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Journal articles on the topic 'Adjective comparison'
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Samonte, Suttera, and Gregory Scontras. "Adjective ordering in Tagalog: A cross-linguistic comparison of subjectivity-based preferences." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4511.
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Previous studies have shown that speakers have robust adjective ordering preferences. For example, in English, big red apple is strongly preferred to red big apple. Recently, Scontras et al. (2017) showed that an adjective’s distance from the noun it modifies is best predicted by the adjective’s subjectivity, with less subjective adjectives preferred closer to the modified noun. However, this finding was limited to English. The current study investigates the status of subjectivity-based adjective ordering preference in Tagalog, a language that forms its modification structures with the conjunction-like LINKER particle. Using Tagalog translations of the original English materials, we show that subjectivity predicts ordering preferences in Tagalog, as it does in English.
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Blom, Elma, Daniela Polišenská, and Fred Weerman. "Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender." Second Language Research 24, no. 3 (2008): 297–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658308090183.
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A comparison of the error profiles of monolingual (child L1) learners of Dutch, Moroccan children (child L2) and Moroccan adults (adult L2) learning Dutch as their L2 shows that participants in all groups massively overgeneralize [—neuter] articles to [+neuter] contexts. In all groups, the reverse gender mistake infrequently occurs. Gender expressed by Dutch attributive adjectives reveals an age-related asymmetry between the three groups, however. Whereas participants in the child groups overgeneralize one particular suffix (namely the schwa), adult participants use both adjectival forms, the schwa-adjective and the bare adjective, incorrectly. It is argued that the asymmetry observed in adjectives reflects that adult learners exploit an input-based, lexical learning route, whereas children rely on grammar-based representations. The similarity in article selection between all groups follows from the assumption that adults, like children, make use of lexical frames. Crucially, lexical frames can successfully describe the distribution of gender-marked articles, but they cannot account for gender in adjectives.
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Liu, Chen-Sheng Luther. "A comparative with two standards of comparison." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2018): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.17003.liu.
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Abstract This article discusses the syntax and semantics of the DS comparative in Chinese, which is an adjectival comparative in which the sequence gèng duō ‘even-more much’ occurs as the degree búyǔ complement clause of the matrix adjective. The element duō ‘much’ is a quantity-adjective that interacts with gèng ‘even-more’ to introduce an additional standard of comparison into the DS comparative in order to make the comparison denoted by the degree búyǔ complement clause possible.
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박숙경. "Comparison of “verb+adjective” phrase with “verb+de+adjective” phrase." Journal of North-east Asian Cultures 1, no. 25 (2010): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17949/jneac.1.25.201012.024.
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Elzinga, Dirk. "English adjective comparison and analogy." Lingua 116, no. 6 (2006): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2005.03.003.
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Nam, Jeesun. "Sur Une Construction N0N1-Ita en Coreen." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 14, no. 2 (1990): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.14.2.05nam.
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The purpose of this study is to describe a class of sentences containing a noun in -ita, which are equivalent to an adjectival predicate. This set of sentences is of the form N0 W N1-ita (where -ita can be translated as one of the uses of être in French). Indeed, for this type of sentence: Léa-nín motín il-e (yôlsông + pulman)-ita Léa-Top everything-Pc (passion + discontent)-ita (Léa is (passionate about + discontented with) everything) we observe that N1-ita answers to the question ôtôha-(how), and not to nuku(who)/muôs(what). Further, N1-ita allows for an indication of intensity or comparison, but N1 can take no modifiers. This kind of predicate, with a human subject (noted Nsp-ita), shares some fundamental properties with an adjectival predicate. From this point of view, it is different from other types of N -ita predicates, such as: Max-nîn (haksäng + honsu-sangthä)-ita Max-Top (student + coma-state)-ita (Max is (a student + in a coma)) i congi-nîn (semo-k'ol + pola-säk)-ita this paper-Top (triangle-form + violet-color)-ita This paper is of (triangular form + violet color)) The fact that Nsp-ita (like SC-cok-ita) resembles the derived adjectives N1-hata or N1-sîlôpta puts into question the current definition of -ita: if -ita, in Nsp-ita, is analyzed as a particle attached to a noun, we would have no adjective in -ita, but only nouns. Under the hypothesis of a support term (here, the adjective supporting the predicative noun), we whould have only the adjective (ita). Finally, if we analyze this kind of -ita as an adjectival suffix, the data Nsp-ita and SC-côk-ita would all make up the entire corpus of adjectives. We underline the fact that this problem is not a simple question of terminology when one is trying to set up a corpus of adjectives for constructing a lexicon-grammar, even though the present study is limited to the classification and description of the nouns that make up the predicate Nsp-ita.
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Mardatillah, Harrifah, Ika Nurhayani, and Hamamah Hamamah. "Variasi Intensitas Kata Sifat Dalam Bahasa Madura." LINGUA : Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 17, no. 1 (2020): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v17i1.623.
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The variations of Madurese intensifying adjectives were investigated in this study. This qualitative study uses a questionnaire as the main instrument to know the intensifying adjectives used by the participants. The participants were asked to translate some sentences from Indonesian to Madurese based on their daily conversations. The participants are native Madurese speakers aged between 15-60 years. The study revealed that there were 28 variations of intensifying adjectives in Madurese which consist of 17 variations of quality level, 3 variations using a determiner before an adjective, 4 variations using a determiner after adjective, 9 variations using a determiner and suffix, and 1 variation using a confix. In the comparative level, it can be divided into equative, comparative, and superlative. There are 5 variations from a comparison of the equivalent level in Madurese, while in the comparative level only one variation is done, it is the addition of lebbi ... deri ..., and the superlative level found 5 variations in the intensity of adjectives.
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Chebochakova, I. M. "On the compatibility of the adjective kichizhek ‘small’ in Khakass." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 40 (2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2020-1-100-107.
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There is still a great interest in the functional side of language phenomena in modern linguistics. The semantics of language units is closely related to a specific speech situation. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze both the context and the inter-compatibility of lexemes in order to describe the specifics of their meanings. The article aims to describe the features of combining the adjective kichizhek ‘small’ with nouns, and this aspect has not been previously studied separately in the Khakass linguistics. The adjective under investigation refers to diminutive adjectives. Diminutives are units characterized by the property of being smaller than the usual size for objects of this type. The diminutive adjective kichizhek ‘small’ is formed by the affix =zhakh from the adjective kichig, which in the “Khakass-Russian dictionary” is interpreted as: “1) small, small (in size); kichig aal small village; kichig tura small house; kеgeneem kichig dress [me] little; 2) small, small (growth); kichig synnyg (sӧӧktig) khys a small person; 3) younger, child, infant; young (by age); kichig oolgym [my] younger son; kichig tusta in childhood (in childhood); kichig naturalist young naturalist.” By analyzing the examples presented in the file, the following groups of combinations of the diminutive adjective kichizhek ‘small’ with nouns were identified: with the names of non-adult people, kinship names, anthroponyms, names of human body parts, living creatures (small size), objects (small), parts of objects, structures, places, parts of structures, parts of plants, natural objects (small size), substances (as grounds for comparisons). No combinations of this adjective with abstract names have been found. Thus, the diminutive combinations with adjective kichizhek ‘small’ have proved to be used more often to denote small objects of the nomination, with all objects being smaller than a man. The names of natural objects were used as a basis for comparison (a candle is compared with the sun, sparrows – with clouds).
