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Journal articles on the topic 'Adjective Grammar'
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1
Husband, Edward Matthew. "Severing Scale Structure from the Adjective." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 2 (July 6, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.565.
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The scale structure of adjectives, whether an adjective measures on an open or closed scale, has certain grammatical consequences and is traditionally captured by encoding scale structure into an adjective’s lexical representation and projecting it into the grammar. However, adjectives can exhibit scalar variability, suggesting that scale structure is not projected from the lexicon, but instead is constructed by the adjective’s structural environment. I review a recent analysis of adjectival scale structure, observing that an economy condition with a single pos morpheme requires polysemy for these variable-behavior adjectives, and propose that splitting the pos morpheme and severing scale structure from the adjective captures scalar variability within a unified lexical entry without economy.
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Ibragimova, Dilbar Sadullaevna, and Sree Chaitanya Teja Ambalakara. "GRAMMAR CATEGORIES AND VOCABULARY FORM OF ADJECTIVES IN LATIN LANGUAGE." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2, no. 1 (2024): 419–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10593520.
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This abstract tells about the adjectives and the groups of adjectives in Latin and some vocabulary and categories of the adjectives. We also get to know about adjective-noun agreement and adjective declensions of some Latin words.
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Farinde, Raifu O., and Happy O. Omolaiye. "Structural Variations of Adjective in English and Okpameri." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 1 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1201.07.
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Adjectives indicate grammatical property of language. They give more information about nouns. The usage of adjective in utterances varies in languages. These variations often pose problem to ESL learners. Predicating on Contrastive Analysis, the study generated Okpameri data from oral sources and participatory observation. English data were got from the English grammar texts. From the findings, the two languages are grammatically marked for pre/post modifying adjective, predicative adjective, degree of adjective and order of adjective. However, the grammatical structure and usage of these adjectives differ. While English adjectives often pre-modify the headword, Okpameri adjectives usually post-modify the headword. Also, while English distinguishes between the use of “beautiful” and handsome for feminine and masculine genders respectively, Okpameri language resorts to using uni-gender “shemilushe” which its equivalent translation in English is either “beautiful or handsome”. As in the case of degree of adjective, suffixes are attached to the root-word to form comparative and superlative adjectives of the two languages. It has been observed that English adjectival pre-modification is consistent. However, Okpameri adjectives function as pre/post-modifiers. The study, therefore suggests that language teachers, particularly English language experts, should adopt systematic approach to the teaching of adjectives as this will broaden the knowledge of Okpameri ESL learners.
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Thompson, Sandra A., and Hongyin Tao. "Conversation, grammar, and fixedness." Chinese Language and Discourse 1, no. 1 (2010): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.1.1.01tho.
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The categoriality of ‘adjectives’ has been a favorite topic of discussion in functional Chinese linguistics. However, the literature leaves us with no clear picture of the ‘adjective’ category for Mandarin. In this paper, we take a usage-based approach to revisit the issue of adjectives in Mandarin. Our investigation of a corpus of face-to-face conversations shows that conversational Mandarin favors Predicate Adjectives over Attributive Adjectives. This pattern is explained by two facts: people primarily use Predicate Adjectives in conversation to assess the world around them, and these assessments (including reactive tokens) are a primary way for people to negotiate stance, alignment, and perspective, while Attributive Adjectives are used to introduce new participants into the discourse, which is a less prominent function in everyday conversation. We also argue that whether predicative or attributive, an understanding of adjectives in everyday Mandarin talk involves various facets of fixedness. This is substantiated by the fact that predicate vs. attributive positions attract different types of adjectives, kinds of collocation patterns, kinds of constructions, and pathways to lexicalization. Thus, this paper demonstrates that (1) interactional data can tell us much about the ‘psychological reality’ of the category ‘adjective’ for speakers; and (2) frequency and ongoing prefab creation are crucial to characterizing the categoriality and mental representation of ‘adjectives’ in Mandarin.
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Tampangella, Terra, and Titi Rokhayati. "THE ANALYSIS OF NOUN DERIVED FROM ADJECTIVE FOUND IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH AND THE TEACHING OF GRAMMAR." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 9, no. 2 (2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v9i2.3488.
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The study is qualitative research. This research deals with noun derived from adjective found in Barack Obama’s speech. The objectives of the research are to find out the position of the noun derived from adjectives in the sentence pattern found in Barack Obama’s speech and to describe the application of noun derived from adjective to teach grammar. In collecting the data, the researchers read the script, identified noun derived from adjectives, analysed the data related to the theory of noun derived from the adjective, analyzing the data quantitatively and qualitatively, applied the finding to teach the grammar at eleventh grade student of Senior High School. The result shows that there are three positions of the noun derived from adjectives based on sentence pattern. They are 30 SVO (Subject + Verb + Object) (50%), 18 SVA ( Subject + Verb + Adverb ) (30%), 12 SVC ( Subject + Verb + Complement ) (20%). The teacher could apply in pre teaching by giving description of Barrack Obama’s characters, whilst teaching by giving the explanation about part of speech and post teaching by strengthening the use of noun derived from adjective as one of part of speech in which it becomes the most important piece in a sentence.
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Makoa, Malisema Francina. "The challenges of conjunctively written adjectives in the learning of Sesotho." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 8, no. 6 (2024): 1662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2306.
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The use of adjectives in a sentence is a critical issue in various settings, especially when learning grammar, and is essential for comprehending the qualities that are associated with nouns. Adjectives are the words that add more information to the substantive (noun and pronoun) or the words that qualify the substantive, and they are one type of qualificative. Different languages have different orthographies of the adjectives. Some scholars have already shown the importance of adjectives in a sentence; however, some studies have indicated that some students have some challenges in writing the adjective in a sentence. Therefore, this study aims to find the challenges that conjunctively written Sesotho adjectives bring in the learning of Sesotho and how students can be assisted in writing the adjectives correctly. This interpretive study employed a qualitative approach where documents were used to gather data, and the data collected were analyzed thematically. The study found that students write the adjectives conjunctively instead of writing them disjunctively, which happened to be the problem under study. It concludes that students write adjectives conjunctively because they cannot separate the adjectival prefix from the adjectival stem. Therefore, the paper recommends that students be taught the structure of the Sesotho adjective as a separate entity in the text.
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Premrl Podobnik, Mirjam. "Značilnosti jezikoslovnega opisa določne in nedoločne oblike slovenskega pridevnika ter določnosti pri nekaterih slovenskih jezikoslovcih." Jezik in slovstvo 69, no. 4 (2024): 211–29. https://doi.org/10.4312/jis.69.4.211-229.
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Some established Slovene linguists in their works, included the grammar of the Slovene language, Slovenska slovnica, do not seem to present an unambiguous distinction between relational adjectives on the one hand and qualitative and material adjectives on the other. Uncertainties arise in the following areas: 1. The interpretation of denominal adjectives like gozden/-dni and sodoben/-bni. Should we regard both forms (definite and indefinite) as a qualitative adjective or should we consider its definite form a relational adjective when it appears as a part of a fixed phrase? A review of Slovene and foreign scientific literature shows that the later interpretation is more appropriate. 2. Should we consider the definite form of adjectives in (occasional) fixed phrases (sodobni turist) a relational adjective at all, or should we rather consider it a relational use of qualitative adjectives? The article leaves this question open. 3. Is definiteness as a semantic, grammatical and textual category presented appropriately in Slovenska slovnica, especially in connection with the definite and indefinite Slovene adjectival forms? The article shows that the presentation is misleading. The main purpose for debating the inappropriate passages in the linguistic descriptions of the abovementioned phenomena lays in the author’s need to establish an efficient interpretative apparatus in order to study the relationship between the definite and indefinite adjectival form and definiteness, especially in those contexts where the choice of one or another form is difficult. The author thus decides to talk about the qualitative, material and relational use of adjectives, instead of qualitative, material and relational adjectives.
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Blom, Elma, Daniela Polišenská, and Fred Weerman. "Articles, adjectives and age of onset: the acquisition of Dutch grammatical gender." Second Language Research 24, no. 3 (2008): 297–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658308090183.
