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1
Ayaz, A. B., M. Ayaz, and E. Kayan. "Negative outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 4 (January 26, 2015): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.91.
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ObjectivesIn children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the comorbidity of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) negatively affects the course of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to compare ADHD-diagnosed children with and without ODD comorbidity in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries.MethodsThis study included 109 children diagnosed with ADHD alone and 79 children with the ADHD-ODD comorbidity from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. The children who participated in the study were aged between 6 and 15 years. Diagnoses of the children were determined by child psychiatrists according to DSM-IV criteria, and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parents Form was used to support the diagnosis in initial evaluations of children. Forty-six to fifty months after the first admission, parents were questioned regarding all negative outcomes from the time of first diagnosis to the time of the evaluation by phone.ResultsThe groups were compared in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries over a period of 4 years. The ODD-ADHD group was determined to have higher rates of disciplinary punishments at school, smoking, and unintentional injuries compared with the ADHD group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of criminal behaviors and psychoactive substance use.ConclusionsThe ODD comorbidity increases the risk of negative outcomes in children diagnosed with ADHD.
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Bhardwaj, Anubhuti, Sanjay Mandot, and Hemant Jain. "Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gender difference and its co morbidity among urban school children in a city of southern Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190724.
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Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders of childhood (3-5%). The main characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The Objective of this study was to study prevalence of ADHD in school aged children.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive school-based study was conducted in a private school of Udaipur from January 2017 to September 2018. All eligible students were included. Total 1200 students were enrolled. They were assessed for the presence of ADHD using INCLEN diagnostic tool and those found positive were further assessed for the presence of co-morbid conditions using child behavior checklist (CBCL).Results: In present study out of total 1200 students 730(60.83%) were male and 470(39.17%) were female. 76 (6.3%) students out of 1200 were ADHD Positive. ADHD was more common in male students (73.7%), urban locality (57.89%), in age group 6 to 9 years (44.7%) and higher economic class (46.1%). Hyperactivity-Impulsivity type was most common type (51.32%). Male students had predominance of hyperactivity (60.7%) whereas in female student’s inattention type was predominant (45%). Aggressive Behavior (19.6%) and rule breaking behavior (80.4%) was more common in male. Somatic complaints were more common in females (60%). Oppositional defiant disorder was observed in male (21.4%) and female (10%) students. 15.8% of ADHD students had learning disorder.Conclusions: Present study shows 6.3% prevalence of ADHD. Hyperactivity type of ADHD was more common in boys, while Inattention type was more common in girls. Among associated co morbid conditions - aggressive behavior, rule breaking behavior and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was found to be more prevalent in boys while anxious behavior, somatic complaints and social problems were more commonly found in girls. Thought problems, learning disorders and conduct disorders are also observed in ADHD students.
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Rolland, B., D. Da Fonseca, M. Fatseas, and N. Simon. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: Specific clinical and therapeutic issues." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S27—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.083.
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was initially considered as a childhood psychiatric disorder. However, longitudinal observations have revealed that ADHD symptoms may persist in adulthood among approximately 50% of the patients . Adult ADHD is associated with impaired social outcome and frequent comorbidities such as mood disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders [2,3]. Correctly identifying and treating ADHD can significantly improve the global functioning and cognition of adult subjects, and reduce the intensity and frequency of the comorbid states [2,3]. Nonetheless, the clinical features of adult ADHD are clearly different from the youth form [1,2], and ADHD symptoms are easily mixed up in adults with symptoms of the comorbid conditions [2,3]. These clinical intricacies can make the diagnosis of ADHD difficult in adults. Moreover, the management of methylphenidate in adult subjects is also associated with specific risks and pitfalls, such as abuse and tampering behaviors, and additional safety risks . Put together, it appears crucial to identify and treat ADHD in adults, but the clinical and therapeutic complexities of adult ADHD require improved expertise and caution from adult psychiatrists and addiction specialists. In this thematic session of the 2015 French Psychiatry Congress, three French leading experts of adult ADHD will address the aforementioned clinical and therapeutic issues of the adulthood form of this disorder. David Da Fonseca, professor of child psychiatry in Marseille, will disentangle the clinical features of adult ADHD from the typical symptoms observed in the youth form. Mélina FATSEAS, associate professor of psychiatry and addiction medicine in Bordeaux, will specifically focus on the many and complex relationships observed between adult ADHD and substance use disorders. Last, Nicolas Simon, professor of addiction medicine and psychopharmacology in Marseille, will synthesize what are the very risks and issues with prescribing methylphenidate in adults.
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Lindstrøm, Jon A. "Why Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is Not a True Medical Syndrome." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2012): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.14.1.61.
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Critics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have repeatedly argued that there is no proof for the condition being symptomatic of an organic brain disease and that the current “ADHD epidemic” is an expression of medicalization. To this, the supporters of ADHD can retort that the condition is only defined as a mental disorder and not a physical disease. As such, ADHD needs only be a harmful mental dysfunction, which, like other genuine disorders, can have a complex and obscure etiology. This article argues that such a line of argument fails to save ADHD as a valid diagnostic category. Given the general diagnostic logic of theDSM–IVand how ADHD has been defined in terms of everyday (male) child behaviors, there are compelling grounds to disbelieve that ADHD can be a true medical syndrome united by some type of harmful dysfunction. Indeed, strong logical and empirical reasons will be adduced to show that people may qualify for ADHD diagnosis without suffering from any type of underlying pathology.
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Piek, Jan P., Daniela Rigoli, Jillian G. Pearsall-Jones, Neilson C. Martin, David A. Hay, Kellie S. Bennett, and Florence Levy. "Depressive Symptomatology in Child and Adolescent Twins With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and/or Developmental Coordination Disorder." Twin Research and Human Genetics 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.10.4.587.
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AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated a link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and depression. The present study utilized a monozygotic (MZ) differences design to investigate differences in depressive symptomatology between MZ twins discordant for ADHD or DCD. This extends previous research as it controls for genetic effects and shared environmental influences and enables the investigation of nonshared environmental influences. In addition, children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and DCD were compared on their level of depressive symptomatology to those with ADHD only, DCD only, and no ADHD or DCD. The parent-rated Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior, Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire, and Sad Affect Scale were used to assess ADHD, DCD, and depressive symptomatology respectively. The results revealed higher levels of depressive symptomatology in MZ twins with ADHD or DCD compared to their nonaffected co-twins. In addition, children and adolescents with comorbid ADHD and DCD demonstrated higher levels of depressive symptomatology compared to those with ADHD only, DCD only, and no ADHD or DCD. The implications of these findings are discussed with emphasis on understanding and recognizing the relationship between ADHD, DCD, and depression in the assessment and intervention for children and adolescents with these disorders.
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Verma, Archana, Shweta Singh Chauhan, Vaishali Pankaj, Neha Srivastva, and Prachi Srivastava. "Network Biology Approaches to Identify the Drug Lead Molecule for Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Human." Open Bioinformatics Journal 13, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875036202013010015.
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Aims: To identify most novel drug target and lead molecule for neurodevelopmental disorder Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases through system biology approaches Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NNDs) are disabilities associated chiefly with the functioning of the neurological system and brain. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders have difficulties with speech, behaviour, learning and other neurological functions. Systems biology is a holistic approach to enciphering the complexity of biological systems and their interactions. It opens the way to a more successful discovery of novel therapeutics. Objective: To identify most novel drug target and lead molecule for neurodevelopmental disorder Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases through system biology approaches. Methods: A list of genes was collected from NCBI database for Autism, Intellectual Disability (ID) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diseases. STRING database and Cytoscape software was used for construction and interpreting molecular interaction in the network. 3D structure of target protein, was build and validated.The phytochemicals were identified through various research articles and filtered out by virtual screening through Molinspiration. Molecular docking analyses of known phytochemical with target proteins were performed usingAutoDock tool. Result: AKT1 for Autism, SNAP25 for Intellectual Disability (ID) and DRD4 for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were identified as most potential drug target through network study. further the modelled structure of obtained target were undergo molecular docking study with kown phytochemicals. Based on lowest binding energy, Huperzine A for Autism and ID, Valerenic acid for ADHD found to be the most potential therapeutic molecules. Conclusion: Huperzine A against Autism and ID, Valerenic acid against ADHD found to be the most potential therapeutic molecules and expected to be effective in the treatment of NNDs. Phytochemicals do not have side effects so extract of these can be taken in preventive form too as these disorders occur during developmental stages of the child. Further the obtained molecule if experimentally validated would play promising role for the treatment of NDDs in human.
