Academic literature on the topic 'Adjustment factor approach'
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Journal articles on the topic "Adjustment factor approach"
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Cupal, Martin. "Price Adjustments of Price-setting Factors under Sales Comparison Approach (SCA)." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 6, no. 2 (November 4, 2016): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v6i2.1381.
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The sales comparison approach (SCA) usually represents the most important valuation approach. Besides this approach, there are two other performing valuation approaches at other bases. The sales comparison is a set of procedures, in which an appraiser derives a value indication by comparing the property being appraised to similar properties. Real properties vary considerably from one another, which is reflected by price-setting factors. Although price adjustments (caused by differences projected into price by the grid adjustment technique) are always ad hoc, certain relations among the price-setting factors can be detected.The research is based on evaluating price adjustments across different types of real estate. In addition, its objective is to determine the values of simultaneous relations of price adjustments for individual price-setting factors. The methodology consists of three steps. The first one clearly defines the content of individual price-setting factors and price adjustments for further analysis. The second step involves statistical analysis of an extensive appraiser database and evaluation of price adjustments. The final step uses selected statistics to compare the LRM and the SCA and interprets mutual relations.The results of the research should have practical implications for professional appraisal community and further research analyses of the SCA.
Keywords: Sales comparison approach, price-setting factor, price adjustment, real estate;
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Furno, Marilena, Francesco La Barbera, and Fabio Verneau. "Accounting for the hypothetical bias: A changing adjustment factor approach." Agribusiness 35, no. 3 (October 27, 2018): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.21578.
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Hung, Chao-Chih, Tzung-Cheng Huan, Chun-Han Lee, Hsin-Mei Lin, and Wen-Long Zhuang. "To adjust or not to adjust in the host country? Perspective of interactionism." Employee Relations 40, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-12-2016-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of regulatory foci (promotion focus and prevention focus) to expatriate adjustments (general, interaction, and work adjustments) and explore whether mentoring functions (psychosocial support, role modeling, and career development) moderate the aforementioned relationship. Design/methodology/approach Using 141 questionnaired primary data (response rate 32.25 percent) gathered from at least six months experienced expatiates of multinational companies in six industries, this study adopts regression method to examine the moderating effect. Findings This study found that promotion focus was positively related to the interaction and work adjustment, respectively; prevention focus was positively related to the general, interaction, and work adjustment, respectively. Psychosocial support function moderates the relationship between promotion focus and general adjustment. Career development function moderates the relationships between promotion/prevention foci and work adjustment. Originality/value According to the interactionism perspective, behavior is a result of the interaction between personality and situational influences, has a long history in social and personality psychology. This study extends this perspective to the interactive effects of mentorship (situational factor) and expatriates’ regulatory foci (personality factor) on expatriate adjustment.
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Bayer, Christian. "A Comment on the Economics of Labor Adjustment: Mind the Gap: Evidence from a Monte Carlo Experiment." American Economic Review 99, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 2258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.5.2258.
