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1
Dryja, Maksymilian. An additive variant of the Schwarz alternating method for the case of many subregions. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1987.
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Dryja, Maksymilian. An additive variant of the Schwarz alternating method for the case of many subregions. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1987.
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3
Tani, Irene. Le Rime di Bernardo Cappello. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-257-4.
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Bernardo Cappello (Venezia 1498 ca.-Roma 1560), member of one of the oldest patrician families of Venice, played an active role in the politics of the Venetian Republic, until his exile in 1540. After that, he became a collaborator and a protégé of cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who is one of the most significant figures of the century. Then he took refuge in Rome, where over the years he held varied appointments. Since his youth and in parallel with his political career, Cappello constantly devoted himself to humanistic studies and to rhymes production: pupil of Pietro Bembo, interlocutor of Giovanni Della Casa and close friend to Bernardo Tasso, the author is among the greatest exponents of the sixteenth-century Petrarchism. For the first time the critical edition of Rime by Bernardo Cappello is here given, namely the book of 353 compositions that the author elaborated on the pattern of Bembo’s directives, over a large period of time. In his book of poetry (canzoniere), through lyrical pieces, the author creates his own existential and biographical path. Regarding the evolution of the architecture of Cappello’s collection, four witnesses survived, in which we distinguish different phases: the first one is genetic and manuscript (Roma, Biblioteca Casanatense, 277), with addition of corrections that generally are close to the textual variants of the princeps; the second is the print of 1560 for the press of the Guerra brothers; finally, a further evolutionary stage is represented by two postillated prints. To these witnesses a rich miscellaneous tradition is added, which, for a large number of rhymes, restores the elaborative complexity through multiple genetic forms. Poems ousted from the ancient print, but part of the canzoniere in other phases of composition, are included in this critical edition.
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Alladi, Krishnaswami, Frank Garvan, and Ae Ja Yee. Ramanujan 125: International conference to commemorate the 125th anniversary of Ramanujan's birth, Ramanujan 125, November 5--7, 2012, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
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5
Saff, E. B., Douglas Patten Hardin, Brian Z. Simanek, and D. S. Lubinsky. Modern trends in constructive function theory: Conference in honor of Ed Saff's 70th birthday : constructive functions 2014, May 26-30, 2014, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2016.
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6
Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Variance: 1. Changes in the Additive Variance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0016.
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Selection changes the additive-genetic variance (and hence the response in the mean) by both changing allele frequencies and by generating correlations among alleles at different loci (linkage disequilibrium). Such selection-induced correlations can be generated even between unlinked loci, and (generally) are negative, such that alleles increasing trait values tend to become increasingly negative correlated under direction or stabilizing selection, and positively correlated under disruptive selection. Such changes in the additive-genetic variance from disequilibrium is called the Bulmer effects. For a large number of loci, the amount of change can be predicted from the Bulmer equation, the analog of the breeder's equation, but now for the change in the variance. Upon cessation of selection, any disequilibrium decays away, and the variances revert back to their additive-genic variances (the additive variance in the absence of disequilibrium). Assortative mating also generates such disequilibrium.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Short-term Changes in the Variance: 2. Changes in the Environmental Variance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0017.
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While classical quantitative genetics usually assumes that all genotypes have the same environmental variance (the assumption of homoscedasticity), in reality, genotypes can show heteroscedasticity in the environmental variance. When such variation is heritable (i.e., has an additive variance in an outbred population), then the environmental variance can change under selection. This can either be due to an indirect response (such as during directional selection on a trait), or through direct selection to increase the homogeneity of a trait (such as for increased uniformity during harvesting). This chapter reviews the existing data on the heritability of the environmental variance and examines several different genetic models for predicting its response.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Changes in Genetic Variation Induced by Drift. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0011.
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In the absence of the input of new variation, drift eventually removes all of the additive-genetic variance in a population. When nonadditive genetic variance is present, some of this variation can be transiently converted into additive variance, resulting in the latter occasionally increasingly (for a time) under inbreeding. This chapter examines the conditions under which such a conversion can occur, which leads to a discussion of the more complex covariances between inbred relatives, requiring the introduction of several new genetic-variance components to be introduced. It also examines the expected equilibrium levels of additive variance under drift-mutation equilibrium.
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A Beginner's Guide to Generalized Additive Mixed Models with R. New York, USA: Highland Statistics Ltd, 2014.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Long-term Response: 2. Finite Population Size and Mutation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0026.
