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Journal articles on the topic 'Adjective clauses'
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1
Sumardi, Apen, and Mashadi Said. "ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN “THE SECRET GARDEN” BY FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v3i1.6008.
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This research aims to analyze the adjective and adverbial clauses in “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The method used in this research is a content analysis which is to describes the adjective clause and adverbial clause in the novel. Data are obtained, analyzed, and described based on the sentences in the novel. The relative pronoun's adjective shows the highest percentage of 130 or 86%, while relative adverbs show 22 or 14%. The adjective clause in relative pronouns shows the highest percentage caused by the complex sentences, mostly describing someone or things in most sentences in the novel. Meanwhile, adjective clause in time shows 154 or 63%, manner 46 or 19%, reason 35 or 14%, condition 6 or 2%, and concession 4 2%. Adverbial clause in time shows the highest percentage caused by most sentences tell about the time in almost every page.<p> </p>
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Valera, Salvador, and Alfonso Rizo Rodriguez. "A LOB-Corpus-based Semantic Profile of the Adjective in English Supplementive Clauses." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 3, no. 2 (1998): 251–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.3.2.05val.
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One of the various forms that the expression of attribution may take in English is through a supplementive clause, a reduced structure realized by an adjective phrase hypotactically connected with a superordinate clause. The construction under study exhibits an attributive character in that the adjective predicates about the NP subject, but also possesses an adverbial import in so far as it expresses diverse circumstances relating to the main clause. This kind of structure is, however, not entirely free of constraints; in fact, not every adjective may combine with a matrix verb, and certain semantic patterns can be observed to occur recurrently in these constructions. This paper surveys a substantial number of adjectives from the LOB corpus for the identification of the semantic profile proper to supplementive adjectives.
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Al Baroroh, Aisyah, and Umi Hani. "Students’ Mastery of Adjective Clause: A Case Study towards the Second Semester Students of English Department." Lexeme : Journal of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/ljlal.v2i1.6994.
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This is a case study that aims at analyzing the students’ ability in answering grammar questions about adjective clauses. The method used to analyze the data is qualitative descriptive method. The result of the study showed how well students’ ability of the second semester student of English Literature department at Universitas Pamulang in dealing with grammar questions about adjective clauses. There were 26 random students from two different classes in the same semester who were included in this study. The study shows that the average of students score resulted them to be classifed to have Fair (got 60 to 69 score) category of adjective clause mastery by reaching 46% of the total percentage.
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Bylinina, Lisa. "Degree Infinitival Clauses." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2660.
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I discuss the structure and semantic composition of the so-called "Attributive-with-Infinitive" construction -- a construction that contains a positive gradable adjective in the attributive position, and a gapped infinitival clause. Studying the way the adjective combines with the infinitival clause will suggest a new type of an infinitival clause -- a degree interval-denoting one. The analysis will have consequences for the nature of a positive morpheme.
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Afrianto, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Nani Darmayanti, Farida Ariyani, and Jessamine Cooke-Plagwitz. "Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language." Topics in Linguistics 21, no. 2 (2020): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2020-0010.
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Abstract This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.
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McCoy, Richard Thomas. "English comparatives as degree-phrase relative clauses." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4078.
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It has been observed (e.g. Chomsky 1977) that English questions allow wh-movement of adjective phrases, but relative clauses do not, which is cited as a notable difference between two types of constructions that are otherwise very similar. However, I argue that relative clauses actually can arise from the whmovement of adjective phrases (which I here treat as degree phrases headed by a degree element) and that comparative clauses are the result; i.e., comparatives are actually relative clauses headed by degree phrases. This analysis removes the discrepancy between questions and relative clauses with regard to adjective movement, thereby further uniting the syntactic analysis of the two constructions.
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Ollennu, Yvonne Akwele Amankwaa. "On Predication of Adjectives in Ga." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 2 (2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i2.11067.
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The adjective as a word class is elusive, as sometimes this distinct class is not easy to be identified in some languages though recent linguistics studies have claimed it exists in all languages. In Ga, a Kwa language of Niger Congo, the adjective class can be clearly defined. The Ga adjective class consists of both derived and underived forms. Adjectives are syntactically known to play the role of attribution, and/or predication and also found in comparative constructions. This paper investigates how adjectives in predicative positions in English are expressed in Ga and more especially when multiple ones serve as copula complement. It shows that adjectives in predication are expressed through verbs in Ga. The adjectives found in Ga are classified according to Dixon semantic classes. The data for this study were collected through questionnaire and follow up interviews from some native speakers. From the study, it came to light that verbs that occur in predicate positions as head of the verb phrases may have adjective equivalents but speakers prefer the verbs to the adjectives and there seems to be some number agreement with the nouns in subject position. When the adjective has no verb equivalent, natives make use of relative clauses and also make use of the adjectives. The study further revealed that when multiple adjectives are used in predicative position, though a restricted order was not established, there exist a preferred order for example, dimension adjectives occur before colour adjectives.
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Prawinanto, Adityo, and Barli Bram. "ADJECTIVE AND NOUN CLAUSE LEXICAL DENSITY IN AN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." Getsempena English Education Journal 7, no. 2 (2020): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/geej.v7i2.1019.
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This paper analyzed the lexical density of the adjective and noun clauses in an English textbook for senior high school students in Indonesia. It aimed to discover whether or not the textbook was suitable for the students in terms of lexical density. The researchers employed a content analysis approach to analyze data. There were 116 sentences, containing adjective and noun clauses, which were investigated. The researchers implemented the lexical density theory and the lexical density indicators to determine the average level of the lexical density measurements. Results showed that there were three lexical density levels found in those adjective and noun clauses. The three levels were low, medium, and high. The average level of the lexical density obtained from the adjective and noun clauses in the textbook was 47%, which was categorized as low lexical density. Thus, the researchers concluded that the English textbook for the tenth-grade students published by the Indonesian Government was appropriate for the students.
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Ariffani, Amanda, Irnella Nopriyanti, and Shinta Desti Wulandari. "ANALYZING MAIN AND SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE WEVERSE MAGAZINE." MIMESIS 2, no. 2 (2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mms.v2i2.4257.
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AbstractReading is activities that always do by EFL students; through reading, students can gain knowledge or get information from text like a printed textbook, E-book, magazine, article, news, and others. However, EFL students must understand what they read and the structural grammar of the text they already read. In grammar, there are term clauses that are divided into five parts: Main clause, Subordinate clause, Noun clause, Adjective clause, and Adverb clause. This article will focus on the main and subordinate clauses applied in the sentence on every Weverse magazine. Weverse itself is an online website that includes some hot news about K-pop idols under HYBE labels like BTS, TXT that a worldwide superstar boy group. This article uses descriptive qualitative research that aims to analyze the main and subordinate clauses in Weverse Magazine. This study will show how the main and subordinate clause is applied and used in the sentence on every news item written on Weverse magazine.
