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Journal articles on the topic 'Adiabatic demagnetization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Timbie, P. T., G. M. Bernstein, and P. L. Richards. "An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for SIRTF." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36, no. 1 (1989): 898–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.34573.

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2

Shirron, Peter J. "Cooling Capabilities of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 148, no. 5-6 (June 19, 2007): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9441-7.

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3

Yazawa, T., A. Sato, and J. Yamamoto. "Adiabatic demagnetization cooler for infrared detector." Cryogenics 30, no. 3 (March 1990): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(90)90091-p.

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4

Merkulov, I. A., Yu I. Papava, V. V. Ponomarenko, and S. I. Vasiliev. "Monte Carlo simulation and theory in Gaussian approximation of a phase transition in the nuclear spin system of a solid." Canadian Journal of Physics 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p88-019.

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A phase transition of the nuclear spin system of a solid with dipolar and indirect scalar interactions is considered. Monte Carlo simulations of the spin-system isothermic states and of the adiabatic demagnetization process have been made. The structures and energies of the ground states and the values of the critical temperatures, Tc, and minimal polarizations, ρc, at which adiabatic demagnetization leads to spontaneous spin ordering, calculated for the GaAs and CaF2 nuclear spin systems, are presented. The results of numerical simulations are compared with the experimental data for CaF2. The Weiss-field model is extended to the case of adiabatic demagnetization. The fluctuations of the local field are taken into account in the Gaussian approximation. It is shown that the proposed approach allows one to obtain asymptotically correct results both for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The results of the calculations in the Gaussian approximation are compared with the numerical simulations.

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5

NUMAZAWA, Takenori, Koji KAMIYA, Jing LI, Hideki NAKAGOME, and Peter SHIRRON. "Development of a Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 50, no. 2 (2015): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.50.96.

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6

Furman, Gregory B., Shaul D. Goren, Victor M. Meerovich, and Vladimir L. Sokolovsky. "Generation of quantum correlations at adiabatic demagnetization." Journal of Physics Communications 1, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 045009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aa91ff.

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7

Sosin, S. S., L. A. Prozorova, A. I. Smirnov, A. I. Golov, I. B. Berkutov, O. A. Petrenko, G. Balakrishnan, and M. E. Zhitomirsky. "Adiabatic demagnetization of a pyrochlore antiferromagnet Gd2Ti2O7." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 290-291 (April 2005): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.344.

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8

Tuttle, Jim, Peter Shirron, Michael DiPirro, Michael Jackson, Jason Behr, Koji Kamiya, Brent Warner, Evan Kunes, and Tom Hait. "The HAWC and SAFIRE adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators." Cryogenics 41, no. 11-12 (November 2001): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00169-2.

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9

Yeager, Charles, Edward Maloof, Scott Yano, and Tetsuo Shimzu. "Advanced adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators’ temperature control system." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 559, no. 2 (April 2006): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.096.

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10

Serlemitsos, A. T., M. SanSebastian, and E. Kunes. "Design of a spaceworthy adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator." Cryogenics 32, no. 2 (January 1992): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(92)90253-7.

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11

Blažková, M., M. Rotter, P. Svoboda, E. Šantavá, and J. Šebek. "Adiabatic Demagnetization and Magnetocaloric Effect of TbAl2." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 54, S4 (December 2004): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10582-004-0094-3.

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12

Shirron, Peter J., Mark O. Kimball, Dale J. Fixsen, Alan J. Kogut, Xiaoyi Li, and Michael J. DiPirro. "Design of the PIXIE adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators." Cryogenics 52, no. 4-6 (April 2012): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2012.01.009.

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13

Fukuda, H., S. Ueda, R. Arai, J. Li, A. T. Saito, H. Nakagome, and T. Numazawa. "Properties of a two stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 101 (December 18, 2015): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/101/1/012047.

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14

Timbie, P. T., G. M. Bernstein, and P. L. Richards. "Development of an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for SIRTF." Cryogenics 30, no. 3 (March 1990): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(90)90090-y.