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A comparison of the error profiles of monolingual (child L1) learners of Dutch, Moroccan children (child L2) and Moroccan adults (adult L2) learning Dutch as their L2 shows that participants in all groups massively overgeneralize [—neuter] articles to [+neuter] contexts. In all groups, the reverse gender mistake infrequently occurs. Gender expressed by Dutch attributive adjectives reveals an age-related asymmetry between the three groups, however. Whereas participants in the child groups overgeneralize one particular suffix (namely the schwa), adult participants use both adjectival forms, the schwa-adjective and the bare adjective, incorrectly. It is argued that the asymmetry observed in adjectives reflects that adult learners exploit an input-based, lexical learning route, whereas children rely on grammar-based representations. The similarity in article selection between all groups follows from the assumption that adults, like children, make use of lexical frames. Crucially, lexical frames can successfully describe the distribution of gender-marked articles, but they cannot account for gender in adjectives.
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Ahmed, Serwan Samen, and Aram Rasheed Majeed. "Adjective in Linguistic Schools: Traditional, Generative, Cognitive." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, no. 1 (2022): 622–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.1.38.
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The research is titled (Adjective in linguistic schools - traditional, generative, Cognitive). The research aims to study the adjective in the Kurdish language as a linguistic category. The types of adjectives were classified according to the linguistic schools, based on many principles. The traditional school concerned with the semantic principle to determine the class of adjectives. In the Generative school, the principle of position and function were two basic principles for defining an adjective. In the Cognitive theory, the principles of the adjective-noun relationship, the position of the adjective from the noun, and how the characteristics of nouns are presented through adjectives, were basic principles for defining the adjective and its types. The research is divided into three parts, the first section includes a review and a historical presentation of the researchers’concerns in classifying adjectives and their forms in the Kurdish language. In the second section of the research, examples of adjectives in the Kurdish language are presented from the perspective of the generative theory. Especially on the principle of syntactic case and the X-bar theory. In the third section, I dealt with the classification of adjectives in the Kurdish language from the perspective of Cognitive grammar.
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Díaz Hormigo, María Tadea. "Funciones semánticas de los sufijos de adjetivos derivados neológicos." Revista de Filología de la Universidad de La Laguna, no. 49 (2024): 83–102. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2024.49.04.
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This paper analyzes the meanings, values, and significant nuances of the suffixes involved in the formation of neological-derived adjectives. The objective is to determine whether such meanings, values, or nuances provided by the suffixes to the bases of these formations conform to or differ from those indicated in the semantic classifications of adjectival suff ixes found in word-formation monographs, grammar studies, and dictionaries. For this purpose, a corpus of written press contexts containing neological-suffixed adjectives is used. T he procedure entails analyzing the meanings, values, and significant nuances indicated in word-formation research, grammar studies, and dictionaries regarding the adjective-derived suffixes. Once delimited, it has been checked whether or not they conform to those contributed to the base by the suffixes of the adjectives in the corpus. The conclusions obtained not only allow us to determine the degree of productivity of each suffix, its vitality, and survival but also contribute to updating the semantic information regarding the suffixes comprised in dictionaries, grammar studies, and monographic research on word formation.
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STOIAN, Andreea Mihaela. "The English Adjective – its importance in the syntax of sentences." ANALELE UNIVERSITĂȚII DIN CRAIOVA SERIA ȘTIINȚE FILOLOGICE LIMBI STRĂINE APLICATE 2023, no. 1 (2023): 238–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.52744/aucsflsa.2023.01.31.
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"The English grammar is an important tool for those who want to learn this language correctly. Although Modern English – especially the one used in social media - has suffered many modifications, abbreviations and even incorrect usage of English, Standard English should be taught correctly by following its grammar rules. Understanding its grammar rules and using them in practice helps students achieve a satisfying level of English knowledge. The English adjectives represent an important part of speech because they offer information about the colour, the shape, the quality and the dimension of an object, an animal or a human being. A sentence without one or more adjectives is a simple one and therefore it does not express and it does not offer many details about the noun or the pronoun that it refers to: e.g. I saw a car. / I saw a brand new, modern, red car. The adjective has the power to enrich the meaning of our written or oral messages. The adjective helps the reader who is the one who receives of the message to make himself a clear view of the thing/ being that is described or mentioned in our communication. According to statistics, English adjectives represent one of the most used word classes accompanying the noun or pronoun that they determine. Moreover, the English adjective does not have to agree in gender or number with the noun that it describes. Those who are studying English as a foreign language can distinguish, quite simply, a noun from an adjective. The noun names the thing, object or being, while the adjective adds a positive or a negative trait, offering characteristics to the noun: e.g. a bad man, a tragic accident, a stressful situation, an ungrateful woman, a disgusting smell ( in these situations the adjectives offer negative traits to the nouns that they determine) e.g. a good man, a wonderful place, a beautiful flower, a loving mother, a peaceful room, a respectful woman (here the adjectives offer positive traits to the nouns). Therefore, the importance of the adjective in English is crucial because this part of speech characterizes and offers detailed information related to the thing/ person we refer to (either noun or pronoun)"
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Spencer, Andrew, and Irina Nikolaeva. "Denominal adjectives as mixed categories." Word Structure 10, no. 1 (2017): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2017.0101.
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Many languages have morphological devices to turn a noun into an adjective. Often this morphology is genuinely derivational in that it adds semantic content such as ‘similar-to-N’ (similitudinal), ‘located-on/in’ (locational) and so on. In other cases the denominal adjective expresses no more than a pragmatically determined relationship, as in preposition-al phrase (see the synonymous preposition phrase), often called ‘relational adjectives’. In many languages relational adjectives are noun-to-adjective transpositions, that is, adjectival forms (‘representations’) of nominals. In some languages and constructions they retain some of the noun-related properties of the base. For example, the base can be modified by an attribute as though it were still a syntactically represented noun, giving rise to what we will call ‘syntagmatic category mixing’. We also find instances of ‘paradigmatic category mixing’ in which the derived adjectival form retains some of the inflectional morphology (case and/or number and/or possessive) of its base noun, as in a number of Uralic and Altaic languages. We address this kind of categorial mixing within the descriptive framework for lexical relatedness proposed in Spencer (2013) . A true transposition has a complex ‘semantic function’ (sf) role, consisting of the semantic function role of the derived category overlaid over that of the base. We explain how the complex semantic structure role of noun-to-adjective transpositions maps onto c-structure nodes, using the syntactic framework of Lexical Functional Grammar.
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Khutoretskaya, Olga A., Tatiana A. Alexeytseva, Natalia L. Kucherenko, and Maria S. Miretina. "Systemic organization of French predicate adjectives of relation." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 19, no. 4 (2022): 839–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.411.
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This paper examines modern French adjective and nominative constructions with a qualitative adjective, a noun defined by it and a dependent prepositional noun, complement to the adjective. The adjective in such construction is a predicate adjective that assigns semantic roles and category features to its arguments. The rection of the adjective is a transitive usage of adjective, and the adjectives that enable such usage are included in the inter-part-of-speech lexico-semantic field of relation. The topicality of the research is determined by insufficient knowledge of rection of the adjective in the modern Romanic studies. This paper offers a new systemic approach to the predicate adjectives of relation and their semantic valences. Prototypical attributes, relevant to the French transitive adjectives, were formulated. It was established that predicate adjectives of relation constitute a dynamical system and are disposed according to the degree of expression of their features from the center to the periphery inside the system and its sub-systems. As a result, semantic roles of predicative actants of each particular system were described and the role of hidden grammar categories of nouns in the differentiation of meanings of governing adjectives and of their explicitly expressed arguments was elucidated. Methods used are contextual analysis, componential analysis, synonymic transformation and paraphrasing. The linguistic material for this study was French works of fiction of 19th and 20th centuries and modern French dictionaries.
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Puggaard, Rasmus. "Grammar of Giants." Scandinavian Studies in Language 11, no. 2 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sss.v11i2.123476.
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 It is a common process of language change for free morphemes to become bound morphemes, but the inverse process (termed ‘debonding’ by Norde 2009) is much rarer. Previous studies have found that lexemes with the original meaning ‘giant’ (German Riesen, Dutch reuze) have historically grammaticalized as prefixes, and subsequently debonded into free morphemes with the same bleached meaning as the prefixes (Van Goethem & Hiligsmann 2014; Norde & Van Goethem 2014). Using a synchronic corpus of written Danish (KorpusDK), this paper shows that the Danish word kæmpe, originally ‘giant’, is in the late stages of a similar process of debonding. By investigating the morphological and syntactic patterning of kæmpe, the paper shows that kæmpe has indeed debonded, and occurs as a free-standing semantically bleached adjective, but that it does not yet exhibit fully prototypical adjectival behavior. All three functions of kæmpe remain in use: a noun with the specific meaning ‘giant’, a semantically bleached prefix, and a corresponding semantically bleached adjective. This would argue against an account relying on abrupt category change, and it is proposed that kæmpe has reached its current status through gradual analogy-driven change.
