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1
Costa, José, Elsa Sequeiros, Maria Teresa Vieira, and Manuel Vieira. "Additive Manufacturing." U.Porto Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_007.003_0005.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the most trending technologies nowadays, and it has the potential to become one of the most disruptive technologies for manufacturing. Academia and industry pay attention to AM because it enables a wide range of new possibilities for design freedom, complex parts production, components, mass personalization, and process improvement. The material extrusion (ME) AM technology for metallic materials is becoming relevant and equivalent to other AM techniques, like laser powder bed fusion. Although ME cannot overpass some limitations, compared with other AM technologies, it enables smaller overall costs and initial investment, more straightforward equipment parametrization, and production flexibility.This study aims to evaluate components produced by ME, or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), with different materials: Inconel 625, H13 SAE, and 17-4PH. The microstructure and mechanical characteristics of manufactured parts were evaluated, confirming the process effectiveness and revealing that this is an alternative for metal-based AM.
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Alabi, Micheal Omotayo, Deon De Beer, and Harry Wichers. "Applications of additive manufacturing at selected South African universities: promoting additive manufacturing education." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 752–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2018-0216.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent applications of additive manufacturing (AM) research and activities within selected universities in the Republic of South Africa (SA). Design/methodology/approach The paper is a general review of AM education, research and development effort within selected South African universities. The paper begins by looking at several support programmes and investments in AM technologies by the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST). The paper presents South Africa’s AM journey to date and recent global development in AM education. Next, the paper reviews the recent research activities on AM at four selected South African universities, South Africa AM roadmap and South African AM strategy. The future prospects of AM education and research are then evaluated through a SWOT analysis. Finally, the paper looks at the sustainability of AM from an education perspective. Findings The main lessons that have been learnt from South African AM research activities within selected universities are as follows: AM research activities at South African universities serve as a platform to promote AM education, and several support programmes and investments from South Africa’s DST have greatly enhanced the growth of AM across different sectors, such as medical, manufacturing, industrial design, tooling, jewellery and education. The government support has also assisted in the actualisation of the “Aeroswift” project, the world’s largest and fastest state-of-the-art AM machine that can 3D print metal parts. The AM research activities within South Africa’s universities have shown that it is not too late for developing countries to start and embrace AM technologies both in academia and industry. Based on a SWOT analysis, the future prospects of AM technology in SA are bright. Practical implications Researchers/readers from different backgrounds such as academic, industrial and governmental will be able to learn important lessons from SA’s AM journey and the success of SA’s AM researchers/practitioners. This paper will allow the major investors in AM technologies and business to see great opportunities to invest in AM education and research at all educational levels (i.e. high schools, colleges and universities) in South Africa. Originality/value The authors believe that the progress of AM education and research activities within SA’s universities show good practice and achievement over the years in both the applications of AM and the South African AM strategy introduced to promote AM research and the educational aspect of the technologies.
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P. Cooper, Khershed, and Ralph F. Wachter. "Cyber-enabled manufacturing systems for additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 5 (August 12, 2014): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2013-0001.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study cyber-enabled manufacturing systems (CeMS) for additive manufacturing (AM). The technology of AM or solid free-form fabrication has received considerable attention in recent years. Several public and private interests are exploring AM to find solutions to manufacturing problems and to create new opportunities. For AM to be commercially accepted, it must make products reliably and predictably. AM processes must achieve consistency and be reproducible. Design/methodology/approach – An approach we have taken is to foster a basic research program in CeMS for AM. The long-range goal of the program is to achieve the level of control over AM processes for industrial acceptance and wide-use of the technology. This program will develop measurement, sensing, manipulation and process control models and algorithms for AM by harnessing principles underpinning cyber-physical systems (CPS) and fundamentals of physical processes. Findings – This paper describes the challenges facing AM and the goals of the CeMS program to meet them. It also presents preliminary results of studies in thermal modeling and process models. Originality/value – The development of CeMS concepts for AM should address issues such as part quality and process dependability, which are key for successful application of this disruptive rapid manufacturing technology.
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Lidong, Lidong, and Cheryl Ann Alexander. "Additive Manufacturing and Big Data." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2016.1.3-012.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce parts with complex geometric shapes and reduce material use and weight. However, there are limited materials available for AM processes; the speed of production is slower compared with traditional manufacturing processes. Big Data analytics helps analyze AM processes and facilitate AM in impacting supply chains. This paper introduces advantages, applications, and technology progress of AM. Cybersecurity in AM and barriers to broad adoption of AM are discussed. Big data in AM and Big Data analytics for AM are also presented.
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Luomaranta, Toni, and Miia Martinsuo. "Additive manufacturing value chain adoption." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 33, no. 9 (March 17, 2022): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-07-2021-0250.
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PurposeAdopting additive manufacturing (AM) on a large-scale requires an adoption in company value chains. This may happen through product innovation and require interorganizational cooperation, but the value-adding potential of cooperation and application recognition is still poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the progress of AM adoption in innovation projects featuring AM application recognition and interorganizational cooperation in the value chain.Design/methodology/approachA multiple-case study was implemented in successful metallic AM adoption examples to increase the understanding of AM adoption in value chains. Primary data were collected through interviews and documents in three AM projects, and the data were analyzed qualitatively.FindingsAll three AM projects showed evidence of successful AM value chain adoption. Identifying the right application and the added value of AM within it were crucial starting points for finding new value chains. Interorganizational collaboration facilitated both value-based designs and experimentation with new supply chains. Thereby, the focal manufacturing company did not need to invest in AM machines. The key activities of the new value chain actors are mapped in the process of AM adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThe cases are set in a business-to-business context, which narrows the transferability of the results. As a theoretical contribution, this paper introduces the concept of AM value chain adoption. The value-adding potential of AM is identified, and the required value-adding activities in collaborative innovation are reported. As a practical implication, the study reveals how companies can learn of AM and adopt AM value chains without investing in AM machines. They can instead leverage relationships with other companies that have the AM knowledge and infrastructure.Originality/valueThis paper introduces AM value chain adoption as a novel, highly interactive phase in the industry-wide adoption of metallic AM. AM value chain adoption is characterized in multi-company collaboration settings, which complements the single-company view dominant in previous research. Theory elaboration is offered through merging technology adoption with external integration from the information processing view, emphasizing the necessity of interorganizational cooperation in AM value chain adoption. Companies can benefit each other during AM adoption, starting with identifying the value-creating opportunities and applications for AM.