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Ratkus, Artūras. "This is not the same: the ambiguity of a Gothic adjective." Folia Linguistica 39, no. 2 (2018): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2018-0017.
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Abstract In line with the traditional pronouncement that the weak (definite) forms of adjectives in Germanic follow the definite determiner, the Gothic weak-only adjective sama ‘the same’ (no indefinite form *sams, with the strong inflection -s, occurs) is determined (sa sama ‘the same’) in the majority of its attestations. However, contrary to the traditional description, occasionally it also occurs on its own, without a determiner. An examination of the syntactic distribution of the adjective and a comparison of the Gothic translation of the Bible with the Greek and Latin texts uncover a double semantic nature of sama. Specifically, when determined, sama conveys a definite/particularising force of ‘the same’. In the absence of the determiner, however, it conveys the semantic value of ‘one; of one kind’. The results of this investigation contribute to our understanding of the conditions that govern the distribution of strong vs. weak adjective inflections in early Germanic. In particular, they confirm the contention that the occurrence of the weak form of the adjective is not simply a matter of whether or not a definite determiner precedes it. Instead, the definite value of the adjective inflection is realised cumulatively (periphrastically), via the co-occurrence of the definite determiner and the weak adjective inflection.
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Brown, Nina W. "Comparison of Described Empathic and Nominated Empathic Individuals." Psychological Reports 64, no. 1 (1989): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.27.
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A composite profile of “empathic individuals” was developed from adjectives checked on Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List by 43 undergraduate students enrolled in a course on counseling. Individuals were nominated as empathic by the students who also completed the checklist. The composite profile was consistent with the Rogerian definition of empathy and Factor 3 (Sociability) of the check list. The profiles for the nominated sample and for the students did not differ significantly on 36 of the 37 scales but both differed significantly from the composite profile on 34 scales.
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Lehmann, Claudia. "About as boring as flossing sharks: Cognitive accounts of irony and the family of approximate comparison constructions in American English." Cognitive Linguistics 32, no. 1 (2021): 133–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2020-0018.
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Abstract This paper reports a case study on a family of American English constructions that will be called the family of approximate comparison constructions. This family has three members, all of which follow the syntactic pattern about as X as Y with X being an adjective, but which allow three related functions: literal comparison, simile and irony. Two cognitive frameworks concern themselves with irony, the cognitive modelling approach and viewpoint approach, and the paper will show that, while the ironic approximate comparison construction calls central assumptions of the cognitive modelling approach to question, the viewpoint account can be refined to handle these cases. In doing so, it furthers our understanding of the cognitive underpinning of irony. The paper provides a corpus-based analysis on the Y slot as well as collostructional analyses on the adjectival X slot in the family of approximate comparison constructions. The results thereof suggest that the ironic approximate comparison construction, in comparison to its literal counterpart, prefers adjectives that convey positively connotated, nuanced attitudes and is formally less variable in the Y slot. The preference for particular adjectives lends further support to the assumption that hearers understand the construction as ironic or literal before speakers complete their utterance. Given that, it is argued that the ironic approximate comparison construction communicates an inherent viewpoint.
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BREBAN, TINE. "Structural persistence: a case based on the grammaticalization of English adjectives of difference." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2009): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002888.
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In this article, it is proposed that processes of grammaticalization are determined and constrained not only by the source semantics of the grammaticalizing item, i.e.lexicalpersistence in the sense of Hopper (1991), but also by the original structure the item occurs in. This previously unrecognized feature of grammaticalization is referred to asstructural persistence. The need to distinguish a structural equivalent to lexical persistence is argued on the basis of a particularly exemplary case, viz. the grammaticalization processes found with one lexically specific set of grammaticalizing elements in English, adjectives of difference such asother,different,various, etc. Before their grammaticalization, these adjectives occur in two different structural configurations, viz. (1) external comparison, in which the adjective describes a relation of difference between the referent of the noun phrase and a second, separately coded, entity, and (2) internal comparison, in which the entities that are said to be different are all denoted by the noun phrase containing the adjective. Even though they undergo the same general semantic process of grammaticalization and delexicalization in both structures, the adjectives acquire a different grammatical function in each of them. The different outcomes of the grammaticalization process can only be explained by relating them to the specific properties of the two source structures.
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Holvoet, Axel. "Vocative agreement in Latvian and the principle of morphology-free syntax." Baltic Linguistics 3 (December 31, 2012): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.419.
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Latvian grammars state that the form of adjectives modifying vocatives in Latvian can be determined by morphological rather than syntactic case: a special vocative ending -o is claimed to be possible only when the vocative controlling agreement has a special form distinct from the nominative. This would contradict Zwicky’s principle of phonology-free and morphology-free syntax, as normally only the morphosyntactic feature value of the noun should be visible to the adjective, not the way in which it is realised. It has been suggested, on the other hand, that the vocative is not really a case, and that typologically speaking it is not a likely agreement feature. The aim of the article is, then, to examine how vocative agreement actually works in Latvian, and how the apparent exception to the general principles ruling agreement can be explained. First, the degree of integration of the vocative in the Latvian case system is examined (in comparison with Lithuanian), and it is suggested that the zero endings characteristic of Latvian vocatives (as a result of phonetic development) could have been reinterpreted as truncation, and that a similar truncated ending was created for the adjective through borrowing of the accusative ending. As truncated vocatives tend to be asyntactic (often being incapable of adjectival modification), it is suggested that the extension of the truncated form to the adjective was not mediated by the regular mechanisms of agreement but by what is tentatively described as ‘vocative smear’―the phonologically driven spread of the vocative feature of truncation to the surroundings of the vocative noun.
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Daniel, Christy, and Shyamala Loganathan. "A Comparison of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods with Rule Based Features for Mixed Emotion Analysis." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 14, no. 1 (2021): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2021.0228.05.
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Multi-class classification of sentiments from text data still remains a challenging task to detect the sentiments hidden behind the sentences because of the probable existence of multiple meanings for some of the texts in the dataset. To overcome this, the proposed rule based modified Convolutional neural network-Global Vectors (RCNN-GloVe) and rule-based modified Support Vector Machine - Global Vectors (RSVM-GloVe) were developed for classifying the twitter complex sentences at twelve different levels focusing on mixed emotions by targeting abstract nouns and adjective emotion words. To execute this, three proposed algorithms were developed such as the optimized abstract noun algorithm (OABNA) to identify the abstract noun emotion words, optimized complex sentences algorithm (OCSA) to extract all the complex sentences in a tweet precisely and adjective searching algorithm (ADJSA) to retrieve all the sentences with adjectives. The results of this study indicates that our proposed RCNNGloVe method used in the sentiment analysis was able to classify the mixed emotions accurately from the twitter dataset with the highest accuracy level of 92.02% in abstract nouns and 88.93% in adjectives. It is distinctly evident from the research that the proposed deep learning model (RCNN-GloVe) had an edge over the machine learning model (RSVM-GloVe).
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Bybee, Joan, and Sandra A. Thompson. "Interaction and Grammar: Predicative Adjective Constructions in English Conversation." Languages 7, no. 1 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010002.