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Kapeliuk, Olga. "Notes on relative and correlative constructions in Gǝʿǝz". Aethiopica 6 (20 січня 2013): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.376.
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ዘሞትነ ንሕነ ወዘነገሥነ ንሕነ: The relative verb accompanied by its headnoun, forming a relative clause which functions as the equivalent of an adjective, is the normal construction in the Semitic languages. In Gǝʿǝz, however, it is the substantivized relative clause, in which the headnoun is missing, that is the most diversified in its function and probably statistically more frequent. These are the correlative clauses. They present some specific morpho-syntactic features; thus the feminine relative pronoun is not encountered in them and the number of the relative pronoun is consistently accorded with the putative headnoun. In the regular relative clauses the headnoun is a noun or an independent pronoun but also suffixed pronouns and whole sentences may be qualified by a relative clause. Nominal sentences are common as relative or correlative clauses. In case the predicate of the nominal clause is a substantive, a pronoun with copulative function is introduced preventing the confusion between the construction in question and a possessive complex with nota genetivi.
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Pixton, William H. "Technical Writing and Terminal Modification." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 22, no. 2 (1992): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/evvu-r3mw-k7ru-rhwx.
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Because of the work of Francis Christensen, sentence-terminal modification was emphasized in college composition from about 1965 to 1980. The structures emphasized included absolutes, restating and summarizing appositives, participial phrases, non-participial adjective phrases, adjectival clauses and prepositional phrases, and adverbial clauses and phrases. This emphasis, however, had little effect on technical writing, in spite of the practical utility of terminal modifiers. This article, therefore, explains the terminal modifiers and exemplifies them in the context of technical writing; it then examines the texts of representative technical reports to determine the extent to which terminal modifiers are currently used. The findings—generally that the report writers do not take full advantage of terminal modification—indicate that increased attention to terminal modifiers, especially the absolute, the summarizing appositive, and the non-participial adjective phrase, would significantly increase the options for effective expression by technical writers.
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Vidova, Katerina. "THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE IN ENGLISH FUCTIONING AS A PREDICATIVE ADJUNCT AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN MACEDONIAN." PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, no. 2 (2020): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-236-252.
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This paper investigates the use of the present participle in English as a predicative adjunct and its Macedonian translation equivalents. The English present participle is widely used in a position after the predicate in a sentence. The research is focusedon the present participle used predicatively.The research is conducted on a corpus of sentences, excerpted from English and American literature and their Macedonian translation equivalents. Consequently, comparative and descriptive methods have been used to analyze the excerpted sentences. The results show that mostly the present participle and the present participle clauses having the role of the predicative adjunct are translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and clauses with verbal adverb functioning as adverbial manner clauses. However, there are also examples in which the present participle is translated with a verbal adjective, also having the function of adverbial manner clauses. Besides the present participle clauses translated into Macedonian with a verbal adverb and verbal adjective there are clauses with a verb in Present, clauses with a verb in Aorist, clauses with a verb in Imperfect, clauses with da-construction, clauses with prepositional phrases and temporal adverbial clauses.
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Aristia, Puti Novianti. "FRASA ADJEKTIVA BAHASA JEPANG: ANALISIS X-BAR." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 14, no. 2 (2017): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v14i2.323.
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The structure and principles of how to form adjective phrases in Japanese were investigated in this study. This qualitative study used content analysis as the research design and assigned Japanese Textbooks used for Japanese Course as the source of data. Corpus of Japanese utterances obtained from the textbook was selected as the research data, containing sentences, clauses, phrases, and discourses. Data were analyzed using linguistic theories of internal structure of tree diagram using X-bar. The study revealed that the structure of adjective phrases of Japanese served as the boundary sentence and pronoun. In addition, the principle of adjective phrases of Japanese consisted of: (1) adjective+noun, (2) pronoun+adjective, (3) noun+adjective, dan (4) adverb+adjective.
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Van linden, An. "Review of Mindt (2011): Adjective Complementation: An Empirical Analysis of Adjectives followed by That-Clauses." English Text Construction 7, no. 2 (2014): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.7.2.07lin.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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Wallis, Sean. "Investigating the additive probability of repeated language production decisions." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 24, no. 4 (2019): 490–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17093.wal.
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Abstract This paper introduces an experimental paradigm based on probabilistic evidence of the interaction between construction decisions in a parsed corpus. The approach is demonstrated using ICE-GB, a one million-word corpus of English. It finds an interaction between attributive adjective phrases in noun phrases with a noun head, such that the probability of adding adjective phrases falls successively. The same pattern is much weaker in adverbs preceding a verb phrase, implying this decline is not a universal phenomenon. Noun phrase postmodifying clauses exhibit a similar initial fall in the probability of successive clauses modifying the same NP head, and embedding clauses modifying new NP heads. Successive postmodification shows a secondary phenomenon of an increase in additive probability in longer sequences, apparently due to ‘templating’ effects. The author argues that these results can only be explained as cognitive and communicative natural phenomena acting on and within recursive grammar rules.
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Halimah, Nur. "Students Error Analysis in Using Adjective Clauses “Who and Whom” In Present Continues Tense." INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 5, no. 1 (2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v5i1.323.
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dominant kinds of errors and the cause of errors made by the first grade of MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun. The data were taken from the erroneous adjective clauses “who and whom” in present continues tense . The test was given by the researcher to the students at MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun in the first grade that consists of fifteen students. In analyzing the data, the writer took the result of student test as technique of collecting data. The writer calculated the frequency of errors for each kind and also counted the percentages of errors in the form of table to determine the dominant kind of errors. Finally, the researcher analyzed the cause of errors. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 56% in used who and 69% in used whom. The researcher found kinds of errors There are addition (20 errors or 11.76 %), ommision (44 errors or 25.88 %), subtitution (69 errors or 40.59 %) and ordering (37 error or 21.76%). Therefore, the subtitution error has the highest frequency (69 errors or 40.59%). It proved that the students do not understand the pattern and function of adjective clauses “who and whom” sentence since they often ignore to put an item needed in the well-formed adjective clause sentence. In this research, the writer found that those errors are caused the cause by three types, that is first language interference, overgeneralization, and ignorance of rule restriction. And factors cause of error are interlangual transfer and intralingual transfer. Interlangual transfer is the errors caused by the mother tongue influence. While, intralingual transfer is the error caused by the target language influence.
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Subekti, Adaninggar Septi. "Error analysis in complex sentences written by Indonesian students from the English education department." Studies in English Language and Education 5, no. 2 (2018): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v5i2.10686.
