Relevant bibliographies by topics / Adjective

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Academic literature on the topic 'Adjective'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Adjective"

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Husband, Edward Matthew. "Severing Scale Structure from the Adjective." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.565.

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The scale structure of adjectives, whether an adjective measures on an open or closed scale, has certain grammatical consequences and is traditionally captured by encoding scale structure into an adjective’s lexical representation and projecting it into the grammar. However, adjectives can exhibit scalar variability, suggesting that scale structure is not projected from the lexicon, but instead is constructed by the adjective’s structural environment. I review a recent analysis of adjectival scale structure, observing that an economy condition with a single pos morpheme requires polysemy for these variable-behavior adjectives, and propose that splitting the pos morpheme and severing scale structure from the adjective captures scalar variability within a unified lexical entry without economy.
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Pérez-Leroux, Ana, Alexander Tough, Erin Pettibone, and Crystal Chen. "Restrictions on ordering of adjectives in Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5277.

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Abstract. Sequences of multiple modifying adjectives are subject to poorly understood lexical ordering restrictions. There are certain commonalities to these restrictions across languages, as well as substantive language variation. Ordering restrictions in Spanish are still under empirical debate, with some proposing strict ordering for direct modifier adjectives; others proposing broad ordering restrictions based on the contrast between intersective and non-intersective adjectives, and yet others raising the possibility that adjectival order is fully unrestricted. The goal of the present study is to examine corpus evidence for adjectival sequences. We look at both sequences of two postnominal adjectives (Noun +Adjective + Adjective, NAA sequences) as well as sequences of one prenominal, and one postnominal adjective (Adjective + Noun +Adjective, ANA sequences). The results from the NAA datasets clearly categorically confirms that relational adjectives are structurally closer to the noun. There is some evidence for an ordering bias along the line of the intersectivity hypothesis, but little else in term of hard evidence for restrictions. Additional ordering constraints appear once we incorporate the ANA datasets into the empirical picture. One interpretation is that these restrictions can be subsumed under an approach where evaluative adjectives have to occupy the prenominal restriction. In sum, the evidence is most compatible with the middle ground approach, but not with a fully articulated set of ordering restrictions.
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Farinde, Raifu O., and Happy O. Omolaiye. "Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.07.

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Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.
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Scontras, Gregory, Judith Degen, and Noah D. Goodman. "Subjectivity Predicts Adjective Ordering Preferences." Open Mind 1, no. 1 (February 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00005.

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From English to Hungarian to Mokilese, speakers exhibit strong ordering preferences in multi-adjective strings: “the big blue box” sounds far more natural than “the blue big box.” We show that an adjective’s distance from the modified noun is predicted not by a rigid syntax, but by the adjective’s meaning: less subjective adjectives occur closer to the nouns they modify. This finding provides an example of a broad linguistic universal—adjective ordering preferences—emerging from general properties of cognition.
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ا.م. ندى عزيز يوسف. "THE SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF –LYADVERBS AND –LY ADJECTIVES." Journal of the College of Basic Education 29, no. 119 (August 3, 2023): 15–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v29i119.10568.

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This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the syntactic behavior of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. It mainly deals with -ly as an inflectional suffix that forms adverbs and adjectives It is hypothesized that there are differences between adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly.The researcher first made general and specific observations about the morphological processes of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives. Since the study focuses on a linguistic phenomenon, its data is a set of -ly adverbs and -ly adjectives used as examples to support the hypothesis. The importance of studying the syntactic behavior of -ly stems from the fact that thousands of English adjectives and adverbs are created by adding the suffix "-ly" to their roots. Despite the fact that both adjective-forming –ly and adverb-forming –ly bring about new words and they occur at the end of the word’s root, there are still striking differences related to the occurrence and morphological derivation. In conclusion, adjectives and adverbs that are made by adding adjective- and adverb-forming –ly to bases called "nouns or adjectives" are plentiful in English. Words known as de-nominal adjectives, de-adjectival adverbs, and de-adjectival adjectives are the products of this morphological process.
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Ollennu, Yvonne Akwele Amankwaa. "ADJECTIVE SEQUENCING IN GA." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 10 (December 13, 2017): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v10i0.1384.

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The use of multiple words to describe nouns is a common phenomenon in language and languages that have adjectives employ this word class.Ga, a Kwa language of the Niger Congo, branch is no exception, whereas languages without adjectives may use other lexical categories like nouns and verbs which play the adjectival role. Ga has adjectives and employs them as attributives for nouns. The paper examines the syntactic rule governing the occurence of several adjectives serving as attibtutes of a single head noun. In this paper the noun is considered as the head of the Ga Nominal Phrase. The order of these adjectives has not received scholarly attention in Ga and this is to fill that gap in the literature. I argued that the order of adjectives is not haphazardly arranged but follows a laid down syntactc prescription. For instance the data showed that Dimension adjectives normall occur in first position, whereas colour adjectives occur further from the head noun. It was also revealed that in the ordering of adjectives in which Value adjectives is included, the Age adjective occurs in last position and Value adjective occurs first or last when included in the ordering of adjectives for a noun. Consequently, it is opined that defying the arrangement in the ordering of the adjectives resulted in unacceptable forms.The adjectives are grouped according to Dixon semantic classes. Data is gathered from native speakers of Ga. The findings contribute to the existing literature on adjective sequencing in Ghanaian languages.
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Janik, Marta Olga. "Hva Er Et Adjektiv? Et Forsøk På En Prototypedefinisjon." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsp-2013-0002.