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15

Bernstein, G., S. Labov, D. Landis, N. Madden, I. Millet, E. Silver, and P. Richards. "Automated temperature regulation system for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators." Cryogenics 31, no. 2 (February 1991): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(91)90253-s.

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16

Ishizuka, Mamoru, Hiroyuki Deguchi, Kiichi Amaya, and Taiichiro Haseda. "Nuclear Adiabatic Demagnetization Cooling in Ground State Singlet Paramagnet." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, S3-1 (January 1, 1987): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.26s3.443.

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17

Jin, H., J. Shen, C. Z. Li, C. Wang, F. Q. Yu, H. Y. Zu, P. Liu, et al. "Development of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for Future Astronomy Missions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012027.

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Abstract The superconducting microcalorimeter provides astronomers with a new tool to probe the hot universe. This kind of detectors has superb energy resolution and high detection efficiency, which is important for diffuse X-ray detection. Astronomy missions, such as the Hot Universe Baryon Surveyor (HUBS) and Diffuse X-ray explorer (DIXE) proposed in China, is going to employ superconducting microcalorimeters. The superconducting microcalorimeter works in its superconducting transition region, which is at a very low temperature(<100 mK). Realization of such a low temperature in space is challenging. Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a good candidate for milli-Kelvin cooling system. Here we introduce our recent work on ADR design and construction. Most of the key components for building an ADR have been designed and fabricated. Recently we integrated all components and built a two stage ADR. Preliminary performance on each stages test has been conducted separately. In its performance test, starting from 4 K, the FAA stage could cool down to 156.7 mK and the GGG stage could reach 768.4 mK. This result shows promise for future development.

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18

Park, Ji-Ho, Young-Kwon Kim, Sang-Kwon Jeong, and Seok-Ho Kim. "Design of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction." Superconductivity and Cryogenics 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9714/sac.2012.14.3.053.

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19

Furman, Gregory B., Victor M. Meerovich, and Vladimir L. Sokolovsky. "Adiabatic demagnetization and generation of entanglement in spin systems." Physics Letters A 376, no. 8-9 (February 2012): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2012.01.019.

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20

Takano, Y. "Pressure of ferromagnetic HCP solid 3He during adiabatic demagnetization." Physica B: Condensed Matter 284-288 (July 2000): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(99)02748-9.

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21

Shirron, Peter J., and Dan McCammon. "Salt pill design and fabrication for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators." Cryogenics 62 (July 2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.03.022.

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22

Lorusso, Giulia, Eva Natividad, Marco Evangelisti, and Olivier Roubeau. "Growth of a dense gadolinium metal–organic framework on oxide-free silicon for cryogenic local refrigeration." Materials Horizons 6, no. 1 (2019): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01012a.

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Films of gadolinium formate are grown on oxide-free Si with carboxylic-acid terminated monolayers. A single adiabatic demagnetization of the films has the refrigeration potential to cool a 2 μm Si membrane from 5 to below 1 K, making the reported approach an alternative for local cryogenic cooling.

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23

Chang, Wang, Li Ke, Shen Jun, Dai Wei, Wang Ya-Nan, Luo Er-Cang, Shen Bao-Gen, and Zhou Yuan. "Ultra-low temperature adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for sub-Kelvin region." Acta Physica Sinica 70, no. 9 (2021): 090702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20202237.

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24

UEDA, Shunji, Kengo SONODA, Hideki NAKAGOME, and Takenori NUMAZAWA. "B103 Thermal design of adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator for sensor cooling." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2013.18 (2013): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2013.18.41.

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25

Furman, Gregory B., Shaul D. Goren, Victor M. Meerovich, and Vladimir L. Sokolovsky. "Adiabatic demagnetization at absolute negative temperature: Generation of quantum correlations." International Journal of Quantum Information 17, no. 03 (April 2019): 1950023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749919500230.