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This study was aimed to analyse errors made by learners in writing four types of complex sentences; complex sentences with adjective clauses, noun clauses, adverb clauses, and multiple-clause structures in an Essay Writing class. This study was done based on the realisation that learners’ grammatical knowledge is not always translated into accurate language production in real writing contexts and as a continuation of a previous study with the same participants which found that learners’ mastery of complex sentence structure affected their L2 writing achievements. Through document analysis of 40 essays, by these learners, using Thematic Analysis, the present study found five major themes of errors. They were lack of tense consistency, errors of omission, which included omission of verbs, omission of subjects and verbs, and omission of subjects, errors of addition, incorrect verb formations (double finite verbs), and the combination of several errors. Using Error Analysis as a framework, some possible contributing factors were further examined. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and limitations, along with suggested directions for future research were also presented.
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Sima †; herausgegeben von Michael Waltisberg, Alexander. "Amharische Syntax in späten Originalwerken des Gǝʿǝz". Aethiopica 13 (16 червня 2011): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.40.
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[Wal.: The Gǝʿǝz syntax of the Sälamat, short poems which were added to the text of the Synaxarium at a later date, shows features that are known from modern Ethiosemitic languages, especially Amharic. This applies in particular to the preposing of the adjective and the genitive within the noun phrase, the final position of the verb in the matrix as well as the dependent clause, the fronting of dependent clauses before their matrix clause and the occasional use of circumpositions. In addition, as a specific poetic feature, the use of the feminine relative marker instead of the masculine is briefly demonstrated. The late Alexander Sima discusses all these phenomena and presents numerous examples from the Sälamat.]
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Vergara, Daniel, and Gilda Socarrás. "Auditory Processing of Gender Agreement across Relative Clauses by Spanish Heritage Speakers." Languages 6, no. 1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010008.
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Processing research on Spanish gender agreement has focused on L2 learners’ and—to a lesser extent—heritage speakers’ sensitivity to gender agreement violations. This research has been mostly carried out in the written modality, which places heritage speakers at a disadvantage as they are more frequently exposed to Spanish auditorily. This study contributes to the understanding of the differences between heritage and L2 grammars by examining the processing of gender agreement in the auditory modality and its impact on comprehension. Twenty Spanish heritage speakers and 20 intermediate L2 learners listened to stimuli containing two nouns with gender mismatches in the main clause, and an adjective in the relative clause that only agreed in gender with one of the nouns. We measured noun-adjective agreement accuracy through participants’ responses to an auditory task. Our results show that heritage speakers are more accurate than L2 learners in the auditory processing of gender agreement information for comprehension. Additionally, heritage speakers’ accuracy is modulated by their Spanish language proficiency and age of onset. Participants also exhibit higher accuracies in cases in which the adjective agrees with the first noun. We argue that this is an ambiguity resolution strategy influenced by the experimental task.
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DE SMET, HENDRIK, and LIESBET HEYVAERT. "The meaning of the English present participle." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 3 (2011): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067431100013x.
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While earlier descriptions of the English present participle have tended to be too general or too exclusively focused on its progressive meaning, this article aims to present an account of the meanings of the English present participle that captures their full richness. It starts from the observation that many (though not all) present participle clauses/phrases are paradigmatically related to adjectival phrases, as manifested in their distributional properties (e.g. a challenging year, those living alone). The article analyses the semantic effects that arise from the tension between the verbal semantics of the participial stem and the adjectival semantics of the syntactic slot. These effects involve accommodation of the verbal situation to the requirement that a situation is represented as time-stable and as simultaneous to some contextually given reference time. The progressive meaning is one such semantic effect, but participles may also assume iterative, habitual or gnomic readings. Some construction-specific semantic extensions of this adjectival template are identified and a tentative explanation is offered for them. Those constructions where the present participle has lost its semantic association with adjective phrases, such as the progressive construction and integrated participle clauses, are shown to display loosening or specialization of semantic constraints.
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Kaatari, Henrik. "On the syntactic status of I 'm sure." Corpora 13, no. 1 (2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2018.0134.
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This study tests whether the syntactic status of the subject–adjective combination I’m/I am sure is similar to the subject–verb combination I think (i.e., whether it exhibits the same signs of grammaticalisation along two different parameters). More specifically, the study is concerned with the ability of I’m/I am sure to (i) occur in clause-medial and clause-final position, and with (ii) its preference for that-omission, by comparing the behaviour of I’m/I am sure with the results reported for I think in previous studies. The results show that I’m/I am sure behaves in a similar way to I think both in terms of its ability to occur in clause-medial and clause-final position, and in terms of its preference for that-omission. However, sure is both much less frequent than think in general, and is also proportionally less dominant among the class of adjectival predicates followed by that-clauses than think is among verbal predicates. This makes it difficult to argue that they have developed independently through the same frequency correlation. Instead, I argue that sure and think are part of the same grammaticalised constructional schema, and that the frequency of think could be seen to have an impact on the grammatical status of the parallel construction with sure.
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Sari, Suindah. "STRUKTUR, BENTUK, DAN ISI PERIBAHASA BAHASA KUTAI." LOA: Jurnal Ketatabahasaan dan Kesusastraan 15, no. 1 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/loa.v15i1.1835.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur, bentuk, dan isi peribahasa bahasa Kutai. Masalah penelitian yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini, yaitu (1) struktur peribahasa bahasa Kutai, (2) bentuk peribahasa bahasa Kutai, dan (3) isi peribahasa bahasa Kutai. Untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peribahasa bahasa Kutai berstruktur frasa (frasa nomina, frasa verba, dan frasa adjektiva), klausa (klausa verbal dan klausa adjektival), dan kalimat (kalimat tunggal, kalimat majemuk setara, dan kalimat majemuk bertingkat). Peribahasa bahasa Kutai berdasarkan bentuknya terdiri atas ungkapan, pepatah/bidal, pemeo/semboyan, dan perumpamaan. Berdasarkan isinya, peribahasa bahasa Kutai berisi sifat/tindakan baik, sifat/tindakan buruk, nasihat, peringatan, dan sindiran. Kata kunci: peribahasa, bahasa Kutai, struktur, bentuk, isi AbstractThe purpose of this research is to describe structures, forms, and contents of Kutai proverbs. The research discusses about 1) the structure of Kutai proverbs, (2) forms of Kutai proverbs, and (3) contents of Kutai proverbs. It is qualitative and descriptive as well. The results show that Kutai proverbs contain of phrases (noun phrases, verb phrases, and adjective phrases), clauses (verbal clauses and adjective clauses), and sentences (single sentences, equivalent compound sentences, and multilevel compound sentences). Kutai proverbs based on its form consist of idioms, proverbs, motto, and parables. According to its contents, Kutai proverbs contain good deeds, bad deeds, advises, warnings, and satires. Keywords: proverbs, Kutai language, structure, form, content
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., Herman, Nguyen Van Thao, and Naomi Anggraini Purba. "Investigating Sentence Fragments in Comic Books: A Syntactic Perspective." World Journal of English Language 11, no. 2 (2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v11n2p139.
