Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Addiction on mobile phone'

Mobile phone addiction has become an important public health problem in recent years. As young people are more susceptible to this problem, effective interventions to tackle mobile phone addiction among youth are needed. This systematic review aims to identify the possible risk factors that contribute to mobile phone addiction and provide implications in this field. This reviewselected11 studies pertaining to the topic of mobile phone addiction among adolescent and young users published from 2003 to 2013. It combines and summarizes major risk factors that predict the occurrence of mobile phone addiction among youth. It categorizes risk factors identified in four dimensions: psychological characteristics (self-esteem, sensation seeking, leisure boredom, interpersonal anxiety, self-identity, in-group norms, the need to belong, loneliness, depression, personality traits: extraversion, neuroticism and disagreeableness);perceived maternal rearing attitudes and environmental factor such as socioeconomic background, school locations, school failure; health compromising behaviors including tobacco use, excess alcohol consumption and internet addiction; and gender difference. The discussion presents limitations of the review and the implications for policy and practices, and avenues for further research.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

This thesis by publication contributes to our knowledge of psychological factors underlying a modern day phenomenon, young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Specifically, the thesis reports a PhD program of research which adopted a social psychological approach to explore mobile phone behaviour among young Australians aged between 15 and 24 years. A particular focus of the research program was to explore both the cognitive and behavioural aspects of young people’s mobile phone behaviour which for the purposes of this thesis is defined as mobile phone involvement. The research program comprised three separate stages which were developmental in nature, in that, the findings of each stage of the research program informed the next. The overarching goal of the program of research was to improve our understanding of the psychosocial factors influencing young people’s mobile phone behaviour. To achieve this overall goal, there were a number of aims to the research program which reflect the developmental nature of this thesis. Given the limited research into the mobile phone behaviour in Australia, the first two aims of the research program were to explore patterns of mobile phone behaviour among Australian youth and explore the social psychological factors relating to their mobile phone behaviour. Following this exploration, the research program sought to develop a measure which captures the cognitive and behavioural aspects of mobile phone behaviour. Finally, the research program aimed to examine and differentiate the psychosocial predictors of young people’s frequency of mobile phone use and their level of involvement with their mobile phone. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used throughout the program of research. Five papers prepared during the three stages of the research program form the bulk of this thesis. The first stage of the research program was a qualitative investigation of young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Thirty-two young Australians participated in a series of focus groups in which they discussed their mobile phone behaviour. Thematic data analysis explored patterns of mobile phone behaviour among young people, developed an understanding of psychological factors influencing their use of mobile phones, and identified that symptoms of addiction were emerging in young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Two papers (Papers 1 and 2) emanated from this first stage of the research program. Paper 1 explored patterns of mobile phone behaviour and revealed that mobile phones were perceived as being highly beneficial to young people’s lives, with the ability to remain in constant contact with others being particularly valued. The paper also identified that symptoms of behavioural addiction including withdrawal, cognitive and behavioural salience, and loss of control, emerged in participants’ descriptions of their mobile phone behaviour. Paper 2 explored how young people’s need to belong and their social identity (two constructs previously unexplored in the context of mobile phone behaviour) related to their mobile phone behaviour. It was revealed that young people use their mobile phones to facilitate social attachments. Additionally, friends and peers influenced young people’s mobile phone behaviour; for example, their choice of mobile phone carrier and their most frequent type of mobile phone use. These papers laid the foundation for the further investigation of addictive patterns of behaviour and the role of social psychological factors on young people’s mobile behaviour throughout the research program. Stage 2 of the research program focussed on developing a new parsimonious measure of mobile phone behaviour, the Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (MPIQ), which captured the cognitive and behavioural aspects of mobile phone use. Additionally, the stage included a preliminary exploration of factors influencing young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Participants (N = 946) completed a questionnaire which included a pool of items assessing symptoms of behavioural addiction, the uses and gratifications relating to mobile phone use, and self-identity and validation from others in the context of mobile phone behaviour. Two papers (Papers 3 & 4) emanated from the second stage of the research program. Paper 3 provided an important link between the qualitative and quantitative components of the research program. Qualitative data from Stage 1 indicated the reasons young people use their mobile phones and identified addictive characteristics present in young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Results of the quantitative study conducted in Stage 2 of the research program revealed the uses and gratifications relating to young people’s mobile phone behaviour and the effect of these gratifications on young people’s frequency of mobile phone use and three indicators of addiction, withdrawal, salience, and loss of control. Three major uses and gratifications: self (such as feeling good or as a fashion item), social (such as contacting friends), and security (such as use in an emergency) were found to underlie much of young people’s mobile phone behaviour. Self and social gratifications predicted young people’s frequency of mobile phone use and the three indicators of addiction but security gratifications did not. These results provided an important foundation for the inclusion of more specific psychosocial predictors in the later stages of the research program. Paper 4 reported the development of the mobile phone involvement questionnaire and a preliminary exploration of the effect of self-identity and validation from others on young people’s mobile phone behaviour. The MPIQ assessed a unitary construct and was a reliable measure amongst this cohort. Results found that self-identity influenced the frequency of young people’s use whereas self-identity and validation from others influenced their level of mobile phone involvement. These findings provided an important indication that, in addition to self factors, other people have a strong influence on young people’s involvement with their mobile phone and that mobile phone involvement is conceptually different to frequency of mobile phone use. Stage 3 of the research program empirically examined the psychosocial predictors of young people’s mobile behaviour and one paper, Paper 5, emanated from this stage. Young people (N = 292) from throughout Australia completed an online survey assessing the role of self-identity, ingroup norm, the need to belong, and self-esteem on their frequency of mobile phone use and their mobile phone involvement. Self-identity was the only psychosocial predictor of young people’s frequency of mobile phone use. In contrast, self-identity, ingroup norm, and need to belong all influenced young people’s level of involvement with their mobile phone. Additionally, the effect of self-esteem on young people’s mobile phone involvement was mediated by their need to belong. These results indicate that young people who perceive their mobile phone to be an integral part of their self-identity, who perceive that mobile phone is common amongst friends and peers, and who have a strong need for attachment to others, in some cases driven by a desire to enhance their self-esteem, are most likely to become highly involved with their mobile phones. Overall, this PhD program of research has provided an important contribution to our understanding of young Australians’ mobile phone behaviour. Results of the program have broadened our knowledge of factors influencing mobile phone behaviour beyond the approaches used in previous research. The use of various social psychological theories combined with a behavioural addiction framework provided a novel examination of young people’s mobile behaviour. In particular, the development of a new measure of mobile phone behaviour in the research program facilitated the differentiation of the psychosocial factors influencing frequency of young people’s mobile phone behaviour and their level of involvement with their mobile phone. Results of the research program indicate the important role that mobile phone behaviour plays in young people’s social development and also signals the characteristics of those people who may become highly involved with their mobile phone. Future research could build on this thesis by exploring whether mobile phones are affecting traditional social psychological processes and whether the results in this research program are generalisable to other cohorts and other communication technologies.

