues, while the structural analysis of this tax enables to single out domestic production VAT and import related VAT. This tax sum division has become a basis for building federal budget VAT income forecasting models. The primary model takes into account the GDP dynamics in the given period, as well as the GDP to federal budget incomes ratio and their main elements. To develop a more accurate VAT forecasting model the above mentioned tax has been divided into two components - imports VAT and domestic consumption VAT. The imports VAT evaluation is done via the share of projected imports, which in its turn is calculated by the marginal propensity to imports. The domestic consumption VAT is done via the GDP share previously stripped off the import value. During research the excellences and faults of each model have been highlighted. The conclusion about the expediency of models based on separating imports VAT and domestic consumption VAT application for VAT forecasting has been made.
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Rakovský, Peter. "Digitalisation of the Value Added Tax." Bratislava Law Review 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2021.5.1.240.
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This paper focuses on Value Added Tax (VAT), due to the importance of indirect taxes as one of the most vital tax revenue generators in the EU. VAT is more stable and contributes more to the tax mix than direct taxes. However, the VAT gap is still a serious problem for the national governments, as it reduces the overall tax revenue. Tax authorities are looking for more opportunities to reduce the information asymmetries between them and the taxation subjects. Due to that, collection and analysis of big data seems to be an excellent opportunity to do so in the Slovak Republic as well. One of the biggest sources of big data in VAT in Europe and the world is formed by the so-called “real-time reporting” and electronic filing, since electronic filing is mandatory in the majority of EU countries nowadays. However, policy makers should bear in mind that the mere collection of data is not enough (Bal, 2014). The main subject of this paper is to find, analyse and take into account the most important measures of VAT in the context of digitalisation. In addition, this paper focuses on new trends and challenges for VAT in the Slovak Republic, which may follow the trends within the world.
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Madzivanyika, Ezera. "A diagnosis of the deficiencies in the Zimbabwean value added tax system." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(2).2017.02.
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The paper analyzes the Zimbabwean VAT system. The main objective was to establish and evaluate the gaps within the Zimbabwean VAT system, with the view of closing them so that the Zimbabwean VAT is attuned to the dictates of the best practice VAT. A review of literature was used and the main sources of information were the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority, the South African Revenue Services, literature from various journal articles and books and various reports and legislative instruments. The key finding of the study was that the Zimbabwean VAT system falls short of both the South African and best practice VATs. The main reasons for the gap are; a narrow VAT base fuelled by rampant VAT zero-rates and exemptions; it defies the destination principle; it does not conform to the principle of tax neutrality and tax simplicity; and it has high costs of collection and compliance. The study recommends that the Zimbabwean VAT system should be aligned to the best practice VAT through streamlining VAT privileges and correctly implementing the destination principle. Adequate funding should be allocated to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority in order to embrace the Information Communication Technology (ICT) drive to reduce costs of compliance and collection.
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Gnawali, Achyut. "Tax Payers’ Knowledge Towards Value Added Tax in Nepal." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v11i1.24205.
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Value added tax (VAT) has been the most essential choice as an ingredient of tax reforms of developing countries like Nepal, which leads to revenue enhancement and sustainable economic development. As VAT was a new concept in Nepal, a comprehensive taxpayer education program was launched to impart knowledge regarding the various aspects of VAT to parliamentarians, industrialists, businesspersons, consumers as well as various sections of the society. The study used descriptive and survey research design. Data were collected through questionnaires. Statistical tools were used to make a proper analysis. It is found that more than 88 percent of respondents are aware enough to ask tax invoice after purchasing goods or services. Most of them ask for tax invoice to get the authenticity of sellers. VAT must be successful and this largely depends upon the public awareness, honesty, faith and morality of tax officials and the business community. There is a need for willpower and action. It is also found that taxpayers’ awareness programme and tax education play prime role to increase the VAT revenue in Nepal.
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Chumakova, N. A., and Zh A. Adamyan. "PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF THE ADDED VALUE TAX." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-3-88-93.
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The reform of the budgetary and administrative spheres of legislation at the present stage is inextricably linked with the direction taken at the state level to stabilize the economy in the country, as well as to stimulate its growth. Particularly important element of this phenomenon is taxes, which represent the main source of revenues in the country’s budget and financial system. Today in the sphere of economy and financial regulation there is a question of increase of taxes. The President of the Russian Federation has already signed a law, according to which from January 1, 2019 the VAT rate increases from 18 to 20%. At the same time, the existing VAT benefits in the form of an exemption from this tax, as well as the VAT rate of 0% and 10% remain. The reform of the law on VAT (in addition to the increase of budget revenues from tax amounts) intended to eliminate the economic failure of the application of VAT and simplification of VAT administration. It should be noted that the problems arising from the improvement of indirect taxation, in this case, affecting the value added tax, are currently relevant for Russia. Starting from 1992, when VAT was introduced in Russia for the first time, to the present day, there are clashes of opinions of the warring parties about the relevance of the value added tax. The problems affect the level of rates and the procedure for calculating tax liabilities, the volume and structure of benefits, the procedure for VAT collection in the movement of goods and services between foreign partners, as well as the probability of its replacement with sales tax or the establishment of a single VAT rate. And this is not the most complete list of problems arising from the reform of the value added tax.
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Muguchu, Jane, Nelson H. Wawire, and Anthony Wambugu. "Analysis of Value Added Tax Productivity in Kenya." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 6, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): p20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v6n4p20.
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One of the critical components of Sustainable Development Goals is to strengthen domestic resource mobilization. The target is to have domestic resources contributing at least 75 percent to 90 percent of the financing required to achieve Agenda 2063 (AU, 2015). In an effort to enhance domestic resource mobilization in Kenya, great emphasis has been placed on Value Added Tax whereby the tax authority endeavors to enhance the contribution of VAT collections to GDP from a mean of 6 per cent to 9 percent of GDP. The study sought to estimate the productivity of VAT over the period 1973-2016 using data collected from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and Kenya Revenue Authority’s database. OLS method was adopted to estimate buoyancy of VAT while divisia index approach was adopted to estimate elasticity of VAT. The study found that, the VAT system was buoyant with a value greater than one while the elasticity was 0.79 which was less than one implying VAT system was inelastic. The study concluded that the tax reforms adopted during the study period had impacted positively on VAT performance hence the buoyancy value greater than one. Therefore, to mobilize more revenue from VAT, reforms focusing on enhancing VAT compliance and expanding tax base should be emphasised.
