Relevant bibliographies by topics / Adjoint discret

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Adjoint discret'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 8 February 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Zhao, Shunliu, Matthew G. Russell, Amir Hakami, et al. "A multiphase CMAQ version 5.0 adjoint." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 7 (2020): 2925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2925-2020.

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Abstract. We present the development of a multiphase adjoint for the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, a widely used chemical transport model. The adjoint model provides location- and time-specific gradients that can be used in various applications such as backward sensitivity analysis, source attribution, optimal pollution control, data assimilation, and inverse modeling. The science processes of the CMAQ model include gas-phase chemistry, aerosol dynamics and thermodynamics, cloud chemistry and dynamics, diffusion, and advection. Discrete adjoints are implemented for all the sci
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Ni, Angxiu. "Backpropagation in hyperbolic chaos via adjoint shadowing." Nonlinearity 37, no. 3 (2024): 035009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ad1aed.

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Abstract To generalise the backpropagation method to both discrete-time and continuous-time hyperbolic chaos, we introduce the adjoint shadowing operator S acting on covector fields. We show that S can be equivalently defined as: S is the adjoint of the linear shadowing operator S; S is given by a ‘split then propagate’ expansion formula; S ( ω ) is the only bounded inhomogeneous adjoint solution of ω. By (a), S adjointly expresses the shadowing contribution, a significant part of the linear response, where the linear response is the derivative of the long-time statistics with respect to syste
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Capps, S. L., D. K. Henze, A. Hakami, A. G. Russell, and A. Nenes. "ANISORROPIA: the adjoint of the aerosol thermodynamic model ISORROPIA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 8 (2011): 23469–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-23469-2011.

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Abstract. We present the development of ANISORROPIA, the discrete adjoint of the ISORROPIA thermodynamic equilibrium model that treats the Na+-SO42−-HSO4−-NH4+-NO3−-Cl−-H2O aerosol system, and we demonstrate its sensitivity analysis capabilities. ANISORROPIA calculates sensitivities of an inorganic species in aerosol or gas phase with respect to the total concentrations of each species present with only a two-fold increase in computational time over the forward model execution. Due to the highly nonlinear and discontinuous solution surface of ISORROPIA, evaluation of the adjoint required a new
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Hekmat, Mohamad Hamed, and Masoud Mirzaei. "Development of Discrete Adjoint Approach Based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 230854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/230854.

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The purpose of this research is to present a general procedure with low implementation cost to develop the discrete adjoint approach for solving optimization problems based on the LB method. Initially, the macroscopic and microscopic discrete adjoint equations and the cost function gradient vector are derived mathematically, in detail, using the discrete LB equation. Meanwhile, for an elementary case, the analytical evaluation of the macroscopic and microscopic adjoint variables and the cost function gradients are presented. The investigation of the derivation procedure shows that the simplici
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Larour, Eric, Jean Utke, Anton Bovin, Mathieu Morlighem, and Gilberto Perez. "An approach to computing discrete adjoints for MPI-parallelized models applied to Ice Sheet System Model 4.11." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 11 (2016): 3907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3907-2016.

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Abstract. Within the framework of sea-level rise projections, there is a strong need for hindcast validation of the evolution of polar ice sheets in a way that tightly matches observational records (from radar, gravity, and altimetry observations mainly). However, the computational requirements for making hindcast reconstructions possible are severe and rely mainly on the evaluation of the adjoint state of transient ice-flow models. Here, we look at the computation of adjoints in the context of the NASA/JPL/UCI Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM), written in C++ and designed for parallel execution w
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Wu, Hangkong, Xuanlong Da, Dingxi Wang, and Xiuquan Huang. "Multi-Row Turbomachinery Aerodynamic Design Optimization by an Efficient and Accurate Discrete Adjoint Solver." Aerospace 10, no. 2 (2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10020106.