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This research is aimed to analyze sentence fragments in a comic. The main research questions raised in this paper are: What types of sentence fragments can be seen in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? What factor types can be found in comic Hunter X Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi 1998? The paper uses the qualitative method to conduct content and document analysis (Choy & Clark, 2010). The source of data was the comic entitled ‘Hunter X Hunter in which the researchers discovered six forms of Sentence Fragments after studying the data: fragments of adjective clause, adverbial clause, nominal clause, appositive, infinitive clauses, missing subject, participial, and prepositional phrase fragments. The information was gathered from 30 chapters of Yoshihiro's comic. There were 34 Sentence Fragments, 13 (38%) Dependent clause fragment, 21(62%) into-phrase fragment. There are 6 types of sentence Fragment factors that were investigated by Bashir (2016), but in this comic only 4 factors were found; namely, Omission of the Verb (50%), Subject (20%), and Object (10%), omission of both subject and verb (10%), and Appositive or list Fragments (10%).
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Akmal, Saiful, Muhammad Nur Akbar Rasyid, Yuliar Masna, and Cut Natasha Soraya. "EFL LEARNERS' DIFFICULTIES IN THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION OF TOEFL TEST IN AN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY." Englisia: Journal of language, education, and humanities 7, no. 2 (2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ej.v7i2.6472.
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This study examined the English for Foreign Language (EFL) learners' difficult topics in the structure and written expression section of the TOEFL Prediction Test, and reasons why they consider that these topics were difficult. The mixed-method research design was used in this study. Fifteen participants were selected through purposive sampling mechanism from the seventh-semester students of Department of English Language Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry who have participated in the TOEFL Prediction Test to identify the difficult topics they encountered. Then, the semi-structured interviews were conducted to six underachieving student's participants with the most recorded errors made in the test to know the reasons behind their difficulties. Findings indicated that students encountered difficulties mostly when dealing with determiners, conjunctions, adjective clauses, apposition phrases, and reduced clauses in the structure section. Meanwhile, adverb connectors, subject-verb agreement, and clause of concession, relative clause, and quantifier are the difficulties they encountered in the written expression section of the test. Thus, the findings also revealed several factors identified as the reasons behind those difficulties, namely lack of practice, grammar incompetence, vocabulary shortage, time management, and low self-confidence. Given the significant impact of this study, we suggested that the lectures and English departments should address these difficulties. It is crucial that the focus of the courses related to grammar and EFL proficiency tests be incorporated into the syllabus.
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Washington, Jonathan North, and Francis Morton Tyers. "Delineating Turkic non-finite verb forms by syntactic function." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4, no. 1 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4587.
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In this paper, we argue against the primary categories of non-finite verb used in the Turkology literature: “participle” (причастие ‹pričastije›) and “converb” (деепричастие ‹dejepričastije›). We argue that both of these terms conflate several discrete phenomena, and that they furthermore are not coherent as umbrella terms for these phenomena. Based on detailed study of the non-finite verb morphology and syntax of a wide range of Turkic languages (presented here are Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, and Sakha), we instead propose delineation of these categories according to their morphological and syntactic properties. Specifically, we propose that more accurate categories are verbal noun, verbal adjective, verbal adverb, and infinitive. This approach has far-reaching implications to the study of syntactic phenomena in Turkic languages, including phenomena ranging from relative clauses to clause chaining.
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Haugen, Tor Arne, and Hans-Olav Enger. "The semantics of Scandinavian pancake constructions." Linguistics 57, no. 3 (2019): 531–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0008.
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Abstract A classical topic in the syntax of the mainland Scandinavian languages is so-called pancake clauses where there seemingly is disagreement between the subject and the predicative adjective, as in Pannekaker er godt ‘Pancakes(f):indf:pl be:prs good:n:sg’; the subject is in the plural, whereas the predicative adjective is in the neuter singular. According to one of the several approaches, these clauses display a type of semantic agreement. Recently, it has also been argued that there are at least four different types of pancake constructions. In this article, the semantic relationship between the different constructions is investigated further. It is argued that, diachronically, pancake agreement started with subjects interpreted as virtual, ungrounded processes, and that the absence of grounding has been reinterpreted as absence of spatial boundedness in the latest kind of pancake construction. The analysis is supported by a diachronic corpus investigation. The emphasis on virtual reference is a new feature with the current paper, and it enables us to set aside an objection against the semantic agreement analysis. The diachronic corpus investigation enables us to revise, empirically, earlier suggestions as to when the pancake constructions originated: They are well attested from the mid-1800s, in both Swedish and Norwegian Nynorsk.
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Ghoreishi, Seyyed Mohammad Hossein, and Sirwan Aminzadeh. "The Effects of Translation Shifts on The Readability in Translation of Children’s Literature." Asian Social Science 12, no. 6 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n6p239.
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<p>This study examines the effects of translation shifts on the level of readability in translating children’s literature. It conducts this study on three Persian translations of “<em>Alice’s Adventures in the Wonderland</em>” to rank Catford’s shifts based on their effects on the readability of translation. To do that, in this study, the typology of Catford’s shifts will be extended, and the way to measure text readability will be modulated to include the effects of these shifts on the translation readability.</p><p>Thus, Ranking 14 types of shifts, the study reveals that complex shifts (represented as clauses and groups in the texts) are more effective than simple shifts (which are symbolized as single word -nouns and adjective, determiners- in the text) on the readability of translations. This means the complex shifts are more recognizable for children. Of course, verbs, although are mostly the representatives of simple shifts, are very effective on readability of text. Since, they, along with clause and group segments, are will recognizable for them. Therefore children cannot determine the place of single words in the text, but are expert in realizing word clusters in form of clauses and groups.</p>
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Musan, Renate. "Zur Semantik von werden: ist prädikatives werden transitional?" ZAS Papers in Linguistics 14 (January 1, 1999): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.14.1999.15.
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The paper addresses the longstanding question of whether the copular verb "werden" ('become') is a transitional, i.e. telic, or a nontransitional, i.e. atelic, verb, or verb that is unspecified with regard to telicity. By means of standard tests and historical considerations, it is argued that the verb is telic and refers to accomplishment situations. Nevertheless, there are two types of copular "werden"-clauses with regard to which this view may seem questionable at first sight. First, some "werden"-clauses appear to refer to achievements. This, however, is not a matter concerning the semantics of werden. Rather, the crucial cases are accidentally instantaneous because their predicative complements are absolute predicates. Hence, they do not allow for extended transitions from one state to another. Second, some other "werden"-clauses, expecially those with comparative complements, sometimes appear to refer to processes. However "werden" combined with a comparatival adjective can be shown to be able to refer to clear accomplishment situations. The process-effect is due to a common phenomenon of reinterpretation that leads to iterative transitions between degrees.
