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1
John, Murphy. The additives for plastics handbook: Antioxidants, antistatics, compatibilisers, conductive fillers, flame-retardants, pigments, plasticisers, reinforcements : classification, data, tables, descriptions, market trends, suppliers/brand names. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1996.
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2
Durrant, Colin. The Framing of Choirs and Their Conductors. Edited by Frank Abrahams and Paul D. Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199373369.013.12.
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The British choral tradition is rooted in its ancient cathedrals and chapels, where the office of Evensong is sung, often daily. In addition, choral societies are to be found in most localities where singers come together and perform some of the major works in the western canon. Although singing itself occurs in a variety of forms this chapter looks at conductor-led choral singing. It does not give a fulsome picture of UK choral conducting and singing. Nonetheless, through a brief history starting from the John Curwen’s tonic sol-fa ideas for singing and culminating in a 20th century choral music renaissance; through an analysis of the English choral tradition; through a consideration of revivals of UK singing such as “Sing Up”; and through questionnaires and interviews with conductors and singers, the chapter explores some of the personal, cultural and sociological, educational, and musical issues and interests that can be found in the United Kingdom now.
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Abrahams, Daniel. Fostering Musical and Personal Agency. Edited by Frank Abrahams and Paul D. Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199373369.013.6.
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With the goal to create personal and musical agency in choral conductors, this chapter discusses the application of constructivist principles to choral pedagogy and the teaching of an undergraduate conducting class. In addition to teaching the requisite conducting skills, reflective practice, meaning making, and problem solving were included to foster habits of mind to prepare students to eventually conduct their own ensembles. Undergraduate students in their first conducting class provided the data, which included reflective journals, in class feedback, along with the teacher’s reflective memos. The chapter describes how conducting students navigated the challenges that called upon their previous experiences as ensemble members and their prior musical knowledge. In the end, conducting students expressed feelings of confidence and empowerment that suggested they had achieved both musical and personal agency.
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Katirji, Bashar. Specialized Electrodiagnostic Studies. Edited by Bashar Katirji. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603434.003.0003.
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In addition to nerve conduction nerve studies and needle EMG, the clinical EMG study include more specialized examinations Some of the tests, such as the F waves and H reflexes are now often used as part of the routine nerve conduction studies. Others are utilized for specific indications: Repetitive nerve stimulation and single fiber EMG are used predominantly in patients with suspected neuromuscular junction disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome or botulism; the blink reflexes are used in patients with disorders of the facial and trigeminal nerves as well as brainstem conditions. This chapter covers the late responses, including the F waves, H reflexes and blink reflexes and their applications in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders. This is a followed by a discussion of the basic concepts of slow and rapid repetitive nerve stimulation and single fiber EMG, as well as their applications in the diagnosis of neuromuscular junction disorders.
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Enns, Charlotte. Making the Case for Case Studies in Deaf Education Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0010.
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When done well, case studies can provide rigorous and powerful evidence. This chapter provides a definition of case studies and outlines the process of conducting case study research in five stages: (1) determining the research questions, (2) designing the study (case selection and preparation), (3) collecting the data, (4) analyzing the data, and (5) reporting on the findings. In addition, the ways that case studies are uniquely suited to addressing particular questions in the field of deaf education are addressed. The contributions and benefits of conducting case studies to promote strength-based perspectives rather than deficit-model views of deaf students are highlighted throughout the chapter.
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Siebert, Stefan, Sengupta Raj, and Alexander Tsoukas. Complications of axial spondyloarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755296.003.0009.
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In addition to the well-recognized extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), this condition can also be associated with a number of clinically important complications. While EAMs are considered part of the spondyloarthritis (SpA), the complications are generally a consequence of having the disease. Patients with AS are at increased risk of osteoporosis and spinal fractures. The latter may occur after seemingly minor trauma and may lead to significant neurological compromise. Other potential neurological complications include atlantoaxial subluxation and compressive radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cardiac complications include cardiovascular events, valvular disease, and conduction disturbances. Pulmonary disease in AS relates to parenchymal involvement or mechanical constraint from chest wall inflammation. Renal disease is generally rare in AS.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. The role of medication. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses mainly on the importance of maintenance antipsychotic medication and mood stabilizers. It examines procedures to support persistence with these drugs and maintain engagement. The techniques for initiating and monitoring clozapine therapy in the community for patients with resistant schizophrenia are outlined. The practical processes for ensuring and conducting regular structured reviews of long-term medication, both to assess progress and to identify side effects, are described in detail. In addition, the judicious use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines is outlined.