 
 
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Zhang, Keding. "A Cognitive Grammar approach to the SLocPAdjC in Mandarin Chinese." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 1, no. 2 (2014): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.1.2.04zha.
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SLocPAdjC (Locative subject + adjective-predicate construction) is an idiosyncratic construction in Mandarin Chinese. It has its own specific structural and cognitive properties which are different from those of other constructions. Its structural properties are that it has locative phrases as its subject and adjective phrases as its predicate without the help of any linking verb. In addition, only state adjectives, and not property adjectives, can normally occur in SLocPAdjC as predicates. As is observed from the Cognitive Grammar perspective, what the predicate describes in SLocPAdjC is not the subject proper, but a certain facet of the spatial region of the entity designated by the subject. This depends on two cognitive mechanisms. One is the spatial region profiling mechanism of the subject, and the other is the active zone activating mechanism of the predicate. The former means that the signified entity of the nominal phrase in the subject functions as the base. The postposition serves to profile a certain spatial region of the base and makes this region a prominent candidate for the predicate to describe. The latter means that the adjective in the predicate, based on the cognitive domain it belongs to, activates a certain facet of or in the spatial region as the active zone which eventually becomes the actual matter to be described by the predicate. What’s more important, the meaning of the SLocPAdjC in Mandarin Chinese resides in the joint function of the profiling mechanism of the subject and the activating mechanism of the adjective-predicate.
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STOILOVA, ILIANA. "ПРОСТИ СИНТАКТИЧНИ ГРУПИ С ГЛАВЕН ЧЛЕН ПРИЛАГАТЕЛНО ИМЕ И ПОДЧИНЕН ЧЛЕН СЪЩЕСТВИТЕЛНО ИМЕ / SIMPLE SYNTACTIC GROUPS FORMED BY A HEAD ADJECTIVE AND A SUBORDINATE NOUN". Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, № 01 (2022): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.01.05.
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The article discusses simple syntactic groups formed by a head adjective and a subordinate noun in Bulgarian. The author proposes a formal description of these groups within the framework of normative grammar. The study is focused on the processes of syntactic accommodation that describe the formation of grammatical constructions consisting of a head adjective and a subordinate noun. Keywords: simple syntactic groups, formal description, syntactic accommodation, adjectives, nouns, Bulgarian language
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Firdaus, Rizal Pratama. "AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN USING POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES IN THEIR WRITING TASKS." Journal of English Education Program (JEEP) 9, no. 2 (2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/(jeep).v9i2.8556.
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This study is purposed to analyze 1) the kinds of possessive adjective errors which are mostly made by students in their writing tasks; and 2) the causes of possessive adjective errors which are mostly made by students in their writing tasks. A case study is used as a research design which engaged the students at the tenth grade of a vocational school in Singaparna, Tasikmalaya. By means of purposeful sampling technique, 17 students at class X-TKR 1 are selected as the participants of this study. This study uses two instruments namely, the students’ worksheet on writing test and the semi-structured interview. The result shows that ‘his’ and ‘her’ were the kinds of possessive adjective errors which are mostly made by students in their writing tasks. The results also presented that the students make errors in using and in writing possessive adjectives because they are not aware of possessive adjectives, their grammar is still poor which lead to boredom, unmotivated, and uninterested in learning. The strategies or ways applied by the students are effective to overcome their errors in using and in writing possessive adjectives in their writing tasks so that they are able to identify their errors and difficulties, to correct their errors, and to be focus in learning grammar, especially in learning possessive adjectivesKeywords: errors; possessive adjectives; writing tasks
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ZEYNAL, Sərdar. "PROFESSOR HƏSƏN MİRZƏYEVİN ELMİ YARADICILIĞINDA FEİLİN TƏSRİFLƏNMƏYƏN FORMALARI - FEİLİ SİFƏT." EUROASIA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 10, no. 30 (2023): 80–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7757615.
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In the article, the research work of the doctor of philological sciences, professor Hasan Mirzayev on verb adjectives, which is the main section of the grammar of the Azerbaijani language, and the latest results obtained as a result of this research, are examined and analyzed, and the position he gained in this field in linguistics is highlighted. the merits of the result in filling the gap in Azerbaijani linguistics are noted and revealed based on the facts. Hasan Mirzayev on verb adjectives, which is the main section of the grammar of the Azerbaijani language, and the latest results obtained as a result of this research, are analyzed and the position he gained in this field in linguistics is highlighted. The qualities he achieved in the mentioned field and the merits of his final result in filling the gap in Azerbaijani linguistics were noted and revealed based on facts. One of the most interesting, little-studied areas of the grammar of the Azerbaijani language, which still needs to be studied, is the unclassified forms of the verb. When we get acquainted with the textbooks published starting from the 19th century, we see that, although the verb section of grammar was widely reflected in those textbooks, extensive information was not given about the unclassified forms of the verb. It was widely discussed about the infinitive form of the verb. Since the infinitive indicates the name of the action, when talking about the verb, it is necessary to talk about the infinitive as well. It is written about the infinitive in N. Narimanov's "Comprehensive usage of the Turkish-Azerbaijani language" textbook, published in 1899: "The infinitive indicates not only a thing (a. Sahib, ) but also time. For example: to come, to go, to sing". Later, many textbooks and grammar books published successively addressed this issue and gave extensive information about it. Hasan Mirzayev, a linguist, Turkologist, Honored Scholar, doctor of philological sciences, one of the outstanding linguists of his time, who gave the most extensive information about the infinitive forms of the verb in the 20th century, and thus dedicated a special work to this issue, was Hasan Mirzayev. The work "Verb in Azerbaijani language" published by him is noteworthy in this respect. Part III of the 2nd volume of the scientist's selected works is entitled "Indefinable verbs". The first chapter of this section is called "The Problem of Verb Adjectives in Turkology and the Features of the Suffixes That Form It", the second chapter is called "Common and Individual Features of the Verb Adjective with the Verb", and the third chapter is called "The Common and Individual Features of the Verb Adjective with the Adjective and Its Substantivization". Talking about the study of the verb adjective, the professor writes about this issue in the first chapter: "The verb adjective expresses the characteristic of both the verb and the adjective. The fact that the verb adjective has these two characteristics has made its research difficult, ... verb adjective
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KAYASANDIK, Ahmet. "THE ADVERBIAL FUNCTION OF THE SUFFIXES +lI / +lU AND +sIz / +sUz AND THEIR USE IN THIS FUNCTION IN TURKISH PROVERBS." ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR DIE WELT DER TÜRKEN / JOURNAL OF WORLD OF TURKS / TÜRKLERİN DÜNYASI DERGİSİ 16, no. 1 (2024): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/160120.
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Adjectives, which do not indicate an entity or object on their own, depend on objects/entities. For this reason, the adjective must precede another noun and qualify or indicate it. Nouns that come before a verb, verb phrase, adjective or adverb and limit/define their meanings in various respects gain the function of adverb. In Turkish grammar, the adverb-making function of the suffix +lI / +lU and its negative suffix +sIz / +sUz, which are listed among the suffixes that make nouns from nouns, which are used extensively and are mostly used to make positive adjectives, are not mentioned much. In this study, all the functions of these suffixes are detailed from Turkish grammar and language studies, and examples of how they are used to form words with different meanings or qualities are presented. The adverb-forming function of these suffixes, which has not been discussed much, has been emphasized and enough examples have been given, and the adverbs derived from them have been identified in Turkish proverbs. The suffix +lI / +lU derives adjectives that add the meanings of carrying that feature, belonging to a place, being together; place names, doubling adjectives, stereotyped words, adverbs of state. The suffix +sIz / +sUz, on the other hand, was used to create negative adjectives, adverbs of state, adjective/adverb functioning dilemmas, as well as creating stereotyped adjectives/adverbs, Turkishizing foreign words and deriving terms. Key words: Turkish, Functions of +lI / +lU and +sIz / +sUz suffixes, adverb-making function, adverb-making suffixes from nouns, use in proverbs
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Halevy, Rivka. "The ‘swift of foot’ construction and the phrase structure of the adjectival construct in Hebrew." Studies in Language 40, no. 2 (2016): 380–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.2.04hal.