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Wang, Zhiyuan, Jagdeep Singh-Ladhar, and Howard Davey. "Business tax to value-added tax reform in China." Pacific Accounting Review 31, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 602–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-12-2018-0117.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the indirect tax reform process in China. Specifically, it examines the reform of business tax to value-added tax. Inefficiencies within the new tax system are identified and discussed. The “business tax to value-added tax” reform was seen as an essential element in promoting the economic transition and stimulating the service industries (Jin and Jin, 2013). Design/methodology/approach The paper uses archival and current literature. In undertaking the study, the different periods of indirect tax are examined, prior to 1994, 1994-2012, the changes from 2012 culminating in the new 2017 regime. Attributes of “good” value-added tax (VAT) systems are covered as well as a comparison with New Zealand’s goods and services tax (GST). Findings The paper finds that to align with the international trend of indirect tax development and more efficiently accomplish the economic transition China needs to build a more neutral VAT system with fewer reduced rates and exemptions and the tax system have created tax inefficiencies and increased the compliance cost. VAT is imposing an increasingly significant impact on China’s national economy and industrial structure as well as accountants. Originality/value This is the first study that analyses the indirect tax reforms that are currently being implemented in China and as such has lessons for China but also for VAT/GST in general. We should not forget how special New Zealand’s GST is and the clarity of focus of those who implemented it!
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Van Zyl, SP. "The Value Added Tax Implications of Illegal Transactions." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 14, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i4a2592.
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In the case of MP Finance Group CC (In Liquidation) v CSARS the High Court of Appeal ruled that income "received by" a taxpayer from illegal gains will be taxable in the hands of the taxpayer. This article explores whether or not the decision in the MP Finance-case (and preceding cases on the taxation of illegal receipts) can be applied to determine if illegal transactions are subject to VAT and moreover if a trader in illegal goods and services should register as a VAT vendor. Although strictly speaking no analogy can be drawn between the charging provisions for income tax and VAT, it is clear that in the determination of the taxability of illegal income, the courts applied the principle of tax neutrality. In terms of the principle of tax neutrality, taxes are not concerned with the legality or illegality of a transaction, but rather with whether the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed or not. That said, the European Court of Justice has a different approach in applying this principle. According to the European Court of Justice where the intrinsic nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial arena (like narcotic drugs) it should not be subject to VAT, but where the goods compete with a legal market it must be subject to VAT. Charging VAT on illegal transactions might give the impression that government benefits from criminal activities. However, if illegal transactions are not subject to VAT the trader in illegal goods will benefit as his products will be 14% cheaper than his rival’s. Is this necessarily a moral dilemma? In conclusion three arguments can be deduced on the question if illegal transactions should be subject to VAT:1. Illegal transactions should not be taxed at all. Illegal goods or services fall outside the sphere of the application of the charging provision in section 7(1) of the VAT Act. Moreover, taxing illegal transactions lends a quasi-validity to the contract and gives the impression that government benefits from crime.2. The intrinsic nature of the goods concerned should determine the VAT-ability thereof. Where the nature of the goods excludes it from the commercial sphere, like narcotics, it should not be subject to VAT. Where the illegal goods compete with a legal market the goods should be subject to VAT to eliminate unjust competition.3. The principle of tax neutrality makes it clear that the illegality of a transaction has no influence on its taxability. The charging provision in terms of section 7(1) of the VAT act is not concerned with the legality of the transaction. If the transaction complies with the requirements for it to be taxed, it should be subject to VAT.
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Široký, J., A. Kovářová, and K. Randová. " The role of the value added tax on foodstuffs in the consumer basket." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 8 (August 22, 2012): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/188/2011-agricecon.
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When looking for economic policy instruments in the times of economic crisis, even tax instruments are considered, particularly the changes (increases) of the value added tax rates. Most of the EU member states have two VAT rates, while foodstuffs and non-alcoholic beverages are included under a reduced rate. If increasing the reduced VAT rate, the significance of the foodstuff or non-alcoholic beverages in the consumer basket, the regression of the VAT in these commodities and the significance of the impact on households should be considered. This article tries to point out this issue by analyzing the impacts of changes in the VAT rates, or the actual VAT paid by the average households in the Czech Republic in the period from 2005 to 2010.
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Zemlyakova, A. V. "Increase of tax for added value." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 2 (August 2, 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-2-31-36.
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The deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation approved in the first reading the government draft law, which makes it possible to raise the value-added tax rate from 18% to 20% from January 2019. Deputies believe that it’s time for businesses to pay for the lowered rate, which has been in effect since 2004. True, in today’s environment, an increase in VAT may slow the growth of the economy and “drop” GDP by 0.4%. The increase in the tax burden is required to fulfill the national development goals, which are defined in the “May decree”. Measures should bring in the budget 600-630 billion rubles of additional revenues per year. At the same time, the preferential rate of 10% and 0%, which is valid for a number of industries, is not planned to be changed. Thus, business related to export, the increase in VAT will not affect. The tax burden on the most important social goods and services will remain unchanged (it concerns food products, goods for children, medical services, medicines). The tax system needs to be tune-up, after which the government does not plan to make changes for six years. The VAT increase is hi to the surge in inflation – in 2019 it will exceed the Central Bank’s target of 4%. The growth of real wages will be less than 1%.
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Bikas, Egidijus, and Julius Raškauskas. "VALUE ADDED TAX DIMENSION: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA." Ekonomika 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2011.0.958.
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The article sums up works of different scientists, dealing with the impact of value added tax (VAT) on the economy of some countries. The authors analyse the Lithuanian VAT structure, the dynamics of income from this tax and amendments in the Law on Value Added Tax in terms of narrowing and widening the taxable base according to the theoretical analysis of the sources. It is aimed to determine the impact of VAT standard tariff, reduced tariffs and shadow economy on income from this tax. Multiple regression, correlation, optimization and C-effectiveness ratio are used for the analysis. The analysis has revealed that amendments in the Law on Value Added Tax in terms of narrowing and widening the taxable base influenced the amount of income from VAT collected to the budget.
