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Winter, Helen. "ADHD : "because you're worth it" : the marketisation of ADHD to adult women." Thesis, University of East London, 2013. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3459/.
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Drawing on the traditions of discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis this study examined the marketisation of ‘Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder’ (ADHD) to women in a small sample of online YouTube videos. Of specific interest was the constructed and constructive nature of discourse at a ‘micro’ level, with a particular focus on the reification and commodification of the ‘ADHD-product’; and the discursive strategies used to persuade women of the potential benefits of ‘ADHD’ diagnosis and ‘treatment’. The video material analysed represented a combination of first person testimonies from the ‘sufferer’, and the sharing of ‘expertise’ by ‘professionals’, and comprised of both verbal and visual aspects. The analytic categories generated told a ‘story’ of the construction and commodification of the ‘ADHD-product’, unproblematically positioned within the biomedical discourse; followed by the active promotion of ‘ADHD’ to women, with strong endorsements for the use of stimulant medication to ‘enhance performance’ and ‘increase one’s potential’. Attention was also paid to the possibility that this diagnosis might threaten women’s selfhood and undermine personal authenticity. Implications for research and professional practice are discussed in light of the analysis.
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Karlsson, Erica, and Elin Jälmevik. "En sen ADHD-diagnos : Individers upplevelser av en ADHD-diagnostisering i vuxen ålder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103607.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how an ADHD diagnosis late in life as an adult can have effected childhood and adult life. It is a qualitative study executed by interviewing four adults, two men and two women. The individuals in the study had all experienced difficulties in their childhood and in school and had all felt different from the rest of the ambient. None of the interviewees were on medication for ADHD but most were open for trying. Support from school or other settings had been minimal. Work was described as an important part of their lives and that a significant part of it was to not become restless. None of the interviewees had committed serious crime but some talked about substance abuse in form of alcohol. All of the individuals in the study showed strong qualities that had helped them through difficult times. They had all reacted positively to the diagnosis as it gave a greater understanding for their problems. Almost all talked about how life before and after diagnosis had affected their confidence mostly the women but they all had experienced problems with mental health.
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Young, Zoe. "Psychological impact of an adult ADHD diagnosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42486/.
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The study aimed to explore the processes people go through when diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood from a psychological perspective. ADHD has recently been recognised as affecting adults. Limitations exist in the breadth and depth of qualitative research into the experiences of those receiving an ADHD diagnosis in adulthood. Existing research is largely descriptive, with a prominent focus on pharmacological treatment. As such, psychological processes have not been sufficiently explored. Without ADHD-specific models of adjustment, the literature on identity, cognitive adaptation and stigma is examined. A qualitative methodology was employed taking a critical realist perspective. A purposive sample of twelve participants was recruited through adult mental health services. Each participant took part in one digitally recorded, semi-structured interview where experiences were explored. A mixed inductive-deductive thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews was conducted following the Braun and Clarke (2006) six-stage methodological process. Three master themes were identified with subthemes: (1) Looking back: different, faulty; relief and regret; reframing; (2) Looking inwards (with acceptance); and (3) Looking outwards: labelling: disability, stigma and social comparisons. The study highlighted participants’ attempts to make sense of their past experiences considering the diagnosis, reflect on the effect the diagnosis had on their sense of self and identity and consider the positives and negatives of sharing their diagnosis. Participants also compared themselves with others and some reflected on ADHD being a shared experience within families. The current research has highlighted the contradictory nature of the diagnosis; that an ADHD diagnosis was necessary to access support and acknowledge people’s experiences (and potentially attribute past behaviours and experiences to ADHD rather than personal failure) but there remains a struggle with the sense of self, the way people are viewed by others (e.g. feeling stigmatised) and the permanence of being or having ADHD forever. This highlights the importance of supporting people to understand their interpretation of the diagnosis and target intervention in the adjustment process. Pre- and post-diagnostic support and contact with others who have been through the process would be beneficial. The study also highlights the need for further anti-stigma campaigns. A number of methodological limitations is discussed. Future research is necessary to explore models of attribution and interventions about the interpretation of the diagnosis and self-concept. The thesis ends with a personal reflection about my research journey and a discussion about diagnosis.
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Clowater, Lois Ilene. "Significant learning experiences of adult learners with ADHD." Thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/730.
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Cretzmeyer, Margaret T. "Adolescent ADHD, stimulant medication and adult substance abuse." Diss., University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/71.
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Tucker, Gail L. "Significant learning experiences of adult learners with ADHD." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0025/MQ62159.pdf.
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Elmore, Alexis L. "Adult ADHD: a closer look at functional impairment." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6942.
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Objective. To examine associations among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom dimensions (hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and sluggish cognitive tempo [SCT]) and functional impairment among adults. The potential influence of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing difficulties, as well as self-reported executive functioning deficits, on these associations was also evaluated.
Methods. One thousand eight hundred and ninety-four adults (58.8% female; 75.9% Caucasian; age: M = 36.24 [SD = 11.65] years) recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed extensive questionnaire batteries assessing ADHD symptoms, co-occurring internalizing and externalizing difficulties, executive functioning deficits, and functional impairment across a range of domains. First, factor analyses were completed to identify empirically-derived functional impairment factors for use in subsequent analyses. Second, associations between ADHD symptom dimensions and functional impairment factors were examined via a path model. Third, multiple mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of ADHD symptom dimensions on functional impairment domains via internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Finally, additional multiple mediation analyses were completed to examine to influence of ADHD symptom dimensions on functional impairment via self-reported executive functioning deficits.
Results. Factor analyses identified four overlapping but distinct functional impairment factors indexing general impairment, quality of life, romantic relationship functioning, and social support. Path analyses revealed significant associations between increased ADHD symptoms and higher general impairment, lower quality of life, reduced romantic relationship functioning, and decrements in perceived social support. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that ADHD symptom dimensions influence functional impairment domains via specific internalizing, externalizing, and executive functioning difficulties.
Conclusions. The pattern of findings provides further support for associations between ADHD symptom dimensions and a range of functional impairments, as well as highlighting potential exacerbation of these effects in the presence of co-occurring mental health and executive functioning difficulties. Current findings may help to clarify the complex phenomenology of ADHD in adults, and carry implications for improving extant treatment approaches.
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Butcher, Andrew Timothy. "Symptom Dimensions and Neurocognitive Functioning in Adult ADHD." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28862.
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Ongoing controversies regarding the clinical and nosological status of ADHD in adults emphasize the need for studies examining whether DSM-IV ADHD symptom dimensions and subtypes identified in research with children are valid for adults. Firm symptom criteria validated by data from adult samples have not been developed. Moreover, many clinic-referred adults present with attentional complaints and exhibit symptoms, neurocognitive weaknesses, and secondary problems similar to those seen in ADHD. However, data are mixed regarding the profile of neurocognitive deficits involved in adult expressions of ADHD, and it is unknown whether patterns of weakness in neurocognitive performance can be identified that reliably discriminate adults with ADHD from those with other neurobehavioral disorders (e.g., learning disabilities, LD). The purpose of this study was to further (a) evaluate the discriminant validity of DSM-IV ADHD in adults, (b) examine the nature and severity of neurocognitive deficits in adult ADHD, and (c) clarify the diagnostic utility of executive functioning measures among clinic-referred adults.
Overall, results supported the discriminant validity of adult ADHD, but little support emerged for the existence of separate DSM-IV subtypes. Importantly, symptom ratings supported the existence of two broad symptom domains consistent with those delineated in DSM-IV. Moreover, principal components analysis of neuropsychological data identified three dimensions of neurocognitive executive functioning (EF; verbal working memory; sustained intention; and effortful learning) in which ADHD adults (n=35) performed significantly less well than those who received an LD diagnosis (n=24) or no diagnosis (n=21). Furthermore, composite scores in these EF domains generated correct classifications that were significantly better than chance when classifying adults that (a) did and did not meet criteria for ADHD, (b) met criteria for ADHD or LD, and (c) met criteria for ADHD or no clinical diagnosis. Classification results were robust when submitted to a jackknife (leave-one-out) validation procedure. Finally, results provided general support for the developmental lag hypothesis of frontal-subcortical functioning in ADHD when considered vis-à-vis child ADHD data, but findings also supported the notion that ADHD in adults is associated with continuing dysfunction in specific neuroanatomical pathways believed to subserve executive attentional functions (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal-subcortical; anterior cingulate-subcortical; orbitofrontal-subcortical).Ph. D.