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This article studies the function of Copular Predicate Constructions in everyday English conversation. We compare predicate adjective constructions (PA) and constructions with a predicate nominal containing an adjective (PAN). We ask whether the attributive function of the adjective or the presence of a noun in the PAN leads to a difference in function in the two constructions. We propose that in most cases the adjective determines the function of the construction, leading to many parallels in usage between the PA and PAN constructions. A comparison with predicate nominal constructions (PN), in contrast, shows that not including an adjective in the constructions leads to a different set of meanings and implications. The conversational usage of these constructions provides evidence for a partial correspondence of form to function: Copular Predicate Constructions often constitute a complete turn in conversation, and if not a full turn, form their own prosodic units. Other properties of these constructions—the definiteness of the NP and the presence or absence of a N—correspond to different interactional work. A comparison of all three constructions shows that the adjective plays a determining interactional role, despite differences in syntactic configuration.
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Korostenskienė, Julija, and Lina Bikelienė. "A comparison of degree intensifiers across English corpora: Is it ‘flagrant’, ‘blatant’, or ‘sheer’ audacity?" Valoda: nozīme un forma / Language: Meaning and Form 12 (December 2021): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/vnf.12.06.
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Due to its free-adjoining nature, the category of adjuncts is generally viewed as somewhat peripheral to the forefront of grammatical relations. Meanwhile, given the significance of the media in the present world and the ever-growing prevalence of the notion of news values, outlining the criteria conducive to a message becoming news and including values such as negativity, superlativeness, prominence, timeliness, proximity, etc. (Bednarek, Caple 2014), the broad range of linguistic means encoding intensification, thereby foregrounding a given phenomenon, presents a considerable interest. In this corpus study, we focus on three adjectival emphasisers, flagrant, blatant, and sheer, and examine their use in adjective + noun collocations across a variety of English corpora on the Sketch Engine tool (Kilgarriff et al. 2014) in the academic and the news registers: the “British Academic Written English Corpus”, the “Cambridge Academic English Corpus”, the “English Language Newspapers Corpus”, the “Brexit WR Corpus”, and the “English Timestamped JSI Corpus 2020–10”. We also consider the nominal element the adjectives in question collocate with, seeking to provide an account as to their differences in English. The findings of the study may have implications both for language classrooms and for more specialized fields, such as media studies.
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Toledo, Assaf, and Galit W. Sassoon. "Absolute vs. Relative Adjectives - Variance Within vs. Between Individuals." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 21 (September 3, 2011): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v21i0.2587.
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This paper investigates core semantic properties that distinguish between different types of gradable adjectives and the effect of context on their interpretation. We contend that all gradable adjectives are interpreted relative to a comparison class (van Rooij 2011), and that it is the nature of the comparison class that constitutes the main semantic difference between their subclasses: some adjectives select a class comprised of counterparts of the individual of which the adjective is predicated, while others – an extensional category of this individual. We propose, following Kennedy (2007), that the standard of membership is selected according to a principle of economy whereby an interpretation relative to a maximum or a minimum degree within a comparison class takes precedence over one relative to an arbitrary point. This proposal captures so-called “standard shift” effects, that is, the influence of context on the interpretation of gradable adjectives from all subclasses, whether in their positive form or when modified by degree adverbials. Additionally, this proposal captures cases of apparent lack of context sensitivity (e.g. intuitive inference patterns, unacceptability of for-phrases, etc.). Finally, we hypothesize that the type of comparison class is aligned with the well known distinction between stage-level and individual-level predicates.
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Eskeeva, M. Q. "Kóne túrkі jáne qazіrgі qypshaq tіlderіndegі syn esіm jurnaqtary [Adjective Suffixes in Ancient Turkic and Modern Kipchak Languages]". Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 3, № 117 (2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2020/2664-0686.010.
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The purpose of this article is identification of continuity of the Turkic written monuments of the 4th-9th centuries and adjective suffixes in languages related to the modern Kypchak group, as well as structural and semantic relationships and features. Compiled comparative characteristics of adjectives in the Kypchak group in the Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Tatar languages are compiled, and the features of the development of additional morphemes are determined. The formation of variants and the development of adjective applications are analyzed in comparison with applications in the language of ancient Turkic written monuments. Мақала VІ–ІХ ғасыр түркі жазба ескерткіштері мен қазіргі қыпшақ тобына жататын тілдердегі сын есім жұрнақтарының сабақтастығын, құрылымдық-мағыналық сәйкестіктері мен ерекшеліктерін анықтауға бағытталған. Қыпшақ тобындағы қазақ, қарақалпақ, қырғыз, башқұрт, татар тілдеріндегі сын есім жұрнақтарының салыстырмалы сипаттамасы жасалып, қосымша морфемалардың даму ерекшеліктері айқындалады. Сын есім жасайтын қосымшалардың дамуы мен варианттарының қалыптасуы көне түркі жазба ескерткіштері тіліндегі қосымшалармен салыстырыла талданады.
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Кубашичева, Сафият Крымовна. "Problems of definitions and translation of English complex subject adjectives into Russian." Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Филология и искусствоведение», no. 2(277) (October 6, 2021): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3489-2021-2-277-54-58.
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Рассматриваются структурно-семантические группы многокомпонентных предметных прилагательных, представленные в классической английской художественной прозе как наиболее яркие стилистические приемы словотворчества и авторских новообразований. Посредством сравнительно-сопоставительного и лексико-семантического методов исследуется лингвистический материал на основе известных произведений англоязычных писателей, а также лексикографические источники двуязычных словарей. Метод компонентного анализа группы авторских адъективных новообразований позволяет прийти к заключению о высокой продуктивности образования сложных предметных прилагательных. Аналитический обзор выявил структурно-семантические характеристики класса прилагательных, которые напрямую связаны с их семантикой. Таким образом, установлено, что изучение и сопоставление словарных дефиниций помогает переводу сложных определений цвета в разных культурах. The paper deals with structural and semantic groups of multicomponent subject adjectives, presented in classical English art prose as the most striking stylistic techniques of word-making and authors’ neologisms. Through comparative and lexical-semantic methods, we study linguistic material based on the famous works of English-language writers, as well as lexicographic sources of bilingual dictionaries. The method of component analysis of the group of authors’ adjective neologisms allows us to conclude that the formation of complex subject adjectives is highly productive. An analytical review revealed structural-semantic characteristics of the adjective class that are directly related to their semantics. Thus, it has been found that studying and comparison of dictionary definitions helps translate complex color definitions in different cultures.
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DELIN, J., S. SHAROFF, S. LILLFORD, and C. BARNES. "Linguistic support for concept selection decisions." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 21, no. 2 (2007): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060407070187.
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Affective engineering is being increasingly used to describe a systematic approach to the analysis of consumer reactions to candidate designs. It has evolved from Kansei engineering, which has reported improvements in products such as cars, electronics, and food. The method includes a semantic differential experiment rating candidate designs against bipolar adjectives (e.g., attractive–not attractive, traditional–not traditional). The results are statistically analyzed to identify correlations between design features and consumer reactions to inform future product developments. A number of key challenges emerge from this process. Clearly, suitable designs must be available to cover all design possibilities. However, it is also paramount that the best adjectives are used to reflect the judgments that participants might want to make. The current adjective selection process is unsystematic, and could potentially miss key concepts. Poor adjective choices can result in problems such as misinterpretation of an experimental question, clustering of results around a particular response, and participants' confusion from unfamiliar adjectives that can be difficult to consider in the required context (e.g., is this wristwatch “oppressive”?). This paper describes an artificial intelligence supported process that ensures adjectives with appropriate levels of precision and recall are developed and presented to participants (and thus addressing problems above) in an affective engineering study in the context of branded consumer goods. We illustrate our description of the entire concept expansion and reduction process by means of an industrial case study in which participants were asked to evaluate different designs of packaging for a laundry product. The paper concludes by describing the important advantages that can be gained by the new approach in comparison with previous approaches to the selection of consumer focused adjectives.