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Obeng, George. "Incidence of Value Added Tax, Effects and Implications." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 10 (September 15, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n10p52.
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The current debate in the field of taxation and public finance is the concern of Value Added Tax (VAT) being inflationary and who the incidence or burden of payment falls. The implication from available literature and studies points to the fact that VAT can impact negatively on production and consumption, stifling free flow of economic activities. Literature is reviewed to find out the incidence of VAT and its implications on the firm and the consumer. It is established that VAT is not a cost to the business firm to make it inflationary but a charge independent of its pricing mechanism. It is also not extra cost to the consumer but part appropriation of the economic resource flow accruing to the consumer to settle the legitimate obligation of financing public expenditure. The paper concludes that the incidence of the tax is on the consumer and VAT is not inflationary but a means of tax optimality to stabilize the system in the event of market failure.
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Stavjaňová, Jana. "Value Added Tax Gap in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061427.
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The paper deals with an estimation of tax evasion of value added tax in the Czech Republic during 2006–2012. For the estimation I have used the concept of tax gap which is based on a comparison of the theoretical tax liability in the economy with the actual tax receipts. According to my results the VAT gap in the Czech Republic gradually increased during the observed period and it is more than CZK 100 billion in the last three years. The most significant growth of VAT gap occurred between the years 2007 and 2008 and between 2011 and 2012 when the reduced VAT rate was increased by 4 percentage points. The second part of the paper focuses on impact of my estimates on tax policy of the Czech Republic. I discuss two different possibilities how the additional revenue gained from VAT gap reduction could be used – either to decrease the government deficit and therefore to meet the Maastricht criteria or to decrease tax burden on labour which influences particularly low income workers.
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Chehov, Anton. "VALUE ADDED TAX AND TURNOVER TAX. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS." Russian Journal of Management 9, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2021-9-1-76-80.
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Currently, aspects of tax reform are being actively discussed and discussed, and proposals are increasingly being put forward to abolish the value-added tax and return to its origins-the turnover tax.
Of course, each of them has its own «pros» and «cons» of using a particular tax system. But the transition from VAT to turnover tax is natural, and to justify this in this article, it is proposed to conduct a comparative characteristic of them.
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Sharma, Devilal. "An Experience Of Executing Value Added Tax (Vat) In Pokhara." Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3 (July 31, 2017): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jjis.v3i0.17895.
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Indirect taxes have a dominant role in the whole tax structure of developing countries like Nepal. VAT has been in operation for the last Eighteen years; still it is facing a number of challenges owing to poor administration, lack of good faith and honesty, rampant corruption, political instability, the problems of non-issuance of bill, narrow coverage, etc. For the improvement in effective VAT implementation, various areas including proper billing system, efficient tax administration, intensive billing enforcement, wide coverage, computerization, etc. VAT registrants are involving in VAT fraud. In this situation IRD has the various challenges to control the VAT evasion and implement the policy in effective and efficient way. The study is focused on the effectiveness of the VAT implementation of VAT collection policy in real field. Hence, its main objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the VAT implementation. For efficient implementation VAT officials have to perform effectively. The IRO Pokhara is working hard to collect more and more VAT so far as possible from its working area. Many taxpayer educations program in different places and compulsorily registration campaign to VAT program have been organized by IRO, Pokhara. The effectiveness of IRO, Pokhara and its officials seemed as satisfactory. With regard to fairness, friendliness with VAT registrants and overall effectiveness is at satisfactory level. Most of registrants are satisfied with the administrative mechanism of VAT in Nepal as well as with the availability of VAT document and information and its clarity. But in case of getting VAT refund in cash VAT registrant are not satisfied. Except in case of VAT refund in cash most satisfaction level of VAT registrants toward present VAT collection policy and practice seems to be at a satisfactory level. The market monitoring and investigation is the main tool that IRO, Pokhara is applying to control the VAT evasion. Similarly taxpayer education, current year audit and tax audit, billing enforcement, and e-base tax system are the other the major tools and techniques obtained by IRD to control the VAT evasion. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014), page: 34-46
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Lobodina, Z., A. Kizyma, and L. Marushchak. "Estimating the fiscal and regulatory role of value added tax." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 67, no. 6 (2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2020.06.129.
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The impact of value added tax (hereinafter – VAT) on the socio-economic development of the state is investigated in this paper. Here it is considered as a tool of the mechanism of budgetary resources formation and regulation of taxpayers’ welfare and activities. It is determined that, in addition to the reduction of tax rate, the public authorities and local governments should provide favorable conditions for doing business, implement measures for anticorruption and market anti-monopoly. To compensate for the expences of budgetary resources occurring as a result of possible reduction in the value added tax rate, it is necessary to look for alternative sources of pumping up the state budget. Such situation could weaken Ukraine's competitiveness, increase distrust of potential investors, and deactivate attracting investments into the country's economy. In order to stimulate certain economic activities, to increase the volume or the level of availability of certain goods (services)consumption, the tax legislation provides certain preferences for value added tax, particularly – lowering the tax rate, tax exemptions, , tax credit, tax benefits. In addition, the regulatory impact of VAT as a financial instrument on the taxation system is revealed in this paper. The peculiarities of VAT administration in Ukraine and foreign countries are highlighted, the dynamics, tendencies of receipt and reimbursement of VAT in Ukraine are considered. The reasons for tax refund arrears are given and ways to improve VAT administration are proposed. Analysis of the assessment of VAT fiscal efficiency is carried out, the indicators of the assessment of this tax fiscal efficiency are determined. Despite the permanent increase in the absolute amount of this tax and its share in gross domestic product (hereinafter – GDP) and state budget revenues, the fiscal role of VAT is weakened due to such problems as regressive impact on low-income populations, tax evasion and minimization of tax liabilities, growth of volumes of VAT refunds at the expense of budgetary resource.