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van, Doremalen Lisa. "80HD : ADHD an explorative research." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-244814.
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ADHD, attention deficit hyperactive disorder was first described as such in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, the DSM in 1987. Since then the disorder has had great interest from research but also from society. The amount of ADHD diagnoses has increased every year since the disorder has been established by the American Psychiatric Association and is in recent years the most established mental illness among children and adults. The goal of this paper is to explore how people diagnosed with ADHD subjectively define and experience the abstract object of ADHD. Previous research focuses on mapping the problems and impairments resulting from this “illness”, to gain more insight into the differences between people diagnosed with ADHD, and people who do not possess the described symptoms, often focused on the problems people experience. Social constructionists look upon ADHD as socially constructed; a socially valued dysfunction, a deviant pattern of behaviour was once observed and categorised into what we now call symptoms. The word symptom demonstrates indication or evidence, and the abstract object takes on disease like properties. The object becomes reified, which means as much as become real. The result is that ADHD is seen as the cause of problems, instead of a group of problems that was once labelled ADHD. The informants used for this research seem to have problems with controlling their impulses, which besides negatively influencing executive functioning, causes problems with social interaction. The informants often express feeling misunderstood by their environment, they feel different. They feel discriminated against by the structures of school, work and society as a whole which, they feel, impairs their abilities and missuses their talents. They express to feel at ease when they are fully occupied with something interesting and seem to call for understanding for their inabilities and space to develop their talents.
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Babcock, Michelle. "A survey to assess ADHD symptoms and detect feigning in adult ADHD: Initial scale development." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1632339667921624.
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Meyers, Stephanie A. "Ecstasy use, impulsivity, adult ADHD, and unprotected anal sex." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527333.
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Previous research indicates that ecstasy use is positively associated with higher levels of impulsivity and risky sexual behaviors. In addition, methamphetamine use, which is chemically related to ecstasy, has been associated with higher levels of adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. This study adds to the existing literature by investigating the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms, impulsivity, ecstasy use, and unprotected anal sex. Participants were recruited from the Center for Behavioral Research and Services in Long Beach, California. Adult ADHD symptoms were associated with unprotected anal sex among women, but not for men. Furthermore, ecstasy use was found to be associated with unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) but not for women or men who have sex with women (MSW). In addition, higher levels of impulsivity were associated with both ecstasy use and unprotected anal sex among women, MSM, and MSW.
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Pironti, Valentino Antonio. "Neurocognitive endophenotypes in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648497.
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Del, Campo Natalia. "Neurobiological markers of adult ADHD : a multimodal neuroimaging approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609262.
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Bates, Mia K. "Acute Exercise Effects on Error Processing in Adult ADHD." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1528273916188589.
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Tomlinson, Anneka. "Neurocognitive deficits in adult ADHD : preclinical and clinical studies." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/neurocognitive-deficits-in-adult-adhd-preclinical-and-clinical-studies(c1a9b996-8b2f-4299-b1b5-b2619249c3aa).html.
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In this thesis the neurocognitive deficits in adult ADHD and the effects of ADHD medication have been investigated in animals and in humans. Firstly, by utilising a translational behavioural paradigm we have characterised of a novel animal model of the core symptoms of adult ADHD. In the first study, the 5-choice continuous performance task (5C-CPT) was used to examine different forms of attention and impulsivity in female Lister-hooded adult rats. Subsequently rats were separated into subgroups according to their baseline levels of attention and impulsivity in the 5C-CPT. The low-attentive; LA subgroup and the high-attentive; HA subgroup were selected based on levels of sustained attention and vigilance. The second subgroups include animals with varying levels of motor impulsivity and response inhibition (high-impulsive; HI and low-impulsive; LI subgroups). This allowed for examination of the effects of ADHD medication (methylphenidate and atomoxetine) on attention and impulsivity in the subgroups of animals modeling the inattentive subtype (ADHD-I), and the impulsive symptoms in the combined (ADHD-C) and impulsive-hyperactive (ADHD-IH) subtypes. Both drugs significantly improved sustained attention and vigilance in LA animals only. In HI animals methylphenidate decreased motor impulsivity, however in LI also increased motor impulsivity. Atomoxetine decreased motor impulsivity and response disinhibition in HI animals only. The second animal study extended this by selecting a group of animals with combined deficits in both attention and impulsivity (ADHD-C group). This separation (ADHD-C) allowed for the investigation of potential novel therapeutic targets, revealing the cognitive effects of tolcapone and A-412997. Tolcapone increased vigilance and sustained attention and reduced response disinhibition in ADHD-C animals only, while A-412997 increased vigilance and reduced response disinhibition also in ADHD-C animals only. The first clinical study evaluated the core neurocognitive deficits, including emotion recognition abilities in medicated and unmedicated adult ADHD patients, compared with a group of healthy controls. The back-translational cognitive tasks used for the evaluation were taken from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). Unmedicated adults with ADHD showed core deficits in sustained attention, attentional set-shifting, response inhibition and spatial working memory. Medicated patients showed no impairments compared with controls; highlighting the importance of ADHD medication for improving these cognitive deficits in ADHD. In the second study, the emotion recognition ability of each group was assessed and compared to each other. The second study also examined if the emotion recognition impairments were as a result of a general cognitive dysfunction or are a specific impairment in social perception. The unmedicated ADHD patients showed deficits in the correct recognition of the negative emotions including; fear, anger, sadness and disgust compared with controls. The group of patients followed-up after starting treatment with methylphenidate showed significant improvements in the recognition of all four negative emotions. This improvement was improved to a level comparable to healthy controls. Interestingly, in the unmedicated ADHD group, anger recognition proved to be a specific deficit in social perception whereas sadness, disgust and fear were influenced by deficits in attention and working memory. Following treatment with methylphenidate, improvements in attention accounted for the improvements in sadness, fear and disgust recognition but not anger recognition. In conclusion the animal studies have shown that animals from within a normal population could be selected according to variations in levels of attention and impulsivity. The ADHD drugs had different effects on attention and impulsivity depending on the natural baseline levels of behaviour of the adult rats. These findings highlight the need for a patient stratification approach in adult ADHD; as different responses are dependent of differences in symptom expression. They also show some potential new therapeutic targets in the animal model, which warrant further exploration. The clinical studies highlight the range of neurocognitive deficits, including emotion recognition deficits in adult ADHD. Together these results highlight the importance of pharmacotherapy in ADHD, not only to treat the core symptoms of ADHD (inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity) but also to improve the disabling emotion recognition deficits of this disorder.
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Francisco, Jenifer. "An Attention-Specific Intervention for Adults with ADHD." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27951.
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Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consists of symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity that cause significant functional impairment (APA, 1994). Approximately 4.7% of adults are diagnosed with ADHD; however, there are few empirically-informed interventions that are specifically designed for adults. Instead, many of the common interventions for adults are derived from work done with children with ADHD and may not be appropriate for their particular needs (Weiss & Weiss, 2004). Given that adults with ADHD typically experience more symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity, an investigation of the effectiveness of an intervention that specifically targets their inattentive symptoms is warranted (Weiss & Weiss, 2004; Weiss et al., 2002). Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an attention-specific intervention for adults with ADHD.
The intervention used in this study, Attention Process Training (APT; Sohlberg & Mateer, 1987), has never been applied to adults with ADHD. The underlying assumption behind this intervention is that attentional functioning can be improved through the use of tasks that are designed to re-train various aspects of attention. More specifically, this study addressed sustained, alternating, and selective/divided attention during the intervention. A non-concurrent multiple baseline design was used in order to assess the effectiveness of the APT among a sample of adults with ADHD. A sample of four adults, aged 21-37 years (M = 27.75) participated in this study and demonstrated minimal changes in their attentional ability after the intervention. In addition, the findings suggest that the different components of attention addressed in this intervention are not distinct and likely have a reciprocal affect on one another.Ph. D.