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Pfähler, Kathrin, Dominik Morar, and Hans-Georg Kemper. "Additive Manufacturing (AM) im Ersatzteilmanagement." Controlling 32, no. 3 (2020): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2020-3-4.
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Ein vielversprechendes und innovatives Anwendungsgebiet der Technologie Additive Manufacturing (AM) stellt die AM-basierte Ersatzteilversorgung (AM-E) dar. Die Aufbereitung von AM-E-Erfahrungswissen ist für erfolgreiche Projekte unerlässlich. Das hier vorgestellte Konzept zur Entscheidungsunterstützung basiert auf AM-E-spezifischen Rahmenbedingungen zur Strukturierung und Nutzung von AM-E-Erfahrungswissen.
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Mumith, A., M. Thomas, Z. Shah, M. Coathup, and G. Blunn. "Additive manufacturing." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 4 (April 2018): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b4.bjj-2017-0662.r2.
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Increasing innovation in rapid prototyping (RP) and additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is bringing about major changes in translational surgical research. This review describes the current position in the use of additive manufacturing in orthopaedic surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:455-60.
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Vaezi, Mohammad, Philipp Drescher, and Hermann Seitz. "Beamless Metal Additive Manufacturing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040922.
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The propensity to manufacture functional and geometrically sophisticated parts from a wide range of metals provides the metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes superior advantages over traditional methods. The field of metal AM is currently dominated by beam-based technologies such as selective laser sintering (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM) which have some limitations such as high production cost, residual stress and anisotropic mechanical properties induced by melting of metal powders followed by rapid solidification. So, there exist a significant gap between industrial production requirements and the qualities offered by well-established beam-based AM technologies. Therefore, beamless metal AM techniques (known as non-beam metal AM) have gained increasing attention in recent years as they have been found to be able to fill the gap and bring new possibilities. There exist a number of beamless processes with distinctively various characteristics that are either under development or already available on the market. Since this is a very promising field and there is currently no high-quality review on this topic yet, this paper aims to review the key beamless processes and their latest developments.
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Morar, Dominik, Michelle Moisa, and Hans-Georg Kemper. "Additive-Manufacturing-basierte Geschäftsmodelle." Controlling 32, no. 3 (2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0935-0381-2020-3-30.
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Additive Manufacturing (AM) ermöglicht die Vitalisierung bestehender und die Entwicklung neuer Geschäftsmodelle. In diesem Kontext stehen Unternehmen insbesondere vor der Herausforderung, AM-Potenziale zu identifizieren und wirksam in Unternehmensstrukturen umzusetzen. Das vorgestellte Planungskonzept befähigt Entscheider und Controlling zur proaktiven Steuerung relevanter Ressourcenkombinationen.
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Citarella, Roberto, and Venanzio Giannella. "Additive Manufacturing in Industry." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020840.
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The advent of additive manufacturing (AM) processes applied to the fabrication of structural components has created the need for design methodologies and structural optimization approaches that take into account the specific characteristics of the fabrication process. While AM processes give unprecedented geometrical design freedom, which can result in significant reductions in the components’ weight (e.g., through part count reduction), on the other hand, they have implications for the fatigue and fracture strength, because of residual stresses and microstructural features. This is due to stress concentration effects, anisotropy, distortions and defects whose effects still need investigation. This Special Issue aims at gathering together research investigating the different features of AM processes with relevance for their structural behavior, particularly, but not exclusively, from the viewpoints of fatigue, fracture and crash behavior. Although the focus of this Special Issue is on AM, articles dealing with other manufacturing processes with related analogies can also be included, in order to establish differences and possible similarities.
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Jain, Pradeep, and Tarun Bhardwaj. "Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review." International Journal of Engineering Research in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJERMCE) 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijermce/09.07.a003.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the prominent technology that is used to manufacture the 3D components of complex geometry and customized shapes. Owing to the requirement of the complex shape structure in various industries including aerospace, medical, automobile etc., the demand of AM has been increasing every year in manufacturing field. This paper explores the development, application and basic knowledge of AM, and current challenges and future trends. The basic properties of AM and its evolution in manufacturing industry helps in design flexibility, processing, multi-material selection etc. This paper provides the basic knowledge and paving the way to overcome the current barriers and motivate to do research on future trends.
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Lutter-Günther, Max, Christian Seidel, Tobias Kamps, and Gunther Reinhart. "Implementation of Additive Manufacturing Business Models." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.547.
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For the application of Additive Manufacturing (AM), a wide range of use cases are applied in industrial practice. The technological potentials of AM enable specific business models, which characterise how AM utilisation adds value to a company’s business. For the implementation of AM, a paradigm shift is required on an operational and strategic level, making it necessary to adjust processes and structures. Herein, the interdisciplinary character of the technology needs to be taken into account. In this paper, a typology of AM business models is derived from specific technology potentials, providing orientation in the field of AM use cases. Furthermore, a top down approach is pursued in order to develop an implementation process model, which assists companies when considering AM adoption. It enables companies to identify suitable AM business models and points out fields of actions necessary for implementation. Since the implementation depends on the AM business model at scope, also guidelines that provide measures on a more detailed level are presented.