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Pauch, Dariusz. "SELECTED INSTRUMENTS OF REDUCTION FRAUD TAX IN VALUE ADDED TAX." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia 88 (2017): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/frfu.2017.88/2-18.
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Yesegat, Wollela Abehodie, and Richard Krever. "Value Added Tax and Fiscal Federalism in Ethiopia." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 28, no. 2 (May 2020): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2020.0308.
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Crucial to the success of any federal state is the fiscal viability of the central government and component federal states. A feature common to most federal systems is the collection of greater revenues by the central government and reliance by states on transfers from the central government in addition to locally imposed taxes to fund budget expenditures. As is the case in many other federal jurisdictions, in Ethiopia the value added tax (VAT), a tax levied on business sales but ultimately borne by consumers, is an important source of central government revenue. As is also the case in many federal jurisdictions, an assignment of a portion of central government VAT revenues to states is one of the main sources of transfer payments by the central government to state governments in Ethiopia. However, the Ethiopian version of fiscal federalism differs significantly from that found in most other jurisdictions in three key design features – the division between the central and state governments of responsibilities to administer the VAT, the basis on which VAT revenues are divided between the central government and the state governments, and a peculiar design feature that results in tax collections by one state government to be offset by tax reductions suffered by another state government. All three features are cause for concern. The division of administrative responsibility undermines the goal of comprehensive uniform tax administration. The basis for division of tax revenues, a distinction built on the legal form of businesses, leads to assignments of VAT revenue unrelated to fiscal needs. And, most importantly, the odd design feature – the assignment of revenues from the VAT, intended to be a tax on consumers, to the state in which the seller is located rather than the state of the buyer – results in effective cross subsidies when businesses located in wealthier states sell goods and services to businesses operating in poorer states. This article provides a history of the Ethiopian regime and explores how the unique features of the Ethiopian fiscal federalism system arose. It suggests a system that divides revenue on the basis of a fiscal equalisation formula that divides VAT revenues on the basis of relative budget needs of states or a system that allocates revenue to the state in which the customer is located would yield a fairer outcome than the current system. It concludes with modernisation of the tax administration coupled with the adoption of a fiscal equalisation formula for distributing VAT revenues and a generous transitional system for transition to this regime would yield the optimal path going forward.
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Shah, R. K. "Value Added Tax in Nepal: An Empirical Assessment." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26396.
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In developing economies, resource gap is critical and widening resulting tohuge fiscal and budgetary deficits. Therefore, revenue mobilization is challenging proposition in an economy like Nepal where majority of the people live in abject poverty. Tax administration lacks innovative mechanism to identify new tax payers and bring them into tax-net. Tax reform agenda was the reform package and program of the government after the restoration of multiparty democracy system. In Nepal, VAT was introduced in 1997 to improve revenue mobilization through broadening the tax base and modernizing the tax system. In this process, the government had to face new problems that came along with the adoption of VAT. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and responsiveness of VAT in Nepal empirically and compare it with that of old system of sales taxes. The old system of sales taxes refers to the combined sales, entertainment, contracts, hotels, and air flight taxes received by the government before 1997/98.
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Kireenko, Anna P., and Svetlana K. Sodnomova. "THE VALUE ADDED TAX TRANSFORMATION AND MODERN PRACTICES OF IMPROVING ITS COLLECTION." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 6, no. 3 (2020): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2020-6-3-273-294.
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This article deals with the history and current practice of handling the value added tax (VAT). The authors have analyzed the main advantages and disadvantages of VAT: the prevailing negative impact on the cash flows of VAT payers; the complexity of the tax, which increases the costs of its collection from the state and from taxpayers; the low ratio of actual VAT income to potential; the inability to prevent certain types of tax fraud. The authors explain their thesis that the prospects for the VAT development are connected, firstly, with overcoming the inherent tax deficiencies, and secondly, with the transformation of tax under the influence of the external environment. This article studies the directions of tax transformation and the objective prerequisites for applying a single standard tax rate to a wide tax base. The data on the structural transformation of the economy in developed countries and Russia and its impact on VAT are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the alternative tax collection practices: reverse payment mechanism, split-payment mechanisms, and single window method. The experience of using tax lotteries as a method of increasing the collection of value added tax is analyzed in detail. The considered mechanisms for collecting VAT effectively reduce tax evasion arising from the overestimation of VAT deductions, but can not deal with the concealment of income. All the new methods are associated with an increase in the costs of tax administration and approval, require an increase in reporting for taxpayers, introduce new responsibilities for the exchange of data with tax authorities, including the transfer of accounting data and invoice information (including in real time). The reverse payment mechanism and the split payment method, change the nature of VAT collection, canceling fractional payments, which are usually considered as the main advantage of VAT.
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Dahal, Ananta Raj. "Role of Value Added Tax in Total Tax Revenue: An Empirical Study of Nepal." Journal of Population and Development 1, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v1i1.33099.
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This paper examines the role of Value Added Tax (VAT) in total tax of Nepal. Tax is the main sources of government revenue. There are different kinds of tax systems used in the world. The concept of VAT had been introduced in 1919 A D from Germany as a new concept of indirect tax system of the world. VAT system have introduced from 1995 A D in Nepal. The specific objectives are to analyse the trend of VAT and to examine the correlation between VAT with total revenue and total tax revenue in Nepal. This study is based on secondary data, which are incorporated from the Ministry of Finance and other related government as well as non-government organizations. Both analytical and descriptive statistics are applied as methods in this study. At the process of data analysis some statistical tools like regression, correlation, etc. are used. The study shows that VAT has significant percentage in total revenue and total tax revenue in Nepal. There are more than 99 present variations due to VAT in total revenue, total tax revenue and indirect tax revenue. All these relationship are significant as r >6 PEr everywhere. Thus, VAT has significant contribution in government revenue of Nepal. But the system of VAT must be improved to increase its effectiveness through the government policy level and increase awareness tax payers about baling system of VAT.
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Sutihar, Deo Narayan. "Trend Analysis of the Value Added Tax in Nepal." Economic Literature 13 (February 8, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/el.v13i0.19145.