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ABSTRACT The article reviews various definitions of adjectival category in Norwegian, and shows that although they define it in different ways, the core of the definitions is always the same. However, there are some classes of adjectives, which are treated diversely by the Norwegian linguists because of the unlike set of criteria they use in their classifications. In my Ph.D. project, I analyze acquisition of Norwegian adjective agreement by Polish L1 speakers of L2 Norwegian. The aim of the present paper is to propose my own definition of adjective, which is based on prototypical and peripheral meanings. The definition shows a Norwegian prototype adjective (that is not unlike the adjectives presented by the Norwegian grammarians) and discusses the more peripheral cases. The definition focuses on the Norwegian adjectives, but also the Polish are mentioned.
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Rahman, Milna, Agustina Agustina, and Ngusman Abdul Manaf. "JENIS DAN PROSES PEMBENTUKAN ADJEKTIVA DALAM BAHASA MINANGKABAU DI KENAGARIAN SUNGAI ABANG KECAMATAN LUBUK ALUNG KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 1 (August 31, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81008970.

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This study aimed to describe (1) type adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman, and (2) the process of forming adjective in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistric Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive method. The method of data collection was using the method of referring and recording technique. Analyzing the data was done in the form of activities as follows: (1) describes the recording data into written language, (2) identify the data in accordance with the format provided, (3) classify the data into the type and process of the formation of the adjective, and (4) do data deduction based on research result. The data of this research are sentence containing the adjectives expressed by the community in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. The source of this research is Minangkabau language especially oral language of society in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman. Based on the results of the research obtained the following results, first adjectives in Minangkabau language in kenagarian Sungai Abang subdistrict Lubuk Alung district Padang Pariaman is as follows: (1) characteristic adjective (character or temperament), (2) color adjectives, (3) shape adjectives, (4) size adjectives, (5) sensory adjectives, (6) time adjectives, (7) distance adjectives, (8) speed adjectives, (9) power adjunctive adjectives, (10) adjectiva adjectives. Secondly, there are two adjunctive adjunctive processes in the Minangkabau language, which are basic adjectives and derivate adjectives that can be sorted on beraffixed adjectives, duplicated adjectives and compounded adjective adjectives. Keywords: Adjectives, Word-forming, Minangkabau Language
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Al-Rawi, Maather Mohammed. "On Independent Adjectives: A Syntactic Analysis of Arabic Adjectival Nominals." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i1.8930.

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<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="X-NONE">In this study, I aim to investigate the ambiguity on the category of the non-modifying Arabic adjectives that occur independently without a modified noun and to provide an account for the following questions: (1) are independent adjectives in Arabic nouns or adjectives?; (2) do they undergo a deadjectivizing process?; and (3) if they do, at which layer in adjectival phases does nominalization take place? I attempt to investigate the bi-categorial nature of independent adjectives in Arabic showing that they are internally adjectival but externally nominal. This analysis postulates that these adjectives have undergone category-change by moving A to the nominalizer D, which has the abstract affix NOM. Semantically, the adjective becomes referential (or +[indiv(iduated)]) naming entities of certain attributes, rather than denoting the attribute. However, DP is not the mere layer at which category-change takes place. The category-change is observed to occur earlier than the DP layers as indicated by the subregularities in the adjective form. The plural morpheme indicates three layers of nominality: the lower nP, NumP, and DP. Adjectives that undergo a-to-n change are nominalized having singular nominal form. Adjectives that are nominalized in NumP are pluralized with the nominal broken plural, yet having a singular adjectival form. Finally, adjectives that are nominalized in the highest functional DP projection are marked with an adjectival sound plural morpheme. This analysis provides a neat account for the diversity in the adjective number form and is favored over the alternative assumption that adjectives in pro-drop languages drop the head noun.<strong></strong></span></p>
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Honcharuk, Nataliіa. "Differential analysis of the formation of adjectival vocabulary in younger schoolchildren with speech disorders and normotypical development." Actual problems of the correctional education (pedagogical sciences) 22 (December 30, 2023): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2413-2578.2023-22.72-84.

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The article analyzes the content principles of the formation of adjectival vocabulary in younger schoolchildren with speech disorders and normative development. During the study, the presence of differential features was found in children with speech disorders and normotypical development. In particular, it was determined that in communication, the volume of adjective vocabulary in younger schoolchildren with speech disorders is smaller (4.4%) than in children with normotypical development (5.4%). In written speech, the amount of adjective vocabulary is also different and amounts to 5.2% in children with speech disorders and 8.8% in children with normotypical development. It was found that children with speech disorders are characterized by average levels of understanding of the adjective as a grammatical category: the ability to match adjectives to given nouns, a moderate ability to form adjectival forms that have more of a certain quality, difficulties when transforming nouns into adjectival forms; average levels of understanding of the content and contextual meaning of adjectival lexemes: full understanding of the meaning of adjectives used in a direct context, the ability to select lexemes that are opposite in meaning, difficulties in recognizing words close in meaning, low ability to understand adjectival lexemes that have a figurative meaning; medium and low levels of lexical competence: partial ability to perform tasks without a model and according to verbal instructions, inability to independently compose sentences using given adjectives, insufficient self-control functions during tasks involving adjectival forms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adjective"

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Djohar, Abdou. "Approche contrastive franco-comorienne : les séquences figées à caractère adjectival." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131038/document.