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In this paper, we study behavior of the correlations, both quantum and classical, under adiabatic demagnetization process in systems of nuclear spins with dipole–dipole interactions in an external magnetic field and in the temperature range including positive and negative temperatures. For a two-spin system, analytical expressions for the quantum and classical correlations are obtained. It is revealed that the field dependences of the quantum and classical correlations at positive and negative temperatures are substantially different. This difference most clearly appears in the case of zero magnetic field: at negative temperature, the measures of quantum correlations tend to the maximum values with a temperature increase. At positive temperature, these quantities tend to zero at a decrease of magnetic field. It is also found that, for the nearest-neighboring spins in the same field, the values of concurrence and discord are larger at negative temperatures than at positive ones.

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26

Wilson, Grant W., and Peter T. Timbie. "Construction techniques for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators using ferric ammonium alum." Cryogenics 39, no. 4 (April 1999): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(99)00049-1.

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27

Hoshino, A., T. Yatsu, T. Kunihisa, N. Koi, M. Notsuke, R. Fujimoto, R. Yamamoto, and K. Shinozaki. "Development of Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for X-ray Microcalorimeter Operation." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 167, no. 3-4 (February 18, 2012): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-012-0592-9.

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28

Hoshino, A., K. Shinozaki, Y. Ishisaki, and T. Mihara. "Improved PID method of temperature control for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 558, no. 2 (March 2006): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.046.

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29

Hagmann, C., and P. L. Richards. "Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators for small laboratory experiments and space astronomy." Cryogenics 35, no. 5 (May 1995): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(95)95348-i.

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30

Tokiwa, Yoshifumi, Boy Piening, Hirale S. Jeevan, Sergey L. Bud’ko, Paul C. Canfield, and Philipp Gegenwart. "Super-heavy electron material as metallic refrigerant for adiabatic demagnetization cooling." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1600835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600835.

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Low-temperature refrigeration is of crucial importance in fundamental research of condensed matter physics, because the investigations of fascinating quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity, superfluidity, and quantum criticality, often require refrigeration down to very low temperatures. Currently, cryogenic refrigerators with3He gas are widely used for cooling below 1 K. However, usage of the gas has been increasingly difficult because of the current worldwide shortage. Therefore, it is important to consider alternative methods of refrigeration. We show that a new type of refrigerant, the super-heavy electron metal YbCo2Zn20, can be used for adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, which does not require3He gas. This method has a number of advantages, including much better metallic thermal conductivity compared to the conventional insulating refrigerants. We also demonstrate that the cooling performance is optimized in Yb1−xScxCo2Zn20by partial Sc substitution, withx~ 0.19. The substitution induces chemical pressure that drives the materials to a zero-field quantum critical point. This leads to an additional enhancement of the magnetocaloric effect in low fields and low temperatures, enabling final temperatures well below 100 mK. This performance has, up to now, been restricted to insulators. For nearly a century, the same principle of using local magnetic moments has been applied for adiabatic demagnetization cooling. This study opens new possibilities of using itinerant magnetic moments for cryogen-free refrigeration.

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31

Gedalin, M., and E. Griv. "Collisionless electrons in a thin high Mach number shock: dependence on angle and <font face="Symbol" ><b><i>b</i></b></font>." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 10 (October 31, 1999): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-1251-6.

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Abstract. It is widely believed that electron dynamics in the shock front is essentially collisionless and determined by the quasistationary magnetic and electric fields in the shock. In thick shocks the electron motion is adiabatic: the magnetic moment is conserved throughout the shock and v2^ ∝ B. In very thin shocks with large cross-shock potential (the last feature is typical for shocks with strong electron heating), electrons may become demagnetized (the magnetic moment is no longer conserved) and their motion may become nonadiabatic. We consider the case of substantial demagnetization in the shock profile with the small-scale internal structure. The dependence of electron dynamics and downstream distributions on the angle between the shock normal and upstream magnetic field and on the upstream electron temperature is analyzed. We show that demagnetization becomes significantly stronger with the increase of obliquity (decrease of the angle) which is related to the more substantial influence of the inhomogeneous parallel electric field. We also show that the demagnetization is stronger for lower upstream electron temperatures and becomes less noticeable for higher temperatures, in agreement with observations. We also show that demagnetization results, in general, in non-gyrotropic down-stream distributions.Key words. Interplanetary physics (interplanetary shocks; planetary bow shocks)

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32

Fukuda, H., Y. Kobayashi, R. Arai, K. Baba, H. Nakagome, and T. Numazawa. "Magneto Caloric Properties of Polycrystalline Gd2O2S for an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator." MATEC Web of Conferences 109 (2017): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710904004.