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In a finite population, drift is often more important than selection in removing any initial additive variance. This chapter examines the joint impact of selection, drift, and mutation on the long-term response in a quantitative trait. One key result is the remarkable finding of Robertson that the expected long-term response from any initial additive variance is bounded above by the product of twice the effective population size times the initial response. This result implies that the optimal selection intensity for long-term response it to save half of the population in each generation.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Selection Under Inbreeding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0023.
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When dominance is presence, the selection response equations under inbreeding can become rather complex, they require additional variance components beyond the additive-genetic variance. Further, both transient and permanent components of response can arise. This chapter examines the theory of both the covariance of relatives under general inbreeding, as well as the expected selection response under inbreeding. Due to the decrease in the effective recombination rate under selfing, the Bulmer effect can be rather dramatic, as any linkage disequilibrium generated by selection is only weakly removed by recombination. Finally, this chapter also examines the evolutionary forces that interact to determine the selfing rate for a given population.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Long-term Response: 1. Deterministic Aspects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0025.
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In a large population in the absence of new mutation, selection is expected to eventually drive all of the additive-genetic variance in a trait toward zero, resulting in a selection limit. This chapter examines the underlying population-genetics of such a limit, how it is estimated, and reviews the actual nature of limits observed in artificial selection experiments. It also examines the conditions under which a major gene is more important than polygenic response.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. The Infinitesimal Model and Its Extensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0024.
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One standard approximation in quantitative genetics is the infinitesimal model, which assumes a large number of loci, each of small effect. In such a setting, the distribution of breeding values in unselected descendants is roughly multivariate normal and most of the (short-term) change in the additive variance under selection is through Bulmer effects (the generation of linkage disequilibrium) rather than by allele-frequency change. A variety of different infinitesimal models are found in the literature, and this chapter examines these different versions and the connections between them. It also examines the theory for moving beyond the infinitesimal approximation. Finally, this chapter shows that the much-debated worry over “missing heritability” simply follows under the infinitesimal setting.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Theorems of Natural Selection: Results of Price, Fisher, and Robertson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0006.
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This chapter reviews a number of “theorems” of natural selection. These include exact results (true mathematical theorems): the Robertson-Price identity, Price's general expression for any form of selection response, and the Fisher-Price-Ewens version of Fisher's fundamental theorem. Their generality comes as the cost of usually being very difficult to apply. An important exception is the Robertson-Price identity, which expresses the within-generation change in the mean of a trait as its covariance with relative fitness. This chapter also examines three classic approximations: Fisher's fundamental theorem for the behavior of mean population fitness, and Robertson's secondary theorem and the breeder's equation for the expected response in a trait under selection, showing both how these results are connected and the error given by the various approximations. Finally, the chapter examines the connection between the additive variance of a trait and its correlation with fitness.
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Mitchell, Valory. Couple Therapy with Same-Sex and Gender-Variant (LGBT) Couples. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.007.
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Same-sex and gender-variant couples are similar to heterosexual/gender-traditional couples in many ways. However, lesbian, gay, and bisexual couples and couples with one or both transgender partners (LGBT couples) exist in a stigmatizing environment that provides no social structures for them. As a result, these couples face three types of challenges: minority stress, lack of social support, and role and relational ambiguity. The author reviews research on these three challenges and offers specific techniques to address them. A conceptual model creates a bridge between sociocultural challenges and the psychological-relational consequences, affording therapists an understanding of how to plan and implement effective interventions. In addition, seven basic premises provide parameters for work with LGBT couples.
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Pezzini, Alessandro. Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0011.
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Ischaemic stroke is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder. Although epidemiological data from twin and family studies provide substantial evidence for a genetic basis for stroke, the contribution of genetic factors identified so far is small. Large progress has been made in single-gene disorders associated with ischaemic stroke, particularly at young age. By contrast, little is known about the genes associated with multifactorial stroke. The reported genome-wide association studies of ischaemic stroke have shown that no single common genetic variant imparts major risk, but data on early-onset disease are scarce in this regard. Larger studies with samples numbering in the thousands are ongoing to identify common variants with smaller effects on risk. This approach, in addition with new analytic techniques, will likely contribute to the identification of additional genes, novel pathways, and eventually novel therapeutic approaches to cerebrovascular disorders in the near future. The aims of this review are to summarize data on clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic aspects of monogenic conditions associated with juvenile ischaemic stroke, to discuss recent findings and methodological limitations regarding the genetics of sporadic ischaemic stroke in this age category, and to provide a brief overview of the potential future approaches to stroke genetics.