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Wilson, Kathryn Richelle. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychopathy in the General Adult Population." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7264.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the fastest growing mental disorders in the United States. More children are being diagnosed than ever before, and many of these individuals are finding that at least one other emotional, behavioral, or mental disorder often accompanies ADHD (including psychopathy). The number of individuals in the prison population with both ADHD and psychopathy is on the rise. Because of these increases, including what is being seen in the prison population, this study aimed to identify if there was a relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population, and if there were specific maternal prenatal behaviors that may increase the likelihood of this relationship. This study used a survey composed of both the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales assessment, the Carlson Psychological Survey assessment, and additional demographic questions to gather data. Social media groups specific to ADHD were used to recruit a convenience sample of 88 participants who endorsed symptoms of ADHD. A quantitative analysis was conducted to explore the degree of the relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population who endorsed symptoms of ADHD. Additionally, this study used a multiple linear regression to determine if maternal nicotine, alcohol, or drug consumption had any effect on the degree of this relationship. Results indicated that there was not a statistically significant relationship between ADHD and psychopathy in the general population, unlike what is seen in the prison population. However, even though the finding were not statistically significant, there are still implications for future research and evidence that the social stigma around ADHD and delinquent behaviors is inaccurate.
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Lloyd, Thad Q. "DKEFS Performance as a Measure of Executive Dysfunction in Adult ADHD." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2841.
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The evidence suggesting Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has neurodevelopmental roots with specific impairment in executive functioning continues to grow. However, no known study to date has explored the relationship between adult males with a diagnosis of ADHD and performance on a measure of executive functioning, the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS). The current investigation attempted to explore (1) whether adult males with ADHD show an overall pattern of executive dysfunction as measured by the DKEFS, (2) potential group differences on both level-of-performance and process-oriented measure scores, and (3) the clinical utility of the DKEFS in diagnosing ADHD in adult males. A sample of 37 adults with ADHD was compared to a community sample of equal size. Multivariate statistical analysis yielded significant group differences despite intellectual advantage by the study group. In addition, analysis of individual measures revealed patterns which were not initially predicted based upon current theories of ADHD. Overall, however, no clinically significant impairments emerged, as defined by scores at least one standard deviation below the mean. These findings and potential clinical implications are discussed with recommendations for future research.
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Treumer, Taryn Nicole. "Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Implementation in a Primary Care Setting." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24816.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, highly prevalent, neurodevelopment disorder in children, which often persists into adulthood. A gap exists among healthcare providers' knowledge of adult ADHD and current screening practices in the primary care setting. The purpose of the project was to improve screening and identification of adult ADHD in the primary care setting by enhancing provider knowledge and awareness of the disorder. A need was identified at a small, rural, facility in Midwestern, North Dakota to improve adult ADHD screening practices; thus the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 (ASRSv1.1) was implemented among a group of providers for a five month time period. The ASRSv1.1 is a six question rating scale which was created by a group of ADHD experts and copyrighted by the World Health Organization. The sensitivity of the tool is 68.7 percent while the specificity rate is a remarkable 99.5 percent. For the practice improvement project, providers were instructed to screen patients displaying signs and/or symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, etc. If the screen was found to be a positive, recommendations were to refer the patient to a mental healthcare professional. The results of the project demonstrated an overall improvement in the screening process for adult ADHD. An increase of patients referred for further diagnostic testing of adult ADHD was found. Providers felt the ASRS v1.1 was a helpful in screening and determining the course of care for the patient. Recommendations from the practice improvement project for future research include replicating the study with a larger sample size; providing easy access to the ASRS v1.1; and screening patients identified as routinely missing appointments for ADHD.
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Olsson, Essy. "ADHD och fetma hos vuxna personer : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201433.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe various methods of treatment and effects of treatment of ADHD, and to investigate wheater there is an association between adults with ADHD and obesity. Method: Literature review. Twelve quantitative scientific articles were found in the data bases PubMed, Cinahl and MedLine. Result: ADHD is a cognitive impairment that can lead to serious complications such as obesity. Studies show that drug treatments of adults with ADHD have positive effects in terms of reduced symptoms, increased efficiency and improved quality of life, but drugs can also cause side effects in form of loss of appetite and insomnia. For adults with ADHD and obesity drugs that affect metabolism have a significant impact on patients ability to lose weight. At the same time the need for counselling to implement lifestyle changes is considerable. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy has in studies shown long-term improvements and is a successful method in the treatment of adults with ADHD. Conclusion: The studies show that it is important to examine and treat patients with ADHD. Preventative measures with focus on lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity and changing dietary habits are necessary to avoid serious sequelae as obesity. Attending nurses needs knowledge about treatment of ADHD and new disease prevention methods as motivational interviewing (MI) to help this group of patients. Keywords: ADHD, adult, treatment, obesity
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Monteiro, Ana Raquel Conceição. "Nutrição e transtorno de défice de atenção/hiperatividade no adulto." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/7365.
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Trabalho Complementar apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em Ciências da NutriçãoObjetivo: Esta revisão da literatura tem como objetivo apresentar considerações sobre o Transtorno de Défice de Atenção/ Hiperatividade (TDAH) no adulto e o efeito da nutrição e fatores alimentares na mesma. Metodologia: Foi feita uma pesquisa no PubMed com as palavras-chave: “ADHD AND (nutrition OR diet)”; “ADHD AND (vitamins OR minerals)”; “ADHD AND fatty acids” utilizando os seguintes critérios: limite temporal dos últimos 10 anos, idade superior a 18 anos e estudos em humanos. Foram apenas utilizadas fontes de informação primárias. Resultados: A suplementação de micronutrientes parece ter benefícios no TDAH. Este distúrbio parece também ter uma influência no desenvolvimento da obesidade. A suplementação em ácidos gordos parece não ter um papel claro. Conclusão: A nutrição desempenha de facto um papel importante na terapia do TDAH, bem como noutros distúrbios neurológicos. Contudo existem ainda poucos estudos feitos para a associação da nutrição e deste transtorno para esta faixa etária.
Objective: This review aims to present considerations about Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the adult and the effect of nutrition and alimentary factors on the same disorder. Methodology: It was made a search on PubMed using the keywords: “ADHD AND (nutrition OR diet)”; “ADHD AND (vitamins OR minerals)”; “ADHD AND fatty acids” and the following criteria: time span of 10 years, above 18 years old and studies made in humans. It was only used primary fonts of information. Results: The supplementation of micronutrients appears to have benefits on ADHD. This disorder also influences in the appearance of obesity. Conclusions: Nutrition has an important role on the therapy of ADHD, as it has on another neurologic disorders. However, there are few studies with the aim to associate nutrition and this disorder in this age group.
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Hall, Sarah, and Maria Wallner. "Hur vuxna personer med ADHD hanterar och upplever sitt dagliga liv med fokus på familje- och arbetsliv : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22807.