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Arends, Myra. "Verwervingsvolgorde In Het Nederlands Als Tweede Taal." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 77 (January 1, 2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.77.08are.
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The assumption that L2 acquisition is constrained by processing is the basis for several approaches to SLA. Pienemann's Processability Theory (PT) is one of them (Pienemann, 1998; 2005). PT is a universal framework that predicts the order in which certain morphological and syntactic phenomena of a specific language are acquired. The current paper presents the results of a test of the validity of PT for L2 Dutch. For this study I elicited utterances of 32 foreign students learning Dutch. Three phenomena were chosen for this test: (i) attributive adjective-noun agreement; (ii) subject-verb agreement in main clauses: (iii) the placement of conjugated verbs in subordinate clauses. These phenomena are located at successive developmental stages in the hierarchy predicted by PT. The presented results appear not to support PT and raise questions about the predictions made by the theory.
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Bell, David Michael, and Theresa Moran. "Comparing the wine tasting notes of Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise: A stylistic analysis." Text & Talk 40, no. 2 (2020): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2019-2053.
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AbstractThis paper offers a stylistic analysis of the tasting notes (TNs) of wine writers Jancis Robinson and Terry Theise. We define linguistic style as those distinctive, consistent, and creative linguistic choices writers make beyond what is conventionally expected in a TN, which are only discernible by comparison to other wine reviewers. Using a corpus of Robinson’s and Theise’s TNs on German and Austrian wines 2012, we compare their TNs in terms of rhetorical and grammatical structure, use of descriptors, and other evaluative language. Robinson’s elliptical note-form style is characterized by adherence to canonical rhetorical structure, verbless clauses, extensive use of conventional metaphoric descriptors and limited use of object descriptors. Theise has an effusive, people-centered additive style characterized by non-conventional rhetorical structure, multiple phrase and clause and coordination, and extensive and exotic use of diverse object descriptors, personification, and intensifier + evaluative adjective phrases. We then connect their varying linguistic styles to their differing approaches to wine tasting.
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Shluinsky, Andrey. "Noun phrase in Enets." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 11, no. 2 (2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2020.11.2.02.
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The paper presents a corpus-based description of the noun phrase structure in Enets dealing with both Enets dialects – Forest Enets and Tundra Enets. An Enets noun phrase has six slots for modifiers: determiner, relative clause, possessor NP, numeral, adjective phrase, apposed NP. Determiners, relative clauses, and adjective phrases are subject to linear recursion, other modifiers are not. All modifiers precede the head NP. In Enets, there is no agreement between head noun and modifiers, but numerals have different patterns in the choice of head noun number form.
 Kokkuvõte. Andrej Šluinski: Noomenifraas eenetsi keeles. Artikkel esitab korpuspõhise kirjelduse eenetsi keele noomenifraasi struktuurist mõlemas eenetsi keele murdes – metsaeenetsi ja tundraeenetsi. Eenetsi noomenifraasil on kuus täiendikohta: määratleja, relatiivlause, omajat väljendav NP, numeraal, omadussõnafraas, appositsiooniline NP. Määratlejad, relatiivlaused ja omadussõnafraasid alluvad lineaarsele rekursioonile, teised täiendid mitte. Kõik täiendid eelnevad põhisõnale. Eenetsi keeles puudub põhisõna ja täiendi ühilduvus, kui numeraalid nõuavad noomenifraasi põhisõnalt erinevaid arvuvorme.
 Аннотация. Андрей Шлуинский: Именная группа в энецком языке. В статье представлено выполненное на материале корпуса текстов описание структуры именной группы в обоих диалектах энецкого языка – лесном тундровом. Энецкая именная группа содержит шесть позиций для модификаторов вершинного существительного: детерминатор, относительное предложение, именная группа посессора, числительное, группа прилагательного, соположенная именная группа. Детерминаторы, относительные предложения и группы прилагательного подлежат линейной рекурсии, в отличие от других модификаторов. Все модификаторы предшествуют вершинному существительному. В энецком языке отсутствует согласование между вершинным существительным и модификаторами, но представлены разные модели выбора числовой формы вершинного существительного в именных группах с числительными.
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VAN LINDEN, AN. "The rise of theto-infinitive: evidence from adjectival complementation." English Language and Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2010): 19–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309990396.
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This article presents a diachronic corpus-based study of the distribution of mandativethat- andto-clauses complementing deontic adjectival matrices in the extraposition construction, as inIt is essential to work upwards from easier workloads(CB). It shows that theto-infinitive encroaches on thethat-clause from Early Middle English onwards and comes to predominate in Late Middle English. It thus adduces evidence for Los's (2005) account of the rise of theto-infinitive as verbal complement: against the generally held view that theto-infinitive replaced the bare infinitive, Los (2005) shows that it spread at the expense of the subjunctivethat-clause in Middle English, e.g. after intention verbs and manipulative verbs. After considering various factors such as the distribution of theto-infinitive in the adjectival complementation system, the tense of the matrix of the adjectival constructions and the Anglo-Saxon versus Romance origin of the adjectives, I conclude that the rise of theto-infinitive with adjectival matrices in Middle English has to be explained by analogy between verbal and adjectival mandative constructions. In addition, this study shows that – unlike with the verbal constructions – theto-infinitive with adjectival matrices stabilizes at roughly a 3:1 ratio to thethat-clause from Early Modern English onwards. For these later periods, finally, it is proposed that the clausal variation may be motivated by lexical determination, discourse factors such as information structure, and stylistic preferences.
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Arar, Mahdi. "Structural Relationships and Polysemy in the Qur'an: Examples and Causes." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 18, no. 1 (2016): 201–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2016.0232.
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This study explores the structural relationships in the Qur'an and their effect on polysemy (taʿaddud al-maʿānī). It first explores the definitions of this phenomenon, adducing various citations. Then it discusses pertinent examples of these, such as the relationship of the pronoun to its antecedent; circumstantial clauses; the relationship of the accusative to its referent; adverbs of time and space in relation to the noun they qualify; the connection between various sentences and phrases and what they refer to; the relationship of the adjective to the noun it qualifies; and so on. In addition, this study attempts to uncover the underlying causes of the phenomenon of polysemy.
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Ruskan, Anna. "Evidential adverbials in Lithuanian: a corpus-based study." Kalbotyra 67, no. 67 (2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2015.8945.