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This comment addresses a point raised in Russell Cooper and Jonathan Willis (2003, 2004), which discusses whether the “gap approach” is appropriate to describe the adjustment of production factors. They show that this approach to labor adjustment as applied in Ricardo J. Caballero, Eduardo Engel, and John C. Haltiwanger (1997) and Caballero and Engel (1993) can falsely generate evidence in favor of nonconvex adjustment costs, even if costs are quadratic. Simulating a dynamic model of firm-level employment decisions with quadratic adjustment costs and estimating a gap model from the simulated data, they identify two factors producing this spurious evidence: approximating dynamic adjustment targets by static ones, and estimating the static targets themselves. This comment reassesses whether the first factor indeed leads to spurious evidence in favor of fixed adjustment costs. We show that the numerical approximation of the productivity process is pivotal for Cooper and Willis's finding. With more precise approximations of the productivity process, it becomes rare to falsely reject the quadratic adjustment cost model due to the approximation of dynamic targets by static ones. (JEL E24, J3)
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Lopes, Susana Almeida, Jorge Miguel Gonçalves Sarraguça, João Almeida Lopes, and Maria Eduarda Duarte. "A new approach to talent management in law firms." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 64, no. 4 (April 13, 2015): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-08-2013-0147.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach to talent management that consists of averaging performance appraisal and assessment center ratings for in-depth identification of lawyers’ talents. Design/methodology/approach – The approach’s adjustment was examined using a 61 senior-lawyer sample from a Portuguese law firm. Comparisons between assessment center and performance appraisal ratings were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests and a kernel density function, and predictive validity was assessed with Pearson correlations. Evidence of both a general performance factor and two additional factors was verified using principal component analysis. Varimax rotation was used to verify three broad factors with job profile’s three broad areas. Findings – Results suggest support for the assessment center’s predictive validity. Its lower and more variable ratings overcome performance appraisal rating bias. Adjustment of the new approach to lawyers’ overall talent identification (the general factor) and each lawyer’s relative talents (three broad factors) was observed. Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the substantive existence of a general performance factor, and adds to empirical research concerning talent management, which is lacking. However, generalizability requires broader samples and replication. Practical implications – The approach is a methodology that informs career management, high-flyers’ identification, talent mapping, development, succession planning, team composition, and diversity analysis. For lawyers, objective feedback allows benchmarking talent and managing one’s career. Originality/value – This study pioneers empirical research that develops methods for identifying talent in law firms, vital for firm sustainability.
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Lakemond, Ruan, Clinton Fookes, and Sridha Sridharan. "Resection-Intersection Bundle Adjustment Revisited." ISRN Machine Vision 2013 (December 12, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261956.
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Bundle adjustment is one of the essential components of the computer vision toolbox. This paper revisits the resection-intersection approach, which has previously been shown to have inferior convergence properties. Modifications are proposed that greatly improve the performance of this method, resulting in a fast and accurate approach. Firstly, a linear triangulation step is added to the intersection stage, yielding higher accuracy and improved convergence rate. Secondly, the effect of parameter updates is tracked in order to reduce wasteful computation; only variables coupled to significantly changing variables are updated. This leads to significant improvements in computation time, at the cost of a small, controllable increase in error. Loop closures are handled effectively without the need for additional network modelling. The proposed approach is shown experimentally to yield comparable accuracy to a full sparse bundle adjustment (20% error increase) while computation time scales much better with the number of variables. Experiments on a progressive reconstruction system show the proposed method to be more efficient by a factor of 65 to 177, and 4.5 times more accurate (increasing over time) than a localised sparse bundle adjustment approach.
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Braun, Stephen M., and John N. Ivan. "Estimating Intersection Approach Delay Using 1985 and 1994 Highway Capacity Manual Procedures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1555, no. 1 (January 1996): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155500104.
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The current methods for determining average stopped delay at signalized intersections were studied. Field measurements of average stopped delay were obtained and compared with values computed using both the 1985 and 1994 editions of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The 1994 HCM uses an equation to predict the progression adjustment factor (PF), a new technique for determining the left-turn adjustment factor for saturation flow rates, and a new set of equations for determining the uniform delay parameter for left-turn lane groups with primary and secondary phasing. Overall, the 1994 HCM produces better estimates of intersection stopped delay than the 1985 HCM.
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GOPALAN, PRITHA. "The Trust Factor in Participation and Social Education." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554, no. 1 (November 1997): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716297554001011.
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This article offers a framework for social educators and community developers to combine constructivist and prescriptive approaches in eliciting community participation in socioeconomic programs. It identifies the role of the agent and the community member in the participation process. It defines their need for mutual adjustment in these roles, which occur in interactional contexts. These adjustments may take the form of program changes or altered learning styles on the part of both parties. Several barriers to change exist within the structure of the community. This article proposes that program flexibility is a key element in eliciting successful participation, as the structural makeup of communities cannot easily be changed. It classified the likely areas within which change can and cannot occur in situations of contact, and it outlines an approach that sensitizes practitioners to the historical, cultural, and affective factors that must be built into program design.
