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1

Lassiter, Daniel. Certainty and possibility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses several more epistemic adjectives. Certain and its near-synonym sure are maximum adjectives that combine with proportional and percentage modifiers. A comparison with non-modal adjectives suggests a ratio-scale classification with at least an upper bound. Several lines of evidence indicate that certainty and likelihood are formally closely related. However, there are puzzles around the interpretation of uncertain that indicate that the relation may not be one of identity. I consider three possible analyses, all of which have certain advantages and drawbacks. I then turn
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2

Hu, Xuhui. The syntax and semantics of Chinese resultatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the syntactic derivation of Chinese resultatives. While in English resultatives the [uDiv] feature is valued with the mechanism of feature sharing, in Chinese resultatives it is valued by a verbal C-functor, by nature equivalent to en in flatten. The Chinese V–V resultative compound is a single de-adjectival verb: the first verb is a verbal C-functor and the second one is an adjective. The V–V resultative construction is therefore analyzed as a causative construction involving a de-adjectival verb. This single hypothesis provides a unified account of the seemingly mys
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3

Rubinstein, Aynat. Straddling the line between attitude verbs and necessity modals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0007.

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This chapter explores the semantic properties of verbs and adjectives with closely related meanings having to do with desires and goals. I evaluate recent work on verbs of desire (e.g. ‘want’) which has suggested that these attitude predicates require access to multiple alternatives for their interpretation (Villalta 2006, 2008). I argue that this heavy machinery is in fact not required, integrating important insights proposed in this recent work into a quantificational modal analysis of comparison-based attitudes. The proposed analysis highlights the similarities and differences between ‘want
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4

Frana, Ilaria. Modality in the nominal domain: The case of adnominal conditionals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0004.

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In 1996, Peter Lasersohn discovered a construction in which an if-clause appears as an NP-modifier, rather than a sentential adjunct (e.g. The price if you pay now is predictable). He dubbed these types of if-clauses “adnominal conditionals” (ACs). Building on Lasersohn’s proposal that ACs are NP modifiers, this chapter provides a compositional analysis of ACs within a restrictor-based analysis of conditionals (Lewis 1975; Kratzer 1986; Heim 1982). According to my proposal, ACs always restrict the domain of an operator within the NP they modify (a modal adjective), and when there is no overt o
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5

Nicolae, Alexandru. Word Order and Parameter Change in Romanian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807360.001.0001.

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The book provides a comprehensive description and in-depth analysis of the major word order changes affecting the clausal and the nominal domains in the transition from old to modern Romanian. The Romanian data are set in a comparative Romance perspective, and the impact of the Balkan Sprachbund and the influence of Old Church Slavonic on the word order changes taking place in the transition from old to modern Romanian are also analysed. The book examines a large number of phenomena: some of them are found across Romance (e.g. scrambling, interpolation, discontinuous constituents, variation in
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6

Miller, D. Gary. The Oxford Gothic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813590.001.0001.

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This reference grammar of Gothic includes much history along with a description of Gothic grammar. Apart from runic inscriptions, Gothic is the earliest attested language of the Germanic family in Indo-European. Specifically, it is East Germanic. Most of the extant Gothic corpus is a 4th-century translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. This translation is historically important because it antedates Jerome’s Latin Vulgate. Gothic inflectional categories include nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Nouns are inflected for three genders, two numbers, and four cases. Adjectives also h
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7

Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Scaling responses. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0004.

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This chapter presents various ways of presenting the response options to the respondent. It begins by discussing why dichotomous responses (e.g. yes/no, true/false) are often inadequate. Different alternatives are discussed, including direct estimation methods (e.g. visual analogue scales, adjectival scales, Likert scales), comparative methods (e.g. paired comparisons, Guttman scaling), and econometric methods. It reviews some of the issues that need to be considered in writing the response options, such as whether one should use a unipolar or bipolar scale, how many steps there should be, and
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8

Stein, Gabriele. John Palsgrave’s description of French word-formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807377.003.0007.