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The present study examines the functional distribution of the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’, tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ in Lithuanian fiction and academic discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the evidential and/or pragmatic functions of perception and communication-based adverbials which can be traced synchronically to different syntactic environment (a predication manner adverbial and a CTP clause). The paper examines the frequency of these adverbials, their position, scope, functions, co-occurrence with argumentative markers, word class (adverb or non-agreeing adjective) and the type of discourse they occur in. The research is conducted by applying a corpus-based methodology and the data are obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The perception-based adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘clearly/visibly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ denote inferences drawn from perceptual and conceptual evidence and contribute to persuasive authorial argumentation, while the communication-based adverbial tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ functions as a hearsay marker. The latter may also be used as an epistemic marker which refers to unreal or imagined situations. In contexts of common knowledge, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ acquires interactional and textual functions and thus reveals traces of pragmaticalisation. In academic discourse, it signals interaction with the addressee and links units of discourse, while in fiction it functions as a speech act modifier in a variety of emotive contexts. The pragmaticalisation of aišku ‘clearly/of course’ is also marked by its high frequency, positional mobility (initial, medial, final) and scopal variability (clausal, phrasal). Alongside its discrete evidential and pragmatic functions, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ displays the merger of the two functions. The adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’ and tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ do not acquire a pragmatic function, which is indicated by their frequency and position. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies that common sources of evidential adverbials and pragmatic markers in Lithuanian are verb-based, adjective-based and noun-based CTP clauses.
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Furukawa, Naoyo. "Sylvie a Les Yeux Bleus." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 11, no. 2 (1987): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.11.2.03fur.
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Sylvie a les yeux bleus: bi-thematic construction The purpose of this paper is to describe the syntactic and semantic structures of the construction Sylvie a les yeux bleus. Traditionally, the verb avoir as taken in this construction is said to relate, syntactically, the NP les yeux with the adjective bleus, and that it comes under the category of verbs which take or can take a direct object NP and its complement: e.g. rendre, trouver, élire, appeler, etc. By using the ne... que test, we show that the role of avoir is to bring Sylvie and les yeux (but not les yeux and bleus!) into syntactic relation, and that, therefore, the sentence elle a les cheveux longs is syntactically different from the sentence elle porte les cheveux longs, the former being composed of two clauses, the latter of one clause. On the other hand, our semantic analysis shows that the construction Sylvie a les yeux bleus is a bi-thematic construction, the primary theme being Sylvie, the secondary theme les yeux, and that, from this point of view, the constructions j'ai la tête qui tourne and il a sa fille mariée can also be considered as bi-thematic constructions.
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Widayanti, Sukasih Ratna, and Bambang Sugeng. "THE USE OF ENGLISH OF THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS AT STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 MAGELANG (A PILOT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SCHOOL)." LingTera 1, no. 1 (2014): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v1i1.2472.
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This study is aimed at describing the use of English of the teachers and students at State Junior High School 1 Magelang as a pilot international standard school. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out the frequencies and percentages of the use of English spoken by teachers and students and (2) to describe the types of the occurrence of English sentences, clauses, and phrases spoken by teachers and students. This study was descriptive-qualitative. The subjects were two teachers and forty-eight students of 8B and 8C in State Junior High School 1 Magelang in the school year 2010/2011. The object of this study was the transcript of teachers and students’ utterances indicating the use of English during teaching and learning process in the classroom. The data were collected through observation and audio-taped of the teaching and learning processes. The results of the study are as follows. First, the teachers’ frequencies and percentages of English sentences are 176 sentences from the total number of 220 sentences or 80%, while the students’ frequencies and percentages of English sentences are 72 sentences from the total of 92 sentences or 78.26 %. Both the teachers’ and the students’ quality of English is very good since they make only a few incorrect English sentences. Second, the four types of English sentences are declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory; the two types of clauses found in English sentences are independent clauses and dependent clauses; and the four types of phrases found in English sentences are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. Keywords: the use of English, pilot international standard school
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Wiyanti, Endang. "KAJIAN KOHESI GRAMATIKAL SUBSTITUSI DAN ELIPSIS DALAM NOVEL “LASKAR PELANGI” KARYA ANDREA HIRATA." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 16, no. 2 (2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v16i2.4481.
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Abstract There are several factors that influence a literary work, especially the novel became a best seller beside the content of the story. One of them is the technique of writing. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the aspects of cohesion grammatical substitution and ellipsis in the novel of Laskar Pelangi. The research method is qualitative analysis technique to characterize descriptive presentation of data obtained by the research. The results showed the use of language elements such as words, phrases, clauses, and sentences as part of the referrer two sentences in pairs to determine the cohesive relationship has not been evenly distributed. The percentage of grammatical cohesion in the aspect of substitution which includes (1) the substitution of the noun (replacing objects) as many as 31 pairs of sentences or 24,03%; (2) substitution of verbal (replacement verb) in 1 pairs of sentences of 0,78%; (3) substitution clause (clause replacement), the substitution clause consists of a nominal clause as many as 16 pairs of sentences, or 12,4%, verbal clause as much as 4 pairs of sentences, or 3,1%, adjective clause as much as 8 pairs of sentences, or 6,2%, adverbial substitution as many as 17 pairs of sentences, or 13,2%, as many as 1 pair preposional clause sentences or 0.78%, clause numeral as many as 11 pairs of sentences or 8,53%, and aspects of the ellipsis which include nominal ellipsis (deletion of objects) as many as 25 pairs of sentences or 11,38%, verbal ellipsis as much as 2 pairs of sentences, or 1,55%, and ellipsis clause by as much as 4 pairs of sentences or 3,10%. There are 10 pairs of sentences or 7,75% there is no cohesion and declared zero (0).Keywords: grammatical cohesion, substitution and ellipsis, Laskar Pelangi’s novel
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Patroeva, N. V. "Syntax of the «Poet of Thought» (To the 220th Anniversary of the Birth of Evgeny Baratynsky)." Russian language at school 81, no. 2 (2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2020-81-2-50-55.