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Leuchter, Mark. Jeremiah. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.10.
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This chapter discusses the major issues surrounding the study of the book of Jeremiah in contemporary scholarship, with special attention given to the book’s rhetorical structure, the value of its contents as historical resources, and the matter of its text-critical variants and the implications of these variants for the book’s literary evolution. The question of the book’s Deuteronomistic profile is raised, with some suggestions regarding whether or not that profile should be assigned to a secondary recasting of sources. In addition, a number of assumptions and axioms are challenged, especially those concerning text-critical evaluations and the use of the book as a site of cultural memory regarding ancient Israel, its monarchic institutions, and the prophet Jeremiah himself.
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Foster, Brogan, and Paul A. Brogan. Clinical skills and assessment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738756.003.0001.
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This chapter describes the epidemiology of rheumatic disease in children and young people. There are also detailed descriptions of the assessment including clinical examination (pGALS, pREMS), normal development and gait along with normal variants (highlighting when to be concerned). In addition there are descriptions of imaging (MRI, US), autoantibodies, thermography, nailfold capillaroscopy. There is an updated description of outcome measures used in paediatric rheumatology.
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Ferraty, Frédéric, and Philippe Vieu. A Unifying Classification for Functional Regression Modeling. Edited by Frédéric Ferraty and Yves Romain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199568444.013.1.
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This article presents a unifying classification for functional regression modeling, and more specifically for modeling the link between two variables X and Y, when the explanatory variable (X) is of a functional nature. It first provides a background on the proposed classification of regression models, focusing on the regression problem and defining parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric models, and explains how semiparametric modeling can be interpreted in terms of dimension reduction. It then gives four examples of functional regression models, namely: functional linear regression model, additive functional regression model, smooth nonparametric functional model, and single functional index model. It also considers a number of new models, directly adapted to functional variables from the existing standard multivariate literature.
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MacGregor, Alex, Ana Valdes, and Frances M. K. Williams. Genetics of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0044.
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In this chapter we outline the approaches which have been adopted to identify genetic variants predisposing to osteoarthritis (OA), a condition long recognized as having a heritable component. Such routes to their identification include examining mendelian traits in which OA is a feature, candidate gene studies based on knowledge of OA pathobiology, linkage analysis in related individuals, and, more recently, genome-wide association studies in large samples of unrelated individuals. It is increasingly evident that the main symptom deriving from OA—notably joint pain—also has a genetic basis but this is differs from that underlying OA. Variants convincingly shown to predispose to OA lie in the GDF5 and MCF2L genes and in the chr7 cluster mapping to the COG5 gene, in addition to the ASPN gene in Asian populations. Those associated with pain in OA include TRPV1 and PACE4. Epigenetic influences are also being explored in both the pathogenesis of OA and the variation of pain processing.
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Lux, Thomas, and Mawuli Segnon. Multifractal Models in Finance. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.8.
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This chapter provides an overview over the recently developed so-called multifractal (MF) approach for modeling and forecasting volatility. For analysts and policy makers, volatility is a key variable for understanding market fluctuations. Analysts need accurate forecasts of volatility for tasks such as risk management, as well as option and futures pricing. In addition, asset market volatility plays an important role in monetary policy. The chapter, then, outlines the genesis of the multifractal approach from similar models of turbulent flows in statistical physics and provides details about different specifications of multifractal time series models in finance, available methods for their estimation, and the current state of their empirical applications.
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McLaughlin, Eoin, Nick Hanley, David Greasley, Jan Kunnas, Les Oxley, and Paul Warde. Historical Wealth Accounts for Britain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0007.
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Estimates of Britain’s comprehensive wealth are reported for the period 1760–2000. They include measures of produced, natural, and human capital, and illustrate the changing composition of Britain’s assets over this time period. This chapter shows how genuine savings (GS—a year-on-year measure of the change in total capital and a claimed indicator of sustainable development) has evolved over time. Changes in total wealth are compared to alternative, investment-based measures of GS, including variants augmented with the value of exogenous technology. In addition, the possible effects of population change on wealth, and the implications of including carbon dioxide emissions in natural capital, are considered.