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Introduktion: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) definieras som en neuropsykiatrisk funktionsnedsättning vilket innebär betydande svårigheter med att få en fungerande vardag. Huvudsymtomen yttrar sig ofta som uppmärksamhetsproblem, bristande impulskontroll samt hyperaktivitet. De flesta blir diagnostiserade i tidiga barnaår, problemen är ofta kvarstående i vuxen ålder och forskning tyder på viss ärftlighet. Syfte: Att beskriva hur vuxna personer med diagnosen ADHD hanterar och upplever sitt dagliga liv med fokus på familje- och arbetsliv samt att redogöra för vilken datainsamlingsmetod som använts i valda artiklar. Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes med deskriptiv design, bestående av elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna är hämtade från Högskolan i Gävle biblioteks databaser: Scopus, PsycINFO, Cinahl samt PubMed. Fem centrala kategorier hittades när de inkluderade artiklarna granskades och sammanställdes i litteraturstudiens resultat. Resultat: Det framkom att individer med ADHD upplever att symtomen försvårar familje- och arbetssituationen, men kan bidra till en ökad kreativitet. För att hantera symtomen byter individerna arbeten och/eller partners ofta. Föreskrivna läkemedel uppges bidra till ökad fokusering. Självmedicinering med illegala droger är vanligt för att dämpa symtomen. Datainsamlingsmetoderna i de inkluderade artiklarna bestod i majoritet av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: Resultatet påvisade att individer med ADHD genomgående upplevde liknande symtom, dessa upplevdes som negativa då de påverkade det dagliga livet med svårigheter att få fungerande relationer i arbets- och familjelivet. Ökad kunskap inom området är av stor betydelse då sjuksköterskan kan bidra till att patienten kan hitta en jämnvikt i sin livssituation. Kunskapsluckan inom området är stort och behovet av fortsatt forskning är betydande.Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined as a neuropsychiatric disability which means significant difficulty in getting a functional day. The main symptoms often manifest themselves as attention problems, poor impulse control and hyperactivity. Most will be diagnosed in early childhood, the problems are often persisting into adulthood and research suggests certain heredity. Aim: To describe how adults with ADHD manage and experience their daily life with a focus on family and work and to report on the data collection method used in the selected articles. Method: Literature study was conducted with descriptive design, consisting of eleven scientific articles. The articles are from the University of Gävle library databases: Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL and PubMed. Five central categories were found when the included articles were reviewed and collected literature results of the study. Results: It was found that individuals with ADHD experience the symptoms complicate family and work situations, but can contribute to increased creativity. To manage the symptoms, the individuals switched work and/or partners often. Prescribed drugs reported to contribute to increased focus. Self-medication with illegal drugs are common to suppress the symptoms. Data collection methods included in the articles comprised in the majority of semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The results showed that individuals with ADHD consistently experienced similar symptoms, those perceived as negative as they affected the everyday life with difficulty in functioning relationships in family and working life. Increased knowledge in this area is of great importance when the nurse can help the patient to find an equilibrium in their lives. The knowledge gap in the field is great and the need for further research are significant.
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Fox, Laura C. "Examination of Psychosocial and Neuropsychological Characteristics of Young Adults with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1217449628.
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Jousselin, Claude. "Remembering turbulent times : accounting for Adult ADHD through the reconstruction of childhood." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2016. http://research.gold.ac.uk/18314/.
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This thesis explores the diagnosis of ADHD among adults in the UK. The condition has only recently been defined as a lifelong disorder and extended from childhood to adulthood. Through ethnographic research in a specialist psychiatric clinic and with a patient organisation, this thesis traces the diagnostic process as it takes place in both sites and also between them. It highlights the role of memory practices in the many versions of ADHD that circulate. I outline clinical and lay practices of identifying ADHD. Individuals in the support groups identified with the diagnosis through recognising themselves in other people, as if in a mirror, which I describe as ‘moments of recognition’. In the clinic, the elicitation of medical histories brought contrasting memory practices to the fore, as patients sought evidence from their childhood necessary to a formal diagnosis. Although these memory practices appear distinct, they are combined in practice. This fieldwork led me to concentrate less on the potentially negative medicalisation of human experiences, the main topic of social science research in the field, than the ways in which memory practices were mobilised. These practices were key to the production of evidence-based diagnosis in the clinic and to collective archives in the support groups. Moreover, both types of memory practices informed wider relations. Thus, I explore unexpected ways of making kin such as the manner in which children, more commonly diagnosed with ADHD than adults, ‘made’ their parents in the light of a shared condition. Furthermore, concepts of neurobiology led some research participants to recognise strangers as ‘family’, linked by a common factor and celebrated as neurodiversity. This thesis attends not only to the emerging and mostly unexamined lived experiences of adults with ADHD, but it also contributes to an anthropological exploration of social and caring practices more broadly.
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Austin, Karla Michele. "Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Personality Characteristics and Comorbidity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279399/.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is surrounded by confusion and controversy regarding its definition, course, etiology and treatment. Among adults, ADHD is rarely considered a diagnostic reality of primary importance and is often overlooked. This study provides descriptive validity for adult ADHD in distinguishing it from controls, and identifying both a pure condition and one wrought with comorbidity.
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Porrino, David. "Childrearing Challenges in Parental ADHD: A Pilot Study and Proposed Research Design." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1492262620245088.
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Annelie, Kolling. "Hur upplever vuxna med ADHD sitt dagliga liv?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för vårdvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31302.
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Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Det har skett en kraftig ökning av användandet av centralstimulerande läkemedel som medicinering vid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, uppmärksamhets- och hyperaktivitetsstörning). Funktionsnedsättningen kan ge symtom som uppmärksamhetssvårigheter, överaktivitet, impulsivitet samt avsaknad av impulskontroll. Dessa symtom kan bidra till betydande svårigheter i vardagen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur vuxna med ADHD upplever sitt dagliga liv. Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Huvudresultat: Alla deltagare beskrev upplevda symtom som hyperaktivitet, impulsivitet, ouppmärksamhet, glömska och känslan av att vara oorganiserad. Symtomen påverkade deltagaren negativt inom flera områden i deras liv, som till exempel svårigheten av att påbörja och slutföra något men även att upprätthålla en relation. Flertalet av deltagare valde att medicinera för att få hjälp med symtomen men behövde också använda sig av strategier som hjälp i vardagen. Några deltagare beskrev ett behov av att självmedicinera med alkohol och narkotika. Slutsats: För en person med ADHD är upplevelsen av sin funktionsnedsättning individuellt och behöver bemötas utifrån detta, det vill säga bemöta personen på den nivå där denne befinner sig. Ett individanpassat bemötande för att öka delaktigheten. När samhället och framför allt sjukvården inte lever upp till detta påverkas personen negativt. Samhället behöver mer kunskap och information, för att alla personer oavsett om man har ADHD eller inte, är det viktigt att känna sig delaktig i samhället. Detta skulle leda till mindre lidande och en större förståelse för hur personer med ADHD fungerar och en god omvårdnad samt de skulle känna sig mera delaktiga i sin vård.Abstract: Background: There has been a significant increase in the use of stimulants medication in used for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The impairment could cause symptoms such as attention deficit, overactivity, impulsivity and lack of impulse control. These symptoms could contribute to significant difficulties in everyday life. Aim: The purpose was to describe how adults with ADHD experience their daily lives. Method: A descriptive literature study based on nine scientific articles. Main results: All participants described perceived symptoms as hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, oblivion, and the feeling of being disorganized. The symptoms affected the participant negatively in several areas of their life, such as the difficulty of starting and completing something but also maintaining a relationship. Most of the participants chose to medicate to get help with the symptoms but also needed to use strategies to help in everyday life. Some participants also described a need to self-medicate with alcohol and drugs. Conclusion: For people with ADHD, the experience of their disability is individual and needs to be addressed properly, that is, to meet them at their own level. When the healthcare system does not live up to this, the person is negatively affected. Society needs more knowledge and information so that all people, whether you have ADHD or not, can feel involved in the community. A higher knowledge would lead to less suffering, a greater understanding of how people with ADHD acts, improved nursing care and feeling of better involvement in their own care.
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Lindström, Bomgren Michelle, and Nathalie Stålstierna. "Upplevelsen av att som kvinna leva med ADHD : En empirisk studie." Thesis, Röda Korsets Högskola, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:rkh:diva-691.