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E. A. Baratynsky’ influence on the 20th-century Russian philosophical lyrics is undeniable. The syntax used by the «poet of thought» demonstrates a tendency towards complication and archaization over time, which generally contradicts the aspirations for the democratization of the poetic syntax that emerged in the Karamzin era. The complexity of the syntactic structure in the poet’s search for a «metaphysical» language is achieved not by increasing the number of complex structures, which make up half of the sentences used by Baratynsky, but rather by saturating sentences with various kinds of clauses (participial, adverbial participial, adjective, noun, adverbial, infinitive) that complicate the model by conjunctive syntagms (prepositional-nominal, comparative, conjunctive), parentheses, vocatives, segments of the «nominative of the theme» type. In an effort to preserve the continuity of poetic traditions for a thoughtful, attentive reader, Baratynsky resorts to archaizing the syllable at the lexical and grammatical levels and, in particular, to using absolute clauses. Complex constructions often accompany iambic trimeter, trisyllabic metres, variable-foot verses consisting of longer and shorter lines characterised by changing the order of stress. Sentences with cumbersome isolated clauses are typical for iambic and dactylic hexameter, metres with a connotation of «high» genres. A more complex syntactic structure is observed in polymetric and variable food poems. The added complexity of syntax in long-sized verses is achieved not by increasing the number of parts of complex structures, but rather by adding clauses and homogeneous parts of the sentence. Large stanza forms are frequently divided into several simple sentences of two or three lines in length. The tradition of poetic rhythm requires a coincidence of the boundaries of quatrain and sentences – their symmetry; therefore, in quatrains, similar to couplets, the occurrence of complex and compound structures is much higher. Free stanza or the lack of stanza division additionally complicates the syntax.
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Sigiro, Elisten Parulian. "BENTUK DAN CIRI ADJEKTIVA BAHASA DAYAK NGAJU." MABASAN 10, no. 1 (2016): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mab.v10i1.80.
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The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative methods and techniques in this study reflect the reality on the facts (fact findings) that is in the field as it is. This research examines how the shape and characteristics of adjectives in BDNg. Thus, the researchers sought to describe objectively and accurately in accordance with the aspects of adjectives BDNg current conditions. In practice, this is done through two methods of data collection techniques, namely by using interview and documentation techniques. The findings of this research, that adjective BDNg can be marked by characteristic, namely (1) there is a possibility to join the particle beken 'not' and dia 'no' (2) can accompany a noun, or (3) may be accompanied by words labih 'more' , pangka 'most', tutu 'very', and labien 'very'. Meanwhile, based on variations in shape, adjectives can be distinguished BDNg its kind on the basis adjectives and adjectival derivative. Basic adjectives are adjectives that only consist of a single morpheme. Meanwhile, the derivative adjective derivative form BDNghave formed through the process of moving on word class and morphological processes, namely affixation, reduplication and compounding. Based their category, there is only one category of adjectives of adjectives BDNg, the adjectives predicative (adjectives that could occupy the position of the predicate in the clause). Furthermore, in its formation, adjectives BDNg formed through some process of affixation, reduplication and compounding.
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Kirkpatrick, Andy. "Information sequencing in Modern Standard Chinese." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 16, no. 2 (1993): 27–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.16.2.03kir.
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The hypothesis presented in this paper is that the sequence of ‘modifier-modified’ is a fundamental unit of sequencing in Modern Standard Chinese (MSC). It is shown that this sequencing unit extends beyond word pairs such as adjective-noun to sentences with complex clauses and also that it constitutes a fundamental principle of sequencing at discourse and text levels. Examples of ‘modifier—modified’ sequencing (also called ‘because—therefore’ sequencing) occurring at levels of the complex sentence, extended spoken discourse and written text are provided. These examples are taken from naturally occurring MSC data. A discussion concerning the implications of the differences in information sequencing between MSC and English in the fields of cross-cultural communication and language teaching concludes the paper.
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Myles, Florence. "Interaction between linguistic theory and language processing in SLA." Second Language Research 11, no. 3 (1995): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100303.
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This article examines L2 performance in three areas of French morphosyntax by English L1 learners. More particularly, it examines how coindexation as defined within the government-binding framework develops in the L2 grammar. Empirical studies relating the development of two areas of French grammar by English L1 speakers are presented. L2 performance on information questions involving qui and que in which learners have to link the wh-phrase and its trace in order to establish the syntactic function of the wh-phrase in the sentence is examined, as well as performance on the morphological phenomenon of noun-adjective agreement in French where learners have to transmit agreement features from a noun to an adjective which it governs. In both cases, learners are found to increase gradually the structural domain in which they are able to operate as their level of competence in the L2 improves, suggesting that they are faced with a parsing problem when coindexing elements in a sentence. These findings are related to a study of the acquisition of restrictive relative clauses in French L2 by English learners (Hawkins, 1989), and then discussed in the light of the current debate in SLA research about the roles played by linguistic theory, on the one hand, and language processing mechanisms on the other.
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Cruschina, Silvio, and Eva-Maria Remberger. "Speaker-oriented syntax and root clause complementizers." Linguistic Variation 18, no. 2 (2018): 336–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16009.cru.
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Abstract The object of study of this paper is a Romance construction characterized by the presence of the complementizer in root clauses and by an evidential or epistemic meaning (i.e. C-constructions). In these structures, the complementizer is preceded by a functional element that morphologically coincides with an adjective or an adverb. From a morphosyntactic viewpoint, we show that these structures are monoclausal and that the epistemic or evidential item preceding the complementizer has undergone a process of grammaticalization becoming a functional element. As for their use and interpretation, we describe their primary semantic meaning, as well as their pragmatic extensions and functions, which involve subjectification and intersubjectivity. We finally propose a syntactic configuration that can account for C-constructions and their properties in the syntax representation. This configuration involves the assumption of a projection – in fact, a set of projections – above ForceP which encode speaker-oriented and pragmatic features (e.g. evaluative, evidential, epistemic values).
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Rahmawati, Yulita Rusli. "ANALISIS STRUKTUR EKSPERIENSIAL PADA TERJEMAHAN UNSUR POST-MODIFIER DALAM KELOMPOK NOMINA DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KUALITAS TERJEMAHAN DALAM BUKU TO BEE OR NOT TO BEE KARYA JOHN PENBERTHY." PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 3, no. 2 (2018): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v3i2.8528.
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This research aims to determine the forms of post-modifier on nominal group, the use of translation technique, and the impact of the translation technique to the translation quality in the book To Bee or Not to Bee. The elements have their roles and functions experientially. In order to get the aspect of readability of the nominal group, the translator must have understanding of how the nominal group is formed based on the experiential structure. This research uses descriptive and qualitative based on Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach. The data collecting techniques used in this research are criterion- based sampling and document analysis by using document analysis, questionnaire and interview in order to obtain the data by giving some questions to the informants. The results of this research show that there are 536 used in this research which consist of non-finite clauses such as relative clauses, participle clauses (past and present) and to-infinitive. The results show there are 124 data (59,61 %) unchanged, 78 data (37,50%) shifting and 6 data (2,89 %) untranslated. Adjective phrases consist of 54 data (10,08 %) with 39 data (72,22 %) unchanged, 14 data (25,93 %) shifting and 1 data (1,85 %) untranslated. Preposition phrases consist of 274 data (51,11 %) with 143 data (52,19 %) unchanged, 97 data (35,41 %) shifting and 34 data (12,40 %) untranslated. The applications of the translation techniques used in this research are single techniques, double techniques, and triple techniques. They have impacts to the translation quality especially in the forms of post-modifier in the nominal groups.