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<p>Value added tax (VAT) is the recent one of the sales tax family. This article tries to estimate the share of VAT in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), total tax revenue and indirect tax revenue. Besides, it also estimates the growth rate of VAT. This comprises 2.80 percent and 16.01 percent share of GDP in fiscal year 2000/01 and 2014/15 respectively. It also ranges from 30.69 percent to 37.63 percent share of tax revenue. Likewise, its share ranges from39.94 percent to 50.05 percent. The regression equation has been used to estimate annual growth rate of VAT. The estimate of the annual growth rate of VAT is found to be Rs.6.63billion. From this result, it is obvious that VAT has been increased by Rs. 6.63 billion annually during study period of the fifteen years. The coefficient of determination (R2) shows 87.76% of the total variation in VAT is explained by the variation in time variable. Similarly, the adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) exhibits that 86.82% of the total variance in VAT is explained by the variance in time variable. The calculated value of F-distribution is found to be 93.204, which is greater than critical value of F i.e. F0.05 (1,13)=4.67. It is significant at 5% level, which exhibits the best fitted regression line. From the statistical analysis, the value of autocorrelation is found to be 0.54 and its d-statistic is also found, which is significant at 5 percent level. Thus, the analysis justifies that there is a positive autocorrelation among error terms. To remove the autocorrelation, the transformation data have been used. But, the value of autocorrelation is not found corrected which needs by incorporating other important explanatory variables to further research.</p><p> <strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong><em>, </em>Vol. XIII August 2016, page 1-8</p><p> </p>
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Setyowati, Milla Sepliana, Niken Desila Utami, Arfah Habib Saragih, and Adang Hendrawan. "Blockchain Technology Application for Value-Added Tax Systems." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040156.
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The utilization of new technology in the form of blockchain technology for a Value Added Tax (VAT) acceptance system is relatively new and has not been widely encountered thus far. This research analyzes how blockchain technology can be applied to a VAT system, particularly for electronic invoices (e-Invoice). A qualitative approach was used in this study to analyze blockchain technology models that could be applied in a VAT system. The results of this study indicate that due to its characteristics, blockchain technology can only be applied to taxpayer data that do not require privacy. Data that are considered safe if distributed to nodes in the blockchain technology network include the Tax Invoice Serial Number (TISN). A TISN system based on blockchain technology will produce a faster and more efficient system. Transactions on the TISN in Indonesia can also be monitored and tracked directly by the Directorate General of Taxation (DGT). Blockchain technology can be applied in the TISN system by using a permissioned private blockchain type.
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Omesi, Israel, and Nuka Peter Nzor. "Tax Reforms in Nigeria: Case for Value Added Tax (VAT)." African Research Review 9, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v9i4.21.
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Raicevic, Bozidar. "Value added tax-theoretical and practical aspects." Ekonomski anali 44, no. 160 (2004): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0460107r.
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Value added tax has been applied for four decades now and as a novelty it has already worn off both in theory and practice. It has indisputable advantages and relatively minor shortcomings compared to other forms of consumption taxation. Today it is one of the most widely used form of consumption tax in the world, being levied in about 120 countries accounting for around 70 per cent of the world population, including all European countries except Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Federation and the Republic of Srpska). The burden of value added tax is visible at each stage in the production and distribution chain, thus eliminating taxation accumulation and is borne ultimately by the final consumer of final goods and services in the consuming country. The consumption type is a dominant type of value added tax. It ensures that the fixed and current assets purchases are exempt from VAT, and as such, it encourages technological progress and investment. By applying the country of destination principle (VAT is chargeable in the country where the goods or services are consumed - exports are exempt from tax while imports are taxed), value added tax eliminates double taxation and retains tax sovereignty of the importing country. In the last ten years there have been attempts to introduce value added tax in Serbia. The introduction of value added tax is the condition for the accession to the EU and we should expect that the latest attempt to introduce this tax in the Serbia taxation system will be successful. Namely, VAT Act is expected to be passed during 2004 and enforced as of January 1, 2005.
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Narayanan, Hariharan. "VALUE ADDED TAX – VAT A CENTENARIAN [1920-2020] IN THIS COVID-19." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 9 (September 24, 2020): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i9.2020.1323.
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Value Added Tax is an indirect tax which is also termed as Goods and Service Tax. Both these terms are used in the same meaning in different parts of the world. VAT is followed almost in many countries and during this pandemic situation many countries have relaxed VAT for the benefit of the public. This study mainly focuses on the frameworks followed by various nations regarding VAT. It concentrates on the origin, growth and development of VAT, various tax model frameworks followed in nearly 147 different countries all around and the various measures adopted by countries towards VAT during this era of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Bech, Mickael, Terkel Christiansen, and Dorte Gyrd-Hansen. "Handling Value Added Tax (VAT) in Economic Evaluations." Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 5, no. 4 (2006): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148365-200605040-00003.
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Ismail, Rehana. "Value Added tax (VAT) – in View of Bangladesh." IOSR Journal of Business and Management 19, no. 01 (February 2017): 08–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-1901060818.
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Ogneru, Victor, Oana Mădălina Popescu, and Stelian Stancu. "Relationship between VAT Revenue and Intermediate Consumption - A VAR Approach." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0031.
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Abstract The paper analyzes the relationship between value added tax revenue and intermediate consumption in the case of Romania in the period January 2007 – September 2018 (quarterly data), using an unrestricted Vector Autoregression Model based on the rate of dynamic taxation’s level (in terms of value added tax revenue) and the rate of dynamic intermediate consumption. In literature, is questioned only the relationship between tax revenue and gross domestic product. Our study emphasizes the link between tax revenue and parts of the own tax base. The relationship is questioned in both directions, namely with respect to the manner in which value added tax affect intermediate consumption and in terms of the influence of intermediate consumption on value added tax revenue in the case of Romania. Given that a significant part of the corporate taxpayers have left the value added tax regime, intermediate consumption is considered instead of final consumption. The analysis is focused on a specific relationship in order to assess the general impact of indirect taxation on production capacity of the undertakings. Our findings reveal that there is not a direct relationship between intermediate consumption and value added tax revenue at the level of Romania despite a such relationship at the EU-28 level. Moreover, in the case of Romania a high volatility of intermediate consumption was found. Both the breakage between tax revenue and his tax base, and volatility of the tax base suggest an influence of hidden economy. For future concerns about tax policy development, a specific model for estimating and forecasting value added tax revenue should be developed for Romania. On the other hand, based on the findings of this study, a model can be developed to assess the impact of the hidden economy on the value added tax revenue.