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Valcke, M., A. Nong, and K. Krishnan. "Modeling the Human Kinetic Adjustment Factor for Inhaled Volatile Organic Chemicals: Whole Population Approach versus Distinct Subpopulation Approach." Journal of Toxicology 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/404329.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of whole- and sub-population-related variabilities on the determination of the human kinetic adjustment factor (HKAF) used in risk assessment of inhaled volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Monte Carlo simulations were applied to a steady-state algorithm to generate population distributions for blood concentrations (CAss) and rates of metabolism (RAMs) for inhalation exposures to benzene (BZ) and 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D). The simulated population consisted of various proportions of adults, elderly, children, neonates and pregnant women as per the Canadian demography. Subgroup-specific input parameters were obtained from the literature and P3M software. Under the “whole population” approach, the HKAF was computed as the ratio of the entire population’s upper percentile value (99th, 95th) of dose metrics to the median value in either the entire population or the adult population. Under the “distinct subpopulation” approach, the upper percentile values in each subpopulation were considered, and the greatest resulting HKAF was retained. CAss-based HKAFs that considered the Canadian demography varied between 1.2 (BZ) and 2.8 (1,4-D). The “distinct subpopulation” CAss-based HKAF varied between 1.6 (BZ) and 8.5 (1,4-D). RAM-based HKAFs always remained below 1.6. Overall, this study evaluated for the first time the impact of underlying assumptions with respect to the interindividual variability considered (whole population or each subpopulation taken separately) when determining the HKAF.
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d’Amato, Maurizio. "A LOCATION VALUE RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL FOR MASS APPRAISING: AN “ITERATIVE” LOCATION ADJUSTMENT FACTOR IN BARI, ITALY." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.17.
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The work is focused on a new model of mass appraising including location variable. A location adjustment factor derived from a mathematical iteration was compared to the location adjustment factor based on geostatistical techniques. The work compares three different linear MRA models. The first one uses the location blind linear MRA. The second integrates the linear MRA with a location adjustment factor calculated using spatial interpolation. The second alternative is an application of Location Value Response Surface Models (O'Connor, 1982). It represents the first application of these models for mass appraising in Italy. The third approach introduces the Iterative Location Adjustment Factor. This is a factor which measure the influence of location derived from a mathematical iteration. Empirical results seem to prove the validity of Iterative Location Adjustment Factors in specific context with few observations. Santruka Darbe nagrinejamas naujas masinio turto vertinimo modelis, apimantis geografines padeties kintamaji. Iteraciniu būdu apskaičiuotas geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys palygintas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, gautu taikant geostatistinius metodus. darbe lyginami trys skirtingi tiesiniai mrA modeliai. Pirmajame naudojamas geografines padeties nevertinantis tiesinis MRA. Antrajame tiesinis MRA sujungiamas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, apskaičiuotu pasitelkus erdvine interpoliacija. Antrojoje alternatyvoje pritaikomi geografines padeties vertes stebimojo paviršiaus (angl. Location Value Response Surface) modeliai (O'Connor 1982). Italijoje šie modeliai masiniam turto vertinimui naudojami pirma karta. Trečiojoje alternatyvoje taikomas iteracinis geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys. Jis ivertina geografines padeties itaka, nustatyta iteraciniu būdu. Empiriniai rezultatai, regis, irodo iteraciniu geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu pagristuma konkrečiame kontekste, kai stebejimu yra mažai.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adjustment factor approach"
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Park, Inseok. "Quantification of Multiple Types of Uncertainty in Physics-Based Simulation." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1348702461.
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Moraco, Anna Giuglia Menechelli. "Ajuste incremental de estabilizadores para geradores e dispositivos TCSC-POD em sistemas de potência." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-04012016-165847/.