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Tout comme en français, il existe en comorien un nombre important de séquences adjectivales qui s’utilisent uniquement à l’oral. Ces adjectifs à forme complexe n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’études dans le milieu linguistique comorien. Ils sont remarquables du sous-type Prép N : harimwa ra narenga et A hama N : mudu hama izinga. Ils expriment un état et sont pronominalisables. Ils sont susceptibles d’être analysés comme des adjectifs prédicatifs par le fait qu’ils ont la même propriété syntaxique que les adjectifs simples : ils sont compatibles avec la position épithète aussi bien que la position attribut.L’analyse morphosyntaxique et l’analyse syntactico-sémantique de ces adjectifs complexes en emploi prédicatif permettent de comprendre que leur caractère figé répond aux deux conditions du figement : ils sont polylexicaux et sont dotés d’un certain degré de figement, la deuxième condition peut être mise en évidence du fait que, dans ra narenga, on ne peut pas substituer narenga par un autre élément. Ali nge harimwa ra narenga, *Ali nge harimwa ra nauvura.Dans cette étude contrastive franco-comorienne, nous avons procédé à un recensement exhaustif des locutions adjectivales du comorien et établi une typologie de ces prédicats adjectivaux en utilisant les mêmes principes que pour le français
As in French, there are a significant number Comorian of fixed adjectival sequences that the use only oral. Adjectival these sequences have never been studied. They are remarkable subtype Prep N, Adj as Det N (the angels, thick as a brick…). These predicative adjectives to express a complex shape condition and the pronominalisables. They may be analyzed as predicative adjectives in that they have the same syntax as simple adjectives property they are compatible as well as the epithet that the attribute position. The morpho-syntactic analysis and semantic analysis of the adjectival sequences allow us to understand their fixed character meets two conditions congealing: polylexicaux and they have a certain degree of fossilization, the second condition can be demonstrated the fact that you can not replace a word with another word. In our study contrastive Franco-Comorian, we conducted an exhaustive survey of adjectival phrases from Comoros and established a typology of adjectival predicates using the same principles as for the French
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Mutheiwana, Humbulani Doris. "The adjective in Tshivenda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51935.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study the adjective constructions in Tshiven~a are investigated within a set of criteria in order to characterize the adjectival category and to differentiate it from other categories. An adjective can be defined as a word which modifies a noun that prototypically denotes visible or tangible objects. Different linguists give different accounts which deal with criteria for adjectives where they give attention to prototype and certain multiple criteria. Dixon establishes seven different semantic types under which the adjectives can be grouped, e.g. one of them is dimension. It has been established by Schachter that there are languages that have no adjectives at all, in which the meanings that they express are conveyed by nouns or verbs. In other words what is universal is not adjectives but to modify, or elaborate on the meaning of a noun. Morphological adjectives are marked by a noun class prefix on the adjectival stem. The prefix agrees in class with the noun to which it refers. Morphological adjective can appear attributively and predicatively. When adjectives are used attributively in Tshivenda they usually appear as " complements of a noun. But when they are used predicatively, they occur in copulative constructions. Syntactic evidence relates to the fact that different categories of words have different distributions. Adjective can not be identified by looking at it in isolation, because the form of a word does not necessarily indicate its syntactic function. Descriptive possessives as semantic adjectives describe the noun they refer to in a way that is different to that of possessives. The descriptive part can be shown as the head of the noun and can also be shown as a complement of possessive [-a-] where they indicate location, time, event and gender.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die adjektief konstruksie in Tshivenda ondersoek binne die raamwerk van 'n stel kriteria met die doelom 'n karakterisering te gee van die adjektief kategorie en om dit te onderskei van ander kategorieë. 'n Adjektief kan gedefinieer word as 'n woord wat 'n naamwoord bepaal wat prototipies verwys na konkrete voorwerpe. Linguiste gee verskillende aannames wat handeloor kriteria vir adjektiewe waarin hulle aandag gee aan prototipe en sekere meervoudige kriteria. Dixon het sewe verskillende semantiese tipes bepaal waaronder adjektiewe gegroepeer kan word bv. een daarvan is dimensie. Daar is vasgestel deur Schachter dat daar tale is wat geen adjektiewe het nie waarin die betekenisse wat hulle uitdruk gedra word deur naamwoorde of werkwoorde. Wat dus universeel is, is nie adjektiewe nie maar om die betekenis van 'n woord te modifieer. Morfologiese adjektiewe is gemerk deur 'n naamwoord klasprefiks op die adjektiefstam. Die prefiks kom ooreen in klas met die naamwoord waarna dit verwys. Morfologiese adjektiewe kan attributief en predikatief voorkom. Wanneer adjektiewe attributief gebruik word, verskyn hulle as komplement van die naamwoord. Maar wanneer hulle predikatief gebruik word kom hulle voor in kopulatief konstruksies. In sintaksis kan verskillende kategorieë van woorde verskillende distribusies hê. Adjektiewe kan nie geïdentifiseer word deur na dit te kyk in isolasie want die vorm van In woord dui nie noodwendig sy sintaktiese funksie aan. Deskriptiewe possessiewe as semantiese adjektiewe beskryf die naamwoord waarna hulle verwys op 'n wyse wat verskillend is van dié van possessiewe. Die deskriptiewe deel kan aangetoon word as die kern van die naamwoord groep en kan ook aangetoon word as In komplement van die possessiewe [-a-] waar hulle plek, tyd, gebeurtenis en geslag aandui.
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Bottoman, Ntombesizwe. "The adjective in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52480.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Adjectives in Xhosa represent a small, closed class of descriptive nominal modifiers, which are categorized as the adjective because of their morphological behaviour, i.e. they all have to appear with the prefix of the noun which is the head of the Noun Phrase. There are other nominal modifiers in Xhosa, which may have the same descriptive function as the small class of morphological adjectives. Attention focuses on the relative clauses and descriptive possessives. The term "Adjective" in Xhosa includes the semantic adjective. Various scholars define the adjective as a distinct category by establishing specific criteria for. Semantic prototypes with noun, adjective and verb types, i.e. semantic types according to Dixon (1991) are considered. Semantic types in Xhosa may also have this feature. The following categoreis have been considered: morphological adjective, descriptive possessive, relative clauses, i.e. nominal relative clauses and the verbal relative clauses. With regard to the morphological adjective: Some basic notions on the morphological adjectives, specifically the morphology of adjectives, adjectival phrases, the distribution of the adjectives, comparison and the co-ordinated adjectives, and the definite morpheme are dealt with. The following values have been dealt with regarding the structure of the relative clause, i.e. the nominal relative clause with the definite morpheme [a], the copulative verb and the nominal relative complements of the copulative verbs. Two issues have been discussed in the case of the descriptive possessive: firstly, where the descriptive part is the head of the Noun Phrase with meanings such as groups, nouns denoting quantity, cardinal numbers, the partitives, units of measure and mass, humans with the features of psychological and physical features, the infinitive clause, and secondly, the descriptive part is the complement of the preposition [-a-].
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Adjektiewe in Xhosa verteenwoordig 'n klein geslote klas van deskriptiewe nominale bepalers wat as 'n adjektief kategorie beskou word op grond van hul morfologie, di.i. hulle moet almal voorkom saam met die prefiks van die naamwoord wat die kern is van die naamwoordgroep. Daar is ander nominale bepalers in Xhosa wat dieselfde deskriptiewe funksie as die klein klas van morfologiese adjektiewe kan hê. Aandag is gegee an die relatiewe en deskriptiewe possessiewe. Die term "adjektief" in Xhosa sluit die semantiese adjektief in: verskeie taalkundiges definieer die adjektief as 'n aparte kategorie deur spesifieke kriteria vir adjektiewe te bepaal. Semantiese prototipes met naamwoorde, adjektiewe en werkwoordtipes, d.i. semantiese tipes volgens Dixon (1991) is ondersoek. Semantiese tipes in Xhosa kan ook hierdie kenmerk hê. Die volgende kategorieë is ondersoek: Morfologiese adjektief, deskriptiewe possessief, relatief klouse waaronder nominale en werkwoordelike relatiewe klause. Met verwysing na die morfologiese adjektief: sekere basiese begrippe ten opsigte van die morfologiese adjektief is nagegaan, waaronder spesiefiek die morfologie van adjektiewe, adjektief frases, die distribusie van die adjektiewe, vergelyking en die neweskikkende adjektiewe sowel as die bepaaldheidsmorfeem. Die volgende sake is oorweeg met betrekking tot die struktuur van die relatief klous: die nominale relatief klous met die bepaaldheidsmorfeem [-a-], die kapulatiewe werkwoord en die nominale relatiewe komplemente van die kopulatiewe werkwoorde. Twee sake is bespreek in die geval van die deskriptiewe possessief: eerstens, die deskriptiewe deel is die kern van die naamwoordfrase met betekenisse soos groepe, naamwoorde wat kwantiteit aandui, hooftelwoorde, partitiewe, eenhede van maat en massa, mense met sielkundige en fisiese kenmerke, die infinitief klous,· en tweedens die deskriptiewe deel is die komplement van die preposisie [-a-].
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Sabbagh, Abdulmoomin Z. I. "Adjective order in Arabic." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20165.