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This article sheds new light on the puzzling phrase structure of complex adjectival phrases which are common in Semitic, specifically in Hebrew, and which are equivalent to Indo-European phrases such as ‘swift of foot.’ The article draws a clear distinction between these constructions and adjectival compounds such as ‘swift-footed’, which are prevalent in major Indo-European languages but are absent from Semitic languages. The Hebrew construction under discussion is a genitival construct consisting of an adjective followed by a modifying noun in genitive status. The adjective is the head of the construction, but agrees in number and gender with a noun outside the construction. This construction has invited controversial analyses by different scholars, most recently in the framework of generative grammar. The present study construction is anchored in the framework of Construction Grammar. It nevertheless advances a morphosyntactic and semantic analysis of its inner composition. Functional aspects and the speaker’s perspectival choice in construing such attributive phrases are taken into account as well.
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Pettibone, Erin, Ana Teresa Pérez-Leroux, and Gabrielle Klassen. "Old Grammars New (?) Scope: Adjective Placement in Native and Non-Native Spanish." Languages 6, no. 1 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010022.
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Prior studies have examined the association between modifying adjective placement and interpretation in second language (L2) Spanish. These studies show evidence of convergence with native speaker’s intuitions, which is interpreted as restructuring of the underlying grammar. Two issues deserve further study: (i) there are debates on the nature of native speaker’s interpretations; (ii) previous results could be explained by a combination of explicit instruction and access to the first language (L1). The present study re-examines native and non-native intuitions on the interpretation of variable order adjectives in pre-nominal and post-nominal positions, and extends the domain of inquiry by asking if L2 learners have intuitions about the order of two-adjective sequences, which appear in mirror image order in English and Spanish (faded blue pants vs. pantalones azules desteñidos). Two-adjective sequences are rare in the input, not typically taught explicitly, and have a different word order that cannot be [partially] derived from the L1 subgrammar. Two groups of non-native speakers (n = 50) and native speaker controls (n = 15) participated in the study. Participants completed a preference task, testing the interaction between word order and restrictive/non-restrictive interpretation, and an acceptability judgement task, testing ordering intuitions for two-adjective sequences. Results of the preference task show that the majority of speakers, both native and non-native, prefer variable adjectives in a post-nominal position independent of interpretation. Results of the acceptability judgement task indicate that both native and non-native speakers prefer mirror image order. We conclude that these results support underlying grammar reanalysis in L2 speakers and indicate that the semantic distribution of variable adjectives is not fully complementary; rather, the post-nominal position is unmarked, and generally preferred by both native and non-native speakers.
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Г., Дидик-Меуш. "КОМБІНАТОРИКА В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ XVI–XVIII ст.: АД'ЄКТИВНО-СУБСТАНТИВНІ СЛОВОСПОЛУЧЕННЯ І ШКАЛА КОМПОЗИЦІЙНОЇ СЕМАНТИКИ". Лінгвістичні дослідження, № 48 (7 травня 2018): 68–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1242809.
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The proposed article considers the issue of compatibility on the material of Ukrainian written sources of the 16th-18th centuries, actual for modern linguistics. It is indicated on the nature of word-combinations following traditional grammar and functionalcommunicative grammar. This is one of the important problems of combinatorial linguistics – combinatorial lexicology and combinatorial lexicography. It is necessary to solve the following tasks: some moments from the history of studying adjective-substantive phrases in synchrony and diachrony, the problem of adjective-substantive collocations of a transitional type, the construction of a scale of compositional semantics, and the location of adjectival-substantive phrases of the Ukrainian language of the 16th-18th centuries, relative to the scale. The study showed that in the group of word combinations under study (approximately 30,000 units), the adjective-substantive phrases of the transitional type constitute the overwhelming majority and are subdivided into two subgroups: decompositional and compositional adjectivalsubstantive phrases. Particular attention is paid to decompositional adjective-substantive phrases that are associated with the concept of negation, moreover, the compositional semantics of which require the decomposition of semantic structures. Phrases of this type are divided into wordcombinations- imitations, word-combinations-falsifications, word-combinations-oxymorons and others. Theoretical developments are confirmed by illustrations from Ukrainian texts of the 16th- 18th centuries.
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Hidayah, Ayu Nur. "An Analysis of Adjective Clauses in The Novel “Another Piece of My Heart” by Jane Green and its Contribution to The Teaching of Grammar." PHILOSOPHICA Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 4, no. 1 (2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35473/po.v4i1.1051.
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Adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun. In this case, the writer analyzes the novel named Another Piece of My Heart by Jane Green because it contains a lot of adjective clauses and gives the contribution for teaching grammar. This study aimed to find out the kinds adjective clauses in the novel, the dominant adjective clauses in the novel and the contributions of adjective clauses to the English grammar teaching. The writer used the adjective clause theory of Thomson and Martinet which defining relative pronouns used in the adjective clauses namely refer to persons, things, places, times and reason. The research design of this study was qualitative research. The writer collected all the required data from Jane Green’s novel entitled Another Piece of My Heart. The data is sentences that contain adjective clauses. There are about 413 adjective clauses found in the novel as the data sources consist of 197 adjective clauses referring to a person with percentage 47.7%. 161 adjective clauses referring to a thing with 39%, 32 adjective clauses referring to a time with percentage 7.7%, 20 adjective clauses referring to a place with 4.8%and 3 adjective clauses referring to a reason with percentage 0.8%. The adjective clauses referring to a person by using relative pronoun who is the most dominant used in the Jane Green’s novel Another Piece of My Heart with a percentage of 43.6%. The writer also takes conclusions that the result of this research can be used by the teachers in the teaching grammar. The data samples which are found in this research can be used when the teacher is delivering the lesson to the students.
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Bybee, Joan, and Sandra A. Thompson. "Interaction and Grammar: Predicative Adjective Constructions in English Conversation." Languages 7, no. 1 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010002.
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This article studies the function of Copular Predicate Constructions in everyday English conversation. We compare predicate adjective constructions (PA) and constructions with a predicate nominal containing an adjective (PAN). We ask whether the attributive function of the adjective or the presence of a noun in the PAN leads to a difference in function in the two constructions. We propose that in most cases the adjective determines the function of the construction, leading to many parallels in usage between the PA and PAN constructions. A comparison with predicate nominal constructions (PN), in contrast, shows that not including an adjective in the constructions leads to a different set of meanings and implications. The conversational usage of these constructions provides evidence for a partial correspondence of form to function: Copular Predicate Constructions often constitute a complete turn in conversation, and if not a full turn, form their own prosodic units. Other properties of these constructions—the definiteness of the NP and the presence or absence of a N—correspond to different interactional work. A comparison of all three constructions shows that the adjective plays a determining interactional role, despite differences in syntactic configuration.
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Kanwit, Matthew, and Virginia Terán. "Ideas Buenas o Buenas Ideas: Phonological, Semantic, and Frequency Effects on Variable Adjective Ordering in Rioplatense Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040065.
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Although linguistic research has often focused on one domain (e.g., as influenced by generative prioritization of the Autonomy of Syntax), critical findings have been uncovered by exploring the interaction of multiple domains (e.g., the link between morphological status and lateralization of /ɾ/; the syntactic–pragmatic interface’s constraints on subject expression). The position of adjectives relative to the nouns they modify is a good test case in this discussion because multiple areas of the grammar are implicated, including syntax, phonology, and semantics. Moreover, research on this structure has yielded small cells, which prevented the use of statistical tests to convey the relative importance of multiple factors. Consequently, our study used a controlled, 24-item contextualized preference task to assess the roles of semantics (i.e., adjective class), phonology (i.e., noun–adjective syllable length differences), and lexical frequency on variable adjective ordering for 100 speakers of rioplatense Argentinean Spanish. Mixed-effects regression revealed that each factor was significant, with shorter, high-frequency, evaluative adjectives most favoring pre-position. Individual adjective analysis confirmed the greater effect of lexical frequency than semantic class, with additional corpora analyses further elucidating these trends. The study adds to the growing body of research on the role of factors across linguistic domains, while arguing for the importance of the relative frequency of adjective–noun collocations and complementing recent research on lexical effects.
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Ivanova, E. V. "Syntactical Organization of Statements with Chains of Tactile Adjectives in Polymodal Perception." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (2019): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-197-204.