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This paper proposes an approach that combines manual differentiation (MD) and automatic differentiation (AD) to develop an efficient and accurate multi-row discrete adjoint solver. In this approach, the structures of adjoint codes generated using an AD tool are first analyzed. Then, the AD-generated codes are manually adjusted to reduce memory and CPU time consumption. This manual adjustment is performed by replacing the automatically generated low-efficient differentiated codes with manually developed ones. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the single-stage transonic
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Towara, Markus, Michel Schanen, and Uwe Naumann. "MPI-Parallel Discrete Adjoint OpenFOAM." Procedia Computer Science 51 (2015): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.181.

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Niwa, Yosuke, Hirofumi Tomita, Masaki Satoh, et al. "A 4D-Var inversion system based on the icosahedral grid model (NICAM-TM 4D-Var v1.0) – Part 1: Offline forward and adjoint transport models." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 3 (2017): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1157-2017.

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Abstract. A four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) method is a popular algorithm for inverting atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) measurements. In order to meet the computationally intense 4D-Var iterative calculation, offline forward and adjoint transport models are developed based on the Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). By introducing flexibility into the temporal resolution of the input meteorological data, the forward model developed in this study is not only computationally efficient, it is also found to nearly match the transport performance of the online model. In a tr
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Agarwal, Ravi P., Safi S. Rabie та Samir H. Saker. "On Discrete Weighted Lorentz Spaces and Equivalent Relations between Discrete ℓp-Classes". Fractal and Fractional 7, № 3 (2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract7030261.

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In this paper, we study some relations between different weights in the classes Bp,Bp*,Mp and Mp* that characterize the boundedness of the Hardy operator and the adjoint Hardy operator. We also prove that these classes generate the same weighted Lorentz space Λp. These results will be proven by using the properties of classes Bp,Bp*,Mp and Mp*, including the self-improving properties and also the properties of the generalized Hardy operator Hp, the adjoint operator Sq and some fundamental relations between them connecting their composition to their sum.
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Cao, Junying, Zhongqing Wang, and Ziqiang Wang. "A Uniform Accuracy High-Order Finite Difference and FEM for Optimal Problem Governed by Time-Fractional Diffusion Equation." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 9 (2022): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6090475.

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In this paper, the time fractional diffusion equations optimal control problem is solved by 3−α order with uniform accuracy scheme in time and finite element method (FEM) in space. For the state and adjoint state equation, the piecewise linear polynomials are used to make the space variables discrete, and obtain the semidiscrete scheme of the state and adjoint state. The priori error estimates for the semidiscrete scheme for state and adjoint state equation are established. Furthermore, the 3−α order uniform accuracy scheme is used to make the time variable discrete in the semidiscrete scheme
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Dittmann, Florian. "Study and Optimisation of Supersonic Ejectors for Heat Recovery Refrigeration Cycles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM029.

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Des éjecteurs supersoniques pour des cycles de réfrigération à récupération de chaleur sont modélisés, étudiés et optimisés à l’aide de la mécanique des fluides numérique et la méthode de l’état adjoint discret. L’étude est étayée par une analyse des rapports entre les phénomènes complexes de l’écoulement, les limites thermodynamiques et la performance des cycles. Un modèle 1D généralisé est développé et utilisé pour concevoir des éjecteurs et prédire leur taux d’entraînement afin de déterminer les conditions optimales d’un cycle. La résolution des équations Navier-Stokes moyennées 2D-axisymét
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Marcelet, Meryem. "Etude et mise en oeuvre d'une méthode d'optimisation de forme couplant simulation numérique en aérodynamique et en calcul de structure." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00367508.

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L'objet de ce travail a principalement consisté en l'étude et la mise en oeuvre d'une méthode de calcul des gradients des fonctions aérodynamiques par rapport à des paramètres géométriques pour un système aéroélastique soumis à un écoulement lointain stationnaire. Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie de calcul de l'équilibre aéroélastique statique a tout d'abord été développée. Dans ce cadre, le comportement du fluide peut être modélisé par les équations d'Euler ou par les équations de Navier-Stokes moyennées (RANS). Celles-ci sont numériquement résolues par elsA - code de simulation numéri
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Marcelet, Meryem. "Etude et mise en oeuvre d'une méthode d'optimisation de forme couplant simulation numérique en aérodynamique et en calcul de structure." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENAM0039.