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Rey, Joseph M., Garry Walter, Jon M. Plapp, and Elise Denshire. "Family Environment in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity, Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00735.x.
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Objective: This study aims to ascertain whether there were differences in family environment among patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Method: The records of 233 patients, selected for high or low scores on a scale that taps ADHD symptoms, were reviewed by three clinicians who made DSM-IV diagnoses and rated the family environment with the Global Family Environment Scale (GFES). Self-report data obtained from the parent and child versions of the Child Behaviour Checklist were also used. The quality of the family environment was then compared between the various diagnostic groups. Results: A poorer family environment was associated with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder and predicted a worse outcome (e.g. admission to a non-psychiatric institution, drug and alcohol abuse). Quality of the family environment did not vary according to ADHD diagnosis or gender. Conclusions: There seems to be no association between the quality of the family environment and a diagnosis of ADHD among referred adolescents. However, there is an association with conduct disorder. Interventions that improve family environment in the early years of life may prevent the development of conduct problems.
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Lola, Hirbaye Mokona, Habte Belete, Abebaw Gebeyehu, Aemro Zerihun, Solomon Yimer, and Kassech Leta. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years Old Living in Girja District, Rural Ethiopia." Behavioural Neurology 2019 (April 14, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1753580.
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Objective. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in childhood with long-term outcomes. Although ADHD is the most studied behavioral disorders of childhood in developed countries, few studies have been conducted in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ADHD in rural parts of Ethiopia. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 among children aged 6 to 17 years living in rural areas. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select 1302 participants. The Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale was used to collect the data. Logistic regression analysis was used to see statistically significant variables. Result. The prevalence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children was 7.3%. Being male (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.81, 95% CI: (1.13, 2.91)); living with a single parent (AOR = 5.0, 95% CI: (2.35, 10.65)); child birth order/rank (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: (1.30, 4.25)); and low family socioeconomic status (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: (1.29, 4.59)) were significantly associated with ADHD. Conclusion. The ADHD prevalence rate was found to be similar with global reports. Prevention and early management of maternal complications is important to reduce the prevalence of ADHD among children.
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Suyanto, Bestari Nindya, and Supra Wimbarti. "Program Intervensi Musik terhadap Hiperaktivitas Anak Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) 5, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajpp.48584.
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Children with hyperactivity subtype of ADHD have difficulty to control their behavior, therefore early intervention is needed by providing therapy specifically designed for children with ADHD. The music intervention program was structured to reduce hyperactivity in children with ADHD. The method of this study was single case experimental design, the study did not have a control group. The participant in this study was a child with hyperactivity subtype of ADHD who never received music therapy. The measurement of hyperactive behavior was done using behavioral checklist. Data was analyzed using inter-observer by visual inspection. The results of this study was music intervention could reduce hyperactive behavior in this participants. The reliability of measurements (IOA) were in the range of 80% -100%, meaning that there was a level of trust in consistency of the assessment between observers in the good category.
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Kusuma Wijayanti, Puspita Adhi, and Surya Cahyadi. "Antecedents-Consequences Modification to Decrease Hyper-activity and Improve Attention of Child with ADHD." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jpud.132.03.
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The prevalence of ADHD children increases every year. Some researchers have shown that psychosocial behavior therapy (antecedents-consequences modification) was effective to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to ADHD children. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of antecedents-consequences modification by parents and teachers to decrease hyperactivity and increase attention to a 6 years old boy with ADHD. The study was a single case experimental design. Psychosocial behavior therapy has been used with antecedents-consequences modification. The antecedents-consequences modification was applied by teacher at school and parents at home. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results showed that there’s a significant decrease of hyperactivity behavior and significant increase of doing his assignment both at school and also at home. Not only about the content of behavior therapy itself, but how to give the therapy is important. Parents and teacher should do the therapy consistently, immediately, specifically and saliency to reach the target of intervention.
Keywords: ADHD Children, Antecedents, Consequences, Modification
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Lalonde, Justine, Atilla Turgay, and James I. Hudson. "Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Subtypes and Comorbid Disruptive Behaviour Disorders in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinic." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (August 1998): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300612.
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Objective: To assess demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD] or conduct disorder [CD]) in subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: One hundred youths consecutively referred to a community child and adolescent mental health clinic and subsequently diagnosed with ADHD by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria were evaluated. The diagnosis was made by a child psychiatrist and was based on information from physicians, parents, teachers, and diagnostic interviews with the youths and their parents. Results: The major findings were: 1) ADHD combined (C) type was diagnosed in 78% of the subjects, while 15% had inattentive (I) type and 7% had hyperactive—impulsive (HI) type; and 2) patterns of comorbid disruptive behavioural disorders significantly differed among subtypes. Specifically, subjects with the I type showed lower rates of comorbid ODD than those with the C type (33% and 85%; P < 0.001) and HI type (33% and 100%; P = 0.005); subjects with the HI type displayed a higher prevalence of CD than those with the I type (57% and 0%; P = 0.005) and C type (57% and 8%; P = 0.003). These results should be considered tentative because the reliability of the diagnostic procedures was not formally assessed and the number of subjects in the I and HI groups was small. Conclusion: ADHD subtypes showed significant differences in the distribution of comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders. These results support the utility of ADHD subtypes but should be replicated with a larger sample of I and HI type subjects using more rigorous diagnostic methods.
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Skoulos, M., K. Sedky, and D. Bennett. "0900 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity, Symptoms Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And Other Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders In Children And Adolescents: A Retrospective Data Analysis." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A342—A343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.896.
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Abstract Introduction Children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the connection between the severity of Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) and ADHD is controversial with research evidence pointing in opposing directions. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a pediatric sleep center at a university hospital setting to investigate the effect between AHI severity, ADHD and/or other comorbid psychiatric disorders. One hundred and thirty-eight participants between the age of 6 and 18 were examined in terms of AHI severity level and their correlation with scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) using SPSS program. Results A negative correlation between AHI scores and Attention Problems for the entire group of participants was found. Additionally, female adolescents had positive correlations between AHI scores and several affective disorder variables from the CBCL, while male adolescents had negative correlations between AHI levels and several CBCL scores that are typically associated with ADHD and Anxiety disorders. Conclusion This study suggests a relationship between OSA severity and psychiatric conditions. However, this relationship can vary depending on age, gender and AHI severity. More research is required to understand this relationship. Support Chervin, R.D. How many children with ADHD have sleep apnea or periodic leg movements on polysomnography? Sleep. 2005: 28(9): 1041-1042. Sedky K, Bennett DS, Carvalho KS. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in pediatric populations: A meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2014; 18: 349-356
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Sesso, Gianluca, Chiara Cristofani, Stefano Berloffa, Paola Cristofani, Pamela Fantozzi, Emanuela Inguaggiato, Antonio Narzisi, et al. "Autism Spectrum Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Comorbidities Delineate Clinical Phenotypes in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Novel Insights from the Assessment of Psychopathological and Neuropsychological Profiles." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 3839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123839.
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Although childhood-onset psychiatric disorders are often considered as distinct and separate from each other, they frequently co-occur, with partial overlapping symptomatology. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) commonly co-occur with each other and with other mental disorders, particularly disruptive behavior disorders, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD). Whether these associated comorbidities represent a spectrum of distinct clinical phenotypes is matter of research. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical phenotypes of youths with ADHD with and without ASD and/or ODD/CD, based on neuropsychological and psychopathological variables. One-hundred fifty-one participants with ADHD were prospectively recruited and assigned to four clinical groups, and assessed by means of parent-reported questionnaires, the child behavior checklist and the behavior rating inventory of executive functions. The ADHD alone group presented a greater impairment in metacognitive executive functions, ADHD+ASD patients presented higher internalizing problems and deficits in Shifting tasks, and ADHD+ODD/CD subjects presented emotional-behavioral dysregulation. Moreover, ADHD+ASD+ODD/CD individuals exhibited greater internalizing and externalizing problems, and specific neuropsychological impairments in the domains of emotional regulation. Our study supports the need to implement the evaluation of the psychopathological and neuropsychological functioning profiles, and to characterize specific endophenotypes for a finely customized establishment of treatment strategies.