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Ananda, Rizki. "Problems With Section Two ITP TOEFL Test." Studies in English Language and Education 3, no. 1 (2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v3i1.3387.
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This study was designed to investigate (1) the difficulties faced by EFL university students with section two of the ITP, and (2) whether part A or part B was more difficult for them and why. A number of 26 students from two different universities, Syiah Kuala University and the State Islamic University Ar-Raniry were the samples for the test. The data was obtained from a multiple choice questionnaire test consisting of 46 questions, each with 4 answers to choose from. The results showed that inversions (12%), subject-verb agreements (10%), adverb clause connectors (7%), passives (6%), reduced adjective clauses (5%), parallel structures (5%) and use of verbs (5%) were the most difficult questions for the students. Furthermore, they felt that part B was more difficult than part A, as finding an error in a sentence was harder than completing a sentence from a multiple choice. Furthermore, the length of questions in part A did not affect the amount of time the students spent to complete part A and did not cause them to panic. Also, unfamiliar words in part A were not regarded as a problem by the students. Hence, TOEFL teachers and trainers are highly encouraged to pay more attention to doing study exercises for the seven topics with the highest percentages above in part A and also to more practice for part B.
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Fernández, Beatriz, Fernando Zúñiga, and Ane Berro. "Datives with psych nouns and adjectives in Basque." Folia Linguistica 54, no. 3 (2020): 647–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2020-2050.
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Abstract This paper explores the formal expression of two Basque dative argument types in combination with psych nouns and adjectives, in intransitive and transitive clauses: (i) those that express the experiencer, and (ii) those that express the stimulus of the psychological state denoted by the psych noun and adjective. In the intransitive structure involving a dative experiencer (DatExpIS), the stimulus is in the absolutive case, and the intransitive copula izan ‘be’ shows both dative and absolutive agreement. This construction basically corresponds to those built upon the piacere type of psychological verbs typified in (Belletti, Adriana & Luigi Rizzi. 1988. Psych-verbs and θ-theory. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6. 291–352) three-way classification of Italian psych verbs. In the intransitive structure involving a dative stimulus (DatStimIS), the experiencer is marked by absolutive case, and the same intransitive copula shows both absolutive and dative agreement (with the latter corresponding to the dative stimulus and not to the experiencer). We show that the behavior of the dative argument in the two constructions is just the opposite of each other regarding a number of morphosyntactic tests, including agreement, constituency, hierarchy and selection. Additionally, we explore two parallel transitive constructions that involve either a dative experiencer and an ergative stimulus (DatExpTS) or a dative stimulus and an ergative experiencer (DatStimTS), which employ the transitive copula *edun ‘have’. Considering these configurations, we propose an extended and more fine-grained typology of psych predicates.
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King, Ruth. "Subject-verb agreement in Newfoundland French." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 3 (1994): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001678.
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ABSTRACTIn Newfoundland French the verb does not agree in number with a plural subject in one particular construction–subject relative clauses–but rather displays default singular marking. Agreement is made with the subject relative pronoun, which does not have a morphological feature for number associated with it. This absence of a number feature results in a form consistently spelled out as homophonous with the third-person singular. Gender agreement transmitted in subject relatives containing a predicate adjective is evidence that number marking is at issue, not agreement in general. An exception to this pattern is the (variable) marking of plural agreement in the il y en a construction, explained in terms that are independent from the analysis of the default singular. Newfoundland French agreement is then compared with data from other French varieties, and the approach taken in this study is compared with those of other studies of grammatical variation.
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Castroviejo-Miro, Elena. "Gradation in modified AdjPs." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 22 (September 3, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v22i0.2638.
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The goal of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the composition processes underlying DegPs headed by "how" that include an adjective that is in turn modified. These include "how extremely high", "how politically incorrect" and "how damn important". The focus here is on adverbs such as "extremely", which have been used in the literature on exclamatives as a test of exclamativity, but which have not been given to this date a compositional semantics. I argue that, even if this has been challenged in the literature for Remarkably adverbs such as "surprisingly", "extremely" is a degree predicate, where degrees are not construed as positive numbers on a scale but rather as equivalence classes of individuals (Cresswell 1976). This research has interesting ramifications for the analysis of degree expressions "how" and "so" vs. "very" and "enough) and for the distinction between interrogative and exclamative clauses.
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Fitri, Nidya, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satywati, and Sawirman. "Pragmatic Hedges in Court Trial: Indonesian Case." English Language Teaching 12, no. 8 (2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n8p106.
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The usage of hedges in trial discourse context is interested to be explored. This paper presents a description of phenomena related to the use of hedges by witnesses and experts in Indonesian court trial. It focuses on the usage of hedges in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and utterances in court trial context. Conversation among participants in court was taken as a corpus of this study. From the corpus, the data were collected in the form of transcription. Three-levels of hedges that classified by Lakoff (1973), Prince, et al. (1982), and Fraser (2010) were used to analyze the data. The analysis was also related to quantity maxim and quality maxim proposed by Grice maxim (1975). This study has shown that the usage of hedges in Indonesian was classified into propositional, approximator, and adjective hedges. They were used to show politeness as well as to hide the real meaning of their utterance.
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Murgatroyd, P. "Sappho 110aLP: a Footnote." Classical Quarterly 37, no. 1 (1987): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800031803.
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Critics comment on the simplicity of the jest here, not without reason.1 But the levity also has some sophistication, of a literary kind. For a start,andare aptly long and are carefully left to the end of their clauses and lines for maximum effect. In addition, these striking words, which appear for the first (and last) time in Sappho, may well have been deliberate adaptations of two adjectives which had previously occurred only in Homer,2 and they would in any case have called to mind the Homeric ones, because of their close similarity and because there are no other variants of these compounds in surviving literature down to the time of the j poetess.3 At Odyssey11.312 the poet had said of Otus and Ephialtes and at Iliad 7.220, 222, 245, 266 and 11.545 he had described the shield of Ajax asSo, given the epic flavour of Sappho′s epithets, it was amusing of her to include them at all in such a light and frivolous context. There is also pawkiness in the poetess′s application of these terms I with their Homeric tinge to quite different and very mundane objects; and the humour is increased when one takes into account the associations that these words had (in connection with the feet of a human she uses an adjective that recalls the extent of the whole bodies of two Giants; and with reference to the sandals of an ordinary man she uses one which conjures up the huge shield of a hero).This strikes me as an early instance of witty adaptation of epic diction such as is found in Anacreon 358 and 417 PMG.4