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O constante aumento da demanda de energia elétrica sobre as redes e a necessidade de interligação de sistemas através de longas linhas de transmissão, culminaram em problemas relacionados à estabilidade do sistema de potência multimáquinas. Tais problemas envolvem oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência classicadas como modos interáreas. Os modos interáreas são caracterizados por oscilações de frequências de até 1Hz e representam oscilações de um grupo de geradores de uma área contra grupos de geradores de outras áreas. Umavezqueoempregodeestabilizadoresdesistemasdepotência(ESP)possanãosersucienteparagarantirumamortecimentoadequadoaessesmodos,osdispositivosFACTSsurgem como uma alternativa ecaz para o amortecimento de oscilações de baixa frequência. Para este m, o Capacitor Série Controlado por Tiristor (TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) é um dispositivo FACTS comumente empregado e quando utilizado juntamente com um controlador suplementar para amortecimento de oscilações de potência (POD - Power Oscillation Damping) garante ao sistema de potência estabilidade e amortecimento adequado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é realizar o projeto coordenado de controladores ESP e TCSC-POD efetuando um ajuste incremental dos parâmetros dos controladores através da formulação do problema por otimização e programação quadrática. Tal técnica foi utilizada anteriormente somente para o projeto de ESPs. No caso deste trabalho será feita uma adaptação para estender a possibilidade de aplicação da metodologia para casos com dispositivos FACTS presentes.The increasing demand for electricity over networks and the need for systems interconnection through long transmission lines, resulted in problems related to the multi-machine power systemstability. Theseproblemsinvolvelowfrequencyoscillationsclassiedasinterareasmodes. These modes are characterized by oscillations in frequencies up to 1 Hz, and represent a group of generators from one area oscillating against generator groups from other areas. Once the use of power system stabilyzers (PSS) controllers may not be sucient to ensure adequate damping to these modes, the FACTS devices emerge as an ecient alternative to damping low frequency oscillations. For this purpose, the TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)isacommonlyusedFACTSdeviceandwhenitisusedtogetherwithasupplementary controller POD (Power Oscillation Damping), ensures stability to power system and adequate damping. These controllers have the same structure as the PSS controllers. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out the coordinated design of PSS and TCSC-POD controllers, performing an incremental adjustment of the controllers parameters by formulating the problem as an optimization problem using quadratic programming. This method was previously used only for PSS design. In the case of this work, it is made an adaptation to extend the applicability of the methodology for cases in which there are FACTS devices present.
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Struwig, Gillian Anne. "Psychosocial factors and susceptibility to the common cold in distance runners." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1872.
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This study investigated the relationship between specific psychosocial factors and susceptibility to the common cold in a sample of 124 distance runners. A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess the role of life events, coping, hardiness, training workload and competition frequency in the athlete's risk of infection. Using correlational statistical techniques, it was found that the magnitude of recent life changes and the avoidance coping strategy of denial were positively related to self-reported symptoms of the common cold. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was observed between hardiness and symptom duration scores. However, approach coping, training workload and competition frequency were not significantly related to the dependent measures. The results of this study suggest that certain stress-related psychosocial factors are associated with susceptibility to the common cold in distance runners. Several strategies for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in this group are implied by these findings.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
Books on the topic "Adjustment factor approach"
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Hesketh, Beryl, and Barbara Griffin. Selection and Training for Work Adjustment and Adaptability. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0016.
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This article outlines a conceptual framework for integrating recent developments in understanding the individual difference variables that directly influence and interact with situational variables in optimizing work adjustment and adaptive performance. It begins by outlining the components of the Theory of Work Adjustment, including an explanation of the dynamic aspects of the theory. A particular focus of the framework is on the dynamic attainment of achievement goals and the role that information and communication technology (ICT) can play when there is a turbulent and changing set of situational factors and job requirements. The article takes a futuristic approach and challenges the readers to consider the implications of the rapidly developing field of ICT for traditional models of selection and training.
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Doherty, Michael, Johannes Bijlsma, Nigel Arden, David J. Hunter, and Nicola Dalbeth. Introduction: the comprehensive approach. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0020.