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Waldrop, Ron D. "Selection of Patients for Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Private Practice Setting." Clinical Pediatrics 33, no. 2 (February 1994): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992289403300204.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a syndrome characterized by age-inappropriate levels of motor activity, impulsivity, and inattention. A system of triage was developed to select an ADHD patient population which was manageable in a private practice setting. Seventy-four subjects with symptoms suggestive of ADHD were evaluated and diagnosed with ADHD and followed for 2 years. All subjects included in the study were shown a teaching videotape, received a full physical examination, and were counseled for approximately 1 hour. The diagnosis of ADHD was made based on the presence of eight of 14 criteria described in DSM-III, elevated Connors Rating Scale (CRS) scores, physical examination, observation, and historical information. A treatment plan involving behavioral therapy and medication was implemented with frequent follow-up. Ninety-six percent of the patients showed improvement in behavior (parental report and decreased CRS scores) and/or grades (one letter grade in two classes for 12 weeks). Fifteen percent of the treated subjects were suspected of having coexistent disorders and 4% did not respond to treatment. By implementing a simple triage system and protocol for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, a manageable patient population with ADHD and similar disorders was selected and successfully treated in a private practice setting.
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Flannery-Schroeder, Ellen, Cynthia Suveg, Scott Safford, Philip C. Kendall, and Alicia Webb. "Comorbid Externalising Disorders and Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes." Behaviour Change 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.1.14.35972.
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AbstractExamined the effects of comorbid externalising disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) on the long-term outcome (7.4 years) of individuals treated for anxiety disorders as youth. Ninety-four anxiety-disordered children (aged 8-13) were provided with a 16-session manual-based cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT). Assessments were completed at pretreatment, posttreatment, 1-year posttreatment (see Kendall, et al., 1997) and for 88 of the original 94 subjects at 7.4-years posttreatment (see Kendall, Safford, Flannery-Schroeder, & Webb, in press). At pretreatment, all participants received principal anxiety diagnoses (generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia). Nineteen had comorbid externalising disorders (11 ADHD, 7 ODD and 1 CD). These 19 subjects were matched on age (within an average of 3 months), gender and race with 19 previously treated youths who were not comorbid with an externalising disorder. Examining parent- and child-reports, respectively, comparable rates of comorbid versus non-comorbid cases were free of their principal anxiety disorder at the 7.4-year follow-up on all dependent measures. Parents of anxiety-disordered children with a comorbid externalising disorder reported higher levels of child externalising behaviour than did parents of anxiety-disordered children without comorbidity. Comorbid children reported greater self-efficacy in coping with anxiety-provoking situations than did non-comorbid children. Thus, it appears that overall anxiety-disordered children with and without comorbid externalising disorders showed comparable improvements following CBT.
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Афолабі Олусегун Еммануель. "A Developmental Perspective to Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.1.olu.
Full textAbstract:
The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. The study revealed that ADHD as a developmental disorder is influenced by prenatal, biological and psychosocial environmental risk factors, and suggested that better understanding of genomic susceptibilities, family environment and parental characteristics would transform the pathway for development of ADHD in children.
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Mhtare, Priti, Mona Gajre, Sagar Karia, Nidhi Chheda, Dinesh Saroj, and Avinash De Sousa. "Effect of multimodal therapy on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20170696.
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Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder affecting school aged children. Multimodal treatment is the most effective form of treatment which includes multiple elements like parent and child education about diagnosis and treatment, specific behaviour management techniques, medications and appropriate educational programs. This study was planned to study effect of multimodal intervention i.e. medication along with behavioral modification therapy and occupational therapy given to children with ADHD.Methods: This was a longitudinal, prospective study carried out from January 2014 to October 2014, in which children coming to pediatric neuro-developmental centre and diagnosed as ADHD were included. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was given along with required medications to these children. Improvement in symptoms was checked by Conner scale 3TM long form given to both parents and teachers. Results: 41 out of 50 children complied with our study and majority were of ADHD- combined type (92.6%). 31 out of 41 students achieved non-significant, T- score at the end of 6 months on Global score of Conner Scale.Conclusions: Multimodal intervention was found effective in treating children with ADHD.
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Sundarlall, Ravindra, Debbie Van der Westhuizen, and Lizelle Fletcher. "The functioning and behaviour of biological parents of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, attending the outpatient department at Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria." South African Journal of Psychiatry 22, no. 1 (May 31, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.836.
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<p><strong>Background:</strong> ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is gradually being acknowledged as a functionally impairing disorder across the lifespan, underscored by heritability. Nonetheless, lack of ADHD (adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) data from South Africa is alarming which could be due to either the unawareness of ADHD symptoms or underutilization of available screening measures. Undiagnosed ADHD may influence family- and working lives unpleasantly. Parenting a child with ADHD may intensify parental stress through functional impairment notwithstanding the diagnosis of ADHD.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Eighty-one biological parents of children diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were screened using self-reporting measurements. ADHD self-report scale (ASRS-V 1.1) identified either positive or negative subgroups; the Weiss functional impairment rating scale (WFIR-S) for functional impairment and the Jerome driving questionnaire (JDQ) for risk-taking behaviour specifically driving.</p><p><strong> Results:</strong> Of the 39 (48%) parents who experienced impairment in all seven areas of functioning, 23 (59%) screened negative for ADHD, while 16 (41%) screened positive. A significant association was found between parents who screened either positive or negative for ADHD and functional impairment across five of the seven individual categories namely family, work, self-concept, life-skills and social functioning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study emphasized the high incidence of functional impairment in parents of ADHD children. Although a substantial number of parents screened negative for ADHD, they still reported impairment in functioning; probably due to undiagnosed ADHD with comorbid psychiatric disorders, and/or parental stress due to the complex behaviour of the child. Parents of children diagnosed with ADHD should be screened for functional impairment followed by referral for psychiatric assessment and parent management training to achieve better clinical outcomes.</p>
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Villa, Miguel, María Isabel Barriopedro Moro, and Luis Miguel Ruiz Pérez. "Motor competence difficulties and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among secondary students." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 20, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.360491.
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A high proportion of children with Attention problems (ADHD) experience motor competence problems. The present study sought to compare the motor competence between a group of ADHD students and a normative sample before and after controlling for motor coordination problems, and check if there are differences between the group with ADHD and the group with DT, depending on the presence or not of the DCD concurrent with the ADHD.
A total of 22 children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT; 12–13 years, SD 0.7, 16 males, 6 females) and 23 age-matched typically developing children with no movement difficulties (12-13 years, SD 0.7 16 males, 7 females) participated in this study. Motor coordination was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition (MABC-2). ADHD symptoms were assessed by the school’s Department of Psychology.The ADHD diagnosis is based on diagnostic criteria established by the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and the application of the following behavioral scales and evaluation of executive functions have been followed: Child Behavior Checklist for ages; Behavior Ratting Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF); Scales for the Evaluation of ADHD (EDAH). Based on the MABC-2 score (percentile score ≤ 5th), ADHD children were classified into two groups: co-occurring DCD/ADHD and ADHD group. Results showed that children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children showed big individual differences on all motor skill areas and on overall percentile scores. Thirteen children with ADHD were delayed, and three were at risk for motor delays. Only four TD children were at risk for motor delays. DCD/ADHD group scored significantly lower than the TD group across all motor skill areas, while ADHD group scored lower than the TD group only on manual dexterity.
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Chou, Wen-Jiun, Tai-Ling Liu, Ray C. Hsiao, Yu-Min Chen, Chih-Cheng Chang, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Caregiver-Attributed Etiologies of Children’s Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study in Taiwan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051652.