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Mirza-Babaei, Pejman. Reporting user research findings to the development team. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0018.
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As part of conducting research, reporting must occur. In addition to communicating the research result accurately, a report must motivate the team to act on the result, which often means modifying their build to increase the quality of their product. Approaches used to report user research findings back to the development team are just as important as the findings themselves. If the findings are not communicated to the development team effectively, the developers may not take action and miss potentially critical changes that could have made a difference in the development cycle and overall success of the project. If user researchers conduct the best possible study, identify the most critical issues, but fail to communicate or explain the findings in a way that motivates the development team, then changes may not occur. Many chapters in this book discuss methodologies for conducting user research; this chapter focuses on approaches to communicate the findings to the development team.
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Head, Paul D. The Choral Experience. Edited by Frank Abrahams and Paul D. Head. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199373369.013.3.
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Much has changed in the choral rehearsal room over the past two generations, particularly in regard to the role the choral conductor assumes—or commands—in the rehearsal process. This chapter discusses the ever-evolving stereotypical roles of the conductor, while examining alternatives to traditional leadership models with particular emphasis on the encouragement of student engagement and peer-based learning. In addition to the facilitation of collaborative learning exercises, the chapter outlines a specific process of written interaction with the choral ensemble. This section is inspired by the renowned “Dear People” letters of Robert Shaw. Finally, in response to the recently revised National Standards for Music Education in the United States, the author discusses possible implementation of the Standards in a performance-based classroom. In the shadow of the relatively recent phenomena of collegiate a cappella groups, these student ensembles have created a new paradigm for peer-led instruction.
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Hultaker, Annette. Transparent Conductive Tin Doped Indium Oxide: Characterization of Thin Films Made by Sputter Deposition With Silver Additive & by Spin Coating from Nanoparticle ... the Faculty of Science & Technology, 37). Uppsala Universitet, 2002.
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11
Smyth, Jolene D., Don A. Dillman, and Leah Melani Christian. Context effects in Internet surveys. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0027.
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This article first presents a definition of context effects that eliminates from consideration factors beyond the control of survey researchers yet is sufficiently broad to incorporate diverse but related sources of survey context. It then examines four types of context effects that have been documented in mail and telephone surveys with an eye towards identifying new concerns which have arisen or may arise as a result of conducting Internet surveys. The four sources of context effects discussed are: the survey mode used to pose questions to respondents, the order in which questions are asked, the ordering of response options, and the choice of response scale. In addition to reviewing previous research, the results of new context experiments are reported in which response scales across Internet and telephone modes are manipulated.
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Mahoney, James, and Larkin Terrie. Comparative-Historical Analysis in Contemporary Political Science. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0032.
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This article indicates that comparative historical analysis is complementary to statistical analysis because it deals with ‘causes of effects’ rather than ‘effects of causes’. It also presents some ideas about how one can tackle the problems posed by engaging in comparative historical inquiry. In addition, the article argues that comparative-historical analysis and statistical analysis pursue different research goals, and that while they both face methodological challenges, they both play an essential role in generating knowledge in political science. Comparative-historical studies that use regression analysis in the course of process tracing are not necessarily more powerful than comparative-historical studies that do not use any statistical testing. There is nothing inherently wrong with conducting comparative-historical work that does not include a statistical component (and vice versa).
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Piacentini, John, Audra Langley, and Tami Roblek. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Childhood OCD. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195310511.001.0001.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has shown to be effective in the treatment of childhood OCD. This online Therapist Guide outlines a 12-session CBT-based treatment for OCD that benefits not only children and adolescents, but their families as well. Each session incorporates a family therapy component in addition to individual treatment for the child. It is a combined approach program that educates the child and family about OCD in order to reduce negative feelings of guilt and blame and to normalise family functioning. It also provides guidelines for conducting both imaginal and in vivo exposures, which are techniques at the core of helping children reduce their anxiety. For use with children ages 8 to 17, this online resource is an indispensable tool for clinicians helping children and their families cope with OCD.
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Nauta, Joske, Willem van Mechelen, and Evert ALM Verhagen. Epidemiology and prevention of sports injuries. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0040.