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Bakgrund: Bakgrunden visar att ADHD är en neurologisk sjukdom som ökar allt mer. Inte på grund av att flera människor drabbas utav det, utan för att kunskapen om detta område ökar allt mer för varje år som går. Trots detta är en stor del av Sveriges befolkning idag inte diagnostiserade, vilket främst gäller kvinnor. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka upplevelsen av att vara kvinna och att leva med en ADHD-diagnos i vuxen ålder. Metod: Metoden som användes i studien var empirisk med en kvalitativ ansats och är baserad på bloggar skrivna av kvinnor, för att på så sätt komma åt deras upplevelser. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie visar att många kvinnor har fått kämpa sig till en utredning för att kunna förstå varför de inte fungerar som ”normala” människor. Genom en utredning har de fått diagnosen ADHD, men också fått olika hjälpmedel i form av bland annat medicinering samt ADHD-grupper, för att på så sätt i vuxen ålder lära sig hantera problematiken som denna diagnos medför. Slutsats: Slutsatsen av studien blir att kvinnor som fått en ADHD-diagnos i vuxen ålder upplever fysiologiska såväl som psykologiska besvär. Ilska uttrycks över att ha gått igenom livet med obehandlad ADHD, då detta många gånger påverkat dem negativt. I och med att de fått en diagnos har acceptans och lättnad infunnit sig och det har hjälpt dem vidare i livet.Background: The background shows that ADHD is a neurological disease that is more common now than it has been before. It is not because of the fact that more people are diagnosed with ADHD nowadays, but because the knowledge about this area is increasing every year. Despite this knowledge there is still a lot of people in Sweden that are not diagnosed, which mainly is a concern for women. Aim: The purpose of this study is to review the experience of being an adult woman and to be diagnosed with ADHD being an adult. Method: The method that was used in this study was empirical with a qualitative approach consisting blogs written by women, in order to get their real life stories and experiences in this area. Result: The result of this study shows that a lot of women had to fight for care to have a referral sent, in order to find out why they are different to others. They have been diagnosed with ADHD, but also been given a lot of help by medicine and ADHD-groups in order to handle the problems in adult age that the diagnosis means. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study shows that women that were diagnosed with ADHD in adult age experience both physical and psychological problems. They express a lot of anger because of going through their whole life with an undiagnosed ADHD, and many times experienced it as something negative. With the ADHD diagnosis there is a feeling of acceptance and relief, which has helped them in life.
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Taylor, Catherine Kelly. "The influence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on adjustment to university." Thesis, Bangor University, 2005. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-influence-of-adult-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-symptoms-on-adjustment-to-university(20f576e5-f71f-4326-a2ee-6fc028bb1d56).html.
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Karlsson, Bok Michelle. "A comparative study of methylphenidate and lisdexamphetamine in adult ADHD – a systematic literature review." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-91520.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects not only children as it was initially assumed but continues into adulthood in 50% of the cases. ADHD is a major cause of cognitive disability in children, increases risks for criminal behavior, unemployment and is generally associated with low quality of life. The treatment of ADHD is primarily with the so-called central stimulants, which increase norepinephrine and dopamine transmission in the brain. These medications are classed as narcotics, and currently there are no clinically available predictors of efficacy, so trial and error attempts are made until one finds optimal treatment. During the trial time, risk for additional suffering and adverse events increase. The main aim of the study was to compare methylphenidate (MPH) and lisdexamphetamine (LDX) in the treatment of adult ADHD. A second aim was to investigate predictors for treatment outcome that can be used for precision medicine. This study was a systematic review of the existing litterateur by searching two databases, PubMed and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were adults with ADHD, treated with MPH or LDX for at least 6 weeks, in a randomized placebo-controlled design. The results indicate that both LDX and MPH are highly effective, with similar efficacy, but that LDX may be associated with less adverse events in adults and hence a better choice. Possible predictors of treatment response found were severity of illness, dosage of drug and level of education. These findings, including major weaknesses and limitations, will be discussed in what follows.
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Jeppson-Frandsen, Robyn. "Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Relationship Between Parental Symptomatology, Child Behaviors, and Parenting Behaviors." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7427.
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Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience impairment in cognitive, scholastic/vocational and interpersonal domains. The goal of this study was to gain more information how adult ADHD symptomatology impacts parenting behaviors, specifically, overreactivity and laxness. This study found that parental ADHD symptoms were associated with greater overreactive parenting behavior. Differences between mothers and fathers were assessed and no significant difference in ADHD symptomatology or parenting behaviors were found. The combination of adult ADHD symptoms and child behavior, above and beyond parental depression, was found to be a statistically significant predictor of parental overreactive behavior, while this was not the case for parental lax behavior.
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Perifanou, Athina. "Differences in self-concept among persons with high and low prevalence of ADHD symptoms." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172166.
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The purpose of this study was to shed light on the effects that ADHD symptoms can have on the way individuals assess themselves on six different domains: physical, moral, personal, family, social and academic/work and on their overall self-concept. A total of 136 participants were assessed using two self-ratings questionnaires: Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS-2) and the ADHD screening questionnaire (ADHD-SQ). Mean scores showed positive self-concepts in each individual subscale. A total of 17% of individuals met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD and they were separated into three subgroups: 7,4% Inattentive group, 5,9% Hyperactive/Impulsive group and 3,7% Combined group. Correlational analyses showed significant negative correlation between overall self-concept and both Inattention and Hyperactivity. Independent T-test samples found that participants with high prevalence of ADHD symptoms had significantly lower self-concept scores compared with participants with low prevalence of ADHD symptoms.Studiens syfte var att belysa effekterna som ADHD-symtom kan ha på hur individer bedömer sig inom sex olika domäner: fysiska, moraliska, personliga, familj, sociala och utbildning/arbete, och på deras övergripande självuppfattning. Totalt 136 deltagare utvärderades med hjälp av två instrument: Tennessee Self Concept Scale: andra upplagan (TSCS-2) och ADHD screeningformuläret (ADHD-SQ). Medelpoängen visade positiva självkoncept i varje enskild underskala. Totalt 17% av deltagarna uppfyllde de diagnostiska kriterierna för ADHD och de delades in i tre undergrupper: 7,4% Ouppmärksam grupp, 5,9% Hyperaktiv / impulsiv grupp och 3,7% kombinerad grupp. Korrelationsanalyser visade signifikanta negativa samband mellan övergripande självuppfattning och både ouppmärksamhet och hyperaktivitet. Oberoende t-test fann att deltagare med hög prevalens av ADHD-symtom hade signifikant lägre självuppfattning jämfört med deltagare med låg prevalens av ADHD-symtom.
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Becker, Petra. "Påverkan av neuropsykiatrisk utredning för vuxna med ADHD - upp till ett år efter utredning." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54179.
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Abstract Background: Previous studies show that ADHD is associated with lower educational attainment, lower level of employment and increased risk for stressful life events. No previous studie was found that compared conditions before and after diagnosis was set. The aim of this study was to examin if a neuropsychiatric diagnostic assessment and support afterward had any impact on the life situation for adult persons with ADHD regarding occupational outcome, economical status and social support. Method: A sample of 214 adults participated in the study. Data were collected from the participants’ medical records. Statistical analyses were applied to identify possible changes before and after a neuropsychiatric examination. Results: Changes were seen in occupational outcome, economical outcome and in the help received from the community before and after the examination. Conclusions: Neuropsychiatric examinitions starts a process that could lead to a better socialeconomical situation for the person with ADHD.
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Robertson, Gerschwin Carl. "A systematic review conducted on studies reporting on the instruments used in the assessment of adult ADHD." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6869.
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Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)The diagnosis of adult ADHD is a complex process that requires information from different sources. Instruments are used to screen or diagnose adult ADHD. The aim of the study was to identify instruments measuring adult ADHD from good quality research. This systematic review was executed following the recommended PRISMA steps. A comprehensive search was conducted across identified databases. The SFS scoring system was used to critically appraise for methodological rigour and coherence. Meta-synthesis was used to summarize extracted data from 26 articles included in the final summation. Ethics clearance was issued by the UWC Senate Research Committee. Sixteen instruments measuring adult ADHD were identified. Screening instruments measure core symptoms whereas diagnostic instruments assess all criteria. Fourteen instruments were based on DSM-IV criteria and four were based on DSM-V criteria for adult ADHD including rival explanations for the symptoms. The lack of adoption of DSM-V criteria remains a concern given criticism against DSV-IV criteria for adult ADHD. Overall instruments presented acceptable psychometric properties. However, the performance of the instruments was study dependent. A cautionary note is that these indices must be interpreted carefully. Further research must explore the reasons underlying the lack of adoption of DSM-V criteria in research, and the lack of revision of instruments measuring adult ADHD.