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The aim of this survey study was to examine the etiologies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) attributed by caregivers of Taiwanese children with ADHD, particularly factors affecting such attribution. This study had 400 caregivers of children with ADHD as participants. We examined the caregiver-attributed etiologies of ADHD and factors affecting such attribution. Caregivers completed the self-report questionnaire to rate how likely they perceived various etiologies of ADHD to be; the Affiliate Stigma Scale for the level of affiliate stigma; and the short Chinese version of the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV Scale for child’s ADHD and oppositional symptoms. Brain dysfunction (84.8%) was the most commonly attributed etiology, followed by failure of caregivers in disciplining the child (44.0%); a poor diet, such as a sugar-rich diet (40.8%); a poor living environment (38.8%); the child imitating their peers’ improper behavior (37.3%); failure of school staff in disciplining the child (29.0%); the education system’s overemphasis on academic performance (27.3%); and supernatural beings or divination-based reasons (3.8%). Caregivers’ affiliate stigma was significantly associated with the attribution of several nonbiological etiologies other than brain dysfunction. Caregivers’ education level and children’s sex, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms were significantly associated with various caregiver-attributed etiologies. Therefore, to deliver more accurate knowledge about ADHD in educational programs, health professionals should consider those etiologies that are attributed by caregivers of children with ADHD.
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Kera, Elizabeth A. Curko, David J. Marks, Olga G. Berwid, Amita Santra, and Jeffrey M. Halperin. "Self-Report and Objective Measures of ADHD-Related Behaviors in Parents of Preschool Children at Risk for ADHD." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001917.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Few studies have used a combination of objective and self-report measures to examine neuropsychological and behavioral functioning in parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined attention and inhibitory control in the parents of preschool children who were rated as “at risk” for developing ADHD as compared with parents of controls.Methods:Preschool children (N=53) were divided into at risk for ADHD and control groups based on parent and teacher ratings of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ADHD symptoms. One parent of each child was administered an identical pairs Continuous Performance Test (CPTIP), a Go/No-Go task, and the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale for Adults.Results: Parents of preschoolers at risk for ADHD showed a pattern of responding on measures of vigilance characterized by slower reaction times and increased commission errors as compared with parents of controls. There were no significant group differences on self-report measures on the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scale for Adults.Conclusion: Parents of preschoolers at risk for ADHD appear to exhibit cognitive processing deficits that may not be evident using self-report measures. Further research is needed to more clearly identify the specific nature of these neuropsychological deficits and to determine whether they have a negative impact on their children.
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Боряк, Оксана, and Лариса Одинченко. "МОЛОДШІ ШКОЛЯРІ З ГІПЕРАКТИВНИМ РОЗЛАДОМ ІЗ ДЕФІЦИТОМ УВАГИ В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОГО ІНКЛЮЗИВНОГО ПРОСТОРУ." Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології, no. 5-6(99-100) (August 31, 2020): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24139/2312-5993/2020.05-06/012-023.
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The article considers peculiarities of teaching, upbringing and development of children with special educational needs in the conditions of the modern educational space – an inclusive education institution. Among modern children of both preschool and primary school age, a special place is occupied by schoolchildren with hyperactivity disorder and attention deficit. The specificity of disorder manifestations has a negative impact on their behavior, causes certain difficulties during assimilation of the educational material, affects the level of formation of the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities. The purpose of the article is to study and summarize the data on the justification and definition of the concept of “hyperactivity disorder with attention deficit”; to analyze and systematize the etiology, the specifics of disorders manifestations in junior schoolchildren in the modern educational space. To achieve this goal, the theoretical methods were used: analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific data in the field of medicine, psychology, neuropsychology, special pedagogy on the problem of scientific search – to determine the state of its development and promising areas for its further implementation. The practical significance of the study is to identify the features of the disorder for further development and justification of effective methods of educational and developmental work with the selected category of schoolchildren. The study found out that Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a polymorphic clinical syndrome, the main manifestations of which are a violation of the child’s ability to control and regulate his/her behavior, which is manifested in motor hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity. These disorder manifestations negatively affect the level of assimilation of information by the child, reduce its volume, cause difficulties in establishing interpersonal relationships with both adults and peers. This makes the child vulnerable, prevents his/her normal entry into the educational environment, affects his/her further socialization. We see the prospect of further research in the development and justification of the experimental methods for identifying the features of manifestation of the hyperactivity disorder with attention deficit in junior schoolchildren; development and substantiation of the algorithm of psychological and pedagogical support of the selected category of children for the purpose of partial or complete correction of behavioral disorders.
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Barkauskienė, Rasa, Asta Bongarzoni, Rasa Bieliauskaitė, Roma Jusienė, and Saulė Raižienė. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possibilities of early diagnostics." Medicina 45, no. 10 (October 10, 2009): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina45100099.
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The present study aimed at analyzing the possibilities of early diagnostics of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in toddlers and preschool children. Parents and caregivers from children day care centers provided information about 863 children (mean age, 47.18 months; 410 girls and 453 boys). The methods used in the study were as follows: Child Behavior Checklist/1½-5 (CBCL), Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), and clinical questionnaire for evaluation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. The study consisted of two stages: 1) screening of the emotional and behavioral problems of children based on parental and caregiver-teachers’ reports; 2) clinical interview with parents of children at risk for attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder as measured by empirical ratings of attention hyperactivity symptoms. Results revealed that according to parental ratings, attention and hyperactivity problems are related to children’s age. According to caregiver-teachers’ ratings, boys were rated as having more problems of attention and hyperactivity than girls. Based on the results from the first stage, children at risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were analyzed further. Case study analysis showed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in these children to be a part of overall pattern characterized by behavioral, emotional, and other problems. The quantitative as well as qualitative analysis provides the evidence for a high comorbidity of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and other emotional and behavioral problems in early childhood. Study showed that comprehensive clinical assessment is necessary for early diagnostics of ADHD.
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Sobotka, Sarah A., Sarah Peters, and Neethi P. Pinto. "Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the PICU Population." Clinical Pediatrics 57, no. 8 (November 2, 2017): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922817737080.
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), affecting 11% of children and adolescents, increases risk for injury and may predispose children to illness. However, the prevalence of ADHD and other developmental disorders in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) has not been previously studied. We performed a single-center, prospective cohort study of children aged 6 to 12 years who were hospitalized in the PICU from May through August 2016. Parents described their child’s educational and neurodevelopmental history, and completed ADHD and emotional/behavioral disorder screening on enrollment and 1 month after discharge. Twenty-four children were enrolled. Ten patients (42%) had a prior neurodevelopmental diagnosis, and 7 (29%) met study criteria for ADHD. Children hospitalized for critical illness have a high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disabilities and are more susceptible to the impact of critical illness on development and behavior. More research is needed to better understand how to support this vulnerable population after critical illness.
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Min, Aran, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Hak Jong Noh, Moon Sang Kim, Hyo-Shin Lee, Mun-Taek Choi, Kyuha Lee, et al. "A Novel Robot-Assisted Kinematic Measure for Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Preliminary Study." Psychiatry Investigation 18, no. 7 (July 25, 2021): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2021.0036.
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Objective Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. In contrast to neurocognitive measurements of inattention and impulsivity, there has been limited research regarding the objective measurement of hyperactivity in youths with ADHD. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical effectiveness of a newly developed Robot-assisted Kinematic Measure for ADHD (RAKMA) in children with ADHD.Methods In total, 35 children with ADHD aged 5 to 12 years and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited, and the parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist and the Korean ADHD Diagnostic Scale. RAKMA performance was represented by RAKMA stimulus–response and hyperactivity variables. We compared the RAKMA performance of those with ADHD and with that of HCs and also investigated the correlation between the RAKMA variables and ADHD clinical scale scores.Results Significant differences between the ADHD and HC groups were observed regarding most RAKMA variables, including correct reactions, commission errors, omission errors, reaction times, migration distance, and migration speed scores. Significant correlations were detected between various ADHD clinical scale scores and RAKMA variables.Conclusion The RAKMA was a clinically useful tool for objectively measuring hyperactivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Further studies with larger samples are warranted.
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Senol, Vesile, Demet Unalan, Raziye Peksen Akca, and Mustafa Basturk. "Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity and other disruptive behaviour disorder symptoms among primary school-age children in Kayseri, Turkey." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517712865.