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Although sports injuries in children are common, prevention of these injuries is paramount. In order to set out effective prevention programmes, epidemiological studies need to be conducted on incidence, severity, and aetiology of sports injuries. Furthermore, the effectiveness of a preventive measure must be assessed, and the eventual implementation of a programme closely evaluated. When conducting epidemiological studies in sports injuries the injury definition used can have a large impact on the outcome, especially as the aetiology of sports injuries is highly multi-causal and recursive. In addition to distinguishing between ‘sports injury’, ‘sports injury incidence’ and ‘sports participation’, the severity of the injury must be defined by taking six indices into consideration: nature of sports injuries, duration and nature of treatment, sports time loss, working/school time loss, permanent damage, and costs of sports injuries.
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Whitfill, Travis, Heidi Rossetti, and Michael C. Gottlieb. Psychological Testing and Assessment. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.22.
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Psychological evaluations are commonly conducted within psychiatric settings with the goal of informing treatment decisions that are intended to benefit the patient. In addition to a clinical interview and review of records, the evaluation includes the selection, administration, scoring, and interpretation of psychological testing. Guided by the question(s) from the referring party, this multifaceted process occurs within a setting of existing care that requires clarification of the roles/duties of the professionals and organizations relative to each other and the patient. Additionally, psychological testing involves unique ethical considerations (e.g., psychometrics) not typically encountered during psychotherapy or psychiatric care. A variety of standards, provided in the form of rules that require or prohibit specific behaviors, has been created by governing organizations in order to inform the ethical decision-making process while conducting psychological assessments. These standards are understood within the broader framework of aspirational principles of ethics (e.g., nonmaleficence) universal to biomedical practice.
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Young, Jami F., Laura Mufson, and Christie M. Schueler. Preventing Adolescent Depression. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780190243180.001.0001.
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This book describes Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST), an interpersonally oriented depression prevention program for adolescents. The program developed from an interest in developing and studying a depression prevention program for youth who are experiencing depressive symptoms but do not yet qualify for a diagnosis of depression. The IPT-AST program is a predominantly group-based intervention that teaches communication and interpersonal problem-solving skills to improve relationships and prevent the development of depression. The book provides a detailed description of the IPT-AST program so readers can implement groups in different settings. In addition, there are chapters that outline key issues related to implementation of IPT-AST, including selecting adolescents to participate in group, conducting IPT-AST in schools and other diverse settings, working with adolescents at varying levels of risk for depression, and dealing with common clinical issues. Finally, the book outlines the research that has been conducted on this depression prevention program.
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Thomas, Gregory S., L. Samuel Wann, and Myrvin H. Ellestad, eds. Ellestad's Stress Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225483.001.0001.
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The 6th edition of the textbook Ellestad’s Stress Testing: Principles and Practice was written for the new and veteran clinician alike performing stress testing. Thoroughly updated, referenced and interspersed with case examples, the book reviews how to get the most out exercise testing, without and with ancillary imaging. In addition to evaluation of ST segment depression, other powerful tools to detect ischemia and forecast the future are reviewed to increase the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic ability of exercise testing. The recognition and significance of exercise induced arrhythmias and conduction defects are examined. When to convert to pharmacologic stress or add ancillary imaging, including myocardial perfusion imaging, echocardiography, coronary calcium scoring, and magnetic reference imaging are reviewed. The use of stress testing in the management of obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, cardiac rehabilitation, peripheral vascular disease, congenital heart and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is examined. Options to optimize the diagnostic capabilities of exercise and other diagnostic testing for women are highlighted. Strategic use of exercise testing in the face of a decreasing burden of CAD in the developed world, as well as the opportunity to rely on exercise testing as the first test to evaluate CVD in the developing world, are reviewed. The fundamentals of exercise physiology and myocardial ischemia that serve as the foundation for exercise testing in health and disease are explained.
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Quackenbush, Stephen L. Empirical Analyses of Deterrence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.313.
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Deterrence is an important subject, and its study has spanned more than seven decades. Much research on deterrence has focused on a theoretical understanding of the subject. Particularly important is the distinction between classical deterrence theory and perfect deterrence theory. Other studies have employed empirical analyses. The empirical literature on deterrence developed at different times and took different approaches. The early empirical deterrence literature was highly limited for varying reasons. Much of the early case study literature did not seek to test deterrence theory. Early quantitative studies did seek to do so, but they were hampered by rudimentary methods, poor research design, and/or a disconnect between quantitative studies and formal theories of deterrence. Modern empirical research on deterrence has made great strides toward bridging the formal-quantitative divide in the study of deterrence and conducting theoretically driven case studies. Further, researchers have explored the effect of specific variables on deterrence, such as alliances, reputations and credibility, and nuclear weapons. Future empirical studies of deterrence should build on these modern developments. In addition, they should build on perfect deterrence theory, given its logical consistency and empirical support.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Quantum Statistical Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001.