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Sivaraj, Ramesh R., and Paul M. Dodson, eds. Diabetic Retinopathy: Screening to Treatment (Oxford Diabetes Library). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834458.001.0001.
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Background diabetic retinopathy (DR) can involve several different microvascular pathologies, which will be explained with example images. These include microaneurysms, haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, and venous loops. The reader will learn how these features relate to the grading and referral criteria. This book aims to provide information on how these pathologies develop and why it is important that they are recognized in the earlier stages of background DR. It will demonstrate how ischaemia can affect the capillary network and also how related conditions, such as hypertension and blood glucose, can contribute to vascular changes. In addition, this book will explain how to differentiate normal variants from DR changes.
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Loukas, Mistelis. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 7 Contractual Mechanisms for Stability in Energy Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the interpretation and enforceability of various contractual means typically used in energy contracts to ensure a sustainable relationship between the contracting parties. These are the stabilization or freezing clauses and the economic equilibrium clauses together with the variants of adjustment, force majeure, and hardship clauses. These clauses are discussed from a historical and comparative viewpoint. In addition, while a dispute is occurring, it is essential to preserve the contract and relationship between the parties, and thus the chapter also looks at how multi-tiered dispute resolution clauses contribute to achieving this objective. The chapter then concludes with an outlook into current trends and future perspectives.
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Chiang, Connie Y. Desert Agriculture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842062.003.0005.
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This chapter explores efforts to develop agricultural programs that would allow the camps to grow or raise most of the food consumed by Japanese Americans. This was a particularly important goal because wartime rationing and military demands limited food supplies. However, it was also quite challenging, as most of the camps were located on arid land with short growing seasons and variable soil quality. Even the most experienced farmers found it difficult to grow crops on marginal land. In addition to weather and soil problems, the WRA encountered labor shortages, resistance from local municipalities, and wartime mandates. While the camps did not produce all of their food, they did develop an extensive agricultural program with significant yields.
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Staedtke, Verena, and Eric H. Kossoff. Epilepsy Syndromes in Childhood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0074.
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Epilepsy syndromes of childhood are a heterogeneous group of disorders that occur at specific neurodevelopmental stages, with a variable prognosis ranging from benign to catastrophic. In clinical practice they are categorized based on seizure type, age of onset, clinical presentation, electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, as well as response to treatment. In addition, recent advancements in neuroimaging and genetic testing have become important diagnostic tools revealing underlying defects for some of these syndromes. This knowledge has consequences for clinical practice, as it opens new perspectives for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the most common pediatric epilepsy syndromes, their clinical findings, associated EEG findings, and clinical management.
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Bielekova, Bibiana, Gary Birnbaum, and Robert P. Lisak, eds. Neuroimmunology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190050801.001.0001.
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This book provides clinical and supporting scientific background on a diverse group of neurological disorders in an expanding field of neurology, that of neuroimmunology. It includes chapters on multiple sclerosis and related disorders in adults and children, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory deymyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and variants, immune-mediated disorders of the neuromuscular junction, inflammatory myopathies, paraneoplastic disorders and autoimmune encephalitities, and neurologic manifestations of systemic immune-mediated diseases. In addition there is an introductory chapter dealing with basic of immunology and another on mechanisms of action of therapies used in neuroimmunologic disorders. The clinical chapters cover epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of the different diseases along with clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, differential diagnosis, and treatment.
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Ritchie, Judith, and Ahmed Al-Mukhtar. Pancreatic surgery (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749813.003.0003.
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Pancreatic surgery is a fascinating subspecialty of general surgery. It is considered a superspecialty, with pancreatic surgery limited to a number of tertiary centres around the country taking referrals from regional hospitals. However, surgical trainees will encounter pancreatic pathology on a day-to-day basis through the acute take, with emergency presentations arising from patients presenting with complications from acute and chronic pancreatitis and from locally advanced pancreatic cancers. In addition this chapter includes a case based discussion of pancreatic trauma to educate on its variable and often insidious nature. These cases aim to outline relevant information regarding each of the clinical cases, with a sensible and appropriate approach to investigation and management.
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Bar-On, Tamir. The Radical Right and Nationalism. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.2.