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Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD), and their influencing factors on primary school-age children. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2045 students, 7–15 years old, who were randomly selected from seven schools in Kayseri, Turkey, in 2012. Participants were stratified by socioeconomic status. Data were collected using the Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Behavioural Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S). For statistical analyses, the t-test and analysis of variance were used. Results Rates of disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs) among children were as follows: ADHD, 6.2%; CD, 14.4%; and ODD, 6.7%. The prevalence of ADHD was higher in boys and children whose mothers were homemakers and from poorly-educated and low-income families, compared with their peers. CD was more prevalent among boys and children 13–15 years old, whose parents had low income levels and were separated. ODD was higher in boys and children whose mothers were homemakers. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the overall prevalence of DBDs in our study area is 27.4%, which is similar to the pooled worldwide prevalence. Adverse family factors are closely associated with the prevalence of DBDs.
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Forness, Steven R., James M. Swanson, Dennis P. Cantwell, Donald Guthrie, and Rhonda Sena. "Response to Stimulant Medication across Six Measures of School-Related Performance in Children with ADHD and Disruptive Behavior." Behavioral Disorders 18, no. 1 (November 1992): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874299201800105.
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Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder display disruptive behavioral disorders that tend to interfere with academic and social progress and that may respond only partially to classroom management and motivational approaches. Although stimulant medication is seen as a necessary adjunct to treatment in many cases, measurement of response to such treatment is often quite problematic. The present study provides findings on response to treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin) across six measures of cognitive, academic, and social functioning in 71 boys, ages 7 to 11 years, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Optimal response to this drug was determined in double-blind, placebo, crossover trials, and measurement of response focused on procedures similar to those in actual practice. Response ranged from approximately 18 to 71% across the six measures, suggesting that whether a child can be considered a responder to methylphenidate depends greatly on choice of outcome measure. A clinically therapeutic dosage level for each subject was also used to examine dose effects, and factor analytic results suggest that three of the six measures appeared to tap child behaviors quite different from those measured by traditional means.
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Volakh, Е. V., Kopytov, К. I. Pavlov, and А. V. Hindziuk. "ATTENTION AND HYPERACTIVITY DEFICIENCY IN ADOLESCENTS AS RISK FACTOR OF DEVIANT BEHAVIORS." Medical Journal, no. 3(77) (2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/1818-426x.2021.3.4.
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The article provides an overview of the prevalence of risky behavior in children with hyperactivity as a social problem. Children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are a special category of the child population whose behavior is determined by the imbalance of excitation-inhibition processes. The symptoms of this pathology are differentiated depending on the age of the patient and the manifestation of the main clinical manifestations decreases as children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) grow older. At the same time, complicated forms of ADHD often involve a violation of behavior that tends to take risky forms. Such behavior can be directed towards itself (autodectional) or towards society (externally destructive). In this context, the timely identification of factors that increase and reduce the risk of deviations in hyperactive children becomes relevant. They include certain conditions and properties of a person, which lead to readiness for risk and the implementation of risky behavior. The indication of these features underpins a systematic approach in risk management in the behavior of persons with a history of ADHD.
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El-Nagger, Nahed Saied, Manal Hassan Abo-Elmagd, and Hanan Ibrahim Ahmed. "Effect of applying play therapy on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 7, no. 5 (January 6, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n5p104.
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Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a serious public health problem affecting a large number of children that often lasts into adulthood, and it is characterized by persistence of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Children with ADHD are managed with appropriate pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention such as educational, psychological, behavioral support and play therapy. Whereas, play therapy is a technique during which the child would be given an opportunity to experience development under the most ideal circumstances. Aim: Evaluate the effect of applying play therapy on children with ADHD.Methods: Study Design: A quasi experimental. Setting: The study was conducted in Badghish care & Rehabilitation center at Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects: Purposive sample composed of 40 preschool & school age children with ADHD with their parents and teachers. Study Tools: Data were collected through using a self-administered questionnaire for the parents to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied children and their families, Conner’s Abbreviated Parents and Teachers Rating scale, it was used to assess and evaluate the problematic behaviors of children with ADHD for their responses and progress monitoring through play therapy, Children's Symptom Inventory (CSI-4)-Parents and Teachers Form Scale, it was used to assess the children for ADHD symptoms including; inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity through their parents and teachers and Vanderbilt ADHD Parent and Teacher Rating Scale, it was used to assess children's anxiety symptoms through their parents and teachers.Results: The mean age of children was 6.282 ± 1.52 years. Also, 67.5% of children were boys and 32.5% were girls. Meanwhile, there were high statistical significant differences (p-value at .00) regarding children inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity as reported by their parents and teachers pre and post applying play therapy.Conclusions: The current study concluded that applying play therapy had a positive effect on paying attention, decreasing hyperactivity and controlling impulsive behavior of children with ADHD. Also, there were statistical significant differences in children's emotional and behavioral disturbances pre and post applying play therapy sessions. Recommendations: Encourage parents to cooperate actively when play therapy sessions are held for persistency of treatment effects and further studies should be carried out on the effectiveness of play therapy and use of other different kinds of therapies for children with ADHD are beneficial.
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Gomez, Rapson, Alasdair Vance, Shaun Watson, and Vasileios Stavropoulos. "ROC Analyses of Relevant Conners 3–Short Forms, CBCL, and TRF Scales for Screening ADHD and ODD." Assessment 28, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119876023.
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Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Conners 3–Parent Short Form (C 3-P(S)), and the Conners 3–Teacher Short Form (C 3-T(S)) inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scales, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) attention problems scales, to distinguish those with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also examined and compared the diagnostic accuracy of the C 3-P(S) and C 3-T(S) Aggression (AG) scales, and the CBCL and TRF Aggressive Behavior (AB) scales, to distinguish those with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The study used archival data ( N = 150-261) involving a large group of clinic-referred children aged between 6 and 11 years who had been interviewed for clinical diagnosis of ADHD and ODD using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children (ADISC-IV) as the reference standard, and then administered one or more of the screening measures. The findings provided empirical support for the use of the C 3-P(S) and CBCL for identifying ADHD and ODD, with the CBCL aggressive behavior scale having better ability to detect ODD. The implications of the findings for using the screening scales for diagnoses of ADHD and ODD are discussed.
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Roessner, Veit, Judith Buse, Finnja Schultze, Aribert Rothenberger, and Andreas Becker. "The Role of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 41, no. 3 (May 2013): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000229.
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Objective: The study examines the role of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) as a part of the psychopathology of children with chronic tic disorders (CTD) and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: We assessed the psychopathology of four large patient groups without further psychiatric disorders: CTD (n = 112), CTD + ADHD (n = 82), ADHD (n = 129), and controls (n = 144)) by implementing the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We compared the main effects for CTD and ADHD with and without including OCS as covariates. Results: Including OCS led to substantially different main effects for CTD on seven out of eight CBCL subscales. Slightly different main effects for ADHD were determined with respect to ADHD, mainly on the subscale withdrawn. Conclusions: OCS are closely related to CTD-associated psychopathology and – to a lesser extent, but nevertheless of importance in daily clinical practice – on ADHD-related symptoms. This information can be helpful in implementing more precise diagnostics and treatment in daily routine care.
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Puzino, K., S. L. Calhoun, F. He, S. Toth, A. N. Vgontzas, D. Liao, E. O. Bixler, and J. Fernandez-Mendoza. "0878 Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Internalizing Symptoms vs. Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A334—A335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.874.