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Gavranović, Valentina, and Marijana Prodanović. "The diachronic perspective on the morphology of compound adjectives." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 3 (2021): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30197.
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This paper focuses on a diachronic study of compound adjectives found in the Old and Middle English texts of the Helsinki Corpus. The compound adjectives of both periods are analysed, and further classified into types on the basis of the word class their constituent elements belong to. The aim of the research is to follow the development courses of compound adjective types in the two language periods and to investigate what happened to them in Modern English. The comparison of the types results in the description of the character of these changes, illuminating which Old English types survived into the subsequent periods, which were lost from the language, and what were the new ones introduced in the Middle English period.
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MANDERS, KATHERINE, and D. GEOFFREY HALL. "Comparison, basic-level categories, and the teaching of adjectives." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 4 (2002): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005391.
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We tested 24 caregivers of preschool children to determine whether their strategies for teaching novel adjectives are consistent with children's demonstrated abilities to learn these words (e.g. Waxman & Klibanoff, 2000). On each of four trials, caregivers had to select one of two cards, both of which showed a familiar object bearing an unfamiliar property. On the within-basic card, the object was accompanied by a second object from the same basic-level category; on the across-basic card, this second object came from a different basic-level category. Caregivers' task was to choose the card that would be more helpful to teach a novel adjective for the unfamiliar property. If the second object differed from the first in terms of a novel target property, caregivers (N = 12) stated a strong preference for the within-basic card. If the two objects agreed in terms of the novel property, caregivers (N = 12) indicated a clear preference for the across-basic card. The findings offer new insight into the speed and efficiency of lexical development, by revealing that word teachers, like word learners (cf. Waxman & Klibanoff, 2000), are sensitive to the conditions under which certain contrasts (in property or in basic-level category) are effective in promoting the successful acquisition of novel adjectives.
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McCarthy, Diana, and John Carroll. "Disambiguating Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives Using Automatically Acquired Selectional Preferences." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 4 (2003): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322753365.
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Selectional preferences have been used by word sense disambiguation (WSD) systems as one source of disambiguating information. We evaluate WSD using selectional preferences acquired for English adjective—noun, subject, and direct object grammatical relationships with respect to a standard test corpus. The selectional preferences are specific to verb or adjective classes, rather than individual word forms, so they can be used to disambiguate the co-occurring adjectives and verbs, rather than just the nominal argument heads. We also investigate use of the one-senseper-discourse heuristic to propagate a sense tag for a word to other occurrences of the same word within the current document in order to increase coverage. Although the preferences perform well in comparison with other unsupervised WSD systems on the same corpus, the results show that for many applications, further knowledge sources would be required to achieve an adequate level of accuracy and coverage. In addition to quantifying performance, we analyze the results to investigate the situations in which the selectional preferences achieve the best precision and in which the one-sense-per-discourse heuristic increases performance.
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BYBYK, Svitlana. "“CHRONICLERS WILL NOT HARM FOR US EPITETS WITH A TINT OF RED” (epithetics “Poems from the war” by Borys Humeniuk)." Culture of the Word, no. 92 (2020): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/0201-419x-2020.92.2.
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The article offers an analysis of one of the expressive markers of the language of social works of B. Humeniuk “Poems from the war”. Stylistic functions, structural and semantic properties of epithets are outlined. The connection between lyrical and epic epithets and the form of poems – verlibr – is noted. The functional load of epithets in correlation with linguistic-stylistic categories actualization, intimation, subjectivization, publicism, epicness, lyricism is traced. The role of epithets as actualizers of emotional assessments, concrete-sensory associations (color, size, smell of realities, mental state, mood, worldview of a lyrical hero) in readers is established. Emphasis is placed on militarized epithet with destructive semantics of meanings. The individual-author features of actualization of epithets-coloratives (black, red, white, green, blue, yellow) are emphasized. A specific group of epic, more typical of colloquial language, epithets-pronoun adjectives, which enhance the subjectivity of the poetic context. The originality of the epithetics of B. Humeniuk’s verlibr verse is characterized. In particular, the key proper epithet phrases with the direct meaning of adjectives and metaphorical epithets are singled out; two-syllable noun-adjective epithets, epithets as a part of an adjective inversion, epithets as a part of comparison, a paraphrase are distinguished. The correlation of the epithet “Poems from War” with the archetypal cognitive structures – the concepts of War, Warrior, Death, Life, Man, Nature – is traced.
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Brown, Nina W., and Martha Joslin. "Comparison of Female and Male Engineering Students." Psychological Reports 77, no. 1 (1995): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.35.
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78 male and female engineering students were matched by race/ethnic designation and classification. Personality profiles on the Adjective Checklist indicated no significant differences between groups, with the 39 men and 39 women tending to have the same pattern of elevated and depressed scale scores.
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Doqaruni, Vahid Rahmani. "Investigating bilinguals’ cognitive processing of affective words in minimal linguistic contexts." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 2-3 (2021): 422–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20026.doq.
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Abstract The main aims of the present study are, first, to extend the current cognitive research on affective word processing in bilinguals by analyzing affective words in minimal linguistic contexts and, second, to explore the potential impact of the affective valence of prime nouns on the affective valence of target adjectives. To fulfill these aims, a semantic decision task was employed in which the Persian-English bilinguals saw a pair of words one after another, and were asked to decide whether or not the target word, which was an adjective loaded with positive or negative valence, was related in meaning to the preceding word, which was a noun. Mixed factorial repeated measure ANOVA was run on reaction times and error rates data. The results showed that bilinguals’ responses were slower and less accurate to negative target adjectives in comparison to positive target adjectives. The data further revealed that bilinguals were faster but less accurate when they were responding to related target adjectives compared to unrelated target adjectives. The results provide evidence for a dynamic interaction between cognitive and affective language processing in bilinguals.
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Medvedieva, Liudmyla. "On the opposite directions of semantic motivation in adjective / adverb derivational pairs in russian." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-203-213.
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The paper analyses semantic relationships in adjective / adverb (ending in –о) derivational pairs in the Modern Russian language in terms of the direction of their motivation. The adverbial element in the derivational pairs is represented by adverbs describing the manner of an action. Derivational pairs such as острый – остро, быстрый – быстро refer to syntactic derivation and include words with the same lexical meaning. Thus, the direction of semantic motivation is irrelevant in this case, and adverbs are seen as derivatives on the basis of their formal compoundness. This approach prevents differentiation of derivational pairs in which the nature of semantic relationships between elements in the pair differ. However, the differentiation is possible if 1) the meanings of the related adjectives and adverbs are seen as close, but not the same; 2) in word comparison, the criterion of conformity / non-conformity of their lexical semantics with the categorial meaning of the part of speech is applied. This criterion, which is well-established in the pairs of ‘бежать – бег, острый – острота’ type in connection with the notion of folded proposition and which underlies the differentiation of isosemic and non-isosemic subclasses of nouns, is not easily extrapolated to the derivational pairs where both words have the categorial meaning of a modifier. Even so, correlating the lexical meanings of adjectives with modifying an object and the lexical meanings of adverbs with modifying an action reveals derivational pairs with opposite directions of semantic motivation. Forming adverbs from adjectives is a common direction in the pairs where the adjective describes an innate feature of the object, e.g. the shape, size, colour, etc., and the adverb describes the action not by its own characteristics, but by relating to the relevant feature of the object: острый нож → остро наточить нож meaning ‘так, что нож острый’. Forming adjectives from adverbs is a normal direction in the pairs where the adverb gives a characteristic of the action, e.g. speed or other peculiarities of the action unfolding in time, while the adjective renders a feature of an abstract action: быстро бежать → быстрый бег, meaning ‘такой, который происходит быстро’. Diachronically, derivational and semantic motivation is generated from the feature of a concrete object: быстрый конь → быстро бежит → быстрый бег, but in Modern Russian, the latter is primary, while быстрый конь comes secondary and is motivated by the meaning of the adverb. The indirect proof that in some pairs the adjective is the base, while in others it is the adverb can be given by the correlation of frequency scores of elements in the derivational pairs, i.e. in the derivational pairs of ‘острый → остро, крупный → крупно’ type, adjectives are more frequent, and in the derivational pairs of ‘быстро → быстрый, внезапно → внезапный’ type, adverbs show higher frequency. The analysis shows the need for further research of the semantic aspect of word-formation relationships between words with the categorial meaning of a modifier.