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The article deals with the syntactic organization of statements with chains of adjectives related to different modes of perception, namely: tactile adjectives and taste adjectives. Such groups of tactile adjectives as haptical, temperature, and hygrometric adjectives were investigated in the aspect of polymodality. Polymodality is manifested in the fact that while eating we feel the taste of the dish, as well as its temperature, softness, hardness, humidity, and other haptical and hygrometric characteristics. The research featured the syntactic organization of statements with two-element adjective chains. The research objective was to identify patterns in the arrangement of tactile adjectives in a chain of adjectives with taste adjectives. The article features some statistics of the use of certain chains of adjectives consisting of a tactile adjective and a taste adjective. A comparative analysis of various contexts of tactile adjectives and taste adjectives allowed the author to deduce some rules of their arrangement, namely: in the vast majority of cases, tactile adjectives (temperature and haptic) are on the first place in the chain, which indicates that touch is the dominant modality compared with taste. The arrangement of hygrometric adjectives in a chain with taste adjectives depends on the situation in which the process of perception takes place. The variation of the arrangement of adjectives in a chain is due to the subjectivity of perception and cognitive emphasis. When deriving grammar rules, it is necessary to take into account not only the regularities listed in the article, but also deviations from them.
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Muflihun, Muflihun. "Teaching Grammar: Degrees of Adjective Comparisons in Secondary School of Indonesian Context." Indonesian TESOL Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/itj.v1i1.547.
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This article explores the teaching grammar in secondary school in Indonesian context, the writer noticed that most of the students were struggling to clearly understand and unable to use comparison of adjective. Therefore, the writer would clearly explain those problems supported by research findings from previous studies. There are several activities to be used in teaching grammar, which surely could also be adapted to teaching adjective comparisons. However, in this essay, the writer would only address two common activities; namely grammar games and discovering grammar. It can be concluded that teaching grammar to some extent would not be complicated if it is delivered though appropriate teaching methods and deeply understand students’ problems. Numerous engaging activities to teach grammar is available and this would shift our common paradigm of seeing learning and teaching grammar as a passive and ‘old’ fashioned thing to more communicative grammar teaching and learning.
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Kotowski, Sven, and Holden Härtl. "How real are adjective order constraints? Multiple prenominal adjectives at the grammatical interfaces." Linguistics 57, no. 2 (2019): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0005.
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AbstractAdjective order restrictions on attributive adjectives (AORs) have been subject to debate in modern linguistic research for a long time. Most generally, the question whether AORs can be located in grammar as such in rule-based fashion is still unsettled. In the current paper, we largely argue against this view and claim that several of the core data to be explained are preferences based on norms rather than rules. A pragmatic explanation is offered to account for marked or apparently ungrammatical examples. First, we demarcate AORs in the narrow sense against data based on truth-conditional differences, show the sole hard constraint to be found in a distinction between object- and kind-modification, and introduce several of the factors argued to drive AORs in the literature. A large-scale corpus study on German AAN-phrases shows a hierarchy of relative adjectives preceding absolute ones to reliably predict preferences, while temporariness and weight do not. We then illustrate that norm-based preferences can be overwritten via discourse linking and implement markedness in out-of-the-blue contexts pragmatically based on the M-principle. Speculating that AORs in the narrow sense have their origins in more general cognitive principles, our findings support approaches that locate the better part of AORs outside the realm of core grammar.
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Laks, Lior. "Doublets in Hebrew adjective and noun formation." Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 16, no. 2 (2024): 311–47. https://doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01602001.
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Abstract The study examines the criteria that are responsible for competition in noun and adjective formation in Hebrew. I compare two cases where words receive an additional form with no change in meaning. I account for such changes, arguing that they target morphological and semantic transparency between related words and a morphological distinction between lexical categories. Adjectives ending with -an exhibit variation through -i suffixation (daykan~daykani ‘punctual’). This results in two competing forms that can be used interchangeably in the same semantic and syntactic contexts. I argue that such variation occurs mainly in order to avoid polycategoriality. The CaCCan pattern and the -an suffix are typical of agent nouns (saxyan ‘swimmer’) that do not undergo a change (*saxyani (as a noun)). -an ending adjectives receive additional adjectival marking in order to create a morphological distinction between the two lexical categories. This case study is compared to another case, where agent nouns and instrument nouns take an additional form, resulting in polycategoriality, as well as ambiguity. Though there seems to be a contradiction between the two criteria that trigger variation and change, I argue that the conflict can be resolved assuming a distinction between words that are derived and stored in the lexicon and words that are derived in the syntax, and that morphological processes apply in both components. The results of this study suggest that the grammar tends to tolerate polycategoriality and ambiguity when at least one of the ambiguous forms is not stored in the lexicon. In case both categories are stored in the lexicon, morphological mechanisms tend to avoid polycategoriality, and as a result, morphological change takes place. The analysis sheds light on the status of morphology in the grammar and its interaction with the lexicon and the syntax, where each interaction has its own characteristics.
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Lipski, John M. "Decreolization as emergent grammar(s)." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26, no. 2 (2011): 276–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.2.03lip.
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A restructured variety of Spanish spoken by small communities of Afro-descendents in Bolivia differs from modern Spanish in exhibiting no noun-adjective agreement for gender or number. Only a few individuals continue to speak this most basilectal variety; the majority of speakers exhibit at least some gender and number concord, in a fashion that proceeds generally rightward, from determiners and other prenominal modifiers to head nouns, postnominal modifiers, and predicate nominatives/adjectives. Number concord (plural marking) usually appears before gender concord in mesolectal varieties, and occurs at a higher rate than gender concord across the entire range of Afro-Bolivian speakers. A variationist analysis based on a corpus of recorded material suggests that this gradual emergence of (feminine) gender and plural marking represents a systematic form of decreolization governed largely by structural principles, namely the stepwise activation of agreement projections. Decreolization is represented as a series of nested intermediate grammars, each of which properly contains the preceding one(s).
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Nam, Jeesun. "Sur Une Construction N0N1-Ita en Coreen." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 14, no. 2 (1990): 301–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.14.2.05nam.
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The purpose of this study is to describe a class of sentences containing a noun in -ita, which are equivalent to an adjectival predicate. This set of sentences is of the form N0 W N1-ita (where -ita can be translated as one of the uses of être in French). Indeed, for this type of sentence: Léa-nín motín il-e (yôlsông + pulman)-ita Léa-Top everything-Pc (passion + discontent)-ita (Léa is (passionate about + discontented with) everything) we observe that N1-ita answers to the question ôtôha-(how), and not to nuku(who)/muôs(what). Further, N1-ita allows for an indication of intensity or comparison, but N1 can take no modifiers. This kind of predicate, with a human subject (noted Nsp-ita), shares some fundamental properties with an adjectival predicate. From this point of view, it is different from other types of N -ita predicates, such as: Max-nîn (haksäng + honsu-sangthä)-ita Max-Top (student + coma-state)-ita (Max is (a student + in a coma)) i congi-nîn (semo-k'ol + pola-säk)-ita this paper-Top (triangle-form + violet-color)-ita This paper is of (triangular form + violet color)) The fact that Nsp-ita (like SC-cok-ita) resembles the derived adjectives N1-hata or N1-sîlôpta puts into question the current definition of -ita: if -ita, in Nsp-ita, is analyzed as a particle attached to a noun, we would have no adjective in -ita, but only nouns. Under the hypothesis of a support term (here, the adjective supporting the predicative noun), we whould have only the adjective (ita). Finally, if we analyze this kind of -ita as an adjectival suffix, the data Nsp-ita and SC-côk-ita would all make up the entire corpus of adjectives. We underline the fact that this problem is not a simple question of terminology when one is trying to set up a corpus of adjectives for constructing a lexicon-grammar, even though the present study is limited to the classification and description of the nouns that make up the predicate Nsp-ita.
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Li, Penglin. "Adjectivized Grammatical Metaphors in Daily Chinese Conversation." SHS Web of Conferences 179 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317901001.
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This paper investigates the phenomenon of adjectival grammatical metaphor in everyday Chinese conversation, with the aim of determining its development and its relation to vocabulary structure. The results show that the verb phrase is one of the main sources of adjectival grammatical metaphors. The combination of adjectival phrases and nouns is a form of ‘verb phrase consists of verb + adjective’, which is commonly used in conversation situations. Moreover, vocabulary structure and lexicality are the major factors that affect the expression of adjectival grammar metaphor and its developing mode.