This thesis focuses on the development and adaptation of psychometric scales to evaluate the problematic use of Internet and the mobile phone in adolescents in Barcelona and London. It aims to describe the characteristics and patterns of this use, to categorize problematic users of either technology and to test category validity by developing the “Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adolescents” and adapting the “Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scalefor Adolescents” (here after, PIEUSA and MPPUSA, respectively). It also proposes a statistical model to obtain predictive factors and estimates the prevalence of problematic users of both technologies so as to more effectively describe their psychological and social profile and examine the addictive nature of their use. The thesis takes the findings of five selective studies using convenience samples of more than 1000 secondary school students in Barcelona and a similar sample size in London, who completed questionnaires. Although the study methods were mainly quantitative and used statistical analysis, one study adopted a mixed methods approach. The results allowed the researchers to validate the scales, which demonstrated excellent internal consistency and adequate factorial and construct validity, in as much as both scales were unidimensional. The participants were categorized and the prevalence of problematic users was estimated. The cut-off points were satisfactorily tested for sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy, and the results demonstrated the presence of addictive behaviour in users of both technologies, where user profiles were also defined according to characteristics, patterns of use and addictive symptomatology. In conclusion, the thesis examined the border area between non-problematic and problematic Internet and mobile phone adolescent use, which international institutions like the American Psychiatric Association may begin to classify as mental disorders if the scientific and clinical evidence supports this.
La presente tesis doctoral se centra en la elaboración y adaptación de escalas psicométricas para evaluar el uso problemático de Internet (conocido como Problematic Internet Use o PIU) y del teléfono móvil (Problematic Mobile Phone Useo PMPU) en adolescentes barceloneses y londinenses. Se pretende diversos objetivos específicos: describir las características y patrones de uso de ambas tecnologías en estudiantes de secundaria, elaborar la Problematic Internet Entertainment Use Scale for Adolescents (PIEUSA) y adaptar la Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale for Adolescents (MPPUSA)para ambas culturas, establecer las categorías de usuarios en ambas tecnologías y comprobar la precisión en la clasificación propuesta, así como proponer un modelo estadístico para obtener los factores predictivos y, por último, estimar la prevalencia de los adolescentes problemáticos de ambas tecnologías para poder estudiar su perfil psicosocial y tratar de abordar la sintomatología subyacente de carácter adictivo. Se realizan cinco estudios con metodología selectiva que se aplican a muestras por conveniencia de más de 1000 estudiantes de secundaria de cada país, en que se administra los cuestionarios. A pesar de que predominan métodos cuantitativos con análisis estadísticos, un estudio incluye metodología híbrida (mixed methods research). Los resultados principales permiten validar ambas escalas, que obtienen consistencia interna excelente y validez factorial y de constructo adecuadas, siendo unidimensionales. Se extraen las categorías de usuarios de ambas tecnologías, así como se estiman las prevalencias de los usuarios problemáticos. Asimismo, los puntos de corte extraídos de dicha clasificación se comprueban mediante la sensibilidad, especificidad y precisión global obteniendo resultados notables que garantizan su adecuación, así como demuestran la presencia de sintomatología adictiva en este tipo de adolescentes, cuyo perfil también se define según sus características y patrones de uso. En conclusión, se ha tratado de aportar luz a la frontera entre el uso problemático y no problemático de estas tecnologías en adolescentes, que organismos internacionales como la American Psychiatric Association empiezan a valorar como posible desorden mental si la evidencia científica y clínica lo demuestra.

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att få en inblick i hur omfattande smartphoneanvändning var bland människor och hur denna användning samvarierade med den mentala hälsan. En annan del av syftet var att se om ett beteendemönster kunde ändras hos smartphoneanvändarna och på så vis ändra den mentala hälsan. För att uppnå syftet ställdes två frågeställningar: (1) Finns det något samband mellan grad av smartphoneberoende och upplevd psykisk hälsa? (2) Kan en kortare tids intervention där man begränsar användandet av smartphone hos deltagarna påverka deras subjektiva psykiska välmående? Metod För att få en inblick i hur utbrett smartphoneberoendet är i dagsläget och om det påverkar den subjektiva psykiska hälsan valdes enkät som metod eftersom det var tidseffektivt och gav ett brett urval. För att kunna skapa en beteendeförändring så behövdes en aktiv interaktion med respondenterna, därför kom beslutet att utföra en intervention. Interventionen gick ut på att deltagarna under sex dagar skulle reducera sitt mobilanvändande i största mån möjligt för att se om deras mentala hälsa kunde påverkas. Urvalet bestod av 76 kvinnor och 56 män med en medelålder på 25 år. Resultat Enligt korrelationsanalysen fanns ett svagt samband r = - 0,218 mellan mental hälsa och smartphoneberoende som var statistiskt signifikant (p = 0.013). Analys av enkätdata visade en stor grupp som klassades som smartphoneberoende = 48.2% och 51.8% som ej smartphoneberoende. Detta visade att fler personer är mobilberoende i detta urval än vad andra studier hittat. Interventionen bortgick på grund av ett stort bortfall. Slutsats Resultatet visade på ett svagt negativt samband mellan mental hälsa och smartphoneberoende. Kausalitetssamband klargjordes inte och vidare forskning krävs på ämnet för att i framtiden kunna urskilja om en mental ohälsa leder till mer smartphoneanvändande eller om mycket smartphoneanvändning leder till mental ohälsa i sig.
Abstract Purpose and objective The purpose of this study was to survey the use of mobile phones amongst people and how it coincides with mental health. We also wanted to investigate whether or not we could create a behavioral change amongst the mobile phone users and thereby see if it affected their mental health. To achieve this objective we emanated from two questions: (1) Is there a relationship between Smartphone addiction and subjective mental health? (2) Can a short intervention, where you decrease the time spent on smartphones amongst users improve their subjective well-being? Method To get an insight in how widespread the use of mobile phones is and if it affects subjective well-being we chose to collect data through surveys because it was time effective and gave a wide group of people. To be able to create a behavioral change we concluded we had to actively interact with the respondents, so we chose to perform an intervention. During the intervention the participants would reduce their mobile phone usage to the greatest extent possible to see if their mental health could be improved. Result According to the correlation analysis, there is a weak relationship r = - 0,218 between mental health and smartphone addiction which is statistically significant (p=0.013). Analysis of survey data showed a large group classified as smartphone addicted = 48.2% and 51.8% as non-smartphone addicted. This shows that more people are smartphone addicted in this study than other studies have found. The intervention failed due to many dropouts. Conclusions The result showed a weak negative correlation between mental health and smartphone addiction. Causal correlation was not clarified and further research is required on the subject in order to determine whether mental health issues leads to more smartphone usage or if a lot of smartphone usage leads to mental health issues by itself.

Idag är smartphonen ett redskap och verktyg som vi använder oss av varje dag. Smartphones används till allt möjligt, allt ifrån att ringa samtal till att dela med oss av våra liv via sociala medier till att spela spel. Smartphonen är utan tvekan en viktig del av våra liv och kommer förmodligen inte bli mindre viktig med tiden.   Nu har en skola gått ut och öppet sagt att de förbjuder smartphones under lektionstid. Med motiveringen att eleverna blir för stressade av sin smartphone. Detta är ett stort steg att ta och frågan är om det är rätt beslut. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska och beskriva vilka argument som ligger bakom att skolor väljer att förbjuda smartphones på lektionstid.     För att göra det möjligt för oss att besvara syftet har vi använt oss av en deduktiv ansats och en kvalitativ datainsamling som består av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys på svensk dagspress och personintervjuer.   Resultatet av denna studie visar att åsikterna kring mobilförbud skiljer sig både bland respondenterna men även i den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen. Lärare hanterar mobilförbud olika och åsikterna kring detta är delade. En slutsats som tas upp är att idag är det upp till lärarna själva att bestämma hur de vill göra i sitt klassrum, men att centrala riktlinjer behöver bestämmas.   Nyckelord: Mobilförbud, Smartphone beroende, Skola, Smartphones i vardagen, Smartphones i skolan.
Smartphones is a tool that we use everyday. Smartphones is being used for all kinds of different things, from making calls, to sharing our lives thru social media, to playing games. Smartphones is a without a doubt an important part of our lives and it´s not likely to become any less important.   Now a school has openly released a statement that says they are prohibiting smartphones during classes. With the argument that the students becomes to stressed by their smartphone. This is a big step to take and the question is if it´s the right decision. The purpose of this study is to examine and describe what the underlying arguments are for the school to forbid smartphones during classes.   To make it possible for us to achive the purpose of this study we have choosen to use an deductive approach and a qualitative method for gathering our data. An qualitaitve content analysis on swedish daily press and personal interviews are the methods that have been conducted.   The result of this study shows that the views regarding smartphone ban is different both among the respondants, but also in the qualitative content analysis. Teachers handle smartphone ban different and the views regarding this are different. One conclusion which is brought up is that it´s up to the teachers themselfs to decide how they want to handle their classroom, but central guidelines will need to be decided.   Keywords: Mobile phone prohibition, Smartphone addiction, School, Smartphones in everyday life, Smarthpones in school.

This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.  The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.

Nowadays, GPS Mobile has already become important part of our life. GPS is widely used for citizen and military. For military, they could use GPS to navigate the missile or space flight. For citizen, people use GPS, especially GPS Mobile, to navigate car. GPS also helps people to find their way to home. GPS are widely use on, police, company manage system, agriculture and so on. GPS Mobile is the most familiar device for all of us to use. To combine use GPS Mobile and Google Map, people can get their currently location and shortcut to their destination. Also, we can get information from the Google map, like shopping place, bus station and so on. The main purpose of our project is to help people reach this aim. By using our software, you can find your location on the Google map. When you travel abroad, you can have your own language map on the GPS mobile, easily and quickly. That’s really convenience. The most wonderful part, you can play game with your friend by using our software. What you need to do, it is just send a message to anyone you care about and then you can get their location and show it on the map. So, even it is a far distance between you and your friend. You can have fun together. That is our software Findyourfriendlocation.