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33

Hishi, U., R. Fujimoto, T. Kunihisa, S. Takakura, T. Mitsude, K. Kamiya, M. Kotake, A. Hoshino, and K. Shinozaki. "Magnetic Shielding of an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for TES Microcalorimeter Operation." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 176, no. 5-6 (January 11, 2014): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-013-1005-4.

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34

Shirron, P. J., E. R. Canavan, M. J. DiPirro, M. Jackson, and J. G. Tuttle. "A compact, continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator with high heat sink temperature." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 520, no. 1-3 (March 2004): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.367.

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35

Kwon, Dohoon, Junhyuk Bae, and Sangkwon Jeong. "Development of the integrated sorption cooler for an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR)." Cryogenics 122 (March 2022): 103421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103421.

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36

Hughes, Colan E., Richard Kemp-Harper, and Stephen Wimperis. "NMR excitation of quadrupolar order using adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating frame." Journal of Chemical Physics 108, no. 3 (January 15, 1998): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.475451.

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37

Sato, Taku J., Daisuke Okuyama, and Hideo Kimura. "Tiny adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator for a commercial superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 12 (December 2016): 123905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4972249.

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38

NUMAZAWA, T. "Magneto caloric effect in (DyxGd1$minus;x)3Ga5O12 for adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration." Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (May 2003): 1656–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02447-x.

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39

Shirron, Peter, Don Wegel, Michael DiPirro, and Sarah Sheldon. "An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator capable of continuous cooling at 10mK and below." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 559, no. 2 (April 2006): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.12.094.

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40

Doronin, S. I., E. B. Fel’dman, M. M. Kucherov, and A. N. Pyrkov. "Entanglement of systems of dipolar coupled nuclear spins at the adiabatic demagnetization." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 21, no. 2 (December 10, 2008): 025601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/2/025601.

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41

Vallêra, A. M., J. Maia Alves, and E. Ducla-Soares. "Adiabatic demagnetization technique to reach 1 K with a closed-cycle refrigerator." Cryogenics 27, no. 11 (November 1987): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(87)90090-7.

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42

Zylka, Christian, and Torsten Tok. "An application of majorization in thermodynamics: an analogue to the adiabatic demagnetization." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 188, no. 4 (October 1992): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(92)90339-r.

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43

Bartlett, J., G. Hardy, I. D. Hepburn, C. Brockley-Blatt, P. Coker, E. Crofts, B. Winter, et al. "Improved performance of an engineering model cryogen free double adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator." Cryogenics 50, no. 9 (September 2010): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.02.024.

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44

Paixao Brasiliano, Diego Augusto, Jean-Marc Duval, Christophe Marin, Emmanuelle Bichaud, Jean-Pascal Brison, Mike Zhitomirsky, and Nicolas Luchier. "YbGG material for Adiabatic Demagnetization in the 100 mK–3 K range." Cryogenics 105 (January 2020): 103002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.103002.

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45

Szałowski, Karol. "Low-Temperature Magnetocaloric Properties of V12 Polyoxovanadate Molecular Magnet: A Theoretical Study." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 2, 2020): 4399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194399.