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Matsiuk, Zoriana. "LINGUODIDACTIC FEATURES OF TEACHING ADJECTIVES IN THE COURSE OF UKRAINIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE." Theory and Practice of Teaching Ukrainian as a Foreign Language, no. 18 (May 30, 2024): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/ufl.2024.18.4392.
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The article delineates the nuances surrounding the meaning, morphological features, syntactic functions, and stylistic attributes of Ukrainian adjectives as a focal point for foreign learners, accompanied by a proposed set of exercises tailored to foster practical proficiency and fluency in their application within speech. It underscores the close association between adjectives and nouns, wherein their interdependency epitomizes the essence of their lexical meaning and grammatical categories. The semantics of adjectives is linked with word-formation structures, encompassing both derivative and non-derivative forms, as well as processes of substantiation. In teaching Ukrainian to non-native speakers, particular emphasis is placed on elucidating the autonomous nature of morphological categories – gender, number, and case – when adjectives assume the role of a noun or predicate. A comprehensive array of morphological variations within adjectives is delineated: 1) forms of word change by gender, number, case; 2) forms of adjectival comparison; 3) short and full (conjugated and unconjugated) forms of adjectives; 4) forms of adjectives by the final consonant of the stem (hard, soft, mixed group). Consideration is given to the formation and utilization of grammatical forms in tandem with the lexical and stylistic nuances inherent to adjectives. Moreover, the article underscores the distinctive approach employed in textbooks targeting Ukrainian as a foreign language when addressing the topic of adjectives. Authors extensively employ tables, instructional rules, generalizations, and grammatical exercises with a communicative emphasis, supplemented by explanatory commentary. It is essential to exercise creativity in leveraging the grammatical content within textbooks, critically evaluating presentation modalities and sequential learning patterns, and devising a comprehensive range of exercises and tasks aimed at cultivating practical aptitude and proficiency in adjective usage within speech. The efficacy of addressing these objectives hinges upon the methodological proficiency of Ukrainian language educators catering to foreign learners. Key words: Ukrainian as a foreign language, adjective, practical grammar, morphological features, syntactic functions, methodological competence.
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Speelman, Dirk, José Tummers, and Dirk Geeraerts. "Lexical patterning in a construction grammar." Constructions and Frames 1, no. 1 (2009): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.1.1.05spe.
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This paper compares two measures that quantify lexical preference patterns in the area of Construction Grammar, namely, collostructions and (construction-internal) collocations (as conceived by Stefan Th. Gries and Anatol Stefanowitsch). Starting from a case study, inflectional variation in Dutch attributive adjectives, two diagnostic calculations will be set up to analyse to what extent both association measures identify lexical preferences in this construction. In particular, the lexical patterns yielded by the collostructional and the collocational association measures will be evaluated as a factor which determines the selection of the inflectional alternatives of the Dutch attributive adjective. We will argue that, at least in some cases, constructions are more strongly characterised by the (construction-internal) collocations that instantiate them than by the single items that instantiate them (as defined in collostructions). Consequently, the syntagmatic axis should become a constitutive dimension in a comprehensive Construction Grammar model.
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Venckienė, Jurgita. "Kazimiero Jauniaus Lietùviškas Kalbomõkslis. Baltiko padangese (1897) – Jono Jablonskio Lietuviškos kalbos gramatikos (1901) šaltinis." Archivum Lithuanicum, no. 23 (December 31, 2021): 161–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/26692449-23006.
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LIETÙVIŠKAS KALBOMÕKSLIS. BALTIKO PADANGESE (1897) BY KAZIMIERAS JAUNIUS – THE SOURCE OF LIETUVIŠKOS KALBOS GRAMATIKA (1901) BY JONAS JABLONSKIS S u m m a r y The main source of Jonas Jablonskis’ Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika (Grammar of the Lithuanianlanguage, Tilsit, 1901 [JaG]), signed under the pseudonym of Petras Kriaušaitis, is PetrasAvižonis’ Liėtùviška Gramatiklė (Small Lithuanian Grammar, [Petersburg, 1898] [AvG]). However, Jablonskis significantly supplemented AvG by adding the chapters on preposition, conjunction, interjection, syntax and orthography. He also separated the descriptions of noun and adjective, added chapters on phonetics, pronoun, numeral, verb, used Lithuanian language terms. Jablonskis did not indicate other sources in JaG, fragments of the text taken from other works are not identified as such. However, later Jablonskis wrote that he also used Kazimieras Jaunius’ Lietùviškas kalbomõkslis. Baltiko padangese (Lithuanian Grammar. In the Baltic Skies, [Dorpat,] 1897 [JaunK]). The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between these two grammars. Some of the material for JaG was undoubtedly taken over directly from JaunK, for it was not present in AvG or other grammars that Jablonskis could have used. However, Avižonis also used JaunK, so some fragments entered JaG through AvG, rather than directly from JaunK. Since Jablonskis took over AvG almost in its entirety, there is no doubt such fragments of JaunK had previously been incorporated in AvG only to later appear in JaG. All the more so as JaunK’s statements and examples are equally reformulated, supplemented or abbreviated in AvG and JaG. The article analyses only the material that was taken over to JaG directly from JaunK and that was not present in AvG. It is much more difficult to identify the source of the fragments which are found in both JaunK and Friedrich Kurschat’ Grammatik der Littauischen Sprache (Grammar of the Lithuanian language, Halle, 1876 [KG]). It is not always clear whether Jablonskis took it directly from KG or through JaunK. In such cases, the immediate context is considered. When not only the idea of KG but also more material, adjacent sentences, are taken over from the same section of JaunK, the path of the fragment is considered to be KG → JaunK → JaG. The connection between JaunK and JaG is also evidenced by the uniform wording of sentences. In his grammar, Jablonskis stated that he supported character <tš> [č], proposed by Jaunius, as well as orthography of nom. pl. of i, u stems with endings ‑įs, ‑ųs. JaunK could also have influenced the spelling of the numerals trįs ‘three’, keturiasdešimtas–devyniasdešimtas ‘fortieth—ninetieth’. Jablonskis used Jaunius’ terms būdvardis ‘adjective’, veiksmažodis ‘verb’, prieveiksmis ‘adverb’,jausmažodis ‘interjection’; linksnis ‘case’, linksniavimas ‘declination’, dvilypuotieji būdvardžiai ‘pronominal adjectives’, tikrieji ‘quantitative’ and paeiliniai ‘ordinal’ (numerals), sakomasis būdas ‘mood’, savyveiksmis ‘reflexive verb, form’, nestati, nestačioji kalba ‘indirect speech’. Fragments of JaunK about the concept and types of sounds have been taken over to the JaG. JaG material on consonant assimilation also has connection with JaunK. Jablonskis also used JaunK while preparing the chapter of morphology. There are connections in the definition of adjective, the description of category of number of nouns, pronominal adjectives and gradation of adjectives. There are also identical statements about the declension of numerals and their semantic groups in JaunK and JaG. According to JaunK, the definition of the pronoun was formulated in JaG. Jablonskis also used JaunK to describe verbs, adverbs, and interjection. In the chapter of the syntax, the influence of JaunK can be seen in the description of the use of participants. Jablonskis used the linguistic material, examples of JaunK. Jablonskis used the data of dialects, mostly Samogitians, provided by JaunK. Comments on the grades of adjectives, variants of pronouns, forms of future tense, use of adverbs, as well as lexical variants are related to JaunK. In summary, the direct influence of JaunK can be registered in slightly less than a quarter (48 out of 224) of JaG’s paragraphs.
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Stefanowitsch, Anatol, Kirsten Middeke, and Fuying Lin. "Nominal constructions in spoken academic Englishes: A quantitative corpus-based approach." Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 11, no. 1 (2023): 75–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2023-0005.
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Abstract Academic English was traditionally treated as a monolithic register with respect to grammar, but recent research has shown that there is considerable variation across modes, dialects, research traditions and disciplines. We apply two quantitative corpus-linguistic methods (keyword analysis and a variant using PoS-grams instead of words) to investigate noun-noun and adjective-noun sequences in two discipline-specific Academic Englishes, that of the Arts and Humanities and that of the Physical Sciences. We show that the function of the various constructions underlying these sequences are exploited in different ways in these discipline clusters, in accordance with specific communicative needs. In the Physical Sciences, there is a need for standardized terminology. Noun-noun compounds are the preferred strategy for creating this terminology, with a specific adjective-noun construction involving relational adjectives playing a minor part and syntactic adjective-noun constituents playing no particular role. In the Arts and Humanities, there is a need for precise ad-hoc descriptions, and syntactic adjective-noun constituents are the preferred way of doing so. This difference accounts for the previously observed distribution, confirmed in our study, that noun-noun sequences are more typical for the natural sciences and adjective-noun sequences are more typical for the humanities.