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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.
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Fisher, Jill A. Adverse Events. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479877997.001.0001.
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Phase I clinical trials test the safety and tolerability of new pharmaceuticals and typically pay healthy people to enroll as research participants. In addition to being exposed to the risks of taking investigational drugs, healthy volunteers are confined to residential research facilities for some portion of the clinical trial. Most healthy volunteers are African American and Hispanic men in their late twenties to early forties. Motivated by pervasive economic insecurity and racial discrimination, these individuals often enroll serially in Phase I trials to stay afloat or to get ahead. This book reveals not only the social inequalities on which Phase I trials rest, but also depicts the important validity concerns inherent in this mode of testing new pharmaceuticals. Healthy volunteers are enrolled in highly controlled studies that bear little resemblance to real-world conditions. Moreover, in these studies everyone—from the pharmaceutical companies sponsoring the studies, to the clinics conducting them, and the healthy volunteers paid to participate—is incentivized to game the system, with the effect that new drugs appear safer than they really are. Providing an unprecedented view of the intersection of US racial inequalities with pharmaceutical testing, Adverse Events calls attention to the dangers of this research enterprise to social justice and public health.
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Cawthon, Stephanie, and Carrie Lou Garberoglio, eds. Research in Deaf Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.001.0001.
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This edited volume, Research in Deaf Education: Contexts, Challenges, and Considerations, provides readers with critical foundational information with which to view contemporary research in deaf education. Deaf education as a field is experiencing a high degree of turnover in its researchers, as well as major shifts in how deaf individuals access information and engage with society as a whole. To conduct research in deaf education includes a need to be mindful of the influence of context as well as the challenges of conducting research with a low-incidence and diverse population. Together with a chapter on history, as well as how the population has changed in recent decades, chapters in this book seek to provide readers with important context and strategies for the implementation of a range of research methodologies. Deaf education research utilizes a great range of research methodologies, and while this volume does not address all possible approaches, it does cover diverse research perspectives, from action research to large-scale surveys to multi-level modeling. In addition, several chapters in this volume address issues that are related to research measures themselves, particularly those that incorporate multiple communication modalities in their content or design. The volume concludes with a thematic analysis of the volume as a whole, offering cross cutting perspectives on how deaf education as a field can move forward in a responsive, ethical, authentic, and rigorous manner.
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Grant, Robert. Tumours of the brain and skull. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0624.
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Over the last 10 years, there have been several important advances in cell biology, molecular genetics, and targeted therapies in neuro-oncology. Improved neurosurgical techniques such as frameless stereotaxy, awake craniotomy, and intra-operative MRI, safer methods of directing radiotherapy, new chemotherapy approaches, and novel modalities of therapy provide optimism that there will eventually be some improvements in treatment-related morbidity and survival. There has also been an increasing change from individual clinician decision making to decision making by multidisciplinary teams of neurosurgeons, neurologists, clinical oncologists, neuropathologists, neuroradiologists, and specialist nurses with the aim of improving decision making, management planning across specialties, communication, and enrolment in suitable clinical trials. In addition, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, an international ethical and scientific quality standard for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting trials, increases the onus and responsibilities on clinical investigators to perform trials to the highest standard and to have the trials externally monitored, and the trial conduct and results audited. While these obligatory and statutory responsibilities are labour intensive and time consuming, they should improve the quality of trials by limiting the possibility of unintentional bias or fraud. Improving the recording of serious adverse event reporting through trial quality assurance and quality control procedures will help ensure that a balanced view of the effects of a drug or procedure is identified earlier than in the past. It will be interesting to see how research develops over the next decade.
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Moland, Naomi A. Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism? Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903954.001.0001.