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Salia, Hussein. "The Effect of Value Added Tax on Corporate Cash Flow in Ghana." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 7 (June 21, 2016): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p303.
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<p>This study investigated whether there is a relationship between value added tax (VAT) and corporate cash flow. In order to conduct the study, corporate entities registered with the Large Tax Payer Unit (LTU) of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) were selected, and data from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2011, were analyzed. The purpose of this study was to establish if there is a statistically significant relationship between VAT and corporate cash flow. Apart from providing empirical evidence of VAT effect on corporate cash flow, the study was expected to establish the major tax and corporate policy implications to decision makers. This will aid governments in making a choice between VAT and corporate tax—as sufficient literature on the effect of corporate income tax (CIT) on organizational cash flow already exists. The findings clearly suggested that there is a statistically significant difference in cash flow patterns between organizations that pay VAT and entities that do not pay VAT. The study further established that, apart from sales, all other selected independent variables had a negative relationship with VAT. However, the findings contradicted the assertion that the VAT burden is fully borne by only the final consumer. researcher on the factors influencing employees’ performance.</p>
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Grásgruber, Miloš, and Petra Mísařová. "The specifics of applying value added tax for local authorities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 3 (2010): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058030067.
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If local authorities units carry out an economic activity, are considered to be taxable under Act No. 235/2004 Coll., On Value Added Tax as amended. Adjustment of VAT in all countries of the European Union is based on Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax as amended. The application of this directive is binding for all EU member states and national treatment of VAT may diverge from the Directive only in cases where the Directive permits. Decisions of the European Court of Justice are of considerable importance during the interpretation of the Czech VAT Act.For the municipalities and regions article defines the activities that are considered to be an economic activity and activities that are deemed to exercise of public administration and are not therefore subject to VAT. Further the paper defines the concept of turnover of local authorities. At paper there are evaluating the impact of the application of VAT on municipalities and regions in the provision of the individual fulfillment. Great attention must municipalities and region devote to the problem of correct application of claim to tax deduction if they carry out the exercise of public administration, taxable activities and fulfillments exempt from VAT.
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Newman, Karl, Michael Michael, and Arnold Ridout. "I. Customs, Excise Duties and Value Added Tax." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 47, no. 3 (July 1998): 699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300062278.
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Johnston, Gregory, and Sare Pienaar. "Value-Added Tax On Virtual World Transactions: A South African Perspective." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i1.7513.
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The dawn of the internet age has brought about concepts such as electronic commerce, virtual worlds and digitized products. When consumption tax laws such as value-added tax (VAT) or goods and service tax (GST) were legislated, these concepts were not envisaged. The aim of this article is to determine whether the South African value-added tax (VAT) Act is applicable to transactions occurring in virtual worlds. The article critically analyses section 7(1) of the VAT Act to determine its applicability to transactions occurring in virtual worlds. The benefit of this article will be to highlight the deficiency in the South African VAT Act in dealing with electronic commerce transactions as well as transactions arising in virtual worlds. The study reported here concluded that the South African VAT Act in its current format does not appear to deal with transactions occurring in virtual worlds effectively. Consequently, amendments to existing law should be effected in order to deal effectively with the transactions.
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Ostapenko, Yuliya. "Management of Tax Burden on Value-Added Tax at the Enterprise Level." Accounting and Finance, no. 1(91) (2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33146/2307-9878-2021-1(91)-70-75.
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Modern economic conditions in Ukraine are characterized by an excessive level of tax burden on business and the instability of tax legislation, which hinders the development of entrepreneurial activities of business entities. Therefore, one of the main factors of business growth is the creation of an effective and flexible mechanism for optimizing the tax burden at the enterprise level. The purpose of the article is to systematize the existing methods of management of tax burden on value-added tax at the enterprise Level, as well as to substantiate possible ways to optimize tax payments for VAT. The features of the formation of the tax burden on the activities of business entities were disclosed in the context of reforming the tax system of Ukraine. For the purpose of effective management of the value added tax burden at the enterprise, it was proposed: to organize a system of constant monitoring of the balance of funds on the electronic account, which is open for each VAT payer, in the electronic VAT administration system; to organize a control system under contracts for the receipt of commodity values (services); to establish partnerships with contractors-suppliers and buyers. In addition, to reduce the tax burden on VAT in the activities of business entities, the following measures have been proposed: to develop a calendar-schedule of payments and purchases; to coordinate advance payments and purchases with suppliers; to draw up a plan-calendar for registering your own tax invoices (tax liability) and received from the supplier (tax credit); to establish contractual relations with contractors-suppliers from the conditions of payment and registration of tax invoices stipulated in the contract.
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Matros, Olena, Liudmyla Melnyk, and Svitlana Mykhailovyna. "Value Added Tax in the Aspect of Forming the Enterprise Accounting Policy." Modern Economics 23, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v23(2020)-19.