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This thesis is based on a computerized corpus of Modern Standard Arabic. The Oxford Concordance Programme was employed in order to process the data and pick out different functions of the Arabic adjectives. The data is taken from over two thousand two hundred pages of the 20th century Arabic texts. This thesis discusses adjective types, word classes and order when they occur in the same NP or predicatively modifying the same head noun. Reference is also made to adjectives in other languages such as English. A prototypical account for the various types of Arabic adjectives is suggested according to which three main types are postulated : Simple, Participal and Denominal. These types are shown to relate to some syntactic, semantic, and morphological criteria features, which also play an important role in deciding the order of adjectives in Arabic. An argument for an independent adjective word class in Arabic is put forward since the inclusion of Arabic adjectives with nouns by the traditional and by some modern linguists is found to be inadequate. Some new criterial tests with respect to Arabic adjectives have been developed which provide supporting evidence for a separate adjective word class. The denominal adjectives are further investigated and shown to have an infinite number of meanings which can only be determined with respect to a specific modified head N. They are shown to have some nominal characteristics which decide their order when they cooccur with other types of adjectives. It is argued that although Arabic denominal adjectives are morphologically unified since they take one suffix, those derived from concrete bases are not predictable, whereas those derived from quadrilateral abstract bases are predictable.
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Smeds, Fredrik. "Adjective Comparison in Contemporary British English : A Corpus Study of More than One Hundred Adjectives." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-933.