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Буторин, Сергей Сергеевич. "PREDICATIVE QUALITATIVENESS CATEGORY IN KET: LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING IT." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 3(29) (December 14, 2020): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-3-32-43.
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В статье рассматриваются основные разновидности семантической категории качественности, в частности, субкатегория предикативной качественности и языковые способы ее выражения с позиций функциональной грамматики. Показано, что в кетском языке выделяются три типа предикативной качественности: адъективно-предикативная, субстантивно-предикативная и глагольно-предикативная. Адъективно-предикативная качественность выражается адъективными предикатами (как правило, прилагательными); субстантивно-предикативная — предикатами-существительными, которые являются ядром составного именного сказуемого и определяются прилагательными; глагольно-предикативная — предикатами, представленными спрягаемыми глагольными формами. Определен основной инвентарь языковых средств, образующих качественные предикаты: непроизводные качественные прилагательные; производные относительные прилагательные, оформленные словообразовательным суффиксом =ту; каритивные прилагательные; неглагольные субстантивные предикаты, выражающие субстантивно-предикативную качественность; причастия или инфинитивы; субстантивированные комплексные модификаторы; сложнопроизводные прилагательные, оформленные суффиксом производных прилагательных =ту. В статье проанализированы неглагольные средства выражения предикативной качественности, т. е. предикаты, имеющие в качестве главного компонента слово, которое не принадлежит классу полнозначных глаголов, вне зависимости от того, содержится ли в составе сказуемого глагол-связка. Выявлены две ведущие стратегии кодирования качественных предикатов: личная стратегия, которая заключается в оформлении ядра неглагольного предиката показателями согласования с подлежащим по категориям лица, числа и класса (рода), и неличная стратегия, предполагающая использование суффикса =сʹ (ед. ч.) ~ =сʹ=ин (множ. ч.), допускающего согласование с подлежащим только по категории числа. Показано, что имеются некоторые случаи альтернативного кодирования неглагольных качественных предикатов посредством либо личной, либо неличной стратегии кодирования. Приводятся аргументы, подтверждающие, что грамматическая категория степеней сравнения у кетских качественных прилагательных отсутствует. Компаратив и суперлатив выражаются синтаксическими конструкциями, образованными на базе адъективных качественных предикатов. The paper deals with the basic types of qualitativeness category particularly predicative qualitativeness and the language means of expressing it from the standpoint of functional grammar approach. It is shown that three types of predicative qualitativeness are identified in Ket. These are adjective-predicative, substantive-predicative and verbal-predicative ones. Adjective-predicative qualitativeness is expressed by adjective predicates, substantive-predicative qualitativeness — by compound nominal predicates and verbal-predicative qualitativeness — by predicates including finite conjugated verb forms. The basic inventory of language means forming predicative qualitative predicates is identified. The inventory includes underived qualitative adjectives, derived relative adjectives formed by means of the derivative suffix =ту, caritive adjectives, nonverbal substantive predicates denoting substantive-predicative qualitativeness; participles or infinitives; substativized complex modifiers; compound adjectives derived by means of the suffix =ту forming adjectives. The paper analyzes non-verbal means of denoting predicative qualitativeness, i.e. the predicates having as a head a word which doesn’t belong to the class of autosemantic verbs irrespective of the fact whether there is a verbal copula in the predicate structure. Two principal strategies of coding qualitative predicates have been identified including a person and number coding strategy which involves marking the non-verbal predicate by the affixes showing agreement with the subject of the qualitative construction in the categories of person, number and class (gender) and non-personal coding strategy implying the use of the suffix =сʹ (singular) — =сʹ=ин (plural) which allows for agreement with the subject only in the category of number. It is shown that there are cases of alternative coding of non-verbal qualitative predicates using either a person and number coding strategy or a non-personal strategy. The evidence that the grammatical category of degrees of comparison is not found in Ket qualitative adjectives is provided. The comparative and superlative notions are expressed by the syntactic constructions formed on the basis of adjectival qualitative predicates.
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Meng, Wang. "Thematic group “animal world” as a means of interpreting phraseological units with the component “eyes”." Neophilology, no. 26 (2021): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2021-7-26-235-240.
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We attempt to consider Russian phraseological units with the components “eyes” and “animal”, with the help of which a person is compared with a positive or negative image of domestic or wild animals. We establish that zoonymic adjectives act as a means of interpreting phraseological units, mainly such characteristics of a person’s appearance as facial features and facial ex-pressions are interpreted. We prove that the composition of phraseological units with the “eye” component for the most part contains a comparison of a person with domestic animals, which is reflected in a relative adjective. We substantiate that adjectives derived from zoonyms reflect a different degree of phraseological activity and indicate a greater degree of human interaction with domestic animals compared to wild animals. We express a judgment that entering the area of fi-gurative meanings of Russian relative adjectives in phraseological units with a component of “eyes” such as ram, ox, crawfish, lynx, pig, dog, etc. introduces new information into the circula-tion of research, but at the same time eliminates such fundamental linguistic antinomy as synchronicity and diachrony.
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Brown, Nina W. "Description of Personality Similarities and Differences of a Sample of Black and White Female Engineering Students." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (1997): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.603.
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45 black and white female engineering students were assessed on Gough's Adjective Checklist and Schultz's FIRO-B. Nine Adjective Checklist scales showed significant mean differences between black and white women with black women having higher mean scores on Succorance and Abasement. White women had significantly higher mean scores on Achievement, Dominance, Counseling Readiness, Self-confidence, Military Leadership, Masculinity, and A-4. Comparison of scores on the FIRO-B by race showed only one scale with a significant difference, Wanted Inclusion.
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Kavalir, Monika. "Prosody and absolute vs. relative uses of English and Slovene adjectives." Linguistica 57, no. 1 (2017): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.57.1.151-160.
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The paper explores the role prosody plays in distinguishing two types of uses of adjectival structures in English and Slovene. In both languages, adjectival structures can be used with an internal standard, yielding an absolute interpretation, or with an external standard (typically comparing the nominal referent to other members of the same category), giving rise to a relative interpretation. It is shown that, in the base degree, a focus on the adjective provides disambiguation by making it clear that the construction is an instance of absolute use. In the comparative and superlative degrees, however, structural differences in the intonation patterns of the two languages come into play in the case of analytic comparison, so that in Slovene reduction in stress signifies absolute use, but in English relatively used comparatives and superlatives can be unstressed as well.