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Introduction. Currently, indirect taxes play a crucial role in shaping the state’s Tax Policy and creating the legal basis for a market economy. In their composition; the value-added tax acts as one of the regulators of the redistribution of public goods and one of the main and stable sources of income to the budget; as well as a way to distribute the tax burden, which allows maintaining the economic and legal equality of taxpayers. Purpose. The aim of the research is to identify possible directions for improving the process of managing value added tax in terms of the forming the enterprise accounting policy. Results. The research has identified a number of problems on the chosen topic, including: the problem of practical application of the principle of undisputed tax credit and non-execution of court decisions; lack of predictability of changes in tax legislation; uncertainty of tax risks and possible measures to prevent them. Based on the outlined problems, opportunities have been assessed and the feasibility of reducing the tax burden on business entities under VAT has been determined. The significance of tax planning has been determined – it allows you to provide for the size of the tax obligation to be paid and control the correctness of its accrual. If new business conditions arise, planning allows you to analyze tax factors and take them into account in the process of implementing tax policy. Conclusions. The theory of taxation defines the essence and content of the tax policy of the enterprise in terms of value added tax; tax risk zones related to VAT payment have been investigated; the concept of tax risk as a special type of financial risk characterizing the possibility of unforeseen financial losses (collection of tax arrears; penalties for late payment of tax; collection of penalties; non-reimbursement of VAT at zero tax rate; inability to use VAT tax credit) related to changes in tax legislation or is the result of taxpayer activity or actions of tax authorities; proposed classification of types of tax risks by VAT depending on the reasons for their occurrence and proposed means of preventing risks associated with the calculation and payment of VAT.
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de Paula, Áureo, and José A. Scheinkman. "Value-Added Taxes, Chain Effects, and Informality." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.4.195.
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We present an equilibrium model of tax avoidance and test its implications using a survey of firms in Brazil. In the model, the credit method used to collect value-added tax (VAT) creates informality chains—clients or suppliers of informal firms are more likely to be informal. An increase in enforcement in a production stage increases formality downstream and upstream. Various empirical measures of formality of suppliers and buyers, and of enforcement downstream and upstream, are positively correlated with formality. When the VAT is applied in a single stage of production at a rate estimated by the authorities, these chain effects disappear. (JEL H25, H26, L14, L21, O14, O17)
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Dwivedi, H. K., and Sudip Kumar Sinha. "Trends in Collection of Value Added Tax in West Bengal: A Commentary." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 5, no. 2 (December 2016): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978716671066.
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As per constitutional provisions of Indian federal finance, value added tax (VAT) (and sales tax) is the main source of revenue for the state government. Value added tax (including sales tax) collected by the Directorate of Commercial Taxes, West Bengal, accounts for approximately 62 per cent of state’s own tax revenue (SOTR). Studies on collection of taxes suggest that revenue from all taxes not only depends directly on the nature and growth of the tax base but depends also on other factors such as economic reforms, global and national economic condition and tax effort of the tax collecting department. The motivation of this article is to try to analyze the nature of the trends in collection of VAT in West Bengal during recent years and to find out the effect of different explanatory variables on collection of VAT. JEL Classification: H26, H71, H3
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Muravlyova, T. V. "FISCAL PARADIGM OF VALUE ADDED TAX DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA." Vestnik of the Russian University of Cooperation, no. 1(43) (April 26, 2021): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-1-43-18.
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This article is about one of the most important budget-forming taxes – value added tax. This tax has an obvious fiscal orientation. Its impact on economic processes is also very great. Over the past five years, VAT revenues to the budget have almost doubled. Although this is partly due to inflationary processes. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of this tax in recent years, the impact of the increase in the rate on inflation and the stability of this tax regardless of changes occurring at the macro level, specific proposals for its improvement have been developed.
The author notes that an increase in the rate leads to an increase in inflationary processes in the country. In the context of the current economic situation, due to the influence of the coronavirus pandemic, the introduction of additional VAT benefits for representatives of the real sector of the economy is necessary and logical to prevent further provoking inflation. In addition, further VAT reform should take into account the rise in food prices in the country.
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Duraku, Azem. "Development of Value Added Tax in Kosovo – Comparative and Research Aspects 2006-2017." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 1, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v1i3.p102-109.
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This paper aims to present the progress and effects that Value Added Tax (VAT) may have on a country's economy. The efficient fiscal policies would enable a country to develop more rapidly, however it will all depend on the situation, economic state, and the power that the Republic of Kosovo has. VAT is a tax on consumption, and if seen from the buyer's point of view, it is a tax on the purchase price; while from the seller's point of view, it is a tax on the added value of the product or service. VAT revenues comprise the main part of Kosovo's budget financing, where comparative data from 2006 to 2017 are given in this paper, showing the extent of VAT participation in the total revenues of the state of Kosovo. Due to this, the tax system including the VAT, which was established by advancing in harmony with the EU directives and regulations, but maintaining the specific features of the state of Kosovo, has recently changed. Owing to legal changes, among others, the Government of Kosovo raised the VAT tax rate from 16% to 18% in most products, while reduced the VAT from 16% to 8% mainly on basic food products, medications. The state of affairs between the states is relatively different, being influenced by many factors, making it impossible to present consistent scale-level comparisons between them.
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Ikpe, Marius, and Alwell Nteegah. "Value Added Tax and price stability in Nigeria: A partial equilibrium analysis." European Journal of Government and Economics 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2013.2.2.4292.
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The economic impact of Value Added Tax (VAT) that was implemented in Nigeria in 1994 has generated much debate in recent times, especially with respect to its effect on the level of aggregate prices. This study empirically examines the influence of VAT on price stability in Nigeria using partial equilibrium analysis. We introduced the VAT variable in the framework of a combination of structuralist, monetarist and fiscalist approaches to inflation modelling. The analysis was carried out by applying multiple regression analysis in static form to data for the 1994-2010 period. The results reveal that VAT exerts a strong upward pressure on price levels, most likely due to the burden of VAT on intermediate outputs. The study rules out the option of VAT exemptions for intermediate outputs as a solution, due to the difficulty in distinguishing between intermediate and final outputs. Instead, it recommends a detailed post-VAT cost-benefit analysis to assess the social desirability of VAT policy in Nigeria.
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Chan, Sok-Gee, Zulkufly Ramly, and Mustapha Zulkhairi. "Value-added tax and economic efficiency: Role of country governance." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180201020c.
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This paper examines the impact of VAT on economic efficiency, which while regarded as distortionary remains inevitable for economic development. Using data from 115 countries from 1984 to 2014, this research further investigates the moderating role of country governance on the link between VAT and economic efficiency. The results suggest that the extent to which country governance mitigates the effect of VAT on economic efficiency is contingent upon the way the country groups prioritize the development of each institutional factor. We find that high corporate tax countries benefit more from higher quality country governance. These findings confirm the role of country governance in better enforcement of tax policy to create less detrimental effects for economic growth. Therefore, better country governance makes taxation more affordable in high corporate tax countries.