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DeLong, Dana M. "THE UTILITY OF THE PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INVENTORY." OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/273.
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Identification of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in adults using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) T-scores was investigated. Archival data from closed client files at a university counseling center were used to obtain information from 91 cases of individuals who received testing services and were diagnosed with AD/HD and 91 cases that received personal counseling and received a DSM-IV diagnosis but not a diagnosis of AD/HD. All cases had taken the PAI as part of the intake process. Four groups were identified; three AD/HD groups (Inattentive type, Combined type, & Not otherwise Specified) and a control group of counseling cases without an AD/HD diagnosis. The AD/HD-NOS group was excluded from the study due to the small group size of six. A MANOVA resulted in significance differences between the AD/HD-I and AD/HD-C groups; therefore, they were analyzed as separate groups. A MANOVA comparing the AD/HD groups and the control group revealed significance differences using select PAI clinical scales hypothesized to capture AD/HD symptoms. Descriptive and predictive discriminant function analyses (DFA) with a set of PAI subscales hypothesized to most relate to adult symptoms of AD/HD were significant, with modest results. DFA revealed a hit rate of 71.4% for prediction of clients with AD/HD-I; 30.8% for predicting AD/HD-C, and 78.9% predicting no AD/HD. Cut-off scores for AD/HD were suggested for four PAI scales. Strengths and limitations were discussed.
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Haslum, Charlotte, and Marika Wadin. "Arbetsterapeuters erfarenheter av förskrivning av kognitiva hjälpmedel för vuxna med ADHD." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63653.
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The aim of this study was to describe occupational therapists’ experience of prescribing cognitive assistive technology for adults with ADHD. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight occupational therapists who worked in a region in central Sweden. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data and resulted in four categories; Interview the client regarding their daily activities to assess their needs of cognitive assistive technology, the importance of adapting strategies based on the client’s abilities, the importance of client participation and individualized routines to follow-up cognitive assistive technology. The results showed that occupational therapists used different approaches to assess the client's daily activities prior to prescribing cognitive assistive technology. An important approach was to customize strategies based on the client's prerequisites and to promote its motivation and participation. Furthermore, the result showed that prescribing cognitive assistive technology is a time-consuming process.
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Salavert, Jiménez José. "Brain functional and structural changes in adult ADHD and their relation to long-term stimulant treatment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/310601.
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Introducción: El Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que afecta a aproximadamente el 5 % de la población de niños y adolescentes, con alrededor de un 50 % de afectados que presentan persistencia del trastorno en la edad adulta. No obstante, los estudios de neuroimagen estructural y funcional en adultos con TDAH han sido inconsistentes. Objetivos: El objetivo fue investigar los cambios cerebrales a nivel estructural y funcional en el TDAH del adulto. También se examinó en qué medida los cambios observados podían ser corregidos por la exposición a tratamiento a largo plazo con metilfenidato. Métodos: Reclutamos una muestra amplia de adultos con diagnóstico de TDAH subtipo Combinado y un grupo apareado de voluntarios sanos. Obtuvimos imágenes fMRI de los participantes mientras realizaban una tarea de Memoria de Trabajo correctamente validada (N-back), imágenes anatómicas MRI utilizando voxel-based morphometry (VBM) y fMRI en reposo para examinar la conectividad funcional dentro de la red neuronal de la memoria de trabajo así como en otras redes neuronales en reposo. Resultados: En comparación al grupo control sano, los participantes con TDAH mostraron: 1) menor volumen de sustancia gris en el área motora suplementaria derecha, en el córtex cingulado anterior porción subgenuada y en el córtex prefrontal dorsolateral derecho; 2) una mayor densidad de sustancia gris en los núcleos caudado y putamen izquierdos; 3) una deactivación deficiente del córtex medial prefrontal durante la tarea de 2-back; y 4) efectos correctivos a largo plazo del tratamiento con metilfenidato a nivel de estructura cerebral pero no a nivel de actividad cerebral. Conclusiones: La neuroanatomía estructural y funcional de la memoria de trabajo se encuentra alterada en adultos con TDAH, observándose anomalías estructurales en regiones clave para la memoria de trabajo y el control cognitivo (área motora suplementaria, cíngulo anterior, córtex prefrontal dorsolateral) y una deactivación disfuncional del córtex prefrontal medial durante la realización de una tarea de memoria de trabajo a un nivel alto de demanda cognitiva (conllevando un procesamiento excesivo de información interna no relevante en detrimento de la memoria de trabajo en sí misma). La exposición al tratamiento crónico con metilfenidato normaliza los déficits cerebrales estructurales pero no produce cambios en la actividad cerebral en el largo plazo. Las diferencias en el neurodesarrollo estructural y funcional del cerebro en el TDAH parecen normalizarse en gran medida en la edad adulta.Introduction: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting about 5 % of child and adolescent population, with around 50 % of those carrying the disorder into adulthood. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies in ADHD adults however, have been inconsistent. Objectives: The aim was to investigate the strucutural and functional brain changes in adult ADHD. To what extent these changes could be corrected by long-term exposure to methylphenidate was also examined. Methods: A large sample of adults with a positive diagnosis of ADHD-Combined subtype and a matched group of healthy volunteers were recruited. We obtained fMRI images from participants while performing a well-validated working memory task (N-back), anatomical MRI images using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting state fMRI to look at functional connectivity within the working memory network and other brain networks in the resting brain. Results: Relative to the healthy comparison group, ADHD participants showed: 1) a smaller grey matter volume in the right supplementary motor area, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; 2) a higher grey matter density in the left caudate and putamen; 3) a defficient deactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex during the 2-back task; and 4) long-term corrective effects of methylphenidate treatment for brain structure but not for brain activations. Conclusions: Structural and functional neuroanatomy of working memory is impaired in ADHD adults, showing structural abnormalities in key regions of working memory and cognitive control (including the supplementary motor area, the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and dysfunctional brain deactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex during high-load working memory performance (leading to an excessive processing of irrelevant internal information that is detrimental to working memory itself). Chronic exposure to methylphenidate normalizes brain structural deficits in the long-term, exerting no longer changes in brain activity. Developmental structural and functional brain differences in ADHD seem to normalize into adulthood to a large extent.
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Kaplan, Graham James. "EARLY-LIFE METHYLPHENIDATE DECREASES SOCIAL ANXIETY IN ADULT FEMALE RATS WITHOUT CENTRAL DOPAMINE DEFICIENCY." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/951.
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Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly-prescribed medication for treating ADHD. Despite high prescription rates among kindergarten-aged children, MPH was not approved for use in children younger than nine, and research into its long-term consequences is lacking. Here, we examined the effects of early-life MPH exposure on anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood in normal rats and rats with dysfunctional central dopamine. On postnatal day (PD) 3, male and female rat pups were injected intracisternally with 6-OHDA or vehicle to generate normal and dopamine-deficient groups. In an initial pair of experiments, 6-OHDA (50, 100 and 150 µg/10µL infusion) was assessed for its ability to induce an ADHD-like phenotype. Subsequently, rats were lesioned with 6-OHDA (100 µg/infusion) or vehicle on PD3 and given MPH (0, 0.5, 2 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 10 days, starting on PD11. On PD60, anxiety-like behavior was assessed with light/dark box or social interaction tests. On PD65, all rats were tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM). Rats with neonatal 6-OHDA lesions exhibited anxiety-like behavior in the light/dark box test and on the EPM. However, there was a complex interaction between sex, lesion, and drug dose in the social interaction test. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg MPH increased investigatory behaviors in non-lesioned females and decreased investigatory behaviors in lesioned females, suggesting that the long-term effects of early-life MPH in females depend on normal dopamine levels. Together, these experiments support the efficacy of preclinical ADHD models and diverse measures of anxiety-like behaviors when studying the effects of early-life MPH exposure.
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Olofsson, Malin, and Hanna Scarlini. "Att inte känna sig som alla andra : En litteraturöversikt om vuxnas erfarenheter av att leva med ADHD." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16406.