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There are mainly two ways of comparing adjectives in English: the analytic and the synthetic. The analytic way is to use more and most (for example difficult, more difficult, most difficult). The synthetic, or inflectional, way is to add the endings –er and –est (for instance fast, faster, fastest). During the last twelve centuries the way of forming comparisons in English has evolved from predominately synthetic to the point where both inflections and analytic forms are used. Today many adjectives are almost always compared either synthetically or analytically (e.g. fast and difficult respectively), but sometimes we have two alternatives; for example, we can choose between more polite and politer. The author has three aims with this paper: firstly, to examine how adjectives in English are compared today; secondly, to determine how well the descriptions in modern grammars agree with authentic written English; thirdly, to see whether there have been any recent changes in the way of indicating comparison. This is a quantitative study. A corpus investigation was undertaken: some one hundred common adjectives in two British newspapers, The Guardian and The Observer, from 1990–91 and 2005 that vary in their way of expressing comparison were studied. The results were compared with six grammars from the last five decades. After the data collection, the chi square test was applied, showing how statistically significant the changes between 1990–91 and 2005 are. Judging from the data in this study, the synthetic comparison seems to be becoming less common. The author also concludes that the comparison of adjectives in contemporary British English varies considerably.

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Coiffet, Benoît. "Étude des emplois de l'adjectif invarié en français." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20057/document.

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Dans cette étude, nous analysons des combinaisons formées d’un verbe à droite duquel se trouve un adjectif invarié (du type manger + bio, acheter français). Dans cette position, il est incident au verbe d’un point de vue syntaxique. Cependant, en tant qu’élément caractérisant, il requiert sémantiquement des éléments supports, mais ceux-ci sont systématiquement absents de l’énoncé. L’absence de ces supports sémantiques entraîne son invariabilité, et c’est la raison pour laquelle on propose de parler d’adjectif « invarié ». On peut par ailleurs constater que l’adjectif, dans cet environnement syntaxique, fonctionne comme un adverbe, unité de langue avec lequel il partage cette position prototypique à droite du verbe. Il apparaît que dans ce contexte syntaxique, l’adjectif invarié peut porter sur plusieurs éléments. Dans certains cas, il peut s’agir d’éléments appartenant à la structure argumentale du verbe, tels que l’objet non exprimé ; dans d’autres cas, il peut porter sur des éléments qui n’appartiennent pas forcément à la structure argumentale (dans une combinaison du type pédaler + utile). Dans cette étude, nous postulons qu’il peut alors être complément de manière
In this study, we analyze verb combinations formed by placing an adjective to the right of a verb (such as "to eat organic" or "to buy French"). Placed in this position, the adjective is incidental to the verb from a syntactical point of view. However, as a defining element, it requires supporting elements, which are systematically absent from the statement. The absence of these semantical supports causes the adjective to be grammatically invariable, and for that reason, we speak of "invariable" adjectives. It can be maintained that, in this syntactical environment, an adjective finds itself in the place of another linguistic structure of which it is the prototypical function and with which it appears to be in competition: the adverb.It appears that, in this syntactical contest, an invariable adjective bears upon several elements. In certain cases, it can be a matter of elements belonging to the argumental structure of the verb, such as the unexpressed object. In other cases, it can involve elements that do not necessarily belong to the argumental structure (as in the combination "to bike + useful"). In this study, we postulate that it can thus be a complement describing the manner
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Fellner, Hannes Alexander. "Studies in Tocharian Adjective Formation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10733.

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This thesis is devoted to the investigation of two morphological classes in Tocharian and their Indo-European prehistory and affiliation: 1) the continuants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) thematic ("class I") adjectives, and 2) a class of agent formations related to them.
Linguistics
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Panayidou, Fryni. "(In)flexibility in adjective ordering." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8815.

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The present thesis investigates adjective ordering across languages, with an emphasis on Greek and Cypriot Maronite Arabic (CMA). Cross-linguistically, attributive adjectives are argued to be ordered according to their semantic class (Hetzron 1978; Dixon 1982; Cinque 1994, 2010, among others). Given that the orders attested cross-linguistically are very similar, it is claimed that all orders have the same underlying order, which is imposed by syntax as in Cinque 2010. If adjective ordering restrictions are indeed syntactic, the question that arises is how to account for violations of the order. I defend the view that the order can be affected by various factors. Following Sproat and Shih (1991) and Cinque (2010), I assume that there is an indirect vs. direct distinction in adjectival modification, and I claim that Greek polydefinites are an instance of the former, whereby the adjective merges inside a Reduced Relative Clause – a PredP as in Bhatt 2000. The additional definite article is not a true article, but the realisation of Pred0. Moreover, I argue that adjective ordering phenomena give us an insight into whether adjectives modify the noun as heads or phrases. The claim is that both are necessary; adjectives that are structurally closer to the noun combine with it as heads, while structurally higher adjectives, e.g. adjectives with complements or adjectives that have a predicative source, are phrasal-modifiers. The ability of adjectives to have access to both types of modification also leads to apparent violations of the order. Finally, I discuss new data from CMA, which allows both prenominal and postnominal adjectives. Adjectives borrowed from Greek are found in either position, while native Arabic adjectives are strongly preferred postnominally. I argue that adjective ordering and placement is inflexible in CMA, and that the facts follow by the need of phrases in the extended nominal projection to inherit a nominal feature.
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Stewart, Christopher Paul. "The Arabic Adjective and Attribute." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316446547.