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Sathish, K., S. Senthil Kumar, R. Thamil Magal, V. Selvaraj, V. Narasimharaj, R. Karthikeyan, G. Sabarinathan, Mohit Tiwari, and Adamu Esubalew Kassa. "A Comparative Study on Subtractive Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (April 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6892641.
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In recent days, additive manufacturing (AM) plays a vital role in manufacturing a component compared to subtractive manufacturing. AM has a wide advantage in producing complex parts and revolutionizing logistics panorama worldwide. Many researchers compared this emerging manufacturing methodology with the conventional methodology and found that it helps in meeting the demand, designing highly complex components, and reducing wastage of materials, and there are a wide variety of AM processes. The process of making the components in full use of technology with several manufacturing applications to meet the above is studied along with the properties of AM, and subsequently, the advantages of AM over the subtractive methods are described. In this paper, the achievements in this manner with considerable gains are studied and are concluded as a paradigm shift to fulfil the AM potential.
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Khorram Niaki, Mojtaba, Fabio Nonino, Giulia Palombi, and S. Ali Torabi. "Economic sustainability of additive manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-05-2018-0131.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate additive manufacturing (AM) phenomenon extending previous research results by studying in-depth the economic sustainability of AM technology and bringing out the contextual factors that drive its superior performances in comparison with conventional manufacturing, and justify its adoption in rapid prototyping (RP) from an economic point of view. Design/methodology/approach Data have been collected through a worldwide survey. Respondents were from 105 companies adopting the technology from 23 countries worldwide. Findings The results of this research show that although AM-based prototyping leads to significant cost reduction, it is not as good as conventional manufacturing in terms of the profitability of investment. It also demonstrates how cost reduction depends on production volume and payback period depends on the types of material and scope of AM implementation after controlling for firm size and experience. Research limitations/implications The performance indicator is measured using a Likert scale; however, more reliable conclusion could be made by real amounts. The research also took into account the economic aspects of performance; however, to evaluate the AM technology more comprehensively, other performance measures such as those of social and environmental ones should be considered. Practical implications The paper provides insightful implications for the adoption of AM. In particular, it reveals the contingent performance of the technology in RP. Originality/value This paper contributes to expand the literature by demonstrating how different circumstances affect the performance of AM technologies for prototyping and by linking the operational and organizational factors with its performance.
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Wang, Yuanbin, Robert Blache, and Xun Xu. "Selection of additive manufacturing processes." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 434–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2015-0123.
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Purpose This study aims to review the existing methods for additive manufacturing (AM) process selection and evaluate their suitability for design for additive manufacturing (DfAM). AM has experienced a rapid development in recent years. New technologies, machines and service bureaus are being brought into the market at an exciting rate. While user’s choices are in abundance, finding the right choice can be a non-trivial task. Design/methodology/approach AM process selection methods are reviewed based on decision theory. The authors also examine how the user’s preferences and AM process performances are considered and approximated into mathematical models. The pros and cons and the limitations of these methods are discussed, and a new approach has been proposed to support the iterating process of DfAM. Findings All current studies follow a sequential decision process and focus on an “a priori” articulation of preferences approach. This kind of method has limitations for the user in the early design stage to implement the DfAM process. An “a posteriori” articulation of preferences approach is proposed to support DfAM and an iterative design process. Originality/value This paper reviews AM process selection methods in a new perspective. The users need to be aware of the underlying assumptions in these methods. The limitations of these methods for DfAM are discussed, and a new approach for AM process selection is proposed.
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Luomaranta, Toni, and Miia Martinsuo. "Supply chain innovations for additive manufacturing." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 50, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 54–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2018-0337.
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Purpose Additive manufacturing (AM) involves the renewal of production systems and also has implications for firms’ supply chains. Innovations related to AM supply chains are, so far, insufficiently understood, but their success will require firms’ awareness of their systemic nature and their firm-specific implications. The purpose of this paper is to explore the supply chain innovations dealing with AM in business-to-business supply chains. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory qualitative research design is used. Interviews were conducted in 20 firms, workshops were organized to map AM-related processes and activities, and supply chain innovations were analyzed. Findings This study reveals practical changes in supply chains and requirements for AM-related supply chain innovations. While earlier research has centered on technology or firm-specific AM implementations, this study shows that fully leveraging AM will require innovations at the level of the supply chain, including innovations in business processes, technology and structure, as well as supportive changes in the business environment. These innovations occur in different parts of the AM supply chain and are emphasized differently within different firm types. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted in one country in the context of the machine building and process industry with a limited data set, which limits the generalizability of the results. The results offer an analytical framework and identify new research avenues for exploring the innovations in partial or complete AM supply chains. Practical implications The results offer a framework to assess the current state and future needs in AM-related supply chain innovations. Practical ideas are proposed to enhance AM adoption throughout firms’ supply chains. These results are important to managers because they can help them position their firms and guide the activities and collaborations with other firms in the AM supply chain. Originality/value This study draws attention to the supply chain innovations required when firms adopt AM in their processes. The generic supply chain innovation framework is enhanced by adding the business context as a necessary component. Implementation of AM is shown to depend on the context both at the level of the supply chain and the firm’s unique role in the supply chain. The holistic view taken reveals that successful AM technology adoption requires broad involvement from different firms across the supply chain.