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Lvova, Marina V., and Anna L. Kuzmina. "PROBLEMS OF CALCULATING THE VALUE ADDED TAX AND THE WAYS TO SOLVE THEM." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2021-2-7-12.
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This article reveals the main problems that arise when calculating the value added tax. The ways to solve the above-indicated problems are suggested. The concept of value-added tax is considered. The main errors in VAT calculation are revealed: incorrect calculation of the taxable object, unlawful tax deductions. The definition of the concept "paper VAT" is given. The necessary condition for the effective functioning of the tax system is revealed. Tax administration is impossible without a clear and well-functioning work of tax authorities on various levels. One of the main conditions for effective tax administration is inevitability of bringing to tax liability for persons who committed violations of tax legislation. The authors of the article compiled the table that reflects the problems of VAT calculating and the ways to solve them. These measures will make it possible to tighten the control actions of the tax authority and at the same time they will simplify the process of administering the value added tax. All this will make the organization's activities, on the one hand, transparent, and on the other hand, will influence the decline of the shadow economy sector as a whole. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that in modern conditions, creation of a solid financial system of the state is impossible without the system of effective tax control, which is designed to ensure the financial interests of the state while respecting the rights of taxpayers. VAT is one of the regulators in redistributing public goods and is one of the main and stable sources of the federal budget replenishment. That is why the issues related to the improvement of tax control organization in the field of VAT, the analysis of the effectiveness of the controlling tax authorities' functioning as well as identification of the ways to improve tax control, are very relevant.
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Ding, Ke, Helian Xu, and Rongming Yang. "Taxation and Enterprise Innovation: Evidence from China’s Value-Added Tax Reform." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105700.
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This article used China as an example to study how tax reform affects the innovative behavior of companies. Our research showed that value-added tax (VAT) reform can affect corporate innovation behavior. On the basis of patent-application data of Chinese enterprises, we used the difference-in-differences framework to study the differences in the performance of Chinese industrial enterprises in patent applications before and after China’s 2009 VAT reform. We demonstrated that China’s VAT reform had a positive impact on corporate innovation; this conclusion is robust. In subsequent research, we demonstrated that the VAT reform promoted corporate innovation by expanding corporate investment in fixed assets and reducing corporate debt ratios; however, due to the Chinese government’s subsidies to corporations and financing constraints, the pecking-order effect of corporate innovation was increased. In addition, the VAT reform had a greater impact on the innovation of export enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises. This research provided insights for emerging countries into formulating innovation-driven sustainable development tax reduction policies.
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KIROVA, E. A. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE VALUE ADDED TAX ADMINISTRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL REALTY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 1 (2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.01.01.014.
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The article deals with the problems of transformation of the administration of value added tax (VAT)in the digital reality. The analysis of tax revenues to the budget is carried out and the role of this tax as a budget-forming one is shown. The article describes the schemes of VAT minimization with the use of "disputed" counterparties, increasing the real cost of products. The methods of the system approach, analysis and synthesis, as well as abstraction and generalization are used. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of tax authorities by using modern information technologies and automated systems to effectively identify schemes for avoiding VAT taxation.
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Ashiquzzaman, Md. "Tax & Value Added Tax—In View of Bangladesh." Number-1, November 2018 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35935/tax/11.4837.
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Most developing counties are increasingly focusing on domestic resource mobilization toward economic development. In this context, tax performance is of crucial importance, especially for a developing country, since it is the prime source for domestic resource mobilization. This article reviews the incidence of income taxation in Bangladesh tax system. The main purpose of the study is to determine how the burden of personal and corporation income taxes is allocated among taxpayers of different income groups. Bangladesh faces many problems in raising sufficient tax revenues to fund its economic and social development. To address this problem and to improve economic efficiency and growth, a major tax reform program was initiated in 1991 which centered on the introduction of a value-added tax (VAT) to replace a range of narrowly-based consumption taxes. This study works as a linkage between theory and practice on Value Added Tax. In this Article focus on the tax, Value added tax, tax in history, definition, collecting problem, advantage, and disadvantage.
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Acharya, Sanjaya. "Reforming Value Added Tax System in Developing World: the Case of Nepal." Business and Management Studies 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v2i2.1616.
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Value Added Tax (VAT) has become an integral part of domestic tax reforms in many developing countries. Taking the case of Nepal, VAT associates a number of refunds to different private sector activities for promoting investment in higher growth and export potential sectors. Total refund, more specifically, export refund has a significant positive impact on the level of GDP. Furthermore, non-agricultural GDP has strong positive influence to VAT C-efficiency ratio. Likewise, higher the VAT gap, lower is the C-efficiency ratio. If C-efficiency is improved coupled with higher compliance, the capability of the government is strengthened in domestic revenue generation.
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Petrusheva, Nada, and Darko Iliov. "THE FLAWS OF THE SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING FOR THE VALUE-ADDED TAX LIABILITIES AND RECEIVABLES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OVERCOMING THEM." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 5 (December 10, 2018): 1613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28051613n.
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Value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax, meaning that it is a tax on the purchase of a product or a service. It is a form of taxation that focuses on how much an individual consumes opposed to how much that individual contributes to the economy (income tax).Value-added tax is paid by residents of any country in the European Union. Both consumers and businesses are liable to pay VAT when purchasing products or services. When a manufacturer creates a product, it is liable to pay value-added tax on the components purchased in order to create goods. When the product is sold, the tax burden is transferred onto the buyer, who pays the whole VAT amount, from which the manufacturer pays the government the difference between the whole VAT amount and the VAT amount that has already been paid when the components were purchased. Value-added taxation rates are set by the member states individually. The minimum rate of VAT as directed by the European Union is 15%. There is no maximum limit on value-added taxation. Member states are also at liberty to choose certain products and services to be subject to a reduced rate of VAT or to be exempt altogether. The system of accounting for the VAT liabilities and receivables in the Republic of Macedonia has certain issues which are presented in this paper. This paper also presents recommendations that are aimed towards overcoming these issues.