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This chapter argues that nationalism is the master concept of the radical right. It posits that the radical right’s nationalism is different from that of the mainstream right in its radicalism (or far-reaching and fundamental nature), its obsession with the dominance of the main ethnic group, and its longing for homogeneous nations and states. In addition, this nationalism is often populist in tone; it is indebted to direct rather than representative variants of democracy; and in some cases it is ambiguous about its relationship to fascism, Nazism, collaborationist regimes, or the Holocaust. In short, without ethnic nationalism as its master concept, the radical right’s thinkers, political parties, and movements would lack a stable anchor.
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Waln, Olga, and Joseph Jankovic. Paroxysmal Dyskinesias and Other Paroxysmal Movement Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0012.
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Paroxysmal dyskinesias are episodic, recurrent movement disorders characterized by attacks of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, ballism, or any combination of these hyperkinetic movements, with variable duration and frequency of the episodes and normal interictal neurological examination. Four main types of paroxysmal dyskinesias have been described: paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, and paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia. The disorders are usually inherited in autosomal dominant fashion and have their onset in the first two decades of life. In addition, there are other paroxysmal or episodic movement disorders, including episodic ataxias, paroxysmal nystagmus, and other paroxysmal diseases such as epilepsy and migraines, that may be associated with movement disorders. Response to medications such as anticonvulsants or benzodiazepines can vary among different types of paroxysmal dyskinesia.
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Rosenberg, Michael. Doubts and Faith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845896.003.0005.
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Three very different first-century Jewish authors hint at a possible deviation from the regime of anatomical testing of virginity as established by Deuteronomy 22. Both Josephus and Philo, in their paraphrases of the bloody-sheets pericope, strikingly leave out any mention of any physical remainder of the sexual act, thus deviating from the explicit model of Deuteronomy. In the end, however, Josephus, seems unlikely to be a true variant, likely avoiding rather than replacing the Deuteronomic standard. Philo, however, may well express a concern for spiritual, rather than (or in addition to) physical virginity. The contrast with Deuteronomy is even more pronounced in the Gospel of Matthew, where faith-based testing comes to replace physical testing.
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Bayley, Robert. Variationist Sociolinguistics. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0001.
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The central ideas of variationist sociolinguistics are that an understanding of language requires an understanding of variable as well as categorical processes, and that the variation witnessed at all levels of language is not random. Rather, linguistic variation is characterized by orderly or “structured heterogeneity.” In addition, synchronic variation is often a reflection of diachronic change. This chapter reviews representative studies and outlines the main assumptions underlying the variationist approach. It presents an example of variationist analysis, using the well-known case of variation between Spanish null and overt subject personal pronouns. Then, the chapter considers a number of relatively recent developments in variationist sociolinguistics including the expansion of the variationist paradigm into new areas such as second-language acquisition and sign linguistics, as well as recent work that combines ethnographic observation and quantitative analysis.
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Smith, Ronnie W., and D. Richard Hipp. Spoken Natural Language Dialog Systems. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091878.001.0001.
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As spoken natural language dialog systems technology continues to make great strides, numerous issues regarding dialog processing still need to be resolved. This book presents an exciting new dialog processing architecture that allows for a number of behaviors required for effective human-machine interactions, including: problem-solving to help the user carry out a task, coherent subdialog movement during the problem-solving process, user model usage, expectation usage for contextual interpretation and error correction, and variable initiative behavior for interacting with users of differing expertise. The book also details how different dialog problems in processing can be handled simultaneously, and provides instructions and in-depth result from pertinent experiments. Researchers and professionals in natural language systems will find this important new book an invaluable addition to their libraries.
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Abramowitz, Jonathan S., Steven Taylor, and Dean McKay. Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0071.
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Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is one of the oldest and most effective treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. The present chapter describes the empirical foundations, development, delivery, and latest research on ERP. Commonly used methods and procedural variants of ERP are described, along with findings concerning the underlying mechanisms of action. The efficacy of ERP in relation to other treatments is discussed, in addition to research on the long-term effects of ERP and its effects in non-research settings. Pretreatment predictors of the outcome of treatments using ERP are also considered. Efforts to improve treatment outcome are discussed, including research into the benefits of combining ERP with other psychosocial interventions such as cognitive therapy, or with particular medications. The chapter concludes by considering important future research directions for improving the outcome of treatment packages that include ERP.
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Berge, Benjamin von dem, and Thomas Poguntke. Varieties of Intra-Party Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758631.003.0006.