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Grierson, Dean, Allan E. W. Rennie, and Stephen D. Quayle. "Machine Learning for Additive Manufacturing." Encyclopedia 1, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1030048.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to a family of manufacturing processes where materials are joined to make parts from 3D modelling data, generally in a layer-upon-layer manner. AM is rapidly increasing in industrial adoption for the manufacture of end-use parts, which is therefore pushing for the maturation of design, process, and production techniques. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with training programs to self-improve and has applications in a wide range of areas, such as computer vision, prediction, and information retrieval. Many of the problems facing AM can be categorised into one or more of these application areas. Studies have shown ML techniques to be effective in improving AM design, process, and production but there are limited industrial case studies to support further development of these techniques.
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HAGUE, RICHARD. "Additive Manufacturing: a mature technology?" Engineer 300, no. 7915 (March 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90262-4.
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Additive International’s chair, Professor Richard Hague addresses the shift from conventional AM as an ‘emerging’ technology to a more established one – and the importance of research in avoiding its stagnation and advancing the potential of next generation, multi-material AM.
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Saliba, S., J. C. Kirkman-Brown, and L. E. J. Thomas-Seale. "Temporal design for additive manufacturing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 106, no. 9-10 (January 9, 2020): 3849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04835-3.
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AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) is expected to generate huge economic revenue by 2025; however, this will only be realised by overcoming the barriers that are preventing its increased adoption to end-use parts. Design for AM (DfAM) is recognised as a multi-faceted problem, exasperated by constraints to creativity, knowledge propagation, insufficiencies in education and a fragmented software pipeline. This study proposes a novel approach to increase the creativity in DfAM. Through comparison between DfAM and in utero human development, the unutilised potential of design through the time domain was identified. Therefore, the aim of the research is to develop a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programme to demonstrate design through the time domain, known as Temporal DfAM (TDfAM). This was achieved through a bespoke MATLAB code which applies a linear function to a process parameter, discretised across the additive build. TDfAM was demonstrated through the variation of extrusion speed combined with the infill angle, through the axial and in-plane directions. It is widely accepted in the literature that AM processing parameters change the properties of AM materials. Thus, the application of the TDfAM approach offers the engineer increased creative scope and control, whilst inherently upskilling knowledge, in the design of AM materials.
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Martens, Robert, Susan K. Fan, and Rocky J. Dwyer. "Successful approaches for implementing additive manufacturing." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-12-2019-0100.
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PurposeThe purpose of this qualitative, multiple-case study was to explore the successful strategies that managers of light and high-tech small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in the Netherlands, use to adopt additive manufacturing (AM) technology into their business models.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative, multiple-case study approach was used. The participants for this study consisted of executive-level managers of light and high-tech manufacturing companies in the Netherlands. Company documents were studied, and individual interviews were undertaken with participants to gain an understanding of the strategies they used to adopt AM technology into their business models.FindingsThree significant themes emerged from the data analysis: identify business opportunities for AM technology, experiment with AM technology and embed AM technology.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study could be of advantage to industry leaders and manufacturing managers who are contemplating to adopt AM in their business models.Originality/valueThis study may contribute to the further proliferation of AM technology. Industry leaders may also gain a clearer understanding of the effects of 3DP on local employment. The results of the study may also work as a catalyst for increased awareness for manufacturing firm leaders who have not yet considered the opportunities and threats AM technology presents to their organizations.
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Jones, Jason B., David I. Wimpenny, and Greg J. Gibbons. "Additive manufacturing under pressure." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2013-0016.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effects on material properties of layer-by-layer application of pressure during fabrication of polymeric parts by additive manufacturing (AM). Although AM, also known popularly as 3D printing, has set a new standard for ease of use and minimal restraint on geometric complexity, the mechanical part properties do not generally compare with conventional manufacturing processes. Contrary to other types of polymer processing, AM systems do not normally use (in-process) pressure during part consolidation. Design/methodology/approach – Tensile specimens were produced in Somos 201 using conventional laser sintering (LS) and selective laser printing (SLP) – a process under development in the UK, which incorporates the use of pressure to assist layer consolidation. Findings – Mechanical testing demonstrated the potential to additively manufacture parts with significantly improved microstructure and mechanical properties which match or exceed conventional processing. For example, the average elongation at break and ultimate tensile strength of a conventionally laser-sintered thermoplastic elastomer (Somos 201) increased from 136 ± 28 per cent and 4.9 ± 0.4 MPa, to 513 ± 35 per cent and 10.4 ± 0.4 MPa, respectively, when each layer was fused with in-process application of pressure (126 ± 9 kPa) by SLP. Research limitations/implications – These results are based on relatively small sample size, but despite this, the trends observed are of significant importance to the elimination of voids and porosity in polymeric parts. Practical implications – Layerwise application of pressure should be investigated further for defect elimination in AM. Originality/value – This is the first study on the effects of layerwise application of pressure in combination with area-wide fusing.
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Long, Jingjunjiao, Ashveen Nand, and Sudip Ray. "Application of Spectroscopy in Additive Manufacturing." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010203.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly expanding material production technique that brings new opportunities in various fields as it enables fast and low-cost prototyping as well as easy customisation. However, it is still hindered by raw material selection, processing defects and final product assessment/adjustment in pre-, in- and post-processing stages. Spectroscopic techniques offer suitable inspection, diagnosis and product trouble-shooting at each stage of AM processing. This review outlines the limitations in AM processes and the prospective role of spectroscopy in addressing these challenges. An overview on the principles and applications of AM techniques is presented, followed by the principles of spectroscopic techniques involved in AM and their applications in assessing additively manufactured parts.
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Francis, Vishal, and Prashant K. Jain. "Effect of stage-dependent addition of nanoparticles in additive manufacturing." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805528.