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L’objet de ce travail a consisté en l’étude et la mise en oeuvre d. Une méthodede calcul des dérivées des fonctions d’intérêt d’un problème d’optimisation de forme par rapport aux paramètres géométriques décrivant la forme solide, appelées de façon générique gradients. . , pour un système aéroélastique soumis à un écoulement lointain stationnaire. Une méthodologie de calcul de l’équilibre aéroélastique statique a tout d. Abord été développée dans le cadre de laquelle le comportement du fluide peut être modélisé par les équations d’Euler ou de Navier-Stokes moyennées (RANS), résolues numériquem
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Mura, Gabriele Luigi. "Mesh sensitivity investigation in the discrete adjoint framework." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17384/.

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Aerodynamic optimisation using gradient-based methods has found a wide range of academic applications in the last 30 years. This framework is also becoming more and more popular in the industrial world where, most of the time, unstructured grids are largely used. In this framework, apart from the need to solve the flow field, there is the need to quickly map the aerodynamic surface in terms of some aerodynamic figure of merits such as the drag coefficient, without being limited by the computational expense related to the grid size. This is a concrete industrial need which requires the efficien
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Rothauge, Kai. "The discrete adjoint method for high-order time-stepping methods." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60285.

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This thesis examines the derivation and implementation of the discrete adjoint method for several time-stepping methods. Our results are important for gradient-based numerical optimization in the context of large-scale model calibration problems that are constrained by nonlinear time-dependent PDEs. To this end, we discuss finding the gradient and the action of the Hessian of the data misfit function with respect to three sets of parameters: model parameters, source parameters and the initial condition. We also discuss the closely related topic of computing the action of the sensitivity matrix
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Schneider, Rene. "Applications of the discrete adjoint method in computational fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1343/.

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The discrete adjoint method allows efficient evaluation of the derivative of a function I(s) with respect to parameters s in situations where I depends on s indirectly, via an intermediate variable w(s), which is computationally expensive to evaluate. In this thesis two applications of this method in the context of computational fluid dynamics are considered. The first is shape optimisation, where the discrete adjoint approach is employed to compute the derivatives with respect to shape parameters for a performance functional depending on the solution of a mathematical flow model which has the
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Walther, Andrea. "Discrete Adjoints: Theoretical Analysis, Efficient Computation, and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1214221752009-12115.

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The technique of automatic differentiation provides directional derivatives and discrete adjoints with working accuracy. A complete complexity analysis of the basic modes of automatic differentiation is available. Therefore, the research activities are focused now on different aspects of the derivative calculation, as for example the efficient implementation by exploitation of structural information, studies of the theoretical properties of the provided derivatives in the context of optimization problems, and the development and analysis of new mathematical algorithms based on discrete adjoint
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Walther, Andrea. "Discrete Adjoints: Theoretical Analysis, Efficient Computation, and Applications." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23715.

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The technique of automatic differentiation provides directional derivatives and discrete adjoints with working accuracy. A complete complexity analysis of the basic modes of automatic differentiation is available. Therefore, the research activities are focused now on different aspects of the derivative calculation, as for example the efficient implementation by exploitation of structural information, studies of the theoretical properties of the provided derivatives in the context of optimization problems, and the development and analysis of new mathematical algorithms based on discrete adjoint
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Roth, Rolf [Verfasser]. "Multilevel Optimization of Turbulent Flows by Discrete Adjoint Techniques / Rolf Roth." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025821424/34.

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Towara, Markus [Verfasser], Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Naumann, and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schröder. "Discrete adjoint optimization with OpenFOAM / Markus Towara ; Uwe Naumann, Wolfgang Schröder." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1187346942/34.

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Books on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Edmunds, D. E., and W. D. Evans. Capacity and Compactness Criteria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812050.003.0008.

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In this chapter, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the Poincaré inequality to hold, for the embedding of W01,p(Ω) in Lp(Ω‎) to be compact, and for a self-adjoint realization of − aijDiDj + q to have a wholly discrete spectrum when q is real and bounded below. The results are proved using a method of Maz’ya.
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Book chapters on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Wong, M. W. "Self-Adjoint Operators." In Discrete Fourier Analysis. Springer Basel, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0116-4_16.