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This chapter introduces a new, two-dimensional way of measuring intra-party democracy (IPD). It is argued that assembly-based IPD and plebiscitary IPD are two theoretically different modes of intra-party decision-making. Assembly-based IPD means that discussion and decision over a certain topic takes place at the same time. Plebiscitary IPD disconnects the act of voting from the discussion over the alternatives that are put to a vote. In addition, some parties have opened up plebiscitary decision-making to non-members which is captured by the concept of open plebiscitary IPD. Based on the Political Party Database Project (PPDB) dataset, indices are developed for the three variants of IPD. The empirical analyses here show that assembly-based and plebiscitary IPD are combined by political parties in different ways while open party plebiscites are currently a rare exception.
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Takeshita, Junko, and Joel M. Gelfand. Epidemiology of psoriasis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0002.
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Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin that is associated with multisystem effects. Approximately 125 million people worldwide are affected by psoriasis, nearly one quarter of whom have moderate to severe disease. The majority of patients with psoriasis have a waxing and waning course with variable periods of spontaneous disease improvement or clearance. A rapidly expanding body of epidemiologic literature suggests psoriasis to be associated with a greater comorbid disease burden than patients without psoriasis. In addition to psoriatic arthritis, cardiometabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome and its component disorders, as well as major adverse cardiovascular events are the most common comorbidities of psoriasis; together they are the primary cause of premature mortality among moderate to severe psoriasis patients. Continued efforts to better understand currently known and identify other emerging comorbidities of psoriasis are critical.
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Foggensteiner, Lukas, and Philip Beales. Bardet–Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0314.
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Ciliopathies encompass a genotypically complex and phenotypically variable and overlapping series of disorders that makes the general term ‘ciliopathies’ very useful. The genes behind these conditions encode parts of the machinery of the primary cilium. This is also true of the major cystic kidney disorders autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, but the ‘long tails’ of other ciliopathies are characterized by variable nephropathy (often without cyst formation), retinopathy, and effects on brain and skeletal development. Not all have substantial renal phenotypes. Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by obesity, retinopathy, nephropathy, and learning difficulty, but renal abnormalities are varied and end-stage renal failure occurs in only a minority. Many BBS genes have been described. Alström syndrome is a rare recessive disorder again associated with obesity and retinopathy, but also deafness and dilated cardiomyopathy. Renal failure is a common but later feature. Joubert syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition but can arise from mutations in at least 10 genes. It has a wide phenotypic variation with a common link being hypodysplasia of the cerebellar vermis and other abnormalities giving rise to the ‘molar tooth sign’ on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scanning, associated with hypotonia in infancy, central ataxia, ocular apraxia, developmental delay, and varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Jeune syndrome is a recessive condition characterized by osteochondrodysplasia which can give rise to hypodevelopment of the chest wall known as suffocating thoracic dystrophy, in addition to other manifestations.
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Van den Bergh, Omer, Nadia Zacharioudakis, and Sibylle Petersen. Interoception, categorization, and symptom perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0011.
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Medical practice and the disease model importantly rely on the accuracy assumption of symptom perception: patients’ symptom reports are a direct and accurate reflection of physiological dysfunction. This implies that symptoms can be used as a read-out of dysfunction and that remedying the dysfunction removes the symptoms. While this assumption is viable in many instances of disease, the relationship between symptoms and physiological dysfunction is highly variable and, in a substantial number of cases, completely absent. This chapter considers symptom perception as a form of unconscious inferential somatic decision-making that compellingly produces consciously experienced symptoms. At a mechanistic level, this perspective removes the categorical distinction between symptoms that are closely associated with physiological dysfunction and those that are not. In addition, it brings symptom perception in accordance with general theories of perception. Some clinical implications to understand and treat symptoms poorly related to physiological dysfunction are discussed.
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Peñagarikano, Olga, and Daniel H. Geschwind. CNTNAP2 and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Although autism was described in the early 1940s as a disorder of affective contact (Kanner, 1943), it was not classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder with a biological basis until the early 1980s, when studies reported its high heritability (Folstein & Rutter, 1977; Ritvo et al., 1985) and co-occurrence with chromosomal abnormalities (Gillberg & Wahlstrom, 1985; Wahlström et al., 1986). Today, autism is considered a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental syndrome and therefore termed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by variable deficits in social behavior and language, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Autism spectrum disorder has an estimated prevalence of 1:150–1:200 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007), being one of the most common childhood disorders. In addition to the core domains necessary for diagnosis, a number of other behavioral abnormalities are frequently associated with ASD, including epilepsy, sensory abnormalities, hyperactivity, motor abnormalities, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal symptoms (Geschwind, 2009).