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Sesame Street has a global reach, with more than thirty co-productions that are viewed in over 150 countries. In recent years, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has provided funding to the New York-based Sesame Workshop to create international versions of Sesame Street. Many of these programs teach children to respect diversity and tolerate others, which some hope will ultimately help to build peace in conflict-affected societies. In fact, the U.S. government has funded local versions of the show in several countries enmeshed in conflict, including Afghanistan, Kosovo, Pakistan, Jordan, and Nigeria. Can Big Bird Fight Terrorism? takes an in-depth look at the Nigerian version, Sesame Square, which began airing in 2011. In addition to teaching preschool-level academic skills, Sesame Square seeks to promote peaceful coexistence-a daunting task in Nigeria, where escalating ethno-religious tensions and terrorism threaten to fracture the nation. After a year of interviewing Sesame creators, observing their production processes, conducting episode analysis, and talking to local educators who use the program in classrooms, Naomi Moland found that this child-focused use of soft power raised complex questions about how multicultural ideals translate into different settings. In Nigeria, where segregation, state fragility, and escalating conflict raise the stakes of peacebuilding efforts, multicultural education may be ineffective at best, and possibly even divisive. This book offers rare insights into the complexities, challenges, and dilemmas inherent in soft power attempts to teach the ideals of diversity and tolerance in countries suffering from internal conflicts.
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Ricci, Edmund M., Ernesto A. Pretto, Jr., and Knut Ole Sundnes. Disaster Evaluation Research. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796862.001.0001.
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The ultimate hope and great challenge undertaken by the authors of this volume is to improve disaster preparedness and response efforts globally by providing a standardized way to conduct rigorous and comprehensive scientific evaluative studies of the medical and public health response to these horrific events. It is our strongly held belief that the framework for the conduct of evaluative studies, as developed by specialists in scientific evaluation, offers the most appropriate and comprehensive structure for such studies. Our ‘eight-step approach’ is based upon a conceptual framework that is now widely used by health organizations globally as a basis for the evaluation of community-based medical and public health programs. We contend that many more disaster-related injuries and deaths can be prevented if the concepts and methods of evaluation science are applied to disaster events. In Part 1 of this book we describe the basic concepts and scientific methods used by program evaluation scientists to assess the structure, process, and outcomes of medical and public health interventions. In addition, a detailed description of a comprehensive medical and public health response system is described. In Part 2 we present an eight-step model for conducting an evaluative study of the response, again with a focus on the medical and public health components. Ethical issues that come into play in the conduct of disaster evaluative disaster research, and how these should be addressed, are the focus of Chapter 13. The final chapter offers a look to the future as new technology for data collection becomes available. We are not so naïve as to believe that disaster preparedness and response will change as a direct result of the availability of scientifically conducted assessments. Change requires a double pronged commitment—leaders from both the ranks of government and of the health professions must carefully consider, fund, and adopt policy positions and programs that are based upon the findings and recommendations that emerge from scientific evaluation studies. That is the most certain pathway to a better future.
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Soulsby, Lord. Antimicrobial resistance: animal use of antibiotics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0005.
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The evolution of resistance to microbes is one of the most significant problems in modern medicine, posing serious threats to human and animal health. The early work on the use of antibiotics to bacterial infections gave much hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. However, as their use, indeed over use, progressed, resistance (both mono-resistance and multi-resistance), which was often transferable between different strains and species of bacteria, emerged. In addition, the situation is increasingly complex, as various mechanisms of resistance, including a wide range of β -lactamases, are now complicating the issue. The use of antibiotics in animals, especially those used for growth promotion, has come in for serious criticism, especially those where their use should be reserved for difficult human infections. To lend control, certain antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from use in the EU and the UK.It is now a decade since the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (1998) highlighted concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the dangers to human health of resistant organisms derived from animals fed antibiotics for growth promotion or the treatment of infectious diseases. The concern expressed in the House of Lords report was similar to that in other major reports on the subject, for example from the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Foundation, the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food and the Swann Report (1969) in which it was recommended that antibiotics used in human medicine should not be used as growth promoters in animals. At the press conference to launch the Lord’s Report it was emphasized that unless serious attention was given to dealing with resistance ‘we may find ourselves returning to a pre-antibiotic era’. The evolution of resistance is one of the significant problems in modern medicine, a much changed situation when the early work on antibiotics gave hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. Optimism was so strong that the Surgeon General of the USA, William H Stewart, in 1969 advised the US Congress that ‘it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and to declare that work against the pestilence is over’. This comment was not only mistaken but it was also damaging to human health undertakings and also reduced funding for research on infectious diseases.Despite the widespread support for and dependence on antibiotics, resistance was increasingly reported worldwide and to recognize the global problem a group of medical workers established in 1981, at Tufts University, the Alliance for the Prudent use of Antibiotics (APUA). This now has affiliated chapters on over 60 countries, many in the developing world. APUA claims to be the ‘world’s leading organization conducting antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grass roots levels’.