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The comprehensive nature of John Palsgrave’s endeavour to analyse and describe the French language in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse (1530) also encompasses the formation of words. Whereas Chapter 6 focused on his pioneering achievement as a grammarian and lexicographer, this chapter describes his most impressive work as a sixteenth-century lexicologist analysing the word-structures of a vernacular. The coining of words is embedded in a word class-based grammatical framework. For each word class, e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, etc., he discusses the formative processes (deriv
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9

Whitman, John, and Yohei Ono. Diachronic interpretations of word order parameter cohesion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0004.

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This chapter uses statistical tools to investigate the interrelationship between typological features in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (Dryer and Haspelmath 2013) in the WALS 201 language sample, with the objective of determining how crosscategorial word order generalizations might emerge as the result of syntactic change. Multiple Correspondence Analysis and a variety of cluster analyses show that word order features tend to group along the familiar lines of the Head Parameter. But there is an important caveat to this, previously noticed by Albu (2006): word order features in
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10

Poplack, Shana. Confirmation through replication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews a series of replications of the studies reported in previous chapters on eight typologically distinct language pairs, making use of a wide array of phonological, morphological, and syntactic diagnostics (e.g., vowel harmony, word order, case-marking, adjectival expression, nominal determination patterns, verb incorporation strategies). Wherever a conflict site between donor and recipient languages could be determined, lone items were systematically shown to behave like the latter, often to the point of assuming the fine details of its variable quantitative conditioning. Re
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11

Glass, Richard M. Eponyms. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0016.

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Eponyms are names or phrases derived from or including the name of a person or place. These terms are used in a descriptive or adjectival sense1 in medical and scientific writing to describe entities such as diseases, syndromes, signs, tests, methods, and procedures. These eponymous terms should be distinguished from true possessives (eg, Homer’s Iliad). Medical eponyms are numerous (a website devoted to medical eponyms lists more than 7000), are frequently used in medical publications, and are treated in dictionaries of eponyms covering general medicine3 and some specialties, eg, neurology. E
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12

Sawada, Osamu. Counter-expectational scalar adverbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 investigates the meaning and use of Japanese counter-expectational scalar adverbs—that is, the counter-expectational intensifier yoppodo and the Japanese scale-reversal adverb kaette. It shows that although yoppodo and kaette convey some kind of counter-expectational meaning as lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers, the way they trigger counter-expectational meaning is quite different. In an adjectival environment, yoppodo semantically intensifies degrees based on extraordinary evidence and conventionally implies that the degree is above the speaker’s expectation. By contrast, kaett
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13

Contini–Morava, Ellen, and Eve Danziger. Non-canonical gender in Mopan Maya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0006.

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Mopan (Mayan, Belize/Guatemala) has two noun classifiers that resemble gender markers. However, the gender markers (GMs) violate expectations about canonical gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016): only a minority of Mopan nouns are gendered; gender is marked only together with the noun, not in multiple syntactic domains; gender marking can be omitted in certain syntactic contexts; and gender marking can be introduced when a normally non-gendered noun co-occurs with an adjectival modifier. We address the grammatical and discourse functions of Mopan GMs in relation to their non-canonical properties.
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14

Hugo, Nina. « D'une voix et plaintive et hardie ». Librairie Droz, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47421/droz62824.

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Voici comment, dans un prologue adressé au Roi, Étienne Jodelle définit la pièce qui est sur le point d’être jouée devant lui : […] C’est une Tragedie. Qui d’une voix et plaintive et hardie Te represente un Romain Marc Antoine Et Cléopatre Egyptienne Roine […]. Si la voix de la tragédie est « et plaintive et hardie », la critique moderne a essentiellement retenu le premier adjectif, jusqu’à en faire un point majeur de la définition du genre au XVIe siècle. Que faire alors de la seconde épithète avancée par Jodelle ? Le dramaturge définit ici la voix de sa tragédie, mais il s’agit également pou
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15

Stahn, Carsten, and Jens Iverson, eds. Just Peace After Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823285.001.0001.

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The interplay between peace and justice plays an important role in almost any contemporary conflict. Peace and conflict studies have generally devoted more attention to conflict than to peace. Peace is often described in adjectives, such as negative/positive peace, liberal peace or democratic peace. But what elements make a peace just? Just war theory, peacebuilding, or transitional justice provide different perspectives on the dialectic relation between peace and justice and the methods of establishing peace after conflict. Experiences such as the Colombian peace process show that peace is in
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