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Lotz, Johannes, Uwe Naumann, Max Sagebaum, and Michel Schanen. "Discrete Adjoints of PETSc through dco/c++ and Adjoint MPI." In Euro-Par 2013 Parallel Processing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40047-6_51.

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Giles, M. B. "Discrete Adjoint Approximations with Shocks." In Hyperbolic Problems: Theory, Numerics, Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55711-8_16.

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Catlin, Donald E. "Adjoints, Projections, Pseudoinverses." In Estimation, Control, and the Discrete Kalman Filter. Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4528-5_4.

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Schmüdgen, Konrad. "Discrete Spectra of Self-adjoint Operators." In Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4753-1_12.

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Fichtner, Andreas. "The Frequency-Domain Discrete Adjoint Method." In Full Seismic Waveform Modelling and Inversion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15807-0_10.

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Shu, Hanlin, Liangzhi Cao, Qingming He, Tao Dai, Zhangpeng Huang, and Hongchun Wu. "Study on Unstructured-Mesh-Based Importance Sampling Method of Monte Carlo Simulation." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_38.

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AbstractMonte Carlo (MC) method is widely adopted in radiation transport calculation due to its high accuracy, but suffers from high variance in deep-penetration problems. To obtain reasonable results, variance reduction techniques are necessary and thus be widely studied worldwide. The Consistent Adjoint Driven Importance Sampling (CADIS) method is proved to be an effective variance reduction technique, which generally employs finite-difference discrete ordinate (SN) code to obtain the adjoint flux, and generates parameters of source biasing and weight window for MC code. However, the finite-
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Anil, N., N. K. S. Rajan, Omesh Reshi, and S. M. Deshpande. "A Low Dissipative Discrete Adjoint m-KFVS Method." In Computational Fluid Dynamics 2008. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01273-0_82.

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Towara, Markus, Johannes Lotz, and Uwe Naumann. "Discrete Adjoint Approaches for CHT Applications in OpenFOAM." In Computational Methods in Applied Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57422-2_11.

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Brezillon, Joël, and Mohammad Abu-Zurayk. "Aerodynamic Inverse Design Framework Using Discrete Adjoint Method." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35680-3_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Schäfer, Fellcitas, Luca Magri, and Wolfgang Polifke. "A Hybrid Adjoint Network Model for Thermoacoustic Optimization." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59866.

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Abstract A method is proposed that allows the computation of the continuous adjoint of a thermoacoustic network model based on the discretized direct equations. This hybrid approach exploits the self-adjoint character of the duct element, which allows all jump conditions to be derived from the direct scattering matrix. In this way, the need to derive the adjoint equations for every element of the network model is eliminated. This methodology combines the advantages of the discrete and continuous adjoint, as the accuracy of the continuous adjoint is achieved whilst maintaining the flexibility o
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Frey, Christian, Hans-Peter Kersken, and Dirk Nu¨rnberger. "The Discrete Adjoint of a Turbomachinery RANS Solver." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59062.

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Since adjoint flow solvers allow for the computation of sensitivities of global flow parameters under geometric variations in an amount of time which is nearly independent of the number of geometric parameters, automatic shape optimization can be accelerated considerably by the use of an adjoint solver. In this article, a systematic approach for the development of an exact discrete adjoint of a turbomachinery flow solver is described. By using finite differences to differentiate the numerical fluxes, the problems associated with automatic and hand differentiation are circumvented. Moreover, a
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Biava, Massimo, Mark Woodgate, and George N. Barakos. "Fully Implicit Discrete Adjoint Methods." In 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1491.

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Martins, Joaquim R. R. A., Charles Mader, and Juan Alonso. "ADjoint: An Approach for Rapid Development of Discrete Adjoint Solvers." In 11th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-7121.

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Zhang, Chaolei, and Zhenping Feng. "Aerodynamic Shape Design Optimization for Turbomachinery Cascade Based on Discrete Adjoint Method." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45805.