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Bakgrund: I Sverige idag uppskattas det att 1-2 % av alla vuxna lever med ADHD, som innebär en problematik kring uppmärksamhet och hyperaktivitet samt impulskontroll. För att sjuksköterskan ska kunna vårda på bästa sätt krävs det en kunskap kring ADHD. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vuxnas erfarenheter av att leva med ADHD. Metod: Studien var en litteraturöversikt med en kvalitativ metod. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats för att uppnå ett resultat. Resultat: I resultatet framkom det fem teman. Att försöka förstå sig själv, att inte få förståelse från andra, att leva med sin skiftande självkänsla, att leva med sina symptom samt strategier för att hantera vardagen. Resultatet visar att vuxna med ADHD upplever dagligen en kamp mot sin diagnos och dess symptom. Att få förståelse från sig själv och andra är betydelsefullt. Självkänslan påverkas genom att de inte känner sig som alla andra och inte alltid klarar vardagliga uppgifter. Vuxna med ADHD använder sig av olika strategier i sin vardag för att klara av de svårigheter som diagnosen bär med sig. Slutsats: För att kunna vårda en vuxen med ADHD måste sjuksköterskor se personen bakom diagnosen. Genom att förstå människans livsvärld och hens behov kan en personcentrerad vård möjliggöras
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Taylor, Mairin Rose. "Risk-Taking and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7535.
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ADHD is a persistent psychological disorder with far-reaching effects on many facets of an individual’s development. Despite this, there are a number of developmental outcomes that have not been extensively researched. Among these topics; is whether there is a risk of harm that may be inherent in life-course persistent ADHD symptomatology.
Based on an integrated theory of ADHD phenotypology; this thesis contains a study comprising of four phases that explore the relationship between ADHD and four risk-laden outcomes. The sample for this study consisted of 67 adults from Christchurch, New Zealand (average age 33) of whom a sample of 35 adults met criteria for ADHD, which persisted into adulthood. The group of adults with ADHD were matched across demographic factors with a control group of adults with whom they were compared across a raft of psychosocial variables. The first phase illustrates the relationship between ADHD and self-destructive behaviours including self-harm and suicidal ideation and attempts, which were found to be significantly mediated by coping behaviour and psychological comorbidity. The second phase reports on the relationship between ADHD and a range of risk-taking behaviours including: violence risk, nicotine use and sexual risk-taking, and the mediating role of motivational variances, including reward sensitivity and temporal discounting. The third phase illustrates the moderating effect of childhood abuse victimisation on ADHD in increasing the vulnerability of the development of mood disorders in adulthood. A fourth phase explores a range of physical health outcomes including diet, exercise, chronic illness and disability which were not found to be significantly associated with ADHD in adulthood.
Based on the literature previewed below, it is theorised in this thesis that ADHD symptomatology may act as a diathesis that, coupled with comorbid psychosocial stressors, may contribute to an individual’s level of risk to themselves and others. Overall, this research suggests that ADHD symptomatology that persists into adulthood may pose a significant risk to some individuals, in the form of deliberate and non-deliberate forms of harm. These findings may challenge previously held beliefs regarding the innocuousness of ADHD as a psychological disorder and highlight the need to consider risk and safety issues in the assessment and treatment of adult ADHD.
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Yahya, Fatahyah. "Adult attachment and relationship quality in parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/291134.
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This study aimed to explore the influence of adult attachment on relationship quality in parents of children with ADHD. A mixed methods design was used to address the research objectives. Study One (quantitative) explored the different pressures that having a child with ADHD places on parents with different attachment styles, and how the parents differ in their way of responding to such pressures based on their attachment styles. Two hundred and fifty four participants were employed: 101 parents of children with ADHD, and 153 parents of children without ADHD. Four established questionnaires were used: Connors Parental rating Scale (CPRS), Communication Pattern Questionnaire (CPQ), Experience in Close Relationship (ECR), and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). The results showed that parents of children with ADHD reported greater marital conflict and worse dyadic adjustment than parents of children without ADHD. Moreover, behavioural problems in children with ADHD correlated negatively with interpersonal relationship in the parental couple. Finally, attachment style moderated the impact of ADHD symptoms on interpersonal problems in the couple. On the other hand, Study Two (qualitative) explored parents’ experiences of how the disorganised behaviour of children with ADHD or the normal naughtiness of children without ADHD had an impact on the relationship. The differences between parents with children with and without ADHD with regard to their attachment styles were also studied. Forty eight participants extracted from the Study One were participated in this Study Two. The results through the thematic analyses indicated that parents of children with ADHD experienced the stress related to their children’s condition which was negatively affected their couple relationship. Not only that, the parents with different attachment styles experienced differently in both group. In considering both studies, the qualitative themes may explain how attachment insecurity moderates the impact of having a child with ADHD on relationship variables. The theme may be particularly important, as it may have a negative influence on the interpersonal communication of the parents with insecurity attachment. It is proposed that this research can make a contribution towards relevant intervention programs to facilitate support for parents of children with ADHD.
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Lundén, Zaara, and Maria Sköns. "Vuxna ADHD patienters upplevelse av delaktighet och behov av sjuksköterskans stöd vid behandling inom öppenvårdspsykiatrin En kvalitativ intervjustudie." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Omvårdnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22457.
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Bakgrund: Många vuxna med ADHD avbryter sin behandling av okända orsaker. Därför är det viktigt att undersöka hur vuxna med ADHD upplever sina möjligheter att vara delaktiga i behandlingen och på vilket sätt sjuksköterskan kan vara till stöd för dem. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna ADHD patienters upplevelse av delaktighet och behov av sjuksköterskans stöd vid behandling inom öppenvårdspsykiatrin. Metod: Kvalitativ studie som baseras på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Många upplevde att de saknade information om diagnos och behandling och att de därför inte kunde vara med och påverka. Sjuksköterskan upplevdes vara lättare att nå än läkaren och kunde erbjuda tätare uppföljningar. Sjuksköterskan upplevdes också ha en samordnande funktion mellan olika yrkeskategorier. Att bli sedd som person och inte bli reducerad till en patient med ADHD var viktigt. Slutligen framkom betydelsen av att även involvera närstående i behandlingen. Slutsats: En del av sjuksköterskans arbete är att föra ut kunskap och information till patienterna på ett sätt som patienterna förstår utifrån varje persons specifika behov för att öka patienternas möjlighet till delaktighet. Specialistsjuksköterskan kan också utgöra ett stöd genom möjligheten att erbjuda tätare kontakt och mer uppföljning, samordning med andra yrkesgrupper och samhällsinstanser. Stöd kan också handla om att se människan bakom diagnosen.Background: Many adults with ADHD drop out of treatment for unknown reasons. Therefore it is important to investigate how adults with ADHD experience their possibilities to be involved in their treatment and the way in which the nurse can be supportive to them. Objective: Describe the experience by adult ADHD patients of their participation and the need of support by the nurse in outpatient psychiatry treatment. Method: Qualitative study based on eight semi-structured interviews. The interview material was analyzed with the use of content analysis. Results: Many of the participants felt that they lack information about their diagnosis and treatment, and that they therefore could not participate and influence their treatment. The nurse was perceived easier to reach than the doctor and also to offer more frequent follow-up. Their experience was also that the nurse can play a coordinating role between the different professions. To be seen as a person and not be reduced to a patient with ADHD was considered important. Finally, the interviews revealed the importance of involving relatives in treatment. Conclusion: The specialist nurse can bring knowledge and information to patients in a way that makes it possible for patients to understand on the basis of each person's specific needs in order to increase the possibilities for patients to participate. The specialist nurse can also provide support through the ability to offer more frequent contact and more follow-up and coordination with other professionals and social organization community agencies. Support may also be about seeing the person behind the diagnosis.
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Riddle, Tara L. "Validation and Development of Adult Norms for the Contingency Naming Test." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1307638644.
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Bentley, J., F. Snyder, S. D. Brown, Russell W. Brown, and B. B. Pond. "Sex Differences in the Kinetic Profiles of D- and L- Methylphenidate in the Brains of Adult Rats." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/949.