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Abstract Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children has been associated with insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and abnormal periodic limb movements (PLMS). However, there is lack of data examining the contribution of OSA to ADHD-related internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors in adolescents. Methods We studied the Penn State Child Cohort, a random general population sample of 700 children (8.7±1.7y), of whom 421 were followed-up 8.3 years later during adolescence (17.0±2.3y, 53.9% male). All adolescents underwent a 9-hour PSG, clinical history and physical examination. ADHD was ascertained by a parent- or self-report of having been diagnosed with ADHD. OSA was defined as an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥2 events per hour of sleep, while a periodic limb movement index (PLMI) ≥5 events per hour of sleep was indicative of PLMS. Controls, OSA-alone, ADHD-alone and ADHD+OSA were identified. The Child or Adult Behavior Checklist were used to ascertain internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Multivariable-adjusted models controlled for sex, race, age, and body mass index (BMI) percentile. Results As compared to controls, adolescents with ADHD-alone or ADHD+OSA had significantly greater externalizing behaviors (p<0.001), inattention (p<0.001) and thought problems (p<0.001). While adolescents with ADHD-alone had higher internalizing symptoms (p=0.021), specifically withdrawn-depression (p<0.01), adolescents with ADHD+OSA had more somatic problems than controls (p=0.048). There were no statistically significant differences in behavioral outcomes between controls and adolescents with OSA-alone or between adolescents with ADHD-alone and ADHD+OSA. Conclusion Adolescents with comorbid ADHD and OSA do not present with worse behavioral outcomes than those with ADHD alone. Future studies should examine whether the progression of these adolescents into young adulthood differs in terms of their behavioral outcomes and development of mental health disorders. Support National Institutes of Health (R01HL136587, R01HL97165, R01HL63772, UL1TR000127)
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Gomez, Rapson, Vasileios Stavropoulos, Alasdair Vance, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Gifted Children with ADHD: How Are They Different from Non-gifted Children with ADHD?" International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 18, no. 6 (August 26, 2019): 1467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00125-x.
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AbstractThe present study focused on inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity differences of gifted children with and without attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Based on clinical assessment utilizing the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children (ADISC-IV) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition, attendees of a public outpatient child service (boys = 359, girls = 148), with mean age 10.60 years (SD = 3.08 years), were allocated into four groups: ADHD (N = 350), gifted (N = 15), gifted/ADHD (N = 18), and clinical controls (N = 124). The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale dimensionally assessed inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity variations. Compared to the gifted/ADHD group, the ADHD group had higher scores for inattention and comparable scores for hyperactivity/impulsivity. For most symptoms, the ADHD groups (gifted or not) rated higher than the non-ADHD groups (control and gifted without ADHD). Findings appeared to indicate that (i) ADHD is a valid diagnosis among children who are gifted, (ii) gifted children might tend to be less inattentive than non-gifted ADHD children, and (iii) ADHD-gifted children appear to differ from the non-ADHD-gifted children with regard to specific hyperactive and impulsive behaviors. The practical implication of these findings is that clinicians may wish to focus on these symptoms when diagnosing ADHD among children with high intelligence.
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Bhattarai, S., CK Bhusal, and AB Jaishi. "Awareness Regarding Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Teachers of Selected Schools in Municipality of Rupandehi." Journal of Psychiatrists' Association of Nepal 9, no. 1 (September 20, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpan.v9i1.31338.
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Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often continues into adulthood which includes a combination of persistent problems such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. The aim of the study was to find out teachers awareness regarding ADHD.
Material And Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study was used to find out awareness regarding ADHD among 77 teachers. Three private school were selected using simple random sampling technique, among them seventy seven primary school teachers were selected as a study sample by using enumerative method. Data was collected by pretested self-administered semi-structured questionnaire and the collected data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software version 20.
Results: Ninety three percent of respondents had awareness that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vary from person to person, 59.74% of respondents knew child with ADHD has a lower intelligence quotient than normal children. Sixty one percent of respondents had awareness that prolonged emotional disturbances as a risk factor of ADHD, 59.74% of the respondents had awareness that can't sit for long period to pay attention as symptom of ADHD and 64.94% of the respondents had awareness regarding teachers are the effective person for training of ADHD. Majority of the respondents had low awareness (55.84%) regarding ADHD. There was statistically significant association between awareness level regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and years of teaching experience (p=0.043).
Conclusion: It is concluded that awareness regarding ADHD is inadequate among teachers. Respondents had low awareness regarding management and risk factors of ADHD. Hence concerned authority should focus on organizing awareness programme on ADHD to school teachers.
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Chandra, Prakash, Latha Anandakrishna, and Prayas Ray. "Caries Experience and Oral Hygiene Status of Children Suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 34, no. 1 (September 1, 2009): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.34.1.n170271832662v44.
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Objective: The study was conducted to determine the caries experience and oral hygiene status of children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and was compared with that of non-ADHD children. Study design: A total of 80 children, including 40 ADHD and 40 non-ADHD children were included in the study. A visual dental examination for dental caries was performed and oral hygiene status of these children was determined. The parent/ guardian completed a questionnaire concerning the child's behavior followed by questionnaire to the child regarding oral hygiene practices and food habits. Results:Student-t test and chi-square test showed that children with ADHD had significantly higher defs score, mean plaque score in compared to that of non-ADHD children. Statistical significant differences were also found out in relation with frequency of tooth brushing and consumption of sugary food among the children suffering from ADHD. Conclusion: Caries prevalence in the primary dentition is increased in the children suffering from ADHD due to poor oral hygiene and increased consumption of sugary foods.
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Newcorn, Jeffrey H., Scott R. Miller, Iliyan Ivanova, Kurt P. Schulz, Jessica Kalmar, David J. Marks, and Jeffrey M. Halperin. "Adolescent Outcome of ADHD: Impact of Childhood Conduct and Anxiety Disorders." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 9 (September 2004): 668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900001942.
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ABSTRACTObjective: This study examines the impact of comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with disruptive and anxiety disorders in childhood on clinical course and outcome. We consider the relative contribution of each comorbid symptom constellation, and also their interaction, to assess the following questions: (1) Does early comorbidity with conduct disorder (CD) and anxiety disorders define specific developmental trajectories?; (2) Is comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood continuous with anxiety disorders in adolescence?; (3) Does comorbid anxiety disorders mitigate the negative behavioral outcome of youth with ADHD?; and (4) Is there an interaction between comorbid CD and anxiety disorders, when they occur simultaneously, that predicts a different outcome than either comorbid condition alone?Method: Thirty-two 15- to 18-year-old adolescent males, diagnosed with ADHD between 7 and 11 years of age, were re-evaluated for assessment of adolescent outcome 4.3–9.2 years later. Hierarchical regression analyses were run with each of the eight Child Behavior Checklist and Youth Self-Report problem scales, and the four anxiety symptom subscales of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children serving as outcome variables.Results: Findings indicate that comorbid CD at baseline predicteds parent reports of behavior problems in adolescence, while comorbid anxiety disorders in childhood predicted youth reports of anxiety and social problems. Anxiety disorders without CD did not predict poor behavioral outcome. Children with both comorbid CD and anxiety disorder had the highest levels of parent-rated symptoms on follow up. In particular, adolescent social problems were best predicted by the combination of comorbid CD and anxiety disorder in childhood.Conclusion: These data provide evidence that children with ADHD plus anxiety disorder do in fact have anxiety disorders, and that the combination of anxiety disorder and CD predicts a more rather than less severe course.
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Fabiano, Gregory A., Nicole K. Schatz, Ariel M. Aloe, William E. Pelham, Alyssa C. Smyth, Xin Zhao, Brittany M. Merrill, et al. "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Psychosocial Treatments Investigated Within Between Group Studies." Review of Educational Research 91, no. 5 (July 8, 2021): 718–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00346543211025092.
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Interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include positive behavior supports (e.g., parent training, school-based contingency management, behavioral peer interventions), training interventions (e.g., organizational skills training, social skills training, etc.), and other interventions (e.g., academic accommodations/modifications, self-monitoring). There is a need to conduct a comprehensive meta-analysis of psychosocial treatments for ADHD given discrepancies between meta-analyses. The present meta-analysis reports the results of between-group studies that compared a psychosocial treatment to a control condition from 1968 to 2016. In total, 226 studies were identified that met inclusion criteria. Results of the meta-analysis were organized by treatment type, rater, and domain of outcome assessed. Results indicated considerable variability across these parameters, with the strongest effects for proximal outcomes of behavioral parent training (improvements in parenting behaviors yielded a standardized mean difference of 0.70) and improvements in child behavior following implementation of behavioral school intervention (standardized mean difference of 0.66 and 0.72 for teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms and impairment, respectively). Other interventions were not extensively studied as stand-alone approaches. Results are discussed in light of current support for the use of psychosocial interventions for individuals with ADHD.