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Feist, Eugen, and Gerd-R. Burmester. Rheumatoid arthritis—clinical features. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0111.
Full textAbstract:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presents with variable clinical features, making this most frequent chronic systemic autoimmune disease with characteristic joint involvement a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This chapter describes in detail the different clinical, laboratory and imaging findings in patients with RA. In addition to the characteristic arthritic involvement, which can lead to severe joint changes with progressive destruction and loss of function, other systemic disease manifestations as well as an increased risk for cardiovascular events and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with relevance for patients' prognosis are described. Recent approaches to early diagnosis and stratification of patients by predictive factors for a severe course of disease are discussed. These patient profiles include increased inflammatory markers, the presence of autoantibodies, and erosive changes at the time of diagnosis. The novel classification criteria for RA and the significance of autoantibody status, namely seropositivity for antibodies against citrullinated antigens as highly specific diagnostic markers, are highlighted to further promote early differentiation of RA from other arthritic disease entities.
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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now an additional 12 JIA susceptibility loci with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
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Azzouni, Jody. Transcendence and Immanence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Current metaphysical debates (between, e.g., Hirsch, Sider, Hawthorne, and others) are historically centered in an earlier debate between Carnap and Quine. This was a debate over whether formal languages can function as replacements for natural language or whether instead they offer techniques that can be used to modify natural languages. This debate continues to be relevant to contemporary debates between Hirsch and his opponents. Hirsch presupposes the natural-language-centered Quinean position; many of his opponents take Ontologese to be a cogent alternative for metaphysical discourse. In addition, it’s shown that Hirsch’s attempts to demarcate substantial from purely verbal debates derail because of the technical failure to show that finitely specified sentence-to-sentence mappings between disputant claims are available. It’s shown further that quantifier-variant views make no sense of ontological debate. Participants in ontological debate need to share an existence concept if they are to argue successfully with one another.
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James, Henry. What Maisie Knew. Edited by Adrian Poole. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538591.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
What Maisie Knew (1897) represents one of James's finest reflections on the rites of passage from wonder to knowledge, and the question of their finality. The child of violently divorced parents, Maisie Farange opens her eyes on a distinctly modern world. Mothers and fathers keep changing their partners and names, while she herself becomes the pretext for all sorts of adult sexual intrigue. In this classic tale of the death of childhood, there is a savage comedy that owes much to Dickens. But for his portrayal of the child's capacity for intelligent ‘wonder’, James summons all the subtlety he devotes elsewhere to his most celebrated adult protagonists. Neglected and exploited by everyone around her, Maisie inspires James to dwell with extraordinary acuteness on the things that may pass between adult and child. In addition to a new introduction, this edition of the novel offers particularly detailed notes, bibliography, and a list of variant readings.
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Landau, Ruth, and Clemens Ortner. Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0052.
Full textAbstract:
Phenotyping is key in all genetic association studies and designing clinical studies to assess the genetic contribution to pain and analgesic response in general, and in the context of obstetric pain is even more challenging. In addition, interpreting results, particularly when multiple genes are evaluated, requires large sample sizes and appropriate statistical analysis to avoid misconstrued finding. The genetic contribution to labour pain or even that of pharmacogenetics to explain differences in analgesic response is probably not simple and straightforward and we are at the beginning of our explorations. Firm recommendations to tailor opioid regimens based on patients’ individual genetic profile are not available and are unlikely to become available in the near future other than for the prescription of codeine. To help explore genetic variants that influence the progress of labour and other various obstetric outcomes, the concept of mathematical modelling of labour progress is extremely promising and may in the future allow identification of some important genetic contributions and will perhaps one day predict labour outcome and labour pain perception.
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Carter, David. Inception. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325055.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Christopher Nolan's Inception (2010) is a difficult film to categorize. It partakes of various genres, blurring the distinctions between them. It is science fiction, but it does not contain many of the ingredients associated with that genre. It can also be identified as a kind of heist film, and there are shades of film noir as well, not only because of the heist motifs but also due to its character types. It can also be described as a psychological thriller, telling the story of one man's attempt to flee his past and regain access to his family, of his coming to terms with the death of his wife. In addition, it plays with time, questioning the certainty of consciously experienced real time, and revealing that the personal experience of the passing of time is variable. The film also explores the nature of the mind and how dreams are related to the conscious and unconscious mind. This book covers all of these facets of a complex, yet highly successful, film, as well as considering it in the context of the director's other work.