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Ohler, Lindsey Ann. "Adjective Pairings with Female Body Shapes." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396368907.

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Books on the topic "Adjective"

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Gail, Saunders-Smith, ed. What is an adjective? North Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2013.

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Hummel, Martin, and Salvador Valera, eds. Adjective Adverb Interfaces in Romance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.242.

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Dahl, Michael. If you were an adjective. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2006.

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Riggs, Kate. Adjectives. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2012.

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Lambert, Deborah. Adjectives. New York, NY: Weigl Publishers Inc., 2000.

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Reeg, Cynthia. Hamster holidays: Noun and adjective adventures. Saint Louis, Mo: Guardian Angel Pub., 2009.

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W, Dixon Robert M., and Aĭkhenvalʹd A. I͡U︡, eds. Adjective classes: A cross-linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Carter, Andrew. Adjectives. New York: Alphabet Soup, 2010.

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ill, Prosmitsky Jenya 1974, ed. Hairy, scary, ordinary: What is an adjective? Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 2000.

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ill, Prosmitsky Jenya 1974, ed. Hairy, scary, ordinary: What is an adjective? New York: Scholastic Inc., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Adjective"

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Ngo, Binh. "Adjectives, adjective phrases and their components." In Vietnamese, 107–18. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge essential grammars: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315454610-3.

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Ticio, M. Emma. "Adjective Placement." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 121–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3398-7_4.

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Judy, Tiffany. "Adjective placement." In The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, Morphosyntax, and Semantics, 167–81. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003412373-16.

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Oosterhoff, Jenneke A. "Adjective endings." In Basic Dutch, 94–101. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003223122-15.

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González, Luis H. "Adjective position." In Four Dichotomies in Spanish, 1–41. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003054962-1.

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Narahara, Tomiko. "Adjective Forms." In The Japanese Copula, 95–105. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504530_7.

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Gough, Harrison G. "Adjective Checklist." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 1., 36–37. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10516-014.

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Teng, Wen-Hua. "Infinitive (to + verb) and "adjective + noun" as adjectives." In The Accurate Use of Chinese, 31–37. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003024347-5.

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Erickson, Thane M., Tara A. Crouch, and Jamie A. Lewis. "Interpersonal Adjective Scales." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2360–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1231.

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Honkela, Timo, Tiina Lindh-Knuutila, and Krista Lagus. "Measuring Adjective Spaces." In Artificial Neural Networks – ICANN 2010, 351–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15819-3_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Adjective"

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Stern, Miriam. "Tipping the Scales: A Corpus-Based Reconstruction of Adjective Scales in the McGill Pain Questionnaire." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111421.

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Modern medical diagnosis relies on precise pain assessment tools in translating clinical information from patient to physician. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is a clinical pain assessment technique that utilizes 78 adjectives of different intensities in 20 categories to quantify a patient’s pain. The questionnaire’s efficacy depends on a predictable pattern of adjective use by patients experiencing pain. In this study, I recreate the MPQ’s adjective intensity orderings using data gathered from patient forums and modern NLP techniques. I extract adjective intensity relationships by searching for key linguistic contexts, and then combine the relationship information to form robust adjective scales. Of 17 adjective relationships predicted by this research, 10 show agreement with the MPQ, which is statistically significant at the .5 alpha level. The results suggest predictable patterns of adjective use by people experiencing pain, but call into question the MPQ’s categories for grouping adjectives.
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COPACINSCHI, Angela. "The mechanism of the transposition of the adjective and the adverb. The substantivization of some language units." In Probleme ale ştiinţelor socioumanistice şi ale modernizării învăţământului. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46728/c.v3.25-03-2022.p156-160.

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Semantically, adjectives are used to characterize a noun designating a person or an object in terms of quality. It should be noted that the adjective is not the only way express the quality of an object. French and Romanian languages has multiple ways of highlighting the quality of an object, for example a noun used in postposition towards the determined term, an adnominal complement, a relative sentence. The translation usually known as transposition marks the evidence of the functional equality among the elements of the nature and the diversity inside the phrase. Summing up these notices we can say that at least the category of adjective has some similarities through semantic-pragmatic characteristics, particularly the ability of subdivision.
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Amoia, Marilisa, and Claire Gardent. "Adjective based inference." In the Workshop KRAQ'06. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1641493.1641498.

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Rajestari, Maryam, Simon Dobnik, Robin Cooper, and Aram Karimi. "Very Necessary: The Meaning of Non-gradable Modal Adjectives in Discourse Contexts." In Eighth Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC-2020), 25-27 November 2020. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp184174.