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This introductory chapter to the section on management of osteoarthritis (OA) emphasizes the need for a full assessment of the patient, not just in terms of joint symptoms and examination findings but a full holistic assessment of the person, including the impact of OA on their life, their illness perceptions of OA, and the presence of comorbidities. An individualized package of care can then be developed. Patients should be fully informed about OA and fully involved in all management decisions. Apart from education, which is an ongoing not one-off process, other core treatments to be considered in every person with OA are exercise (both strengthening and aerobic) and strategies to reduce adverse mechanical factors, including weight loss if overweight or obese. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the safest analgesic drug to try first for peripheral joint OA. Other treatments can be selected as required from a wide range of drug and non-pharmacological options, to address the needs of the individual. The patient requires regular follow-up for reassessment and re-adjustment of management as required. Currently there are sparse data on predictors of response to treatment, limiting a stratified medicine approach. Caveats to the research evidence for OA and its transition to clinical practice are discussed, and one way of improving this (reporting overall treatment effect and the proportion attributable to placebo in clinical trials) is presented. Optimizing contextual effects, which are an integral part of any treatment and which may explain the majority of improvement that a patient experiences for their OA, is emphasized as a key aspect of care.
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Lulé, Dorothée, Albert C. Ludolph, and Andrea Kübler. Psychological morbidity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Depression, anxiety, hopelessness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0003.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating condition with progressive loss of movement, speech, and respiratory function, and no available cure. Following the development of clinical symptoms and after receiving a diagnosis, patients may develop psychological morbidity, such as depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. However, many patients adjust successfully in the course of the disease and maintain good psychological well-being, so that a decline in psychological well-being does not necessarily accompany loss of physical function. There are several major determinants of good psychological adjustment to chronic and terminal disease—intrinsic factors such as coping strategies and internal locus of control, and extrinsic factors such as high (perceived and actual) social support by families and multidisciplinary professional teams. Providing care with a holistic view of the patient is probably the most effective approach to supporting patients’ psychosocial adjustment to the disease and minimizing depression, anxiety, and hopelessness.
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Greenberg, Lyn R., Barbara J. Fidler, and Michael A. Saini, eds. Evidence-Informed Interventions for Court-Involved Families. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190693237.001.0001.
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Children at the center of high conflict divorce and/or child protection cases face increased risks to both current and future health and adjustment. There is a growing research base regarding these risks and the coping abilities skills that children need for successful adjustment, but training gaps and poorly structured services continue to be serious problems. The specific characteristics of these families, and risks faced by these children, underscore the importance of treatment, psychoeducation, and other services adapted to this population and directed to minimizing risks and promoting healthy functioning, autonomy, and resilience for these children. This book provides a critical, research-informed analysis of the core factors to include when developing child-centered approaches to therapy and other family interventions, both in the formal treatment setting and promoting healthy engagement with the other systems and activities critical to children’s daily lives. The book addresses common problems, obstacles, and the backdrop of support from other professionals or the court, which may be necessary for successful intervention. An international team of renowned authors provide chapters covering a variety of service models and drawing on a wide range of relevant research and literature, addressing the legal context, central issues for treatment and other services, and specialized issues such as trauma, family violence, parent–child contact problems, and children with special needs. The book assembles in one place the best of what is known about intervention for court-involved families, along with practical guidance for using relevant research, understanding its limitations, and matching service plans to families’ needs.
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Henning, C. Randall. Dramatis Institutiones. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801801.003.0003.
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The regime complex for crisis finance in the euro area included the European Council, Council of the European Union, and Eurogroup in addition to the three institutions of the troika. As the member states acted largely, though not exclusively, through the council system, these bodies stood at the center of the institutional mix. This chapter reviews the institutions as a prelude to examining the dilemmas that confronted them over the course of the crises. It presents a brief review of some of the basic facts about their origins, membership, and organization. Each section then delves more deeply into these institutions’ governance and principles to understand their capabilities and strategic challenges. As a consequence of different mandates and design, the European Commission, European Central Bank, and International Monetary Fund diverged with respect to their approach to financing, adjustment, conditionality, and debt sustainability. This divergence set the stage for institutional conflict in the country programs.
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Capaldi, Deborah M., and Hyoun K. Kim. Comorbidity of Depression and Conduct Disorder. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.015.