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Holden, Melanie A., Martin J. Thomas, and Krysia S. Dziedzic. Miscellaneous physical therapies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0026.
Full textAbstract:
Miscellaneous physical therapies, such as assistive devices, thermotherapy, manual therapy, and electrotherapy are commonly used to treat patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in addition to written information and exercise. However, the evidence underpinning specific miscellaneous physical therapies is often limited, with small study sizes, heterogeneous populations, and differing study designs making it difficult to draw firm conclusions about their effectiveness. One or more miscellaneous physical therapies feature within 15 current clinical guidelines for OA. The specific types of physical therapies addressed are variable, as are their recommendations. There is most agreement for miscellaneous physical therapies in hand OA, with multiple guidelines addressing and consistently recommending joint protection, splinting, and thermotherapy in addition to core treatment. However these recommendations are predominantly based on a small number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Use of walking aids and footwear is commonly addressed and recommended for patients with hip and knee OA, although recommendations are predominantly based on expert opinion. Other physical therapies recommended for hip and knee OA range from orthoses to less conventional leech therapy. When a recommendation for a miscellaneous physical therapy is not made, it is commonly due to limited clinical evidence, rather than evidence of harm. Due to limited evidence and lack of consensus between clinical guidelines, for some therapies, use of specific miscellaneous physical therapies in clinical practice should be based upon the best available evidence, a holistic, individualized clinical assessment and shared decision-making with the patient. Further large-scale, high-quality RCTs would be useful to inform future guideline recommendations and clinical practice.
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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated further using fine-mapping strategies and then appropriate functional studies to show how the variant alters the gene function. This knowledge will not only lead to a better understanding of disease pathogenesis for juvenile rheumatic diseases but may also aid in the classification of these heterogeneous diseases. It may identify new pathways for potential therapeutic targets and help in the prediction of disease outcome and response to treatment.
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Láruson, Áki Jarl, and Floyd Allan Reed. Population Genetics with R. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829539.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Population genetics is an inherently quantitative discipline. Because the focus of population genetics studies is usually on abstract concepts like the frequencies of genetic variants over time, it can at first glance be difficult to conceptualize and appropriately visualize. As more and more quantitative models and methods have become established in the discipline, it has become necessary for people just entering the field to quickly develop a good understanding of the many layers of complex approaches, so as to correctly interpret even basic results. An unfortunate side effect of the widespread implementation of ready-to-use quantitative software packages is that some facets of analysis can become rote, which at best might lead to implementation without the full understanding of the user and at worst, inappropriate application leading to misguided conclusions. In this book a “learning by doing” approach is employed to encourage readers to begin developing an intuitive understanding of population genetics concepts. The analytical software R, which has increasingly been the program of choice for early exposure to basic statistical programming, is freely available online, has cross-platform compatibility (Windows, Mac, and Linux all support distributions of R), and offers the potential for hands-on implementation by the students, in addition to using pre-packaged functions.
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Matheron, Georges. Matheron's Theory of Regionalised Variables. Edited by Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn and Jean Serra. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835660.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book has never been published before, although its contents have provided the basis for hundreds of papers, theses, and books on geostatistics. The chapters are based on the lectures of a summer course given by Georges Matheron in 1970; initially written in French, they were translated into English by Charles Huijbregts. They do not contain mathematical technicalities or practical case studies; instead, they present major topics like estimation variances, kriging systems, mining estimation, and intrinsic theory, all of which are established by simple proofs. The reader is invited to wonder about the physical meaning of the notions Matheron deals with. When Matheron wrote these lectures, he considered the theory of linear geostatistics complete; however, what was an ending for Matheron has been the starting point for most geostatisticians. Many discovered the book’s content indirectly, via the many borrowings one can find in several books; in such a situation, it is always instructive to come back to the original document, where the author's motivations, his physical intuitions, and his thoughts on the meaning of what he does are detailed. The decision to publish this book was motivated by the desire to introduce Matheron’s work to a larger audience. The book has remained faithful to the original notes while introducing a common structure for the chapters and sections, numbering equations sequentially within each chapter, numbering the figures (most of which were redrawn) sequentially, and adding captions. In addition, Matheron’s comments on the exercises, or suggestions for solutions, have been added.