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In this paper we provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of meaning of allegedly non-gradable modal adjectives in different discourse contexts. The adjectives studied are essential, necessary, crucial and vital which are compared with a gradable modal adjective important. In our study sentences containing these adjectives were chosen from a large corpus together with their contexts. Then 120 English native speakers evaluated the meaning of these adjectives in a crowd-sourced study. Different types of contexts were chosen for this purpose. In some the adjectives were used as gradable with a modifier very while in others as non-gradable, without a modifier. We also modified the contexts by adding or removing the modifier very. The task for evaluators was to provide a replacement for adjectives for all the resulting contexts. From the replacements we are able to quantitatively evaluate the semantic potential of these contexts and what kind of adjectives they license.
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Xabibullo o‘g‘li, Yunusov Norbek. "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIKDA SIFATLARNING TUTGAN O‘RNI, NISBIY SIFATLARNING LEKSIK-SEMANTIK XUSUSIYATLARI." In TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: BEST PRACTICES, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES. ISCRC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/geo-49.

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For many centuries, each language has formed its own system of means of expressing the meanings of the qualitative characteristics of objects. The core of the language system is the linguistic grammatical meaning of the unit-adjective feature with a categorical system and, accordingly, the main task of its definition. In inflectional languages, adjectives are traditionally assigned to such units, although there is still no consensus on their nature, in structural grammar they refer to nouns, and in generative grammar to feature words.
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Sharma, Raksha, Mohit Gupta, Astha Agarwal, and Pushpak Bhattacharyya. "Adjective Intensity and Sentiment Analysis." In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1300.

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Lapata, Maria, Scott McDonald, and Frank Keller. "Determinants of adjective-noun plausibility." In the ninth conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/977035.977041.

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Mayda, Islam, and Mehmet Korkmaz. "Sentiment Analysis with Turkish Adjective Dictionary." In 2018 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asyu.2018.8554005.

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Garí Soler, Aina, and Marianna Apidianaki. "Scalar Adjective Identification and Multilingual Ranking." In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.naacl-main.370.

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Emami, Ali, Ian Porada, Alexandra Olteanu, Kaheer Suleman, Adam Trischler, and Jackie Chi Kit Cheung. "ADEPT: An Adjective-Dependent Plausibility Task." In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.553.

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Reports on the topic "Adjective"

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Fenimore, Edward E. Gamma Ray Burst, one reason why "astronomical is an adjective". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1095855.

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Minson, Valrie, Laura I. Spears, Adrian Del Monte, Margaret Portillo, Jason Meneely, Sara Gonzalez, and Jean Bossart. Library Impact Research Report: Facilitating Innovative Research, Creative Thinking, and Problem Solving. Association of Research Libraries, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/report.uflorida2022.

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As part of ARL’s Research Library Impact Framework initiative, the Marston Science Library (MSL) of the University of Florida (UF) George A. Smathers Libraries partnered with the UF Department of Interior Design (IND) to explore how research libraries facilitate innovation, creativity, and problem-solving competencies among their patrons. The MSL-IND team explored a three-tiered hypothesis that included: (1) students’ use of library spaces can contribute to building knowledge and practical applications for library space renovations; (2) student perceptions of space desirability as measured by the Place-based Semantic Differential can be used to indicate gaps in the library space facilitation of creativity; and (3) the creative thought process requires spaces that are diverse, flexible, and under a certain amount of student control. The research team developed a mixed-method study that included a spatial analysis, a survey utilizing an adjective checklist, and several focus groups designed to validate the adjective checklist. The research team analysis of the resulting data identified recommendations related to creating a sense of place, solving for the group by addressing the individual, offering a palette of posture, increasing biophilia, and offering choice and control.
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Kuzmina, Aleksandra, Amalia Kuregyan, and Ekaterina Pertsevaya. PSUDOINTERNATIONAL WORDS IN THE TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC TEXTS CARRIED OUT BY THE STUDENTS OF NON-LINGUISTIC UNIVERSITIES. Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/ttxnbz.

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The article deals with the problems of translating pseudo-international words in economic texts. Incorrect interpretations of pseudo-international words in written texts and oral translations are investigated. It is noted that errors in the written version appear mainly due to the use of the most common full-text translation services, where the word spelling is a priority. For oral translation, the first variant of incorrect interpretation is more typical, when the word is pronounced similarly to Russian, but is not its analogue. The paper presents the classification of pseudo-international words according to the parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb and adverb, and also provides typical mistakes that students make when translating this vocabulary. The authors of the article also present tasks that are the most effective way to overcome misinterpretations of words related to pseudo-internationalisms.
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Cassidy, Barbara. Age and the comprehension of spatial adjectives. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2960.

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Weingart, Troy B., Doug Sicker, Dirk Grunwald, and Michael Neufeld. Adverbs and Adjectives: An Abstraction for Software Defined Radio. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430375.

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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF FORMS OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTING. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11105.

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The article analyzes transformation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to the specific properties of different forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. To analyze the peculiarities of their use for errors in speech of television journalists, associated with non-compliance with linguistic norms on ways to avoid these errors, to make appropriate recommendations to television journalists. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalism sat down as well as texts that sounded in the speech of journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. Improving the live broadcasting of television journalists, in particular the work on deepening the language skills will contribute to the modernization of some trends in the reasonable expediency of the transformation of certain phenomena, moder­nization of some tendencies concerning the reasonable expedient transformation of separate grammatical phenomena and categories and at braking and in general stopping of processes of transformation of negative unreasonable not expedient. This fully applies primarily to attempts to transform the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives and this explains importance of the results achieved in these study.
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SEREDINA, E. V., E. V. KISLITSYNA, and E. F. BEKH. JOE BIDEN’S NICKNAMES IN POLITICAL CARTOON. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-83-90.