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Muflihun, Muflihun. "Teaching Grammar: Degrees of Adjective Comparisons in Secondary School of Indonesian Context." Indonesian TESOL Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/itj.v1i1.547.
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This article explores the teaching grammar in secondary school in Indonesian context, the writer noticed that most of the students were struggling to clearly understand and unable to use comparison of adjective. Therefore, the writer would clearly explain those problems supported by research findings from previous studies. There are several activities to be used in teaching grammar, which surely could also be adapted to teaching adjective comparisons. However, in this essay, the writer would only address two common activities; namely grammar games and discovering grammar. It can be concluded that teaching grammar to some extent would not be complicated if it is delivered though appropriate teaching methods and deeply understand students’ problems. Numerous engaging activities to teach grammar is available and this would shift our common paradigm of seeing learning and teaching grammar as a passive and ‘old’ fashioned thing to more communicative grammar teaching and learning.
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Koshkareva, N. B., and I. I. Bakaytis. "Prototypical characterization statements and their expressive synonyms." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 43 (2021): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/74/22.
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The proposition of qualitative characterization is prototypically expressed by statements like “kto / chto (est’) kakov” (somebody / something is of some kind). Expressive synonyms of such sentences are non-prototypical statements based on existential structures of the type “v kom / chem (est’) chto-to kakoe” (there is something of some kind in somebody / something). They are a means of expressing the intensity of the manifestation of the trait, persuasiveness (the author’s uncertainty that he has made an objective idea of the properties and qualities of the described object), comparison, and the actualization of the trait. The transformation method was used to clarify the differences in the semantics of prototypical and nonprototypical sentences of characterization. The impossibility of direct transformation is revealed when the predicate is expressed by an adjective, the semantics of which does not allow the combination with components denoting a weakened or, conversely, high manifestation of the trait. In the construction “v kom / chem (est’) chto-to kakoe,” any variation of the semantics of the circumstance by the category of intensity is possible. The existential structure becomes an expressive means of characterization. At the same time, the narrator is not sure about the nature and causes of the intensity of the manifestation of the trait and does not give a categorical assessment to the subject. A high degree of manifestation of the trait, represented in the statements like “kto / chto (est’) kakov,” is much more frequent. When the adjectival position is filled with a relative or possessive adjective, a non-categorical comparison is expressed.
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Weiland-Breckle, Hanna, and Petra B. Schumacher. "A direct comparison of metonymic and metaphoric relations in adjective–noun pairs." Acta Linguistica Academica 65, no. 2-3 (2018): 443–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2018.65.2-3.8.
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Efremov, Dmitry Anatolyevich, and Soma Selmeczy. "ON THE QUESTION OF ADJECTIVE QUALITY DEGREES IN THE UDMURT AND CHUVASH LANGUAGES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 13, no. 4 (2019): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2019-13-4-591-598.
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The Udmurt and Chuvash languages do not belong to the same family, however, when it comes to morphological categorisation, they are both classified as agglutinative. As a result of the historical development of the Udmurt and the Chuvash peoples, i.e. due to their long dwelling within the same geographical region, the Volga-Kama Sprachbund was formed, which also includes the Mari, Tatar and Bashkir languages. In these five languages typologically similar points are manifested on different linguistic levels, including morphology. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the degrees of comparison of the adjective in the Udmurt and Chuvash languages and hypothesise that the category of degrees of quality may be present in the Chuvash language. In Udmurt, along with degrees of comparison, adjective quality levels are also distinguished, which include three degrees: positive, moderative, and intensive. Semantically this category lacks the notion of comparison, instead it indicates the presence of a quality or feature of an object (or person) to a certain extent; positive expresses a neutral degree of quality. There are no special means for the formation of this word form, just as in the case with a positive degree of comparison, the grammatical indicator is the zero morpheme. The moderative expresses the incompleteness of quality, or its insufficiency; formed morphologically in Udmurt, using affixes -мыт, -алэс ( -ялэс ) , -пыр(ъем), -гес ( -гем ). The intensive shows the presence of the feature in a concentrated form, its prevalence; The highest degree of quality can be formed in two ways: analytically (using amplifier words) and synthetically (by reduplication of the adjective). In the Chuvash language, a completely identical situation is manifested: linguists note the presence of forms expressing quality, the notion of the attribute being incomplete or intensified, however, there are no opinions that a category of degrees of quality that is different from the degree of comparison would exist.
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Kovshova, M. L. "Semantics of Adjective 'radostny' and Conceptualization of the Emotional Evaluation." Critique and Semiotics 39, no. 1 (2021): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2021-1-159-175.
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The article deals with the development and modification of the emotional evaluation of the adjective radostny (English – joyful) in terms of conceptualisation of emotions. The paper includes the comparison of its dictionary definitions, etymological data and interpretation in terms of emotional evaluation. Special attention is paid to the processes of conceptualisation of emotional evaluation by means of the extension of the adjective denotation sphere, denotative shift from perceptible objects to invisible objects, from form to content. As a result, the adjective radostny receives intellectual and aesthetic shades of meaning. The denotative shift referring to negative denotation modifies the dominant category feature – a positive evaluation component. It leads to the weakening and neutralization of the positive evaluation. The analysis of use, as applied to the examples in the Russian National Corpus, verifies the basic characteristics of emotional evaluation (subjectivity and uncertainty) and helps to identify its important characteristics (communicativeness, efficiency, attractiveness). The study takes into account the forms of objectification of radostny evaluation, time factor and typical genres.
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Takahashi, Chikako, Sophia Kao, Hyunah Baek, Alex HL Yeung, Jiwon Hwang, and Ellen Broselow. "Native and non-native speaker processing and production of contrastive focus prosody." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4323.
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Several studies have found that the presence of L+H* accent on a contrastive adjective assists native-speaking listeners in narrowing the referent of the noun following the adjective (e.g., Ito & Speer 2008, Weber et al. 2006). Our study addresses two questions: whether non-native speakers use prosodic cues in processing, as previous studies have shown for native speakers, and whether there is a relationship between the use of prosodic cues in processing and in production. Twenty-one Mandarin speakers living in the US and twenty-one native English speakers participated in two tasks investigating their processing and production of prosodic cues to contrastive focus. In the processing task, participants responded to the same recorded instruction containing an accented adjective in different contexts, in which the adjective was either contrastive (and therefore appropriately accented) or was repeated and followed by a contrasting noun, making focus accent on the adjective inappropriate. In the production task, participants guided an experimenter to place colored objects on a whiteboard, with some contexts designed to elicit contrastive focus. Overall results indicate that the Mandarin speakers made use of prosodic cues in both processing and production, although their focus prosody production differed from that of native speakers in several respects. Comparison of the results in the two experiments did not find strong correlations between processing and production. These results suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity even among native speakers in the use of prosodic cues in processing and production, and even those who do not use prosodic cues in processing may use them in production.
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Van Goethem, Kristel, and Philippe Hiligsmann. "When Two Paths Converge: Debonding and Clipping of Dutch Reuze." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, no. 1 (2014): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542713000172.