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Al Baroroh, Aisyah, and Umi Hani. "Students’ Mastery of Adjective Clause: A Case Study towards the Second Semester Students of English Department." Lexeme : Journal of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/ljlal.v2i1.6994.
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This is a case study that aims at analyzing the students’ ability in answering grammar questions about adjective clauses. The method used to analyze the data is qualitative descriptive method. The result of the study showed how well students’ ability of the second semester student of English Literature department at Universitas Pamulang in dealing with grammar questions about adjective clauses. There were 26 random students from two different classes in the same semester who were included in this study. The study shows that the average of students score resulted them to be classifed to have Fair (got 60 to 69 score) category of adjective clause mastery by reaching 46% of the total percentage.
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Wilujeng, Nuning Catur Sri, and 范. 氏月. "Adjective + yi dian in Mandarin Chinese and its equivalent in Indonesian language: A contrastive analysis." Diksi 30, no. 1 (2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/diksi.v30i1.45680.
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In the last decade, Mandarin Chinese has been standing as the most studied language as a foreign language. The structure of Mandarin Chinese is not necessarily similar to the grammatical structure of Mandarin Chinese learners. In daily life, structure of different ideas produces different pragmatic functions in the grammar. This article aims to describe the difference between the discourse of "adjective + a little bit" and Indonesia. The data source comes from the Modern Chinese Corpus of Academia Sinica, Taiwan. The stages of data analysis are data sorting, data classifying into four groups, and data analysis. From the corpus, there are 697 sentences with一點/ yi dian/ adverbs in "adjective +【一點】/ yi dian/" including【比較+形容詞+一點】or comparison+adjective+【一點】/ yi dian/] and 56 sentence-word adverbs in "[adjective+particle【了】/le/+【一點】/ yi dian/]" which contains"【太+adjective" +了+一點】. The first group of "adjective +【一點】" category has (83.95%) sentences; there are 66 adjective categories with only one word such as: 【好】/hao/ good,【多】/duo/many,【小】/xiao/small,【大】/da/big, etc. and 554 have two words such as: 【大方】/dafang/ generous，【隨便】/fangbian/ comfortable，【舒服】/shufu/ comfortable, etc. and a sentence pattern using "Adjective+Adjective's form +【一點】, such 【小小】/xiao xiao/ "small". The category of the second group of "comparative + adjective +【一點】’a little’ " has 65 (8.6%) sentences. There are 42 (5.58%) sentences in the third group of "Adjective + 【了】/le/ + a little " category. The fourth group of "【太】/tai/+ Adjective + a little bit" structure has only 14 sentences (1.87%). Keywords: adjective, a little, Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language, comparison
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Surbakti, Arya Alfines, Esron Ambarita, and Vivi Novalia Sitinjak. "Comparative Forms of Adjectives In Karonese Language: A Study on Padan si Mbaru." Jurnal Pendidikan Impola 1, no. 2 (2024): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.70047/jpi.v1i2.122.
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This research aims to find out how comparative forms are formed in the Karonese language. The author used qualitative methods in carrying out this research because in-depth understanding and analysis are needed to complete this research. This research applied Herring’s theory in the book The Complete English Grammar Rules (2016). The results of this research show that there are two comparative forms found in padan si mbaru or Karonese language Bible, first by using a combination of the affix ter-en and the second using the article reh and the suffix -na. In the Karonese language, the comparative forms are formed by adding the affix ter-en in the base adjective and also using the article reh and the suffix -na in the bas adjective. Based on the results of this research, the author found 33 forms of comparative adjectives, namely, 6 forms using a combination of the affix ter-en and 27 forms of adjectives using the article reh and suffix -na.
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Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo de. "A Passiva em português como construção predicativa adjetival: evidência morfológica e implementação computacional em LFG/XLE (Passive as adjective predicative construction in portuguese: morphological evidence and implementation in LFG/XLE)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 13, no. 2 (2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v13i2.1300.
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Gramáticas tradicionais do português tratam a passiva como voz, incluindo-a no quadro da conjugação verbal. Neste artigo, discutimos os argumentos de Perini (2010) de que não há voz passiva em português e relacionamos essa proposta com a abordagem da POLFIE, uma gramática do polonês desenvolvida no quadro da LFG e implementada no sistema XLE. Conforme essa gramática, a passiva é uma construção predicativa adjetival. Apresentamos uma evidência adicional, de natureza morfológica, do estatuto adjetival do particípio passivo em português e implementamos essa análise na BrGram, uma gramática do português do Brasil nos moldes da POLFIE. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Voz Passiva. Gramática Léxico- Funcional. Linguística Computacional. Parsing Sintático. Sufixos Avaliativos.
 ABSTRACTTraditional grammars of Portuguese handle the passive construction as a voice phenomenon which is part of the verbal conjugation. In this paper, we discuss the claim by Perini (2010) that there is no passive voice in Portuguese. We compare this approach to the one of POLFIE. This is a computational grammar of Polish which was developed within the framework of LFG and implemented in XLE. In this grammar, the passive construction is an adjective predicative construction. We present additional morphological evidence on the adjectival status of the passive participle in Portuguese and implement this analysis in BrGram, a computational grammar of Brazilian Portuguese that is analogous to POLFIE. KEYWORDS: Passive Voice. Lexical-Functional Grammar. Computational Linguistics. Syntactic Parsing. Evaluative Suffixes.
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Yarzada, Bibi Saliha. "Syntactic position and functions of an adjective in the sentence structure in Persian compared to Russian." Филология: научные исследования, no. 11 (November 2024): 132–47. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2024.11.71753.
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This article is devoted to the study of the syntactic position of the adjective in the structure of the Persian sentence in comparison with the Russian language. The article pays special attention to the functional aspect, which is implemented by adjectives. The syntactic roles of semantic units are also considered. In this article, the features of adjectives in the Persian language are analyzed on the basis of structural and syntactic criteria adopted in comparative grammar. By comparing the functions and features of adjectives, we can talk about the similarities and differences in Persian and Russian, the importance of adjectives for the formulation of thought and the place of adjectives in literary and journalistic texts. Attention is also paid to the dependence of the adjective on the noun and the placement in the preposition and postposition and the change of meaning in the context of these sentences. This article is based on a comparative analysis, when the evaluation of Persian adjectives is realized in comparison with Russian adjectives both in the field of functions and in the field of unit typology. The novelty of the research is manifested in the comparative aspect of the Russian and Persian adjectives. Morphologically, the most important difference between adjectives in Persian and Russian is the presence of grammatical gender in the Russian language and its absence in the Persian language. During the analysis, it was concluded that, although there is a great difference in the syntactic functionality of the Persian and Russian adjectives, we can say that the main function is to expand the meaning of the noun and clarify it, nevertheless it is respected. At the same time, an adjective in Farsi plays the role of other elements, in particular, a numeral, an adverb, or even a predicate.
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MUTHTHARASI, –. Art Literary Culture Tamil Journal MUTHTHARASI –. Art Literary Culture Tamil Journal. "ஆற்றுப்படையில் இசை உரிச்சொற்கள்". MUTHTHARASI – Art Literary Culture Tamil Journal II, № 2 (2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14788427.
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When man lived as nomads without civilization, sound signals were used. Then he shared his ideas. Then sound took on a symbolic form and became strong as a language. As civilization grew, language began to flourish. Words emerged as its expression. Over time, grammarians have classified words into four categories: noun, verb, interjection, and adjective. Among these, adjectives have been recorded as words that are reserved only for verses. In order to complete the study, there are very few lexical studies that examine the structure and meaning of words. In order to complete it, this article examines the definitions given by grammar books about adjectives and thereby examines the nature of the use of musical adjectives in ancient literature.
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Osborne, Timothy. "Adjectives as roots of nominal groups: the big mess construction in dependency grammar." Folia Linguistica 55, no. 1 (2021): 231–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2075.