The first mobile threat that appeared in the year 2004, that is Cabir.A has shown that mobile phone threat is a proof-of -concept application. However, most Symbian malwares are still quite primitive and not in the form of executable code. It is able to replicate itself via Bluetooth devices supporting Symbian Series 60 user interface platform. To date (October 2007), Cabir.A has been widespread over many countries such as Malaysia, United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.The current target for mobile phone attacks has a certain focus on the Symbian Series 60 user interface platform mainly because of its increasing market share. The vulnerabilities of the years 2005 and 2006 have included more than 120 types of variants and new virus attacks has been using Cabir variants as a basis to create more dangerous and damageable malware.At the beginning of 2005 the main types of mobile malware had matured and were used by virus writers over the next eighteen months, including the following:1. Worms that spread via Smartphone protocols and services2. Vandal Trojans that install themselves in the system by exploiting Symbian design faults3. Trojans designed for financial gainThere are only a few main types of behavior but in practice mobile malware comes in a multitude of forms.
Uppsatsnivå: D

Mobile phones have become ubiquitous in many countries today. As the number of subscribers and geographical coverage continues to increase worldwide, mobile users can now be reached at nearly any place and at any time. Though the technology supports near perpetual connectivity, users are not available for mobile phone communication in such a straightforward way. As a result, users are often interrupted by mobile phones in the middle of activities. One reason that has been attributed to this problem is the callers lack of awareness about the callee’s current activity. Some context aware mobile technologies have been developed with an aim to help users coordinate mobile phone interruptions. However, these studies are mostly technology oriented and we are yet to understand the effectiveness of these designs. This is because there are few studies on interruption and availability in relation to mobile phone use. To examine the role of technology in coordinating mobile phone interruptions, we have conducted a diary study to investigate the factors that affect the disruptiveness of a mobile phone call, and the practices by which mobile users currently manage their availability. The results from our study show that the availability of a user is highly subjective, and that the interruption rating of a call is affected by factors such as location, activity, relationship with the caller as well as the history of interactions between them. We have also found that mobile phone users appropriate features of the device by way of silencing calls, dismissing calls or placing a ’missed call’, in order to manage their availability. The implications of our results for the design of technologies such as context aware telephony, that aim to coordinate mobile phone calls is discussed.
kvmurali32@gmail.com

Att applicera ansiktsigenkänning direkt på en mobiltelefon är en utmanande uppgift, inte minst med tanke på den begränsade minnes- och processorkapaciteten samt den stora variationen med avseende på ansiktsuttryck, hållning och ljusförhållande i inmatade bilder.

Det är fortfarande långt kvar till ett färdigutvecklat, robust och helautomatiskt ansiktsigenkänningssystem för den här miljön. Men resultaten i det här arbetet visar att genom att plocka ut feature-värden från lokala regioner samt applicera en välgjord warpstrategi för att minska problemen med variationer i position och rotation av huvudet, är det möjligt att uppnå rimliga och användbara igenkänningsnivåer. Speciellt för ett halvautomatiskt system där användaren har sista ordet om vem personen på bilden faktiskt är.

Med ett galleri bestående av 85 personer och endast en referensbild per person nådde systemet en igenkänningsgrad på 60% på en svårklassificerad serie testbilder. Totalt 73% av gångerna var den rätta individen inom de fyra främsta gissningarna.

Att lägga till extra referensbilder till galleriet höjer igenkänningsgraden rejält, till nästan 75% för helt korrekta gissningar och till 83,5% för topp fyra. Detta visar att en strategi där inmatade bilder läggs till som referensbilder i galleriet efterhand som de identifieras skulle löna sig ordentligt och göra systemet bättre efter hand likt en inlärningsprocess.

Detta exjobb belönades med pris för "Bästa industrirelevanta bidrag" vid Svenska sällskapet för automatiserad bildanalys årliga konferens i Lund, 13-14 mars 2008.

Applying face recognition directly on a mobile phone is a challenging proposal due to the unrestrained nature of input images and limitations in memory and processor capabilities.

A robust, fully automatic recognition system for this environment is still a far way off. However, results show that using local feature extraction and a warping scheme to reduce pose variation problems, it is possible to capitalize on high error tolerance and reach reasonable recognition rates, especially for a semi-automatic classification system where the user has the final say.

With a gallery of 85 individuals and only one gallery image per individual available the system is able to recognize close to 60 % of the faces in a very challenging test set, while the correct individual is in the top four guesses 73% of the time.

Adding extra reference images boosts performance to nearly 75% correct recognition and 83.5% in the top four guesses. This suggests a strategy where extra reference images are added one by one after correct classification, mimicking an online learning strategy.

This thesis investigates embedded databases and graphical interfaces for the MicroBaseJ project. The project aim is the development of an integrated database and GUI user interface for a typical 3G, or 2.5G, mobile phone with Java MIDP2 capability. This includes methods for data acquisition, mobile data and information communication, data management, and remote user interface. Support of phone delivered informatics will require integrated server and networking infrastructure research and development to support effective and timely delivery of data for incorporation in mobile device-based informatics applications. A key research and development (R&D) challenge is to support effective and timely delivery of data for incorporation in mobile device-based informatics applications. Another important aspect of the project is determining how to develop efficient graphics for the small mobile screen. The research investigates and analyses the architecture of a mobile monitoring system. The project developed a generic solution that can be implemented in a number of commercial sectors, such as horticulture, building management and pollution/water management. The developed concept is tested using data relevant to the horticultural area of application. The system also addresses the main issues related to mobile monitoring, including real-time response, data integrity, solution cost, graphical presentation, and persistent storage capabilities of modern mobile devices. Four embedded databases based on J2ME have been investigated. Two of the four have been evaluated and analysed. The Insert function, Sequence Search, and Random Search of Perst List and RMS (Record Management System) databases have been tested. The size of the processed data was limited to 20,000 records when using the wireless toolkit simulator, and 11,000 records when using a mobile phone. Perst Lite reflects good performance and has out-performed RMS in all tests. User interface software such as J2ME Polish for mobile phones has been investigated. Custom J2ME class for graphical interface is developed. This provides the graphical presentation of the data collected from the sensors; including temperature, wind speed, wind direction, moisture, and leaf wetness. The graphical interface, bar charts, and line charts with trace ball for collected data have been designed and implemented. The embedded database performance and project performance have been investigated and analysed. The performances of Perst Lite and RMS are evaluated in terms of the insert, sequence search, and random search functions based on simulation and real devices. The record numbers vary from 1,000 to 20,000. The project performance contains data receiving and storage, and data presentation and configuration. The performance of data storage and configuration can be negated due to the running mode and the response time. Thus, data presenting performance is the key focus in this project. This performance was divided into the categories of initial, data search, data selection, and charting. The initial performance includes the initialisation of the project parameters, and the reaching of the welcome interface. Data search performance refers to the retrieval of the specified data from the embedded database, measured on 48 data points, which only can be presented on the mobile screen from the retrieved data. These four performance types are measured in thousands of record numbers, varying from 1,000 to 18,000 record numbers, with the retrieved data range varying from 1 day to 30 days.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Traditional author detection is conducted on powerful computers using documents such as books and articles. With the explosion of mobile phone computing use, modern author detection needs to be lean enough to operate on a resource restrained mobile phone and robust enough to handle the terse and non-standard wording in text messages, Tweets, and e-mails. By testing natural language and machine learning techniques for size and speed, not just effectiveness, this thesis identifies feature and technique combinations appropriate for author detection on a mobile phone. Specifically this thesis will examine effectiveness versus storage size for word grams of size 1, 2, and 5 as well as Gappy Bigrams and Orthogonal Sparse Bigrams. To deal with the robust nature of Tweets and text message, the Google Web1T corpus will be tested for size versus effectiveness in combination with the word grams. Once appropriate feature and technique combinations are found, those combinations will be tested on actual Android mobile phones to gauge how effective the chosen techniques are on a real mobile phone.