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Achieving higher aerodynamic performance in terms of efficiency, pressure ratio or stable operation range has been of interest to both researchers and engineers in the field of turbomachinery. The design of optimal shaped aerodynamic configurations based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and predefined targets can be obtained by using deterministic search algorithms, which need to calculate the first and second order sensitivities of the objective function with respect to the design variables. With the characteristics of quick and exact sensitivity analysis, as well as less computational r
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Walther, Benjamin, and Siva Nadarajah. "An Adjoint-Based Optimization Method for Constrained Aerodynamic Shape Design of Three-Dimensional Blades in Multi-Row Turbomachinery Configurations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26604.

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This paper develops the discrete adjoint equations for a turbomachinery RANS solver and proposes a framework for fully-automatic gradient-based constrained aerodynamic shape optimization in a multistage turbomachinery environment. The systematic approach for the development of the discrete adjoint solver is discussed. Special emphasis is put on the development of the turbomachinery specific features of the adjoint solver, i.e. on the derivation of flow-consistent adjoint inlet/outlet boundary conditions and, to allow for a concurrent rotor/stator optimization and stage coupling, on the develop
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Wu, Hangkong, Shenren Xu, Xiuquan Huang, and Dingxi Wang. "The Development and Verification of a Fully Turbulent Discrete Adjoint Solver Using Algorithmic Differentiation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59610.

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Abstract This paper presents the development and verification of a discrete adjoint solver using algorithmic differentiation (AD). The computational cost of sensitivity evaluation using the adjoint method is largely independent of the number of design variables, making it attractive for optimization applications where the design variables are far more than objectives and constraints. To obtain the gradients of a single objective function or constraint with respect to many design variables, the nonlinear flow and the adjoint equations need to be solved once at every design cycle. This paper mak
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Ma, Can, Xinrong Su, and Xin Yuan. "Discrete Adjoint Solution of Unsteady Turbulent Flow in Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42948.

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Unsteady blade row interactions play an important role in the performance of the compressor stages. However, due to the large cost of the unsteady flow simulation, most aerodynamic optimizations of the compressor are based on the steady flow simulation. This paper adopts the time spectral method to reduce the cost of the unsteady flow simulation and a discrete adjoint solver based on the unsteady flow solver has been developed. The unsteady flow equations and the adjoint equations are solved using an in-house code. The in-house code is based on the finite volume method and solves the URANS (Un
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Lu, Juan, Chaolei Zhang, and Zhenping Feng. "Aerodynamic Optimization and Inverse Design of 2D and 3D Turbine Cascades Using the Discrete Adjoint Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95284.

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The adjoint method has significant advantage in sensitivity analysis because its computation cost is independent of the number of the design variables. In recent years it has been applied greatly in aerodynamic design optimization of turbomachinery. This paper developed the discrete adjoint method based on the authors’ previous work and demonstrated the applications of the method in the aerodynamic design optimization for turbine cascades. The Non-uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) technology was introduced in the current design optimization system and a flexible parameterization method for 3D
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Chung, June, Jeonghwan Shim, and Ki D. Lee. "Inverse Design of 3D Compressor Blades With Adjoint Method." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45419.

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A three-dimensional (3D) CFD-based design method for high-speed axial compressor blades is being developed based on the discrete adjoint method. An adjoint code is built corresponding to RVC3D, a 3D turbomachinery Navier-Stokes analysis code developed at NASA Glenn. A validation study with the Euler equations indicates that the adjoint sensitivities are sensitive to the choice of boundary conditions for the adjoint variables in internal flow problems and constraints may be needed on internal boundaries to capture proper physics of the adjoint system. The design method is demonstrated with inve
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Reports on the topic "Adjoint discret"

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Slater, C. O. DRC2: A code with specialized applications for coupling localized Monte Carlo adjoint calculations with fluences from two-dimensional R-Z discrete ordinates air-over-ground calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5973682.

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Slater, C. O. DRC2: A code with specialized applications for coupling localized Monte Carlo adjoint calculations with fluences from two-dimensional R-Z discrete ordinates air-over-ground calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10110196.

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