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Recent advancements in the additive manufacturing (AM) technology have increased its utilization in various engineering sectors for the development of end-use products. However, the limited choice of available materials tends to limit its application domain. Addition of nanoparticles can significantly improve the material properties of the AM parts. Moreover, nanoparticles can be added in different stages of the process which will play an important role in determining the increase in material properties. This aspect of the stage-dependent addition of nanoparticles in AM process has not been fully explored. The present work discusses the effect of adding nanoclay in three stages of AM process namely preprocessing, on-site and post-processing stage. It has been found that the nanoparticles interact in a different way with the polymer and result in different structure, morphology and mesostructure of the nanocomposites. The approach can be utilized for achieving improved material properties of AM-fabricated parts.
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Calignano, Flaviana. "Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Metallic Alloys." Crystals 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10080704.
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The introduction of metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes in industrial sectors, such as the aerospace, automotive, defense, jewelry, medical and tool-making fields, has led to a significant reduction in waste material and in the lead times of the components, innovative designs with higher strength, lower weight and fewer potential failure points from joining features [...]
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Tüzün, G. J., D. Roth, and M. Kreimeyer. "Additive Manufacturing Conformity – A Practical View." Proceedings of the Design Society 2 (May 2022): 1481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.150.
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AbstractWith the dissemination of additive manufacturing (AM), numerous methods have emerged to support the design process. One possibility is to improve functional solutions through AM-conformal design. Literature-based criteria for the assessment of AM-conformity already exist. Within our study, we address the gap in criteria between a theoretical perspective and a practitioner's perspective. To this end, we first explain the application of the criteria through a use case and conduct an evaluation in an industrial environment adding practitioner's criteria to enable the assessment of AM-conformity.
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Valjak, Filip, Dora Kosorčić, Marija Rešetar, and Nenad Bojčetić. "Function-Based Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073300.
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The development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has brought new design possibilities, and to utilise those possibilities, new sources of AM design knowledge are needed. This paper presents an inductive methodology for extracting AM design knowledge based on the functional analysis of AM products. Extracted AM design knowledge is formalised in 32 AM design principles using the proposed methodology. The AM design principles are organised regarding the functions they solve. Initial validation and intended use are described through a case study. The AM design principles can facilitate systematic design processes and methods, and can be used in early design phases for finding partial solutions for subfunctions of the design problem.
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Zhai, Xiaoya, Liuchao Jin, and Jingchao Jiang. "A survey of additive manufacturing reviews." Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing 1, no. 4 (November 16, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/msam.v1i4.21.
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Nowadays, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been widely used in construction, medical, military, aerospace, fashion, etc. The advantages of AM (e.g., more design freedom, no restriction on the complexity of parts, and rapid prototyping) have attracted a growing number of researchers. Increasing number of papers are published each year. Until now, thousands of review papers have already been published in the field of AM. It is, therefore, perhaps timely to perform a survey on AM review papers so as to provide an overview and guidance for readers to choose their interested reviews on some specific topics. This survey gives detailed analysis on these reviews, divides these reviews into different groups based on the AM techniques and materials used, highlights some important reviews in this area, and provides some discussions and insights.
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Chu, Ming Qiang, Lei Wang, Hong Yu Ding, and Zhong Gang Sun. "Additive Manufacturing for Aerospace Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 798 (October 2015): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.798.457.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) offers a potential for time and cost savings, especially for aerospace components made from costly titanium alloys. Owning to advantages such as its ability to form complex component, good surface quality, fine microstructure, excellent property, etc, it is attracting increasing attention. Much work has been done in recent years, including manufacturing facility, processing technology and specification. Here we summarize the development and status of AM technology, the underlying problems and its application perspective on civil aircraft.
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Froes, F. H., and B. Dutta. "The Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Titanium Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.19.
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High cost is the major reason that there is not more wide-spread use of titanium alloys. Powder Metallurgy (P/M) represents one cost effective approach to fabrication of titanium components and Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging attractive PM Technique . In this paper AM is discussed with the emphasis on the “work horse” titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. The various approaches to AM are presented and discussed, followed by some examples of components produced by AM. The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V produced by AM are listed and shown to compare very well with cast and wrought product. Finally, the economic advantages to be gained using the AM technique compared to conventionally processed material are presented. Key words: Additive Manufacturing (AM), 3D Printing, CAD, CAM, Laser, Electron beam, near net shape, remanufacturing, Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Direct Energy Deposition (DED)
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Matos, Florinda, and Celeste Jacinto. "Additive manufacturing technology: mapping social impacts." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-12-2017-0263.
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Purpose Recent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) technology have emphasized the issue of social impacts. However, such effects are still to be determined. So, the purpose of this paper is to map the social impacts of AM technology. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach applied in this study combines a literature review with computer-aided content analysis to search for keywords related to social impacts. The content analysis technique was used to identify and count the relevant keywords in academic documents associated with AM social impacts. Findings The study found that AM technology social impacts are still in an exploratory phase. Evidence was found that several social challenges of AM technology will have an influence on the society. The topics associated with fabrication, customization, sustainability, business models and work emerged as the most relevant terms that can act as “pointers” to social impacts. Research limitations/implications The research on this subject is strongly conditioned by the scarcity of empirical experience and, consequently, by the scarcity of data and publications on the topic. Originality/value This study gives an up-to-date contribution to the topic of AM social impacts, which is still little explored in the literature. Moreover, the methodological approach used in this work combines bibliometrics with computer-aided content analysis, which also constitutes a contribution to support future literature reviews in any field. Overall, the results can be used to improve academic research in the topic and promote discussion among the different social actors.
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Sing, Swee Leong, and Wai Yee Yeong. "Emerging Materials for Additive Manufacturing." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010127.
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Guimarães, A. S., J. M. P. Q. Delgado, and S. S. Lucas. "Additive Manufacturing on Building Construction." Defect and Diffusion Forum 412 (November 12, 2021): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.412.207.