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Sethi, Arjun. "Functional and structural characterization of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal networks in adult ADHD : identifying pathological effects and therapeutic targets." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c1f07c2e-f100-432e-899e-b030b3d19c51.
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Altgassen, Mareike, Anett Kretschmer, and Matthias Kliegel. "Task Dissociation in Prospective Memory Performance in Individuals With ADHD." Sage, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35645.
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Objective: The present study investigated, for the first time, event- and time-based prospective memory (PM) in the same sample of adults with ADHD within one paradigm using parallel task constraints. Method: A total of 25 individuals with ADHD and 25 matched neurotypical controls completed a computerized version of the Dresden Breakfast Task, which required participants to prepare breakfast following a set of rules and time restrictions.
Results: Although groups did not differ in event-based PM, results demonstrated a large-sized impairment in individuals with ADHD in time-based PM.
Conclusion: Findings suggest a task-specific impairment in PM functioning and are discussed in an executive control framework of neurocognitive functioning in ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. 2014; 18(7) 617-624)
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Baur, Ramona [Verfasser], and Andreas [Gutachter] Mühlberger. "Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Emotion Processing, and Emotion Regulation in Virtual Reality / Ramona Baur ; Gutachter: Andreas Mühlberger." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124396047/34.
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Thiessen, Christina N. "ADHD Symptoms, Maladaptive Schemas, and Dysfunctional Automatic Thoughts: Exploring Theorized Relationships in Emerging Adults." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1555951273832422.
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Wiggins, David R. "Assessing treatment effects of a psychoeducational group on thoughts, feelings and actions of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-162419/.
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Picado, Rossi Marisol. "Neurofunctional Markers of Reward and Timing Processing in Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactiviy Disorder: an fMRI Study." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131326.
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El trastorno por deficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es considerado uno de los trastornos psiquiátricos infantiles con mayor prevalencia, careacterizado por síntomas de inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. Hasta hace poco, se pensanba que los síntomas mejoraban con la edad, pero recientemente existe evidencia de que los síntomas del trastorno pueden prevalecer hasta la edad adulta. Un estudio reciente indicó que un 35% de los casos continuaban presentando el trastorno en la adultez, afectando aproximadamente entre un 3-7% de la población adulta. A pesar de que el substrato neurobiológico del TDAH no se conoce con exactitud, estudios geneticos, preclínicos y clínicos apuntan a que podría tratarse de alteraciones dopaminergicas y/o noradrenérgicas. Alteraciones en la actividad neural y el menor volumen de sustancia gris que se ha encontrado en estos pacientes en regiones relacionadas a la dopamina también corroboran dichos deficits.
Adultos diagnosticados con TDAH suelen presentar deficits neuropsicológicos en cuanto a memoria de trabajo, atención y control inhibotorio. El modelo de doble vía de Sonuga Barke implica por lo menos dos endofenotipos, relativamente independientes pero no excluyentes el uno del otro. El primero se asocia más a deficits a nivel ejecutivo como el control inhibitorio, mientras que el segundo se realciona a lo que alteraciones motivaciones, principalmente la anticipación de la recompensa. Este modelo explica le heteroenidad del TDAH en términos de déficits cognitivos y motivacionales disociables, los cuales pueded afectar a algunos pacientes pero no a otros. Es importante señalar que recientemente se ha sugerido que el procesameinto temporal podría consituir un tecer componente nueropsicológicodisociabl del TDAH. Déficits en cuanto al procesamiento temporal se están estudiando en TDAH, y además, se ha evaluado su posible relación con la impulsividad, síntoma importante de este trastorno. A pesar de la influencia que los procesos motivaciones podrían tener en el funcionamiento cognitivo, pocos estudios han centrado en el substrato neuronal de los sistemas de motivación y temporales, y su implicación en la fisiopatología del TDAH.
Por tanto, analizamos las imágenes RMf de 20 pacientes adultos con TDAH, no medicados y subtipo combinado, así como de 25 sujetos controles. Los datos se utilizaron para identificar y comparar la activación durante un paradigma de recompensa y discriminación temporal. El paradigma incluyó la prescencia de distractores durante la tarea para evaluar atención. Los resultados del análisis por regiones de interés indicó menor activación en el cerebelo izquierdo y derecho durante la tarera de recompensa/discriminación temporal en el grupo con TDAH. El cerebelo es una región implicada en alteraciones estructurales y funcionales en TDAH, y recientemente también se ha señalado su possible implicación como mediador en tareas de procesamiento temporal. Los análisis de whole-brain también inidcaron menor activación en el giro temporal superior, el cerebelo izquierdo y derecho, el giro fusiforme, el giro de Heschl, y el giro medio occipital en los pacientes. Contrariamente, se observó una mayor activación en los pacientes en el giro frontal inferior derecho y en el giro parietal superior izquierdo. Adicionalmente, los análisis por regiones de interés también mostraron menor actividad neural en ralación al estíimulo del distractor en el grupo con TDAH en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y en el giro precentral. En los análisis de whole-brain también se observó una menor activación en el giro postcentral izquierdo, el giro temporal izquierdo y el giro frontal izquierdo. Finalmente, se observó un aumento en la activación en los pacientes con TDAH en la corteza orbitofrontal derecha. Nuestros resultados aportan evidencia de que el procesamiento temporal, junto con procesos cognitivos como la atención, así como los procesos motivacionales relacionados con la recompensa, podrían representar un tercer componente neuropsicológico afectado en el TDAH.ADHD, conceived as one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorders, is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms and estimate to affect 5% of worldwide population. Until recently, symptoms were thought to ameliorate with age. However, a recent 10 year follow-up study indicated that 35% of paediatric patients still meeting ADHD diagnostic criteria and it’s been estimated that ADHD affects between 3 and 7% of adult population. Even thought the exact neurobiological substrate of ADHD still unclear, genetic, preclinical and clinical studies point to dopaminergic and/or noradrenergic alterations. Neural activity and grey matter volume decreases in dopamine related regions also corroborate such deficits. Adults diagnosed with this disorder are likely to neuropsychological deficits involving working memory, attention and inhibitory control. The multiple pathway model proposed by Sonuga-Barke implicates at least two relatively independent but not mutually exclusiv endophenotypes; those involving an executive functioning disruption such as inhibition control, and those more related with motivational system abnormalities, basically reward anticipation. Therefore, this model explains neuropsychological heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of dissociable cognitive and motivational deficits, each affecting some but not other patients. Importantly, it is been suggested that temporal processing might constitute a third dissociable neuropsychological component of ADHD. Recently, timing processing deficits are being studied in ADHD, and, furthermore, such abnormalities have been related with impulsiveness, a core symptom of ADHD. In spite of the influence that motivational and timing processes might have on cognitive functioning, only a few studies have focused on the neural substrate underpinning the motivational and timing systems and, specifically, their role in ADHD pathophysiology. Therefore, we analyzed functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) of 20 un-medicated, combined, adult ADHD subjects and 25 healthy controls. Date sets were used to identify and compare the brain activation during a reward/time discrimination paradigm. The paradigm also included distractors during the task, in order to evaluate attention processes. Our results from the Regions of interest (ROIs) analysis indicated decreased brain activation in left and right cerebellum during the task that as compared to the control group. The cerebellum is key area of structural and functional abnormalities in ADHD, and, recently it has been implicated as one important mediator in time discrimination. Furthermore, whole brain analysis indicated decreased brain activity in right superior temporal gyrus, right left cerebellum, right fusiform gyrus, right Heschl´s gyrus and left occipital middle gyrus in ADHD group as compared to controls. The opposite contrast showed increased activation levels in right frontal inferior gyrus and left superior parietal gyrus in the patients group. Additionally, ROIs analysis also showed reduced activity in relation to the distractor stimulus in the ADHD group in left DLPFC and the left precentral gyrus. The whole-brain analysis also shoewed a cluster of reduced activity located in the left post central gyrus, left inferior temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus. In the opposite contrast, we observed increased brain activity in the right orbitofrontal cortex in the patients group. Our results provide evidence that temporal processes, in addition to cognitve (i.e., attention) and motivational/emotional domains, might be a third dissociable neuropsychological component that affects ADHD.