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The paper presents a computational study of the magnetocaloric properties of the V12 polyoxovanadate molecular magnet. The description is restricted to low-temperature range (below approximately 100 K), where the magnetic properties of the system in question can be sufficiently modelled by considering a tetramer that consists of four vanadium ions with spins S=1/2. The discussion is focused on the magnetocaloric effect in the cryogenic range. The exact and numerical diagonalization of the corresponding Hamiltonian is used in order to construct the thermodynamic description within a version of the canonical ensemble. The thermodynamic quantities of interest, such as magnetic entropy, specific heat, entropy change under isothermal magnetization/demagnetization, temperature change under adiabatic magnetization/demagnetization, refrigerant capacity, and magnetic Grüneisen ratio, are calculated and discussed extensively. The importance of two quantum level crossings for the described properties is emphasized. The significant ranges of direct and inverse magnetocaloric effect are predicted. In particular, the maximized inverse magnetocaloric response is found for cryogenic temperatures.

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46

Xi, Xiaotong, Biao Yang, Zhaozhao Gao, Liubiao Chen, Yuan Zhou, and Junjie Wang. "Helium gas-gap heat switch for Sub-Kelvin refrigeration system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012023.

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Abstract The heat switch is an indispensable thermal control device in the low-temperature system. The helium gas-gap heat switch plays a key role in Sub-Kelvin sorption coolers and adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators, and its effective switching between thermal conducting (ON state) and insulating (OFF state) is achieved by changing the pressure of the gas in the gap. In this paper, a4He gas-gap heat switch was designed. And the thermal characteristics at different cold block temperatures were experimentally tested, which provides a reference for the development of high-efficiency gas-gap heat switches.

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47

Esat, Taner, Peter Borgens, Xiaosheng Yang, Peter Coenen, Vasily Cherepanov, Andrea Raccanelli, F. Stefan Tautz, and Ruslan Temirov. "A millikelvin scanning tunneling microscope in ultra-high vacuum with adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 063701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0050532.

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48

Langenbach, Stefan, and Alfred Hüller. "Adiabatic demagnetization of antiferromagnetic systems: A computer simulation of a planar-rotor model." Physical Review B 44, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 4431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.44.4431.

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49

Ishisaki, Y., K. Henmi, H. Akamatsu, T. Enoki, T. Ohashi, A. Hoshino, K. Shinozaki, H. Matsuo, N. Okada, and T. Oshima. "Development of Active Gas-Gap Heat Switch for Double-Stage Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 167, no. 5-6 (February 23, 2012): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-012-0594-7.

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50

Gunderson, C., F. Miller, T. Chui, C. Paine, T. Prouve, and W. Holmes. "Improved modelling of magnetic splitting in a chrome alum below 300 mK." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012004.

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Abstract Chrome-Caesium Alum (CCA) is a paramagnetic salt that can be used to achieve ultra-low temperature refrigeration through adiabatic demagnetization. Cooling capacity measurements of CCA show a significant reduction below the isolated paramagnetic spin model for temperatures below 100 mK. A more complete understanding of the thermodynamic properties of CCA could improve model accuracy, vital for meeting cooling requirements at subKelvin temperatures. Modelling effort was undertaken to understand the physical origin of this reduction in heat and refrigeration capacity, and measurements from two separate CCA salt pills between 50 mK and 300 mK were used for model validation. Both the model and the experimental design and results are discussed in this work. The model uses exact eigenvalues for the Cr3+ ions from the spin Hamiltonian. Two interactions of interest are the zero-field splitting and hyperfine splitting, as these are not standard in presently used models. We found that, though hyperfine interactions were not significant at temperatures above 50 mK, the inclusion of the zero-field splitting interaction resulted in qualitative agreement with the data. We optimized this model using a nonlinear least square regression to find the best fit to the two experimental data sets with two independent fitting parameters. Measured data at 50 mK still show a significant reduction below the fitted model prediction. Conductance measurements and thermal relaxation times were used to characterize addenda heat capacity and entropy loss due to non-adiabatic effects, which were not found to be significant. Accordingly, cooling capacity reduction below 50 mK cannot be accounted for by these effects. CCA is in the same chemical family as Chrome-Potassium Alum (CPA) which used widely in adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Thus, this modelling work described here is applicable to CPA. New measurements are planned to understand if the remaining discrepancy between the model and data is a systematic effect or a more fundamental feature of the salt.

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