The thesis evaluates mobility based on mobile phone positions. The aim is to develop and assess different methods for travel demand estimation based on CDR data. Besides this estimation location data in cellular data is explained in more detail and a previous work based on mobile phone data and travel demand estimation is reviewed. The different methods of travel time estimation include both static and dynamic estimation. The static travel demand estimation evaluates movements in the city based on predefined time periods, whereas the dynamic estimations are based on different definitions of a trip. A trip can be defined as movements between important places, or just simply count a trip between each position, or a filtering of active states to create more accurate origin-destination matrices. The second part of the thesis includes evaluation of travel time based on CDR data before the final conclusions are drawn. The main finding of the thesis is that it is possible to assess mobility in a city based on CDR data, even if there are no validation data available.

Recent evolutions in wireless mobile communications have shown that by employing multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) technology at both the transmitter and receiver, both the wireless system capacity and reliability can be enhanced without the need for increasing the power transmitted or using more spectrum. Despite a considerable amount of research have been done on the design of MIMO and diversity handset antennas, the design of low profile, small footprint and multi-standard (wideband or multiband) diversity antennas on handset devices remains a challenging issue. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to present new antenna structures for handset MIMO and diversity applications. As the MIMO antenna design can be conducted either using multiple element antennas (MEA) or isolated mode antenna technology (IMAT), the work in this thesis is fallen in these two general design themes (areas). The first area under investigation concerns multiport antennas (IMAT antennas). It has the following two contributions: • A novel dual-feed water-based antenna is designed from a low cost liquid material with a very high dielectric constant (pure water ). The isolation between feeds is achieved by two back to back L-shaped ground plane strips. A prototype is made and the optimised diversity parameters are obtained, the results show that this design has a good diversity performance over the frequency range of 2.4 – 2.7 GHz. • A new and low profile (h = 3 mm) planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) with a coplanar-feed is presented. It has a wideband response over the frequency range of 2.35 – 3.25 GHz. The design is based on a comparative study on the mutual coupling between different feed arrangements. As a result, the coplanar feed is employed in the proposed antenna; the polarization diversity is achieved by exciting two orthogonal radiation modes. The isolation between the feeds is achieved by an L-shaped ground plane slot. Both simulated and measured results demonstrate that the design is a very good candidate for mobile diversity and MIMO applications. The second investigation area concerns multiple element antenna (MEA) systems for wideband and multiband handset applications. It includes the following contributions: • Three antenna systems of the planar inverted-L (PILA) antenna (h = 5 mm) are employed for wideband handset diversity applications over the frequency range of 1.7 – 2.85 GHz: 1) The first design has a dual-element PILA in which both the pattern and spatial diversities are employed; one antenna element is located on the upper edge of the ground plane while the other is located on the lower edge. 2) The second design represents a more compact dual-element PILA antenna in which the two elements are placed on the same ground plane edge (collocated on the same edge). The antenna isolation is achieved using a parasitic decoupling element inserted between the two elements. A novel approach for the design of the parasitic decoupling element is proposed. It is based on stepped impedance resonator circuit theory. As a result, more space is saved with this design (footprint = 385 mm2) over the first design (footprint = 702 mm2). 3) The third design is a four-element PILA system in which two antenna pairs (one pair at the upper edge which the other pair is located on the lower edge on the system PCB). All the prototypes are made and evaluated; the results show excellent diversity performance over the applications in the frequency range of 1.7-2.7 GHz. • A dual-element hexa-band antenna is proposed for smartphone MIMO applications. It consists of two elements: a hexa-band metallic frame antenna and a hepta-band PILA antenna coupled with a meandered shorted strip as an internal antenna. The isolation is achieved due to the resulted orthogonal radiation patterns, especially, at 0.85 GHz. The optimized antenna is made and tested and the results show that this design covers a hexa-band and is particularly suitable for GSM850/ DCS1800/ PCS1900/ UMTS2100/ LTE2500/ LTE3600 smartphone applications.

Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 79).
"The battle of devices has now become a war of ecosystems..." - Stephen Elop, CEO, Nokia The mobile phone industry has changed dramatically in recent years. What used to be a closed, vertically integrated, device-centric industry has become more open, modular and oriented around software platforms and the ecosystems of complementors they enable. There are currently two dominant ecosystems in the US mobile phone market, built around the two most successful smartphone OS(s). More OS developers are launching competitive versions of their smartphone OS, looking to build equally strong ecosystems around their platform, making this "war of ecosystems" more intense. In order to win this war, the organizations have to anticipate the shifts in value flow and be ready to respond in order to create maximum value and capture it. They also have to understand the ecosystem dynamics and various roles within an ecosystem available to them, to help create, grow and sustain thriving ecosystems of component manufacturers, device manufacturers, accessory manufacturers, software application developers and service providers for their platforms. Shifting Value: Over the last few years, the mobile phone solution stack - hardware components, OS, services and content available to the users, has grown increasingly complex. It has evolved to include a number of hardware components and an increasing number of software features and services - either through features in the OS or through applications developed for the OS. At the same time, the emergence of a dominant design for mobile phone hardware has resulted in standardization and modularization of some hardware components and forced the device manufacturers to look to complementors for ways to differentiate their mobile phones through software. According to the law of conservation of modularity, as the mobile phone hardware becomes further modularized, the value will move away from phone hardware to other points in the value flow or the solution stack that are not yet "good enough" like software components like OS, applications and services, and to the components that are bottlenecks for device performance like display and memory. (Christensen, 2003) The mobile phone market has already moved from categorizing phones based on their hardware capabilities to categorizing based on the software operating system (OS) the phones run on, revealing the increasing value of software platforms in mobile phones. Ecosystem Dynamics: As some applications and services become more valuable, the OS platform will expand to integrate those features and services into the platform, making the applications obsolete. However, the growing ecosystem of complementors is what makes a mobile phone attractive to the users and no organization alone can develop the variety of applications and services on its own. Thus, organizations looking to be successful in this market have to be ecosystem leaders and balance the needs of different stakeholders to create and sustain the mindshare amongst the complementors. The iOS ecosystem is the dominant ecosystem in the mobile phone market and it needs to keep innovating on its hardware and software platform to attract new complementors and create new waves of innovation. The Android ecosystem is the second most dominant ecosystem. Google and Samsung, the two key organizations have a symbiotic relationship that works now as they have very different business models to capture value. In order to make the ecosystem more successful, the ecosystem needs a keystone or keystones that can create a vision and set a direction for ecosystem growth that balances the device manufacturers' need for openness, which has caused fragmentation with the need for a stable, secure platform, of the users and application developers. The Windows Phone platform, from Microsoft (with Nokia mobile phones), is a new entrant based on the modular structure of the Android ecosystem. However, the software and hardware platforms are very integrated and need to become modular enough to support the incremental innovations needed to keep the platform competitive. And Microsoft and Nokia have to develop the skill set needed to create an ecosystem where the value is created and some of it is also captured by the complementors. Blackberry has a strong mobile focus and has created an ecosystem of application developers for its old platform. It has to leverage the experience it has with creating ecosystems and services and solutions to make its platform more attractive to the users and complementors. Thus, to win this war of ecosystems, both Google and Samsung, and Apple have to be at the forefront of hardware and software platform innovation to attract new types of complementors, while growing their mindshare amongst the current groups of complementors. While, to be a contender in this war of ecosystems, both Microsoft (and Nokia), and Blackberry need to rapidly increase the adoption of their hardware and software platforms to be able to create a compelling value proposition to attract the complementors to innovate on their platforms and create a successful third ecosystem in the mobile phone market.
by Rutu Manchiganti.
S.M. in Engineering and Management

The aim of this thesis was to investigate how students, teachers and special teachers use, or may want to use, mobile phones as a resource in everyday schoolwork. An analysis of the result was made base on two main theories. One i Säljös theory about the sociocultural perspective, where artefacts play an important part in the devolopment of human society. The other is Laurillardss thougts of social learning and the use of technology in teaching. The methods used were inquiries and semi-structured interwiews with individuals and groups. The result shows that students in compulsory school use the mobile phone as a calculator and för listening to music as a means to concentrate. Senior high school students use the mobile phone as a calculator, to seek information on the internet, and to communicate aboute schoolwork. The older the students, the more they appreciated the use of the mobile phones calendar and its reminder function. Both students, teachers and special teachers could see benefits in using the mobile phone in schoolwork, for example using apps, making recordings and reading e-books. Older students, and some teachers, wanted to use the mobile phone as a means for accessing shared knowledge.