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Triguero Veloz Teixeira, Maria Cristina, Regina Luisa de Freitas Marino, and Luiz Renato Rodrigues Carreiro. "Associations between Inadequate Parenting Practices and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/683062.
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Children and adolescents with ADHD present behaviors such as impulsiveness, inattention, and difficulties with personal organization that represent an overload for parents. Moreover, it also increases their level of stress and leads them to resort to inadequate educational strategies. The present study verifies associations between inadequate parenting practices and behavioral profiles of children and adolescents with ADHD. The sample was composed of 22 children with ADHD (age range 6–16 years) and their mothers. Spearman correlation analyses were made with the scores of Parenting Style Inventory (PSI) and Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6–18 (CBCL/6–18). Results indicate statistically significant associations between behavioral problems and the use of punishment practices and negligence. When assessing a child with ADHD, it is important to verify the predominant types of parenting practices that can influence both immediate interventions and the prognosis of the disorder.
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Fitriyani, Vika Ramadhana, Ainiyatul Luklukatul Lababah, Zakiyah Zakiyah, and Aries Chandra Ananditha. "Pizza Kacang Hijau Sebagai Intervensi Diet Untuk Anak Autisme Dan Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD." Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/jkm.v3i1.1707.
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Objective: Autism and ADHD children were special need child that have to need their own diets. For autism gluten and casein patients are considered toxic, because the body with autism does not produce enzymes digest gluten. As a result, these undigested proteins are converted into chemical components called opoids. Opoid itself, like drugs such as opium, morphine, and heroin that works as toxins that can interfere with brain function and immune system, causing behavioral disorders. for this study aimed to describe the effect of green bean pizza for diet in children with autism and ADHD.Methods: The method used in this research is case study. The population studied were children with autism and ADHD. Cases used are children with autism. Data collection was done by observation to the respondent before and after givenGreen Peanut Pizza. Univariate data analysis technique using quantitative.Results: In the observation of hyperactive activity of children before and after intervention for 1 week showed improvement. The child's previous hyperactive level is often (almost daily) less frequent (approximately once a week). The child's mother reports that the child is only doing aggressive behavior while facing a situation that really makes his feeling emotionally.Conclusion: Green Bean Pizza is an alternative solution for children's diets with autism and ADHD as it proves to decrease the rate of hyperactivity in children with autism and ADHD.
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Briegel, Wolfgang. "Tailoring Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for Older Children: A Case Study." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 46, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000536.
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Abstract. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based intervention designed for families of 2- to 6-year-old children with disruptive behavior disorders. This article illustrates the application of PCIT in a 10-year-old boy with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Both parents and the patient attended PCIT sessions. The course of therapy included minor changes to the PCIT protocol. After 13 PCIT sessions, the patient displayed disruptive behaviors within normal limits, and 12 months later he no longer met diagnostic criteria for ODD. Results remained stable at a 17-month follow-up assessment. This case study suggests that the use of PCIT in families of children with ODD markedly older than the recommended age range might be a promising approach for improving family functioning and reducing behavior problems. Further research with larger samples of older children with ODD is needed to replicate and elaborate the findings of this case study.
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Khodabakhshi Koolaee, A., and A. Shahi. "P01-309-The effects of the triple p- positive parenting program to on school-age children with adhd." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72020-x.
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IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood affecting approximately 3—5% of school age children (American Psychiatric Association). Some parent training in AD/HD is known to reduce external behaviors in theses children. One of them is Triple P (Sanders, 1999).AimsThe goal of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the group positive parenting program (Triple p) on reduce to externalizing behaviors of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Iranian families.MethodsRandomized controlled trial in Iran with 22 mothers of children with AD/HD, of whom 10 received program, 12 group control. For carried out this research, authors were design the intervention program. The methodology of this study was quasi- experimental design with control group. Data were collected by child behavior checklist (CBCL) that reported by parents.FindingsResults indicated that children's externalizing behaviors significantly reduced after training in triple p group.ConclusionTriple p- positive parenting program could be applied with pharmacotherapy as a supplement treatment in reduce and control of disruptive behaviors of children with ADHD.
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Biederman, J., T. Spencer, A. Lomedico, H. Day, C. R. Petty, and S. V. Faraone. "Deficient emotional self-regulation and pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a family risk analysis." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 3 (August 24, 2011): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001644.
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BackgroundAlthough deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR) is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little research investigates this association and little is known about its etiology. Family studies provide a method of clarifying the co-occurrence of clinical features, but no family studies have yet addressed ADHD and DESR in children.MethodSubjects were 242 children with ADHD and 224 children without ADHD. DESR was operationalized using an aggregate score ⩾180 and <210 in the anxious/depressed, attention and aggression scales (AAA profile) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), termed the CBCL-DESR profile. The CBCL-bipolar (CBCL-BP) profile was defined as ⩾210 on the CBCL-AAA scale. We examined the familial transmission of ADHD and the CBCL-AAA scale in families selected through probands with and without these conditions.ResultsWe found a linear increase in the prevalence of CBCL-DESR in siblings as indexed by the Control, ADHD, ADHD+CBCL-DESR and ADHD+CBCL-BP proband groups. While the ADHD siblings were at elevated risk for both the CBCL-DESR and CBCL-BP compared with non-ADHD siblings, a significantly higher rate of CBCL-BP in the siblings of ADHD+CBCL-BP probands was found compared with siblings of the Control probands.ConclusionsADHD shows the same degree of familial transmission in the presence or absence of DESR. CBCL-DESR and CBCL-BP are familial, but further work is needed to determine if these definitions are distinctly familial or represent a continuum of the same psychopathology.
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Spencer, Andrea E., Natalie Plasencia, Ying Sun, Cara Lucke, Haregnesh Haile, Rebecca Cronin, Stephen V. Faraone, Michael Jellinek, J. Michael Murphy, and Joseph Biederman. "Screening for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbidities in a Diverse, Urban Primary Care Setting." Clinical Pediatrics 57, no. 12 (July 13, 2018): 1442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922818787329.
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We tested the accuracy of 2 parent-report tools, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-35) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), to identify attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and distinguish complex (highly comorbid) cases in an urban, largely Latino pediatric practice. Spanish- and English-speaking parents of children aged 6 to 10 years completed a PSC-35 and CBCL at well visits. Those with CBCL Attention Problems Subscale (CBCL-APS) T scores ≥60 plus controls completed the diagnostic MINI-KID (Miniature International Neuropsychiatric Interview) for Children. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves quantified accuracy of both scales to distinguish ADHD from non-ADHD, and complex from simple ADHD. Two hundred and nine children were screened, and 41 completed diagnostic interviews. Both the CBCL-APS and PSC Attention Scale (PSC-AS) accurately identified ADHD; the CBCL-APS performed best (AUROCCBCL_APS = 0.837; AUROCPSC_AS = 0.728). The PSC Total and Internalizing Scores and the number of CBCL subscale elevations accurately distinguished complex from simple ADHD; the PSC Internalizing Score performed best (AUROCPSC_TOTAL = 0.700; AUROCPSC_INT = 0.817; AUROCCBCL_SUBS = 0.762).
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Bioulac, Stéphanie, Lisa Arfi, and Manuel P. Bouvard. "Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: A comparative study of hyperactive and control children." European Psychiatry 23, no. 2 (March 2008): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.11.002.
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AbstractIntroductionThis study describes and compares the behavior of hyperactive and control children playing video games.Subjects and methodsThe sample consisted of 29 ADHD children and 21 controls aged between 6 and 16 years playing video games. We used the Child Behavior Checklist and the Problem Videogame Playing scale (PVP scale). This instrument gives objective measures of problem use, which can be considered as an indication of addictive videogame playing. We designed a questionnaire for the parents, eliciting qualitative information about their child's videogame playing. There were no significant differences concerning frequency or duration of play between ADHD children and controls but differences were observed on the PVP scale. None of the controls scored above four whereas 10 hyperactive children answered affirmatively to five or more questions. These children presented a greater intensity of the disorder than the other ADHD children.ConclusionWhile no differences concerning video game use were found, ADHD children exhibited more problems associated with videogame playing. It seems that a subgroup of ADHD children could be vulnerable to developing dependence upon video games.