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Abstract The so-called ‘Big Mess Construction’ (BMC) frustrates standard assumptions about the structure of nominal groups. The normal position of an attributive adjective is after the determiner and before the noun, but in the BMC, the adjective precedes the determiner, e.g. that strange a sound, so big a scandal, too lame an excuse. Previous accounts of the BMC are couched in ‘Phrase Structure Grammar’ (PSG) and view the noun or the determiner (or the preposition of) as the root/head of the BMC phrase. In contrast, the current approach, which is couched in a ‘Dependency Grammar’ (DG) model, argues that the adjective is in fact the root/head of the phrase. A number of insights point to the adjective as the root/head, the most important of which is the optional appearance of the preposition of, e.g. that strange of a sound, so big of a scandal, too lame of an excuse.
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Xu, Zheng. "The word status of Chinese adjective-noun combinations." Linguistics 56, no. 1 (2018): 207–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2017-0035.
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Abstract The status of Chinese adjective-noun combinations ([A N]) has been debated for decades. This paper argues that Chinese [A N] are word-level expressions constructed in an autonomous word formation component of the grammar. I propose a monomorphemic constraint on the adjective of [A N]. Together with evidence from the tests of modification by degree adverbs, conjunction reduction, and XP substitution, this constraint supports the wordhood of Chinese [A N]. Additional evidence is that Chinese [A N] have a potential naming function and are subject to selectional restrictions. Neither anaphoric accessibility nor the restrictions on the ordering of adjectives are reliable criteria for establishing the status of Chinese [A N]. The various properties of Chinese [A N] are accounted for under the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, Geert. 2010. Construction Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.).
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Kemp, Lois, and Kees Hengeveld. "English evidential -ly adverbs in the noun phrase from a functional perspective." Open Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2022): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2022-0208.
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Abstract This article addresses the question of how the distribution and role of English evidential -ly adverbs in the noun phrase can be accounted for using the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Both adverbs and adjectives occurring in noun phrases are categorized in various ways. The results of the categorization offer insights into the distribution of these adverbs and adjectives. Four generalizations are arrived at concerning the combination of evidential adverbs and adjectives in noun phrases. First, the lower in the FDG hierarchy the category of an adverb, the less frequent the occurrence of that category in the noun phrase. Thus, higher reportative adverbs are very frequent, and lower adverbs of event perception are very infrequent. Second, evidential adverbs do not modify adjectives that express the speaker’s subjective evaluation of the referent. Third, the higher-level reportative and inferential adverbs modify adjectives expressing permanent properties, whereas the lower adverbs of deduction and event perception do not. Finally, neither restrictiveness nor the evaluative vs descriptive nature of the adjective appears to solely determine the category of evidential modification of the adjective. We furthermore discuss the pragmatic effects of the evidential adverb in the noun phrase, such as distancing, and the stress shift that may accompany it.
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Nagano, Akiko. "A conversion analysis of so-called coercion from relational to qualitative adjectives in English." Word Structure 11, no. 2 (2018): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0124.
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It is widely observed that relational adjectives (RAdjs) in English can be coerced into qualitative adjectives (QAdjs) rather freely ( Farsi 1968 ; Beard 1991 ; Bauer et al. 2013 ; Nikolaeva & Spencer 2013 ; Lieber 2015 ). However, the process of coercion and its output properties have not been studied extensively. This paper presents a conversion analysis of the process and discusses how it is effected in the grammar and how converted QAdjs differ from non-converted suffixal ones, such as similatives. The analysis considers the working of the truthfulness operator within a class name NP. Clearly demarcating different adjective classes, the findings of this paper contribute to research on both conversion and RAdj.
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Kiseliūnaitė, Dalia. "On the issue of the development of adjective degree forms in the Western Lithuanian and Latvian dialects." Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 32, no. 1 (2024): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2024-0004.
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Abstract In the Lithuanian and Latvian languages, forms of adjective degrees do not have a common etymological basis. The New Curonian (Kuresnieku) language which is a relatively new Baltic geolect has preserved a fairly distinct archaic layer of phonetics and grammar, where one can look not only for the archaisms of the western dialects of the Latvian language but also for traces of the substrate of Old Curonian. Although synthetic forms of the degrees of adjectives with the suffix -āk- are used in the current Latvian language area they are almost unknown in New Curonian. The forms of the comparative degree are made with the particle juo and an adjective of the positive degree. Analytical forms with the pronoun visu and the pronominal form of an adjective express the superlative degree. In the western Latvian and Lithuanian dialects and the Livonian language in Latvia, the relics of the analytical forms of the comparative and superlative degree are recorded in written sources and rarely in modern spoken language. Since a large part of the western dialects of the Lithuanian and Latvian languages take up the former territory of the old tribe, it may be assumed that the analytical forms of adjective degrees are possibly a sign of the substrate of Old Curonian.
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Gu, Yulan. "From Differentiation of the Expressive Effects to Conscious Use of Rhetorical Language." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 3 (2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.22.
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The double predicate structures in English are examples of rhetorical use of language. The differentiation between the distinctive double predicate structure “verb + adjective” and the normal predicate structure “verb + adverb” and the subsequent choice in specific contexts is thus not only a matter of grammar rules on the surface, but, more substantively, a matter of conscious use of rhetorical language. The survey conducted among college English teachers in China into their differentiation between “verb + adjective” and “verb + adverb” showed that most respondents didn’t distinguish very well the differing expressive effects caused by the choice of the adjectives or the adjectives’ derivative adverbs in these two types of structures, and that the majority of the respondents had difficulty in making proper choices between them for specific contexts. Since the identification of a language structure is the prerequisite for its appropriate use, due attention in English teaching and learning should be paid to the delicate differences among similar language items and to their differing expressive effects to cultivate awareness and competence of conscious use of rhetorical language, enhancing overall language performance.
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Harutyunyan, Anahit. "SIMPLE WORDS IN ANCIENT ARMENIAN LANGUAGE (GRABAR), COMBINING ADJECTIVE/NOUN MEANINGS." JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES 2, no. 61 (2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v2i61.45.
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In grabar there are words with morphological meaning that is split between different parts of the speech. Combinations of more than one speech category represent those words. Those words are referred to as multiple-meaning words. Morphologically polysemantic words in diachronic reality, in the synchronic aspect of the language, can equally combine more than one morphological meaning with the associated syntactic functions. Units belonging to different parts of speech, being in one group or another (noun, adjective, etc.), i.e. grouped according to some common semantic, morphological and syntactic features, nevertheless undergo changes to one degree or another in the course of the historical development of language, because language is a constantly developing phenomenon. In this article, we examined the simple words in grabar, that combine the adjective/noun morphology, and acquired multiple meaning as a result of speech part transitions. Syntactic use of such terms expresses their morphological meanings. According to syntactic application, an adjective becomes a noun when it receives a suffix and a declension and takes on the subject meaning of the complimentary word. Frequent use of adjectives as nouns can split their basic partial meaning and undergo substantiation. Particularly, adjectives that go with personal nouns are entrenched in the language as characteristic terms as well as personal nouns since they are used interchangeably. Words that combine adjective/noun meanings are met in grabar grammar books under the term "medium". Due to their lexical features, these words express: a) personality and personality characteristics, b) personality and characteristics of the person and subject.
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KWABENA, SYLVESTER, and Abraham Okrah. "Exploring the Syntax of the Mo/Deg Adjective phrase." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 6, no. 2 (2015): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v6i2.2951.
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This study is largely syntactic and descriptive, and it explores the structure of the Mo/Deg adjective phrase. It, thus, provides answers to the question, What is the nature of the Mo/Deg adjective phrase? Data was gathered from thirty-five (35) literate native Mo/Deg speakers who were also very skilful in English language using purposive sampling as the ability to speak and write well in both English and Mo/Deg was crucial. Short simple English sentences which have the structure of the adjective were designed and given to the respondents to rewrite in Mo/Deg.This was done to observe the nature of the adjective structure in the language. Some of the sentences were also given to some staff of the Mo/Deg project of the Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation (GILLBT) to translate into Mo/Deg because they are ones considered to have deeper formal knowledge of the language. This was to make sure that the correct and acceptable order of the linguistic items in the adjective phrase in the Mo/Deg language was obtained. The translations comprised the data which were analysed using the Systemic Grammar concept of the adjectival group (phrase). The results showed that the Mo/Deg adjective phrase has place for the headword (H) and the qualifier (Q) but does not have a modifier (M). It further found out that the qualifier function in the adjective phrase in the language may be realised by the adverb, the prepositional phrase, and the finite clause. The paper, thus, concluded that the adjective phrase in Mo/Deg language is quite a complex one though without a modifier.