This thesis is the result of a thorough process that started the fall of 2005. It began with a brief study of the possibilities offered by NFC, and continued to look at the technology from the perspective of using the mobile phone as a smartcard for payment and ticketing. The process then continued with a thorough study of existing smartcard standards, communication protocols and technology for realizing a solution. The work continued with an analysis of the problem at hand and exploring the requirements such a system would have to meet. The analysis led to a design which has been implemented into a working prototype. The development process of the thesis has followed the outline given in section 1.5. The evaluation and conclusion steps are carried out in regards to the result of this thesis. They are not the result of an evaluation and conclusion regarding the complete electronic ticketing system. The discussion and conclusion sections will still include elements from the complete system, but they can not be considered results from the design science process. The described system and implementation can be analyzed in many ways, but two important ones are part of the thesis discussion. Section 8.1 provides a discussion of the technical solution and the choices that will guide further development. Section 8.2 looks at the system from a more commercial view. The system is based on an analysis of user needs, and the accuracy of these analyses most likely has impact on the user adoption and commercial success of the system.

A major portion of the world’s population (≈ 80% of the total) lives in developing countries where lab instruments such as spectrophotometers are not widely available as their purchasing as well as maintenance is normally unaffordable. On the other hand, there are now around five billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide and the current generation of standard mobile phones has several capabilities to perform user-defined analysis. This thesis contains work with respect to asses potentials and weaknesses of a standard mobile phone for use as a simplified spectrophotometric unit (as both the light source and detector) to perform analysis in the visible region (400-700 nm). A part of the work has been the development of the necessary software to be able to use an ordinary mobile phone to study diffuse and specular reflectance properties of the targeted samples using phone’s screen as controllable illumination source and the front view camera for simultaneous collection of spectral information. Papers I-III contain exploratory work performed to assess the potential of using the mobile phone as an optical sensor system. Papers IV and V present studies of more basic character of the interactions between the light from the phone screen and the sample, in particular for liquid samples. In paper I, tests with a virtual array of chemical indicators having areas with different colours were performed. Optimization of the alignment of the sample and the distance between the camera and the sample were carried out and the influence of ambient light was investigated. The lateral resolution of the images enables optical readout of sensor arrays as well as arrays for diagnostics. In paper II, the potential of using the technique for direct measurement of properties related to the quality of drinking water, food and beverages was investigated. Liquid samples were prepared in deionized water. Coloured compounds such as iron(III)chloride and humic acid were analyzed in the concentration range 0-10 mg/liter and were classified by their reflectance profiles with respect to the contamination type and its concentration. Colourless arsenic(III) was analyzed by its bleaching reaction with iodine/starch. An alternative arsenic detection method based on measurement of discolouration of iron containing sand was demonstrated. In paper III, it has been demonstrated that mobile phones can be used for qualitative analysis of foods and beverages, such as cold drinks, meat, vegetables and milk in terms of general food quality, safety and authenticity. In paper IV, the ability of the mobile phone system to measure absorption properties of liquid solutions is investigated. Different concentrations of colored solutions (reactive blue 2, Congo red and Metanil yellow) give rise to measurement data that are well described by the Beer-Lambert law. This is surprising since the measurement conditions were far from ideal, with a light source that was strongly polychromatic and an illumination that was not a collimated light beam with homogeneous light intensity. By analyzing red, green and blue light that was transmitted through the liquid a unique signature for classification and quantification was obtained. Also the repeatability and accuracy of the measurements were investigated and were surprisingly good for such a simple system. Analyses of reflectance properties of colored solid samples are also included and were more complex with results being dependent on the morphology and colorimetric properties of the different types of these samples. In paper V, it is found that different parts of the image data contain different information about liquid samples. While one part of the image gives information about the absorption properties as investigated in detail in paper IV, another part gives information about the refractive index of the sample. Measurements of samples with varying refractive index show trends expected from the Fresnel equations at zero incidence angle. Combined information from the two areas of the image offers new possibilities to classify samples.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-161).
This dissertation is concerned with the problem of determining the track or trajectory of a mobile device - for example, a sequence of road segments on an outdoor map, or a sequence of rooms visited inside a building - in an energy-efficient and accurate manner. GPS, the dominant positioning technology today, has two major limitations. First, it consumes significant power on mobile phones, making it impractical for continuous monitoring. Second, it does not work indoors. This dissertation develops two ways to address these limitations: (a) subsampling GPS to save energy, and (b) using alternatives to GPS such as WiFi localization, cellular localization, and inertial sensing (with the accelerometer and gyroscope) that consume less energy and work indoors. The key challenge is to match a sequence of infrequent (from sub-sampling) and inaccurate (from WiFi, cellular or inertial sensing) position samples to an accurate output trajectory. This dissertation presents three systems, all using probabilistic models, to accomplish this matching. The first, VTrack, uses Hidden Markov Models to match noisy or sparsely sampled geographic (lat, lon) coordinates to a sequence of road segments on a map. We evaluate VTrack on 800 drive hours of GPS and WiFi localization data collected from 25 taxicabs in Boston. We find that VTrack tolerates significant noise and outages in location estimates, and saves energy, while providing accurate enough trajectories for applications like travel-time aware route planning. CTrack improves on VTrack with a Markov Model that uses "soft" information in the form of raw WiFi or cellular signal strengths, rather than geographic coordinates. It also uses movement and turn "hints" from the accelerometer and compass to improve accuracy. We implement CTrack on Android phones, and evaluate it on cellular signal data from over 126 (1,074 miles) hours of driving data. CTrack can retrieve over 75% of a user's drive accurately on average, even from highly inaccurate (175 metres raw position error) GSM data. iTrack uses a particle filter to combine inertial sensing data from the accelerometer and gyroscope with WiFi signals and accurately track a mobile phone indoors. iTrack has been implemented on the iPhone, and can track a user to within less than a metre when walking with the phone in the hand or pants pocket, over 5 x more accurately than existing WiFi localization approaches. iTrack also requires very little manual effort for training, unlike existing localization systems that require a user to visit hundreds or thousands of locations in a building and mark them on a map.
by Arvind Thiagarajan.
Ph.D.

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 46-47).
This thesis shows the experiment of using the mobile phone application Social Health Tracker to collect participants' mobile phone data and survey answers regarding their social, physical activity and mental concentration level. It also shows the design and the implementation of a Data Analysis System that provides automation for generating Relationship Graphs of the mobile phone data and the survey answers. The system can be broken into three parts. The system first takes the raw data that are in CVS format to generate Probe Data Packages, which are the data from the mobile phone, and the Survey Data Packages, which are the data from survey answers. The system then takes each of the Probe Data Packages and their corresponding Survey Data Package to generate Formatted Data, which will be further used to create Relationship Graphs. Multiple Relationship Graphs have been generated to demonstrate the results of the experiment and the feasibility of the system from the development perspectives.
by Yi-An Lai.
M. Eng.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), the permanent damage of the heart valves caused by an untreated 'strep throat' infection, is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in children and young adults worldwide. Simple penicillin treatment after the early diagnosis of RHD can stop recurring bouts of the condition, which lead to the most severe valvulopathy, and ultimately, heart failure. However, RHD is an under-diagnosed condition in the developing world, as such a diagnosis requires, at a minimum, a trained clinician to perform auscultation to detect pathological heart sounds. Trained medical personnel are scarce in the countries where RHD is most prevalent. A low-cost, mobile phone-based automatic diagnostic tool offers a potential solution, allowing a non-medically trained individual to screen for RHD in those countries. An essential feature of such a device is feedback on the signal quality of heart sound recordings. The first major contribution of this thesis is the investigation of features and algorithms for the automatic signal quality assessment of heart sound recordings. These algorithms are able to differentiate between good- and poor-quality recordings in over 80% of cases when using both a low-cost mobile phone-based stethoscope and an electronic stethoscope. Once the quality of recordings is ensured, the positions of the first and second heart sounds need to be located in a process called segmentation. This thesis extends the state-of-the art hidden semi-Markov models by: investigating additional features; extending the Viterbi algorithm; incorporating logistic regression into the model to form a hybrid generative-discriminative model; and investigating a discriminative duration-dependent probabilistic model - a conditional random field. These extensions are found to outperform the state-of-the-art method. Lastly, the period between the first and second heart sounds can be analysed for the presence of a pathological murmur. This thesis presents automated systolic murmur classification algorithms based on wavelet and mel-frequency cepstral coefficient-based features along with denoising via cycle averaging. These algorithms outperform three methods from the literature when detecting valvulopathy, while also outperforming a cardiologist and commercial software when detecting RHD in mobile phone-based heart sound recordings.