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Dutch reuze(n)(-) has a wide range of synchronic uses that form part of a broad categorical and semantic continuum. Derived from the noun reus ‘giant’, it is often used to express a comparison in nominal and adjectival compounds (for example, reuzegroot ‘as big as a giant’, lit. ‘giant-big’), but it can also have a merely intensifying function (for example, reuzeleuk ‘very nice’, lit. ‘giant-nice’). Moreover, it currently occurs as a free adjective and adverb while keeping its morphological linking morpheme -e- and intensifying value (for example, Het feestje was reuze ‘The party was great’). Drawing on synchronic and diachronic corpus data, this paper argues that the emergence of reuze as a free morpheme should be accounted for by debonding (an instance of degrammaticalization) and clipping.*
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Fox, Gwendoline. "Peut-on expliquer l’acquisition de l’alternance de l’adjectif en français à partir de l’input ?" Role of input on early first language morphosyntactic development 5, no. 1 (2014): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.1.05fox.
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This article proposes to study the acquisition of the placement of attributive adjectives by French-speaking children between the ages of 3;9 and 4;6. It examines the possibility to account for children’s uses and evolution on the basis of the model provided by the input, considering that there is a mismatch between speakers’ abstract knowledge of alternation and their behaviour in usage. The study consists of a comparison between the productions of three children at two points in their development, and the uses of their interlocutors, in situations of games. Results show that alternation appears late and develops slowly in children’s productions, suggesting a very long process of acquisition. They also indicate that children heavily rely on the input in their choices of placement, which influences how they come to master alternation. This supports a usage-based approach to the acquisition of word order and of the Adjective category.
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Oktavianti, Ikmi Nur, and Japen Sarage. "Collocates of 'great' and 'good' in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and Indonesian EFL textbooks." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 2 (2021): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i2.18594.
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Previous studies have proven some discrepancies between language presented in EFL textbooks and the real use of English. This fact contradicts the teaching materials’ aim, which is intended to equip the learners to be communicatively competent. This study then investigates the use of adjectives, limited to ‘great’ and ‘good’ in terms of the frequent and strong co-occurrences, i.e., collocations, in a general reference corpus of Standard English to be compared with those in Indonesian EFL textbooks. The data were collected from both the corpus and the textbooks, but the analyses in the textbooks were generated based on the Mutual Information (MI) score of the collocates. Based on the comparison, it is evident that there are some similarities between adjective use in the textbooks and the corpus in terms of verb collocates of the adjectives. The mismatches, however, are quite remarkable, especially in terms of the variability of adverb collocates and the absence of prominent noun collocates in the textbooks. Pedagogically speaking, these results should be taken into consideration in writing the textbooks to enhance the quality of the language content prepared for the learners in the EFL context.
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Tsimashenka, N. "THE USE OF COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE LANGUAGE OF BELARUSIAN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 35 (2019): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2019.35.14.
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The author of the article explores the use of comparative constructions in the language of Belarusian proverbs and sayings, which are the soul of the Belarusian people, the basis of their culture. Comparative constructions are characterized on the morphological and syntactic level. Within the framework of morphology, comparative forms are considered as a variant of the all-union introduction of comparison into the composition of a sentence. This can be an adjective, adverb word or impersonal predicative word in the degree of comparison, or the word form in the instrumental case, which conveys a comparative meaning. At the syntactic level, the system of comparative constructions in paremic texts is represented by various groups: comparisons that are part of the predicate, actual comparisons, comparative expressions and comparative parts of a complex sentence. The author concludes that comparative constructions are characterized by their brightness, depth, and capacity of artistic generalization; therefore, the comparison has a great emotional impact.
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Pouzik, Andrey A. "Deadjectival Verbs of Essive Semantics in German, English and Ukrainian: A Typological Approach." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 466 (2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/466/3.
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The peculiarities of the semantics and structure of verbs derived from adjectives in German, English, and Ukrainian have been analyzed. The verbal lexemes of the languages compared can be defined by means of a semantic interpretation model “Subject of a Situation Is a Motivating Adjective”; they constitute a semantically heterogeneous group of “essive” verbs (from Lat. esse - ‘to be'). Within the framework of the derivational category of “essive” verbs at the level of derivational semantics subcategories, semantic groups and subgroups have been distinguished. In the semantic structure of “essive” deadjectival verbs of German, English, and Ukrainian, the opposition is reproduced on the basis of an “active/inactive state of the subject of a situation when revealing a feature denoted by a motivating adjective”. On this basis, the “essive” verbs of the compared languages are divided into two derivational subcategories: “proper essive” deadjectival verbs (inactive state of the subject of a situation when revealing a feature) and “quasi-essive” verbs derived from adjectives (active state of the subject when revealing a feature). In terms of interlingual comparison, the author notes the quantitative superiority of the two subcategories of the Ukrainian “active” deadjectival verbs over the corresponding subcategories of German and English, while within each language of comparison the quantitative ratios of the selected subcategories are different: in Ukrainian the subcategory of “proper essive” deadjectival verbs is superior over the subcategory of “quasi-essive” verbs, while in German and English the “quasi-essive” deadjectival verbs are quantitatively superior over the subcategory of “proper essive” deadjectival verbs (in German the quantitative difference is insignificant (nine verbs), and in English the group of “quasi-essive” deadjectival verbs is almost twice as big as in German). Within the selected derivational subcategories of the languages compared and on the basis of the presence/absence and nature of certain additional semantic components in the semantic structure of “essive” deadjectival verbs, semantic groups have been distinguished. Two semantic groups can be clearly distinguished within “proper essive” deadjectival verbs, depending on whether the feature revealed by the subject of a situation is necessarily visually perceptible (“expositive”) or visually imperceptible (“intra-essive”). The group of “expositive” deadjectival verbs of Ukrainian is eight times as big as the corresponding semantic group in German, while in English no deadjectival verbs of “expositive” semantics have been found. In German and English, the main way to derive essive verbs from adjectives is conversion (85% and 56%, respectively). In English, conversion is supplemented with suffix models (44%). Essive suffix deadjectival verbs make up 100% of the material in Ukrainian and 15% in German.
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Sudaryat, Yayat. "PEMARKAH PERTARAFAN DALAM BAHASA SUNDA." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 2 (2013): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2013.12203.
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Sundanese. It uses the descriptive method. The data were This research aims to describe the qualitative marker in collected with bibliographic study, intuitive technique, and elicitation technique. The sources of data are the spoken and written Sundanese and its variation. The data are analyzed with distributional method and immediate constituent analysis. The result shows that there are 32 the qualitative markers in Sundanese: two affixes and thirty qualitative adverbs. The result of this study consists of four qualitative markers. They are form, distribution, function, and meaning. The form of the qualitative marker consists of four word forms: the simple words, derivative words, reduplication words, and compound words. The distribution of the qualitative marker in adjective phrases consists of four word positions: pre-adjective, postadjective, pre-post-adjective, and mobile position. The function of the qualitative marker consists of two kinds of functions: the inflective function and attributive function. The meaning of the qualitative marker consists of two quality degree. The first is quality degree which divides at positive, intensive, elative, excessive, augmentative, and extenuative. The second is a comparison degree which divides at equative, comparative, and superlative.
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Septevany, Elvira, Liu Dandan, Qin Weifen та Lu Xing. "THE COMPARISON BETWEEN STRUCTURAL PARTICLE “地” IN MANDARIN AND STRUCTURAL PARTICLE “DENGAN” ATAU “SECARA” IN INDONESIAN". Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) 5, № 1 (2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/lire.v5i1.105.