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The future of construction will be directly connected with additive manufacturing (AM). It is easy to see the lack of consistency between jobs, labour inefficiency, schedule delays, delays on material delivery, exceeding budget projections and high percentage of material waste. Over the years, additive manufacturing has been a constant topic of discussion, in order to understand the limitations, applications and the overall impact on the cost of construction. In this work it is intended to present/discuss opportunities and challenges and the potential of AM to revolutionize the industry.
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Rautray, Priyabrata, and Boris Eisenbart. "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING – ENABLING DIGITAL ARTISANS." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.33.
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AbstractNew technologies have always been disruptive for established systems and processes. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is proving to be one such process which has the potential to disrupt handicraft and its manufacturing processes. AM is customisable, adopt multiple materials and is not restricted by the manufacturing process. Our research discusses this global phenomenon with case studies to highlights the growth of a new kind of professionals known as ‘Digital Artisans’. These artisans will assimilate the latest technologies with the cultural practices of the societies to create a new genre of products. The evolution of such artisans will be majorly led by people who have an equal inclination towards art and science and can act as the bridge between the handicrafts and technology. The development of such artisans will be supported by academics that will serve as a cradle and expose them to AM, design and handicraft. Its will also help in paving the growth of contemporary artisans who will utilise the strength of algorithms, artificial intelligence, CAD software and traditional aesthetics to create handicrafts of the future.
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Van Sice, Corrie, and Jeremy Faludi. "COMPARING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TO CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING." Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (July 27, 2021): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.67.
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AbstractMetal additive manufacturing (AM) is revered for the design freedom it brings, but is it environmentally better or worse than conventional manufacturing? Since few direct comparisons are published, this study compared AM data from life-cycle assessment literature to conventional manufacturing data from the Granta EduPack database. The comparison included multiple printing technologies for steel, aluminum, and titanium. Results showed that metal AM had far higher CO2 footprints per kg of material processed than casting, extrusion, rolling, forging, and wire drawing, so it is usually a less sustainable choice than these. However, there were circumstances where it was a more sustainable choice, and there was significant overlap between these circumstances and aerospace industry use of metal AM. Notably, lightweight parts reducing embodied material impacts, and reducing use-phase impacts through fuel efficiency. Finally, one key finding was the irrelevance of comparing machining to AM per kg of material processed, since one is subtractive and the other is additive. Recommendations are given for future studies to use more relevant functional units to provide better comparisons.
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Salmi, Mika. "Additive Manufacturing Processes in Medical Applications." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010191.
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Additive manufacturing (AM, 3D printing) is used in many fields and different industries. In the medical and dental field, every patient is unique and, therefore, AM has significant potential in personalized and customized solutions. This review explores what additive manufacturing processes and materials are utilized in medical and dental applications, especially focusing on processes that are less commonly used. The processes are categorized in ISO/ASTM process classes: powder bed fusion, material extrusion, VAT photopolymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, sheet lamination and directed energy deposition combined with classification of medical applications of AM. Based on the findings, it seems that directed energy deposition is utilized rarely only in implants and sheet lamination rarely for medical models or phantoms. Powder bed fusion, material extrusion and VAT photopolymerization are utilized in all categories. Material jetting is not used for implants and biomanufacturing, and binder jetting is not utilized for tools, instruments and parts for medical devices. The most common materials are thermoplastics, photopolymers and metals such as titanium alloys. If standard terminology of AM would be followed, this would allow a more systematic review of the utilization of different AM processes. Current development in binder jetting would allow more possibilities in the future.
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Valjak, Filip, and Nenad Bojčetić. "Conception of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.73.
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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) brought new design freedom and possibilities that enable design and manufacturing of products with new forms and functionalities. To utilise these possibilities a new design approach emerged, Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), that contains methods and tools for supporting AM oriented design process. Designers working with AM are aware of the need to apply DfAM and AM possibilities in conceptual design phase where they have the most significant influence on product architecture and form but are facing a lack of suitable DfAM approaches for early design phases. Therefore, the presented research is investigating possibilities of storing and representing AM knowledge in the form of design principles to be used in the conceptual design phase. The paper proposes conceiving of Design Principles for Additive Manufacturing repository where formalised AM knowledge is stored in the form of design principles and structured based on function criteria. In the paper, various elements of design principle representation are discussed, as well as their role in the conceptual design process.
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Lu, Xufei, Miguel Cervera, Michele Chiumenti, and Xin Lin. "Residual Stresses Control in Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 5, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp5040138.
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Residual stresses are one of the primary causes for the failure of parts or systems in metal additive manufacturing (AM), since they easily induce crack propagation and structural distortion. Although the formation of residual stresses has been extensively studied, the core factors steering their development in AM have not been completely uncovered. To date, several strategies based on reducing the thermal gradients have been developed to mitigate the manifestation of residual stresses in AM; however, how to choose the optimal processing plan is still unclear for AM designers. In this regard, the concept of the yield temperature, related to the thermal deformation and the mechanical constraint, plays a crucial role for controlling the residual stresses, but it has not been duly investigated, and the corresponding approach to control stresses is also yet lacking. To undertake such study, a three-bar model is firstly used to illustrate the formation mechanism of the residual stress and its key causes. Next, an experimentally calibrated thermomechanical finite element model is used to analyze the sensitivity of the residual stresses to the scan pattern, preheating, energy density, and the part geometry and size, as well as the substrate constraints. Based on the numerical results obtained from this analysis, recommendations on how to minimize the residual stresses during the AM process are provided.
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Tsakiris, Antonios, Christos Salpistis, and Athanassios Mihailidis. "Design Right Once for Additive Manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818803020.