Internet of Things(IoT) has in recent years become a topic of broad and current interest. The purpose of this thesis is to anticipate weather conditions by constructing a system for collecting information about atmospheric pressure. The development of the system will solve the following problem: it should be possible to implement a system that allows for the collection of information from sensors through a mobile phone. The problem was solved through an iOS application together with a Micro Controller Unit (MCU) and a sensor. To collect weather data, the BME280, with its atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity sensor, was used. Bluetooth was chosen for the interaction between the Automat and the iOS application. This proved to be a possible solution to a problem in a growing area of application. An advantage to this hardware solution is the mobility and flexibility of the Automat, making it ideal for mobile IoT solutions. Arduino is, however, the better choice for developers, as it has a larger community and clear documentation.
Internet of Things (IoT) har på senare år blivit ett alltmer omtalat område. Syftet med tesen är att förutspå väderförhållanden genom att konstruera ett IoT system som samlar in information om lufttryck, detta för att besvara frågeställningen: Det bör gå att samla in sensordata med hjälp av mobiltelefon. För att besvara detta följdes Ekholms modell för teknisk forskning och arbetsmetoden Scrum. Frågestallningen löstes genom en iOS applikation med tillhörande Microcontroller Unit(MCU) och sensor. För att samla in väderdata användes sensorn BME280, som har lufttrycks-, temperaturoch luftfuktighetssensorer, tillsammans med MCU:n Automat. För interaktionen mellan Automat och iOS applikationen tillämpades bluetooth-kommunikation. Detta var en möjlig lösning på ett problem i ett växande tillämpningsområde. Fördelar med denna lösning av hårdvara är att den är välanpassad till mobila IoT lösningar tack vare Automats minimala storlek i förhållande till funktionalitet. I många fall är däremot Arduino ett bättre val för utvecklaren, då den har större samfund och tydligare dokumentation.

The following thesis provides two studies which explore the social impact of the mobile phone on the public and private spheres. Study One focuses upon the interaction management strategies used by people in public contexts: singles; groups; dyads; indoor; and outdoor locations and shows that interaction management strategies are particularly used when phone users have to simultaneously manage their 'remote' and 'co-local' communication. The study consists of eighteen hour-long observations which focus upon how mobile phone interactions affect dyad and group behaviour, and an online survey which draws upon eight-hundred responses about patterns and opinions of public mobile phone use. Study Two focuses upon the mobile phone as an affective device for communicating emotions and explores opinions about socially acceptable etiquette for the management of relationships via the mobile phone. This study focuses upon the socio-emotional contexts for private mobile phone use and looks at how people use their mobile phone to manage face in their personal relationships. Study Two makes use of data from eleven interviews and a nationally representative telephone survey gaining twelve hundred responses. The interview data presents several key themes: attachment to the phone; emotion and the mobile phone; socio-emotional use of the mobile phone; text messages in relationships; mobile phones as a method for facilitating and maintaining new dynamic 'always on' relationships. The survey data shows that mobile phones are affective devices for mediating emotion and are intrinsically linked to emotion. The thesis draws on and develops ideas from Goffman’s (1959, 1963) key works on interaction in public to help show how the phone is used in both the public and private spheres for interaction management, relationship management and face management. The thesis proposes and evaluates developments of Goffman’s ideas so as to take into account the new contexts of interaction provided by mobile communications devices. In short, this research aims to present ordinary everyday occurrences of mobile phone use. In doing so, it will show that mobile phone use in both the public and private spheres, is an extension upon existing social interactions.

The aims of this thesis work were divided into two main areas. The first area was an investigation of the extremely low frequency magnetic fields in urban environment and from electrical devices. The second area was mobile phone provocation studies to investigate skin temperature increase and headaches attributed to mobile phone use. The magnetic flux density was measured along 17 km of pavement in an urban area of Trondheim.

The magnetic flux density in summer was quite small compared to other cities (mean value 0.13 μT). In winter when it snows, the mean value of the magnetic flux density was almost seven times greater (0.90 μT) compared to summer conditions. The two main reason for the increased magnetic flux density in winter are increased power consumption due to electrical indoor heating and electrical heating of the pavement to get rid of snow and ice. The highest recorded measurements above net stations in pavement were higher in Trondheim than in other cites (37 μT). The basic restrictions were not exceeded.

Spectral measurements on electrical devices showed that the spectral distribution of the current drawn to the device does not necessarily reflect the spectral distribution of magnetic flux density around the device. Mapping of the magnetic flux densities around mobile phones was emphasized.

Skin temperature measurements after mobile phone use showed that there was a statistically significant temperature rise on the cheek and on the ear. However, this temperature rise was found to be mainly caused by insulation and impeded convection prevention of convection which the mobile phone device itself causes. There was not a significant additional heating by the RF-radiation emitted.

In a double blind provocation study, all subjects who went through a mobile phone provocation study reported typical headache symptoms at an open selection test for participation in the study. The study consisted of 65 pairs of double blind tests. The result did not give any evidence that RF fields caused any pain or discomfort in the head. Subjects displayed symptoms at both RF-exposure and SHAM-exposure and the result could most likely be explained by negative expectations, i.e. a nocebo effect. There was no statistically significant change in heart rate and/or blood pressure.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina mobile phone numbers can in some way reflect ethnicity. This study will describe how and why urban youth in Sarajevo, in their own stated reality motivate and perceive selection of mobile phone companies and mobile phone numbers in Bosnia and Herzegovina according to their ethnic group. The research questions are: How do urban youth in Sarajevo reason when they choose mobile phone companies? How do urban youth in Sarajevo perceive and understand consequences of the divide of mobile phone companies and numbers in Bosnia and Herzegovina? To what extent can mobile phone numbers be perceived as an ethnic marker? By using qualitative interviews the results of the study is presented. Mobile phone numbers can serve as an ethnic marker, but it is not used by urban youth in Sarajevo to distinguish ethnicity. Finally, the thesis argues that an ethnic structure among mobile phone companies are discovered but even in this rigid ethnic structure people choose mobile phone companies of economic reasons rather than of ethnic implications.

This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study designed to describe the experience of HIV medication adherence using a mobile phone application. For the purpose of this qualitative study, nine semi-structured focus group discussions were conducted over a three-month period at an AIDS service organization in Central Texas. The data were analyzed following the principles of thematic analysis. During analysis, four themes were identified and relations between these themes were delineated to reflect the experiences of the 23 participants. Improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy is key in reducing the morbidity and mortality of HIV disease; and daily medication adherence may prevent the occurrence of the development of drug resistant mutant strains of HIV (Mbuagbaw et al., 2011). Adherence to ART may be complex secondary to person, behavioral, and treatment factors (Halkitis, Palamar, & Mukjerjee, 2008); and noncompliance to taking daily HIV medications may be considered a community health issue secondary to risk for viral transmission. The mobile phone application, Care4TodayTM Mobile Health Manager, was the intervention tool; and collection of focus group discussion outcomes over a three-month period with baseline versus end-of-study data determined the feasibility and acceptability of this medication adherence intervention. The greater the intention to engage in a behavior, such as daily adherence to HIV medication regimes, the greater is the likelihood of its performance. The findings suggest that when individuals are offered the necessary resources, such as a mobile phone medication reminder application, they may have greater success in performing the behavior.

The number of different identities and credentials used for authentication towards services on the Internet has increased beyond the manageable. Still, the most common authentication scheme is based on usernames and passwords which are neither secure nor user-friendly. Hence, better solutions for simplified, yet secure authentication, is required in the future. This thesis present an authentication scheme based on a One-Time Password (OTP) MIDlet running on a mobile phone for unified authentication towards any type of service on the Internet. The scheme is described in detail by an analysis and a design model. Based on the analysis and design an implementation of a prototype has been developed using Java. The security aspects of scheme are thoroughly evaluated in a security evaluation which identifies threats, security objectives and possible attacks. The proposed solution offers a strong authentication scheme which can substitute many of the authentication schemes we are using to day. Not only can it replace the standard username/password scheme, but due to its security services it can also replace stronger schemes such as existing OTP and smartcard solutions. Therefore the solution is suitable for many services on the Internet which requires authentication such as Internet banking, corporate intranet, Internet stores and e-Government applications.