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The uses of structural particle “地 dengan/secara” in Mandarin or in Indonesian have similarities and differences. In order to compare these two words, the writer uses contrastive analysis which is a study to identify the differences and similarities between Indonesian and Mandarin structural particle. The data collection technique was done by using purposive sampling technique. It was taken randomly from Modern Indonesian books and then compared with structural particle in Mandarin. The result of this analysis is that there are similarities and differences in the use of the structural particle “地 de” in Mandarin and “dengan” or “secara” in Indonesian. Besides, there are also differences in word usage. The difference can be seen from the uses of structural particle “地 de” in Mandarin and the structural particle “dengan” or “secara” in Indonesian in other words. The “地” marker in Mandarin can only corresponds to the adjective word class while the Indonesian language is more flexible because the structural particle “dengan” or “secara” can match the adjective, verb, noun, or adverb word class. The structural particle “dengan” or “secara” when corresponding to the word class will indicate a method, style, or manner of doing something.
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Jacobsen, Barbara S., Barbara H. Munro, and Dorothy A. Brooten. "Comparison of Original And Revised Scoring Systems For the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List." Nursing Research 45, no. 1 (1996): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199601000-00011.
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Lange, Violaine Michel, Cyril Perret, and Marina Laganaro. "Comparison of single-word and adjective-noun phrase production using event-related brain potentials." Cortex 67 (June 2015): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.02.017.
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Afri, Evan, and Surya Hendra Putra. "IMPROVING ENGLISH VOCABULARIES THROUGH DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 5, no. 2 (2021): 519–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v5i2.4340.
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This research aims to improve students' vocabulary acquisition through the strategy of deriving suffixes. The populations of this study are students from Politeknik Ganesha Medan in second semester. This research was conducted through Applied Classroom Action Research (CAR), born in two cycles (cycle 1 and cycle 2), and each process consisted of four meetings. The vocabulary test results showed that the average improvement score of the pre-test was 34.66, the post-test of period 1 was 93.46, and the post-test of period 2 was 97.33. In the first cycle, the nominal comparison rate was 88.83%, the verb nature was 77.46%, the adjective nature was 40.74%, and the adverbial heart was 84.14%. In cycle 2, the nominal comparison rate was 100%, the verb nature was 95.45%, the adjective nature was 65.84%, and the adverbial nature was 94.91%. The proportion of students who passed Minimal Criterion Mastery in each cycle was 100%, cycle 1 increased by 169.64%, and cycle 2 increased by 180.81%. These indicate that there is a significant improvement of the students’ vocabulary mastery through derivational morpheme strategy of the students of Politeknik Ganesha Medan.
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Barber, Horacio, and Manuel Carreiras. "Grammatical Gender and Number Agreement in Spanish: An ERP Comparison." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (2005): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929052880101.
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The role of grammatical gender and number representations in syntactic processes during reading in Spanish was studied using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique. The electroencephalogram was recorded with a dense array of 128 electrodes while Spanish speakers read word pairs (Experiment 1) or sentences (Experiment 2) in which gender or number agreement relationships were manipulated. Disagreement in word pairs formed by a noun and an adjective (e.g., faro–alto [lighthouse–high]) produced an N400-type effect, while word pairs formed by an article and a noun (e.g., el–piano [the-piano]) showed an additional left anterior negativity effect (LAN). Agreement violations with the same words inserted in sentences (e.g., El piano estaba viejo y desafinado [the m-s piano m-s was old m-s and off-key]) resulted in a pattern of LAN–P600. This effect was found both when the violation occurred in the middle of the sentence (at the adjective), as well as when this happened at the beginning of the sentence (at the noun), but the last segment of the P600 effect was greater for the middle sentence position, which could indicate differences in the complexity of reanalysis processes. Differences between grammatical gender and number disagreement were found in late measures. In the word pairs experiment, P3 peak latency varied across conditions, being later for gender than for number disagreement. Similarly, in the sentence experiment, the last segment of the P600 effect was greater for gender than for number violations. These event-related potentials (ERPs) effects lend support to the idea that reanalysis or repair processes after grammatical disagreement detection could involve more steps in the case of gender disagreement, as grammatical gender is a feature of the lexical representation in contrast to number, which is considered a morphological feature that combines with the stem of the word.
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Reshef, Yael. "The Impact of Contact Languages on the Grammaticalization of the Modern Hebrew Superlative." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (2015): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340033.
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Modern Hebrew grammatical constructions include a tripartite paradigm of degree comparison consisting of the positive adjective, the comparative, and the superlative. Such a paradigm did not exist in classical Hebrew, and the expression of the superlative in both Biblical Hebrew and Rabbinic Hebrew required reference to a comparison class by means of a noun. Based on an examination of textual evidence from the initial phases of the formation of Modern Hebrew, this article traces the emergence of the modern superlative constructions and evaluates the role of contact languages in the process.
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Halas, Ana. "METAFORIČKA ZNAČENJA ENGLESKOG PRIDEVA HARD I SRPSKOG PRIDEVA TVRD." Годишњак Филозофског факултета у Новом Саду 42, no. 1 (2018): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/gff.2017.1.99-115.
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Analiza predstavljena u ovom radu obuhvata identifikaciju pojmovnih metafora aktivnih u semantičkoj disperziji engleskog prideva hard i srpskog prideva tvrd, kao i utvrđivanje njihove produktivnosti. Cilj analize je poređenje metaforičkih obrazaca i njihove produktivnosti u semantičkim strukturama dva analizirana prideva, a time i sticanje uvida u sličnosti i razlike između engleskog i srpskog jezika u pogledu konceptualizacije apstraktnijih pojmova pomoću pojma fizičkog svojstva tvrdoće. Rezultati izvršene analize pokazuju da postoji značajan broj pojmovnih metafora zajedničkih za semantičke strukture prideva hard i tvrd, što ukazuje na visok stepen sličnosti između engleskog i srpskog jezika u pogledu konceptualizacije apstraktnih domena polazeći od fizičkog svojstva tvrdoće kao izvornog domena. Međutim, pomenuti zajednički pojmovni obrasci nisu jednako produktivni u semantičkim strukturama dva prideva, a takođe utvrđeni su i slučajevi u kojima su na osnovu istog pojmovnog obrasca izvedena različita značenja u dvema strukturama. 
 Ključne reči: polisemična struktura, semantička disperzija, pojmovna metafora, metaforički obrazac, domen tvrdoće, metaforičko značenje, engleski jezik, srpski jezik.
 In this paper, there have been identified conceptual metaphors activated in the semantic dispersion of the English adjective hard and the Serbian adjective tvrd. Also, there has been determined the productivity of each of the identified metaphorical patterns in sense derivation. The aim of the analysis has been to compare the mentioned patterns and their productivity in the semantic structures of the two adjectives. Such a comparison has provided an insight into similarities and differences between English and Serbian concerning the conceptualization of abstract notions using the notion of physical hardness as a source domain. The results of the analysis have shown that most of the identified metaphorical patterns are common for both semantic structures in question. Therefore, it has been concluded that there is a considerable similarity between English and Serbian taking into account the conceptualization of abstract notions using the notion of hardness as a source domain. However, the given common patterns are not equally productive in the two semantic structures. What is more, it is a frequent case that, on the basis of the same conceptual metaphor, completely different senses have been derived in the semantic structures of the two adjectives.
 Key words: polysemous structure, semantic dispersion, conceptual metaphor, metaphorical pattern, domain of hardness, metaphorical sense, English, Serbian.