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The article examines unofficial nicknames for Joe Biden, sitting president of the USA, in the light of political humour. All of the used nicknames express popular public opinion, highlighting the individual characteristics of the president and emphasizing his particular behavior. The common feature of the illustrated nickname is a mockery on the president constructed by adding vivid adjectives to his name.
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Kapelyushnyi, Anatolyi. TRANSFORMATION OF WORD-FORMS DURING THEIR SPONTANEOUS CREATION IN LIVE TELEVISION BROADCASTIN: ADJECTIVES ADVERBS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11409.

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The article analyzes transformation of word-forms during spontaneous creation in live television broadcasting. Particular attention is paid to adjectives adverbs. The specific properties of adverbs makes it easier to trace general trends in their transformations, because adverbs are not burdened with many different forms and their variations, that occur in the process of word change of some other class of words at the same time adverbiatives allow to analyze in more detail the semantical and grammatical structure of speech. The main method we use is to observe the speech of live TV journalist, we used during the study methods of comparative analysis of comparison of theoretical positions from the work of individual linguists and journalists. Our objective is to trace these transformations and develop a certain attitude towards them in our researches of the language of the media and practicing journalists to support positive trends in the development of the broadcasting on TV and give recommendations for overcoming certain negative trends. All studies of the problems of transformation of grammatical forms in different ways relate to translation studies, mostly investigate the grammatical transformations, that the translator resorted to, when reproducing the original by means of another language. At first glance, it would be logical, if the live speech of television journalists was dominated by transformations? Associated with the translation from internal to foreign broadcasting in cases where natural for this TV journalists is Russian-speaking internal broadcasting and he reproducing the text from internal Russian-speaking. The transformation of grammatical forms however this cannot be seen in the live use of adverbiatives. An interesting trend can also be seen in the transformation of different types of gramma­tical forms. In particular, negative interference is mostly characteristic of the forms of corporate adverbs. Forms of the same word with the same grammatical meaning is such overlapping of two forms of the same grammatical meaning is practically impossible outside of adjectives adverbial and adjectives themselves. Only a small number of transformations are associated with the forms of superlatives.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. MODERN MEDIA TEXT: POLITICAL NARRATIVES, MEANINGS AND SENSES, EMOTIONAL MARKERS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11411.

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The article examines modern media texts in the field of political journalism; the role of information narratives and emotional markers in media doctrine is clarified; verbal expression of rational meanings in the articles of famous Ukrainian analysts is shown. Popular theories of emotions in the process of cognition are considered, their relationship with the author’s personality, reader psychology and gonzo journalism is shown. Since the media text, in contrast to the text, is a product of social communication, the main narrative is information with the intention of influencing public opinion. Media text implies the presence of the author as a creator of meanings. In addition, media texts have universal features: word, sound, visuality (stills, photos, videos). They are traditionally divided into radio, TV, newspaper and Internet texts. The concepts of multimedia and hypertext are related to online texts. Web combinations, especially in political journalism, have intensified the interactive branching of nonlinear texts that cannot be published in traditional media. The Internet as a medium has created the conditions for the exchange of ideas in the most emotional way. Hence Gonzo’s interest in journalism, which expresses impressions of certain events in words and epithets, regardless of their stylistic affiliation. There are many such examples on social media in connection with the events surrounding the Wagnerians, the Poroshenko case, Russia’s new aggression against Ukraine, and others. Thus, the study of new features of media text in the context of modern political narratives and emotional markers is important in media research. The article focuses review of etymology, origin and features of using lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” in linguistic practice of Ukrainians results in the development of meanings and functional stylistic coloring in the usage of these units. Lexemes “cмисл (meaning)” and “сенс (sense)” are used as synonyms, but there are specific fields of meanings where they cannot be interchanged: lexeme “сенс (sense)” should be used when it comes to reasonable grounds for something, lexeme “cмисл (meaning)” should be used when it comes to notion, concept, understanding. Modern political texts are most prominent in genres such as interviews with politicians, political commentaries, analytical articles by media experts and journalists, political reviews, political portraits, political talk shows, and conversations about recent events, accompanied by effective emotional narratives. Etymologically, the concept of “narrative” is associated with the Latin adjective “gnarus” – expert. Speakers, philosophers, and literary critics considered narrative an “example of the human mind.” In modern media texts it is not only “story”, “explanation”, “message techniques”, “chronological reproduction of events”, but first of all the semantic load and what subjective meanings the author voices; it is a process of logical presentation of arguments (narration). The highly professional narrator uses narration as a “method of organizing discourse” around facts and impressions, impresses with his political erudition, extraordinary intelligence and creativity. Some of the above theses are reflected in the following illustrations from the Ukrainian media: “Culture outside politics” – a pro-Russian narrative…” (MP Gabibullayeva); “The next will be Russia – in the post-Soviet space is the Arab Spring…” (journalist Vitaly Portnikov); “In Russia, only the collapse of Ukraine will be perceived as success” (Pavel Klimkin); “Our army is fighting, hiding from the leadership” (Yuri Butusov).
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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.
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