碩士
中華大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
101
The mobile phone is a modern communication tool. It adored by the masses because it is quick and convenient. With the growth in the number of user, a disease of mobile phone addiction appeared. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among mobile phone, social support usage, personality traits and mobile phone addiction among senior high school students. The questionnaire survey was used in this study. The instruments employed in this study were " Mobile Phone Usage Questionnaire " , " The Social Support Scale " , " Personality Traits Scale " , " Mobile Phone Addiction Scale ". 400 questionnaires were sent out; 355 questionnaires were collected; 322 questionnaires were valid. The following results were as follows: 1.In terms of the effects individual related factors, the female students and single-parent family had a higher tendency of mobile phone addiction. 2.In terms of the effects mobile phone usage related factors, the senior high students who spent more time on the mobile phone and used more mobil phone functions were more likely to be addicted to mobile phone. 3.In terms of the effects social support related factors, higher emotional support and higher congitive support had a higher tendency of mobile phone addiction. 4.In terms of the effects personality traits related factors, students with higher degrees of Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism were more likely to be addicted to mobile phone. Finally, according to the findings of this study, the suggestions were provided for educational institutions and parents.

碩士
國防大學政治作戰學院
心理碩士班
106
The aim of this quantitative study was to explore the relationships among loneliness, well-being, and mobile phone addiction tendency. 286 undergraduates were participanted the questionnaires in this study, included The Teenager Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, The Psychological Well-Being And Social Well-Being Scale (short version), and The Loneliness Scale. The main findings were summarized as the followings: (1). social loneliness is positively correlated with mobile phone addiction tendency; (2). there is no significant correlation between Romantic emotional loneliness and mobile phone addiction tendency; (3). family emotional loneliness is positively correlated with mobile phone addiction tendency; (4). psychological well-being is negativly correlated with mobile phone addiction; (5). social well-being is negative correlated with mobile phone addiction; (6). loneliness and well-being have predictive effects on mobile phone addiction tendency. Finally, suggestions based on findings for future study were discussed.

碩士
東海大學
企業管理學系碩士班
102
In recent years the flourish development of smartphones has changed our ways of using cellphones. Besides the breakthrough in functions, the looks and styles of cellphones have become more fashionable and convenient. The application of mobile internet has also been growing more and more successfully. However, the innovation and progress of technology cannot avoid modern diseases. We could see “phubbers” everywhere in public. Their behavior of using cellphones is similar to internet addiction symptoms. That’s mobile phone addiction. Recently the problems of mobile phone addiction have been obvious gradually. How to keep a balance between technology and life is an important subject. In our country, there haven’t been any studies concerning the mobile phone addiction under the influence of personality traits like self-monitoring, locus of control. If we can further understand what variables tend to make high risk groups of mobile phone addiction through the study, we may make great efficiency in the prevention of such addiction. 　　This study uses the questionnaire survey gathering information through the purposive sampling. The target group for the survey focuses on the general college students in central Taiwan, by means of the questionnaire investigation of the mobile phones using behavior and addiction, and the scale of internal/external control and self-monitoring. The sample data is under analysis and research through Descriptive Statistics, Independent-Sample T Test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Hierarchical Multiple Regression. 　　The result of the study shows that there are no clear differences between the genders in the personality of self-monitoring, locus of control. But in the respect of mobile phone addiction, the female persons get addicted more easily than the male. In the aspect of cellphone functions, the students who have cellphones with internet on-line function get addicted more easily than the others. Besides, they tend to have the tendency of external control. Regarding time of usage, overall speaking, people who use cellphones longer every day get addicted more easily and their tendency of external control personality is more obvious. People who have the personality of internal control or self-monitoring are not affected by the time of using cellphones. The tendency of internal control or self-monitoring affects mobile phone addiction little, while the tendency of external control has clearly positive influence over the mobile phone addiction. The result of this study could be a relevant reference for the influence of personality on the mobile phone addiction.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
輔導與諮商學系研究所
107
This study aimed to the relationships among loneliness, social support and mobile phone addiction of high school students. The sample consisted of 754 high school students in Taichung City with purposive sampling. Research tools include:”Loneliness Scale”,”Social Support Scale”, and”Mobile Phone Usage Habits Questionnaire”. The data were anaylyzed with descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis.The main findings of this study are as follows: 1. Different genders and school systems have significant differences in loneliness and social support. 2. Different grades have significant differences in loneliness, social support and mobile phone addiction. 3. There is a significant negative correlation between loneliness and social support; loneliness has a significant positive correlation with mobile addiction; social support has a significant negative correlation with mobile addiction. 4. High school students’s “family support” can significantly predict the mobile phone addiction. Based on the results, some suggestions for education, counseling and future studies were offered.

碩士
世新大學
企業管理研究所(含碩專班)
107
In recent years, with greater convenience and portability, Mobile phones have replaced traditional desktop and laptop computers to become the main device for accessing the Internet. However, whether excessive use of Mobile phone causes addiction is an issue of concern and widely discussed in the society. This study focused on users of Mobile phones (Smartphones, mobile devices) to investigate the relationship among Mobile phone Addiction, Word of Mouth, Flow, and Purchase Intention. The online questionnaire survey method was adopted. The survey was administered to people with experience of using Mobile phones or other mobile devices to access the Internet. The collected responses were analyzed to examine the proposed hypotheses. The main findings were as follows： 1. Mobile phone Addiction, Purchase Intention, Flow and Word of Mouth are all correlated. 2. Mobile phone Addiction has a positive effect on Purchae Intention and Flow, and Flow is positively related to Purchase Intention. 3. Word of Mouth does not reinforce the effect of Mobile phone Addiction on Purchase Intention; However, Word of Mouth has a moderating effect on Flow, suggesting that Word of Mouth can reinforce the effect of Mobile phone Addiction on Flow.

碩士
國立聯合大學
資訊與社會研究所
105
When “Mobile Only” becomes the new standard in the mobile-digital era, what then becomes the relationship between men and mobile devices? Is “mobile-phone addiction” the new social trend or the new social issue? Psychologists often labelled those heavy mobile users as “highly addicted”, suggesting that all the negative effects (depression and anxiety) are the cause of heavy mobile phone usage; forming a common diagnostic for all the likes (similar to “internet addiction” defined by DSM-5). How should “mobile-phone addiction” trend then be interpreted? How should over-usage and addiction be defined? What are the consequences related to work, family and school from mobile phone dependence? Do the negative consequences have a direct relationship to such actions? What’s the authenticity of the claims made towards such addictions? Different from the claims of mainstream clinical trials, this research will attempt to make statement from the perspective of the users, using data from Taiwanese mobile users’ usage on high frequency Mobile-Apps. This research will investigate users’ usage time via method of online-survey, and then compare the personality trait and self-efficacy of those who are “mobile-phone addiction”. The research will conduct cross-correlation analysis to verify whether personality trait or self-efficacy is related to heavy-phone usage. Moreover, to clarify the relevance of each factors and the actual consequences of “mobile-phone addiction”. This research assumes that effect of using mobile device to users is not affected by single negative impact. It will attempt to prove positive effects to users. The claims of mainstream psychology on “mobile-phone addiction” are incomplete and making such claims on partial information. As it neglected to address the possibility of positive effects that could improve self-efficiency from usage of mobile device, which in turn should mitigates the negative psychology effect. In summary, the usage of mobile phones could affect the users’ social relationships, but does not necessarily have direct negative relationship.