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Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been widely considered a key factor for innovative design. However, the utilization of AM has not been as high as expected, although the technology offers key innovative design capabilities, weight reduction, parts count and assembly consolidation as well as material saving. This low utilization is attributed to the lack of AM understanding, mature CAE/CAM software tools addressing AM specific issues such as design support structure generation and removal, residual stresses, surface quality. In most cases, Design for AM (DfAM) is a crucial requisite for a “Design Right Once” approach. Such an approach is shown in the current study using three parts as example: an arthropod’s leg, a gearshift drum and an electric motor mounting frame. The implementation of geometrical conformal lattice structures and lattices with variable density are discussed. A structured design approach is presented and design dilemmas are solved in terms of a DfAM approach. Primary design optimizations are evaluated. Weight reduction is considered throughout the design and free form surfaces are being used. “Freedom to Design” principle is also portrayed and assembly parts consolidation occurs as a natural process of DfAM in comparison with previous design practices. It is concluded that, even from the primary design phase the design engineer can reveal his creativity because of the absence of constraints set by the traditional manufacturing technologies.
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Steen, William Maxwell. "Some observations on additive manufacturing." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000857.
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Liu, Jie, Yong Qiang Yang, and Qing Hua Lu. "Reconfigurable Control Software for Additive Manufacturing Machines." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.805.
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This paper presents a novel reconfigurable control software for Additive Manufacturing (AM) machines. At first, reconfigurable architecture is created based on the principle of layered manufacturing which all AM processes should follow. Then, the control software is designed aimed at providing consistent user experience for various AM machines. At last, the proposed control software is successfully applied to two different kinds of AM machines. Compared to the old control software on these machines, nearly 70% of functions are reused in the new one, which leads to a reduction of the research and development time eventually.
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Ibabe, Julen, Antero Jokinen, Jari Larkiola, and Gurutze Arruabarrena. "Structural Optimization and Additive Manufacturing." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.811.
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Additive Manufacturing technology offers almost unlimited capacity when manufacturing parts with complex geometries which could be impossible to get with conventional manufacturing processes. This paper is based on the study of a particular real part which has been redesigned and manufactured using an AM process. The challenge consists of redesigning the geometry of an originally aluminium made part, in order to get a new stainless steel made model with same mechanical properties but with less weight. The new design is the result of a structural optimization process based on Finite Element simulations which is carried out bearing in mind the facilities that an AM process offers.
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Rylands, Brogan, Tillmann Böhme, Robert Gorkin, Joshua Fan, and Thomas Birtchnell. "The adoption process and impact of additive manufacturing on manufacturing systems." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 27, no. 7 (September 5, 2016): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-12-2015-0117.
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Purpose Company pressure for manufacturers is mounting from two angles: increasing pressure of global competition, and rapid advancements in technology such as additive manufacturing (AM) that are altering the way that goods are manufactured. The purpose of this paper is to explore the adoption process of AM within a manufacturing system and its business impact. Design/methodology/approach Research was conducted to collect empirical data at two manufacturing case companies in the North West England. Both cases are located in areas of industrial recovery using AM engineering innovation for value creation. Findings Early findings showed that the implementation of AM caused a shift in value propositions and the creation of additional value streams (VSs) for the case study companies. AM was shown to compliment and strengthen traditional manufacturing VSs rather than replacing them. Research limitations/implications Limitations include the generalizability due to the number and location of case companies included in this research. Practical implications It is worthwhile to explore the opportunities that AM brings with the existing customer base as it has the potential to add unexplored and untapped value. However, managers need to be mindful of the capability and resources required to put the VS into practice. Social implications Both cases resulted in skill retainment and development due to the implementation of AM. Hence, the innovation contributed to regional economic recovery and business survival. Originality/value This empirical research is one of the early field explorations focussing on the impact of AM on VS structures. Hence, this paper contributes to the area of technology enhanced manufacturing systems.
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NAKADATE, Hajime, and Yoshinobu TAKEDA. "Metal Powder for AM (Additive Manufacturing) and Manufacturing Processes." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 66, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.66.539.
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Alfaify, Abdullah, Mustafa Saleh, Fawaz M. Abdullah, and Abdulrahman M. Al-Ahmari. "Design for Additive Manufacturing: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 7936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197936.
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The last few decades have seen rapid growth in additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. AM has implemented a novel method of production in design, manufacture, and delivery to end-users. Accordingly, AM technologies have given great flexibility in design for building complex components, highly customized products, effective waste minimization, high material variety, and sustainable products. This review paper addresses the evolution of engineering design to take advantage of the opportunities provided by AM and its applications. It discusses issues related to the design of cellular and support structures, build orientation, part consolidation and assembly, materials, part complexity, and product sustainability.
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Baldinger, Matthias, Gideon Levy, Paul Schönsleben, and Matthias Wandfluh. "Additive manufacturing cost estimation for buy scenarios." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 6 (October 17, 2016): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-02-2015-0023.
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Purpose To design for additive manufacturing (AM), the decision to use AM needs to be taken early in the product development process. Therefore, engineers need to be able to estimate AM part cost based on the few parameters available at this point in the process. This paper aims to develop suitable cost estimation models for this purpose, focusing on buy scenarios, as many companies choose to buy parts at service providers. Design/methodology/approach This study applies analogical cost estimation techniques to a data set of price quotations for laser sintering and laser melting parts. Findings The paper proposes easy-to-apply cost estimation models for laser sintering and laser melting for buy scenarios. Further, it generates new insights on the AM service provider market. Research limitations/implications The proposed models are only suitable for buy scenarios and are only a snapshot of cost achievable in 2014. Practical implications The proposed cost estimation models enable engineers to approximate AM part costs early in the product development process and thereby ease the decision to rapid manufacture certain parts. Originality/value This study addresses two gaps in the AM cost literature. It is the first study to take a qualitative approach to AM cost estimation, which is more suitable early in the product development process than the currently available quantitative studies. Further, it develops the first cost estimation for buy scenarios.