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Li, Linda, Yuli Li, Catherine McDonald, and Jianghong Liu. "Parent-Reported Mild Head Injury History in Children: Long-Term Effects on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Global Pediatric Health 5 (January 1, 2018): 2333794X1875646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x18756465.
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Objective. Consequences of mild head injury for behavioral adjustment have not been well researched, and little is known about the long-term effects of mild head injury for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods. In this longitudinal study of 418 children in Jintan City, China, parents reported children’s history of head injury at age 6 years, and the Child Behavior Checklist was used to measure child iDSM-IV-oriented ADHD at ages 6 (Wave I) and 12 years (Wave II). Regression models were used to calculate the long-term (Wave II) effect of mild head injury on diagnosed ADHD, while controlling for diagnosed ADHD in Wave I. Results. Fifty-seven children (13.6%) had a single injury and 42 (10.0%) had multiple injuries before the age of 6 years. The long-term effect of multiple mild injury on ADHD at age 12 years was significant ( R2 = 0.103, P < .05), even after controlling for ADHD at age 6 years. Conclusions. Multiple, but not single, mild head injuries before the age of 6 years had a significant long-term effect on ADHD. Thus, injuries traditionally overlooked and underreported still pose significant risks to children’s long-term behavioral development.
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Sahu, Anamika, Vaibhav Patil, Rajesh Sagar, and Rachna Bhargava. "Psychiatric Comorbidities in Children with Specific Learning Disorder-Mixed Type: A Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 10, no. 04 (October 2019): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697879.
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Abstract Background Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition which frequently exhibits with comorbidities of other disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression. SLD with any comorbidity may affect the expression and severity of the SLD and may make its management difficult. Thus, the present cross-sectional study was planned to examine the psychiatric comorbidities among children with SLD. Materials and Methods The sample consisted of 41 patients aged between 7 and 12 years with a diagnosis of SLD-mixed type. Clinical and psychological assessment included the following tests for behavioral, anxiety, mood, and interpersonal problems: child behavior checklist, Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID), and Conner’s 3 Parent Short form-45. Results The mean age of the participants was 9.8 years (standard deviation [SD] = 1.5). About 75.6% of participants were male, and their mean years of education was 5 years (SD = 1.5). Twenty-four percent of children had a history of delayed developmental milestones. Among comorbidities of SLD, association with attention deficit disorder (ADD)/ADHD has been found to be significant along with difficulties in executive function, peer relation, and aggression. Conclusion Children with SLD are likely to exhibit signs of ADHD/ADD and dysfunction in executive function, peer relation, and aggression. The management of comorbid conditions is recommended along with remediation of learning problem to overall educational and behavioral achievements and development of child.
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Hsieh, Yi-Ping, Chia-Fen Wu, Wen-Jiun Chou, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Multidimensional Correlates of Parental Self-Efficacy in Managing Adolescent Internet Use among Parents of Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165768.
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Given the growing concerns of problematic Internet use and online safety, it is critical to address parental self-efficacy in managing adolescent Internet use and to examine associated factors, especially in parents of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined the roles of adolescents’ hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, parents’ depressive symptoms, parenting behavior (parental care and indifference), and child behavior (Internet addiction) in relation to parental self-efficacy in managing adolescent Internet use. We recruited 237 Taiwanese parents of adolescents with ADHD (ages 11–18). Hierarchical linear regression was performed in four steps to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that child’s age, ODD symptoms, and Internet addiction of adolescents were negatively associated, and parental care was positively associated with parental self-efficacy in managing adolescent Internet use. The final model was significant and explained 43% of the variance. The present study demonstrated that parenting and child behaviors contribute to parental self-efficacy in managing adolescent Internet use. Moreover, children’s ODD symptoms were identified as the risk factor for reduced parental self-efficacy.
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Feng, Bohai, Haiyong Jin, Haijie Xiang, Bangliang Li, Xiuxiu Zheng, Ruru Chen, Yunbin Shi, Si Chen, and Bobei Chen. "Association of Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis with the Ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 31, no. 3 (May 2017): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4439.
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Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is currently the most prevalent allergic disease in children and adolescents. Objective Surveys conducted by population-based studies of East Asia revealed an increased prevalence of behavioral disorders in patients with AR. Thus, in this study, we explored the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in pediatric patients with AR. Methods A total of 333 children (6–12 years of age) with AR and a total of 322 age-matched controls were included in this study. An otorhinolaryngologist diagnosed all AR cases and evaluated the severity of the disease. Skin-prick test results for 18 major allergens, Paediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham version IV (SNAP-IV) scores were recorded. Results In total, 320 age-matched controls and 323 children with AR completed the study. With respect to the Total Nasal Symptom Score and the PRQLQ, the condition of the experimental group was more serious than that of the controls. The scores on the hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention subscales, which evaluate ADHD symptoms, and those on the CBCL subscales were significantly higher in patients with AR than in the controls (all p values were <0.01). From the results of the Pearson correlation, we deduced that there were significant positive correlations between the AR-related data and each subscale of the CBCL and SNAP-IV in the AR group. Moreover, two basic characteristics (males and environmental exposure to tobacco smoke) present significant positive and age showed a significant negative correlations affect ADHD symptom in both the AR group and the control group. Also, in the “pure AR” group, hierarchical regression analyses were performed to determine the subtests of the PRQLQ, which are significant predictors of SNAP-IV and CBCL. Conclusions Apart from AR per se, the possible comorbidities of impulsivity and inattention are important when managing children with AR. It is essential to evaluate the symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents with AR.
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Kolko, David J., Jonathan A. Hart, John Campo, Dara Sakolsky, Jeffrey Rounds, Mark L. Wolraich, and Stephen R. Wisniewski. "Effects of Collaborative Care for Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children With Behavior Problems in Pediatric Primary Care." Clinical Pediatrics 59, no. 8 (June 5, 2020): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922820920013.
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This study evaluates the impact of a 6-month care management intervention for 206 children diagnosed with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from a sample of 321 five- to 12-year-old children recruited for treatment of behavior problems in 8 pediatric primary care offices. Practices were cluster-randomized to Doctor Office Collaboration Care (DOCC) or Enhanced Usual Care (EUC). Chart reviews documented higher rates of service delivery, prescription of medication for ADHD, and titration in DOCC (vs EUC). Based on complex conditional models, DOCC showed greater acute improvement in individualized ADHD treatment goals and follow-up improvements in quality of life and ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder goals. Medication use had a significant effect on acute and follow-up ADHD symptom reduction and quality of life. Medication continuity was associated with some long-term gains. A collaborative care intervention for behavior problems that incorporated treatment guidelines for ADHD in primary care was more effective than psychoeducation and facilitated referral to community treatment.
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ALEXANDRA BURT, S., MATT McGUE, ROBERT F. KRUEGER, and WILLIAM G. IACONO. "Sources of covariation among the child-externalizing disorders: informant effects and the shared environment." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 8 (May 12, 2005): 1133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705004770.
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Background. Research has documented high levels of co-morbidity among childhood externalizing disorders, but its etiology remains in dispute. Specifically, although all behavior genetic studies of the etiology of the co-occurrence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) agree that genetic factors are important, differences exist across studies in the relative weight assigned to genetic, shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that increase similarity among family members), and non-shared environmental factors (i.e. factors that decrease similarity among family members). Because heritability estimates can vary across informants, we used a biometric informant-effects model to determine whether these discrepancies were a function of systematic differences in maternal and child informant reports of ADHD, CD, and ODD.Method. We studied 1782 11-year-old twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each disorder were obtained from interviews administered to twins and their mothers. We fit a model that allowed us to examine, both across and within informants, the genetic and environmental contributions to the co-occurrence among ADHD, CD, and ODD.Results. The results revealed that the co-occurrence among the disorders common to maternal and child informant reports was influenced largely by shared environmental forces. Genetic factors also contributed, though their impact was only marginally significant. In contrast, the co-occurrence unique to each informant was influenced exclusively by either genetic or non-shared environmental factors.Conclusions. Such findings offer additional evidence that shared environmental factors are important to the co-morbidity among ADHD, CD, and ODD, and highlight the necessity of considering informant effects when drawing conclusions about the origins of co-morbidity from analyses of genetically informative data.