碩士
亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士在職專班
106
In today's technology era, computer or mobile phone Internet seems to be a part of daily life, and also created more phubber, immersed in the network community of people and ignore the real life of actual interpersonal communication, get along with the problem, hidden become a potential problem. There are very few literature and papers on the use of mobile phones behavior, mobile addiction and interpersonal relationships by New Taipei High school students, and I have taught at the New Taipei High School that the more frequent the use of mobile phones, the topic is the title of the study. This study was conducted by questionnaire, questionnaire, SHU Network Addiction questionnaire, Chen Shuzhu Real interpersonal interaction scale and related literature. In October 2017, one or two and three grades were randomly sampled, 345 students participated in the study, and 326 effective questionnaires were collected, and the effective recovery rate was 94.4%. The purpose of this study is three: First,To study the relationship between personal background factors and mobile addiction in vocational students. Second,To study the relationship between mobile phone use behavior and mobile addiction in vocational students. Third,To study the relationship between mobile phone use behavior and interpersonal relationship of vocational students. Research conclusions:Mobile phone use behavior and mobile addiction are proportional to the use of mobile phones more frequently and play games and chat friends, the higher the addiction to mobile phone, the better the interpersonal relationship, the lower the use of mobile phone addiction, network interpersonal and mobile addiction is also in direct proportion, so the higher the network interpersonal relationship scores, the higher the addiction of mobile phones. Keywords: Mobile phone use behavior, interpersonal, mobile addiction

碩士
大葉大學
教育專業發展研究所
107
The main purpose of this study aims to understand the status of parenting behavior, peer relationship and intelligent mobile addiction in the fifth and sixth grade students in the elementary schools, and further discusses the differences between parenting behavior, peer relationship and intelligent mobile addiction among the fifth and sixth grade students in the elementary schools with different backgrounds. Moreover, this study is devoted to the exploration of the correlation and prediction of parenting behavior, peer relationship and intelligent mobile addiction. In this study, a questionnaire survey was adopted to analyze 294 fifth and sixth grade students at the elementary school in the Miaoli County. After data collection, the following four kinds of methods are used to analyze the statistics. They are descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, independent t-test, single factor mutation analysis and complex regression analysis. The results of this study show that: 1. The children in the 5th and 6th grades of the Miaoli County have a higher "response" to parenting behaviors, including enlightened authority and negligence indifference. Fifth and sixth graders of the Miaoli County have a medium-level relationship with positive peer relationships, and have higher perceptions of "social society/support". Children’s perception of the negative peer relationships is in middle and lower level, and their perception of "conflict/hostility" is higher. Fifth and sixth grades of the Miaoli County perceive the smart mobile phone addiction in middle and lower level, in which "tolerance" gets the highest score. 16.1% of schoolchildren addict to smart mobile phone seriously. 2. There are significant differences in gender, grade, father’s educational background and parenting behaviors of the fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools. There are significant differences in gender, grade, mother’s education level and peer relationships of the fifth and sixth graders in the elementary schools. Furthermore, the grade and smart mobile phone addiction of the fifth and sixth grade students in the elementary schools shows significant differences. 3. There are significant differences in parenting behaviors (response, request), peer relationships (social/support, competition/jealousy, conflict/hostility), smart mobile phone addiction (obsessive, tolerant, interpersonal relationship and healthy) and parenting behaviors. 4. Both parenting behaviors and peer relationships have a significant impact on smart mobile phone addiction. Parenting behaviors have impact on peer relationship significantly.

碩士
大葉大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
102
Smart phones are increasingly powerful and diverse, imperceptibly they changed the modern life and relationships. And this is a great temptation and influence for junior high school students. According to the literature studies have shown that excessive use of mobile phones will lead to problems of individual body, psychological disorder, such as vision loss, lack of concentration and the negative impact of interpersonal problems, the formation of cell phone addiction syndrome. However, the puberty junior high school students, strong feelings, impulsive temperament, weak self-control, they get substances and emotional needs from smart phone, but they easy to overuse and then incurred "mobile phone addiction" phenomenon. This study used questionnaires to collect data, and used the former Kaohsiung City Junior High School students who have smart phone as object of the study, in order to investigate the effects of personality traits, Social Influence and interpersonal relationship on mobile phone addiction for Junior High School students. 418 effective questionnaires were corrected for this study. The findings from the study were summarized as follows:There were partial significant differences while the Junior High School students had different backgrounds.Of all the three,Social Influence most correlated closely with Mobile Phone Addiction. Junior high school students personality traits, social influence and interpersonal relationship on mobile phone addiction are having significant explanatory.

碩士
世新大學
資訊管理學研究所(含碩專班)
106
With the advent of smartphones, mobile communications have entered another realm. The features such as touch screen, audio and video, Internet access, and personal entertainment at any time, and the ability to interact with friends through the use of smart phones, have led to a rapid increase in the popularity of smart phones. In Taiwan, it has exceeded. A degree of manpower. The use of smart phones for a long time has also created unprecedented problems, such as the addiction of mobile phones, impact on the psychology and physiology of users, and the impact on learning effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of mobile phone addiction among students in the country and to understand the relevance of mobile phone addiction and learning effectiveness. This study will use the “Cell Phone Addiction Questionnaire” and the “Study Effectiveness Questionnaire” to conduct a questionnaire survey using the SPSS for Window version. The findings are as follows: (1)Respondents with different mobile phone usage, schoolwork pressure, comprehensive performance in the previous semester, comprehensive performance in major subjects, parental marital status, and parental education level have significant differences in mobile addiction. (2)Respondents using different phone time, comprehensive performance in the previous semester, and maternal education have significant differences in herd behavior. (3)Respondents who performed comprehensively in the previous semester have significant differences in learning outcomes. (4)The higher the “self-concept” and “herd behavior”, the higher the “learning effectiveness” predicted; and the higher the “quitting” and “anxiety”, the more “learning effectiveness” predicted by it will be. low.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
教育研究所
102
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between mobile phone addiction tendency and learning attitude of senior and vocational high school students in Keelung city. The survey is conducted using questionnaires, based on stratified cluster sampling. The subjects are high school students from 8 public high schools in Keelung city, with an effective sample size of 927 students. The research is based on three scales, a "High School Student Behaviors of Mobile Phone Use Survey," "Teenager Mobile Phone Addiction Scale" and "Student Learning Attitude Scale." The conclusion of the research findings is as follows, 1. Current Mobile Phone Use: most of the high school students surveyed have been using a mobile phone for more than 5 years, with 91.7% owning a smartphone, and use their phones for 1-3 hours per day. The major reason for having a phone is that it’s "easy to contact people." The most common contact person is a parent or classmate. The subjects spend an average of NT$300 on mobile phone usage, and the majority of the bills are paid by their parents. The most used functions of mobile phones are for entertainment and social networks. Important matters are "occasionally" postponed due to the use of mobile phones. High school students "occasionally" use mobile phone during class. 2. Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency: A high school student with a smartphone is more likely to become addicted to his/her mobile phone. Moreover, subjects will have a higher possibility of mobile phone addiction tendency the longer they use their mobile phone each day, the more money they spend on their mobile phone bills, the more often they postpone important matters because of using mobile phones, or the more often they use their mobile phone in class. 3. Learning Attitude: girls, high school students, and subjects who hold non-smartphones have a better learning attitude. Subjects will have a better learning attitude the less time they use their mobile phone each day, the less money they spend on their mobile phone bills, the less often they postpone important matters because of using mobile phones, or the less often they use their mobile phone in class. 4. There is a significant low negative correlation and canonical correlation between mobile phone addiction tendency and learning attitude of high school students. The canonical correlation shows that there is a negative correlation between "time management problems" of high school students and "attitude towards school work;" also, there is a negative correlation between "interpersonal relations and health problems" of high school students and "attitude towards teachers." In concluding the above survey, the researcher has derived conclusions and presented advice to educational institutions and for future research as a reference to prevent high school students from mobile phone addiction.

碩士
國立臺南大學
經營與管理學系科技管理碩士在職專班
104
Mobile phone developed very quickly in recent years. It causes that teenagers depend on mobile phone more and it is almost impossible to leave their mobile phone. This also causes some indirect influences on life and body. Therefore, mobile phone addiction becomes a valued part in the development process of teenagers. This research’s target is to explore the relationship between the degree of mobile phone addiction and physical fitness on junior high school students. Establish a hypothesis by exploring reference and make questionnaires from those issues that seek to explore, and then process the survey of questionnaire. Set 268 junior high school students to be subjects, and then received 246 valid questionnairs. Explore the relationship among questions by descriptive statistics and the 2 statistic of systems: SPSS 12 and PLS 3. The research result showed that the mobile phone addiction of junior high school students higher, the physical fitness performance of them worse. They prefer to surf for online games and social network sites; The ego identity takes direct and significant influences on the behavior, attitude and relationship of junior high school students; The relationship takes direct and significant influences on the behavior and attitude of junior high school students; The behavior and attitude take direct and significant influence on those junior high school students with mobile phone addiction. The mobile phone addiction takes direct and significant influence. Finally, according to the research result to propose some suggestions to assist those junior high school on mobile phone addiction and enhance the physical fitness. It can be a reference for research and education in the future.