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Cui, Yinan, Kailun Li, Chan Wang, and Wei Liu. "Dislocation evolution during additive manufacturing of tungsten." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 30, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 024001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-651x/ac40d3.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) frequently encounters part quality issues such as geometrical inaccuracy, cracking, warping, etc. This is associated with its unique thermal and mechanical cycling during AM, as well as the material properties. Although many efforts have been spent on this problem, the underlying dislocation evolution mechanism during AM is still largely unknown, despite its essential role in the deformation and cracking behavior during AM and the properties of as-fabricated parts. In this work, a coupling method of three-dimensional dislocation dynamics and finite element method is established to disclose the mechanisms and features of dislocations during AM. Tungsten (W) is chosen as the investigated material due to its wide application. The internal thermal activated nature of dislocation mobility in W is taken into account. The correlations between the combined thermal and mechanical cycles and dislocation evolutions are disclosed. The effect of adding alloying element Ta in W is discussed from the perspectives of tuning dislocation mobility and introducing nanoparticles, which helps to understand why higher dislocation density and fewer microcracks are observed when adding Ta. The current work sheds new light on the long-standing debating of dislocation origin and evolutions in the AM field.
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Jiao, Lishi, Zhong Chua, Seung Moon, Jie Song, Guijun Bi, Hongyu Zheng, Byunghoon Lee, and Jamyeong Koo. "Laser-Induced Graphene on Additive Manufacturing Parts." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010090.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has become more prominent in leading industries. Recently, there have been intense efforts to achieve a fully functional 3D structural electronic device by integrating conductive structures into AM parts. Here, we introduce a simple approach to creating a conductive layer on a polymer AM part by CO2 laser processing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze laser-induced modifications in surface morphology and surface chemistry. The results suggest that conductive porous graphene was obtained from the AM-produced carbon precursor after the CO2 laser scanning. At a laser power of 4.5 W, the lowest sheet resistance of 15.9 Ω/sq was obtained, indicating the excellent electrical conductivity of the laser-induced graphene (LIG). The conductive graphene on the AM parts could serve as an electrical interconnection and shows a potential for the manufacturing of electronics components. An interdigital electrode capacitor was written on the AM parts to demonstrate the capability of LIG. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and cyclability testing demonstrated good electrochemical performance of the LIG capacitor. These findings may create opportunities for the integration of laser direct writing electronic and additive manufacturing.
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Zhang, Yicha, Alain Bernard, Ravi Kumar Gupta, and Ramy Harik. "Feature based building orientation optimization for additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 22, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 358–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2014-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present research work based on the authors’ conceptual framework reported in the VRAP Conference 2013. It is related with an efficient method to obtain an optimal part build orientation for additive manufacturing (AM) by using AM features with associated AM production knowledge and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM). The paper also emphasizes the importance of AM feature and the implied AM knowledge in AM process planning. Design/methodology/approach To solve the orientation problem in AM, two sub-tasks, the generation of a set of alternative orientations and the identification of an optimal one within the generated list, should be accomplished. In this paper, AM feature is defined and associated with AM production knowledge to be used for generating a set of alternative orientations. Key attributes for the decision-making of the orientation problem are then identified and used to represent those generated orientations. Finally, an integrated MADM model is adopted to find out the optimal orientation among the generated alternative orientations. Findings The proposed method to find out an optimal part build orientation for those parts with simple or medium complex geometric shapes is reasonable and efficient. It also has the potential to deal with more complex parts with cellular or porous structures in a short time by using high-performance computers. Research limitations/implications The proposed method is a proof-of-concept. There is a need to investigate AM feature types and the association with related AM production knowledge further so as to suite the context of orientating parts with more complex geometric features. There are also research opportunities for developing more advanced algorithms to recognize AM features and generate alternative orientations and refine alternative orientations. Originality/value AM feature is defined and introduced to the orientation problem in AM for generating the alternative orientations. It is also used as one of the key attributes for decision-making so as to help express production requirements on specific geometric features of a desired part.
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Hurt, C., M. Brandt, S. S. Priya, T. Bhatelia, J. Patel, PR Selvakannan, and S. Bhargava. "Combining additive manufacturing and catalysis: a review." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 16 (2017): 3421–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy00615b.
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White, Emma, Emily Rinko, Timothy Prost, Timothy Horn, Christopher Ledford, Christopher Rock, and Iver Anderson. "Processing of Alnico Magnets by Additive Manufacturing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224843.
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Permanent magnets without rare earth (RE) elements, such as alnico, will improve supply stability and potentially decrease permanent magnet cost, especially for traction drive motors and other increased temperature applications. Commercial alnico magnets with the highest energy product are produced by directional solidification (DS) to achieve a <001> columnar grain orientation followed by significant final machining, adding to the high cost. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an effective method to process near net-shape parts with minimal final machining of complex geometries. AM also, has potential for texture/grain orientation control and compositionally graded structures. This report describes fabrication of alnico magnets by AM using both laser engineered net shaping (LENS)/directed energy deposition (DED) and electron beam melting powder bed fusion (EBM/PBF). High pressure gas atomized (HPGA) pre-alloyed alnico powders, with high purity and sphericity, were built into cylindrical and rectangular samples, followed by magnetic annealing (MA) and a full heat treatment (FHT). The magnetic properties of these AM processed specimens were different from their cast and sintered counterparts of the same composition and show a great sensitivity to heat treatment. The AM process parameters used in this developmental study did not yet result in any preferred texture within the alnico AM builds. These findings demonstrate feasibility for near net-shape processing of alnico permanent magnets for use in next generation traction drive motors and other applications requiring increased operating temperatures and/or complex engineered part geometries, especially with further AM process development for texture control.