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Both depression and conduct disorders are relatively prevalent and are related to poor long-term outcomes. Despite being characterized by very different symptoms, it is well established that these two disorders co-occur at higher rates than expected by chance, resulting in poorer adjustment for the individual than would result from either problem alone. The termcomorbidityis usually reserved to refer to the association of diagnosed disorders, whereasco-occurrencerefers more broadly to the association of levels of symptoms of conduct problems and depression, which are usually calculated with means or possibly symptoms counts. In the past two decades, researchers have focused particularly on the following issues regarding the comorbidity of depression and conduct disorder: (1) possible causal associations of the two problem behaviors (i.e., do depressive disorders tend to onset after conduct disorders or vice versa); (2) theory regarding causes of the association (i.e., common versus unique risk factors for these two problem behaviors); (3) changes across development (i.e., with age); (4) risks from diagnosed disorders versus symptoms that do not reach diagnostic criteria; (5) outcomes or prognosis (e.g., are outcomes more severe for co-occurring problems than for either problem alone, are there distinct patterns of outcomes associated with co-occurring problems). Within each of these areas there is considerable interest in moderation of effects by gender or gender similarities and differences. This chapter reviews findings pertaining to these issues and presents suggestions for future research. In addition, assessment approaches and clinical implications are discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Adjustment factor approach"
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Smailhodžić, Edin, and Denis Berberović. "Digital Creativity: Upgrading Creativity in Digital Business." In Digital Entrepreneurship, 165–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_9.
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AbstractCreativity has become one of the most important driving factors of today’s digital business environments. Businesses are increasingly looking for creative employees who can offer new and out-of-the-box solutions to existing problems. Companies go through the process of digital transformation by increasingly changing the ways in which they employ digital technologies and develop new digital business models that help to create and to capture value. Combined with a creative approach, companies have experienced a surge in creative digital solutions. However, the creative process is not a self-perpetuating mechanism. It must be initiated and supported by organizations. This is done by understanding the creative process itself and by making small but fruitful adjustments to the work environment and the overall management of the workforce. As three chosen real-life examples will illustrate, such approach results in unleashing powerful creative energy that offers new services to the market, new approaches to solving existing problems, or as seen in the case of Uber—bringing in a completely new business model based on creative solutions and innovative approaches to different aspects of business operations.
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Kawaye, Floney P., and Michael F. Hutchinson. "Maize, Cassava, and Sweet Potato Yield on Monthly Climate in Malawi." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 617–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_120.
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AbstractClimate change and climate variability in Malawi have negatively affected the production of maize, a staple food crop. This has adversely affected food security. On the other hand, there have been increases in growing area, production, yield, consumption, and commercialization of both cassava and sweet potato. Factors behind these increases include the adaptive capacity of these crops in relation to climate change and variability, structural adjustment programs, population growth and urbanization, new farming technologies, and economic development. Cassava and sweet potato are seen to have the potential to contribute to food security and alleviate poverty among rural communities.This study used a simple generic growth index model called GROWEST to model observed yields of maize, cassava, and sweet potato across Malawi between 2001 and 2012. The method can be viewed as a hybrid approach between complex process-based crop models and typical statistical models. For each food crop, the GROWEST model was able to provide a robust correlation between observed yields and spatially interpolated monthly climate. The model parameters, which included optimum growing temperatures and growing seasons, were well determined and agreed with known values. This indicated that these models could be used with reasonable confidence to project the impacts of climate change on crop yield. These projections could help assess the future of food security in Malawi under the changing climate and assist in planning for this future.
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Jibawi, Abdullah, Mohamed Baguneid, and Arnab Bhowmick. "Chronic limb ischaemia." In Current Surgical Guidelines, edited by Abdullah Jibawi, Mohamed Baguneid, and Arnab Bhowmick, 443–52. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794769.003.0046.
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Chronic limb ischaemia or peripheral arterial disease is a common condition that is caused by the build-up of atheroma. This chapter examines the risk factors for developing this condition and describes non-invasive and invasive diagnostic investigations. The management of this condition depends on the severity of the presentation. Intermittent claudication is largely managed conservatively with risk factor modification and lifestyle adjustment unless walking limitation is severe. Critical limb ischaemia is treated in a more aggressive fashion by an endovascular or surgical approach. This chapter examines how the Transatlantic Society Consensus (TASC) relates to the optimum treatment options for occlusive disease in the lower limb.
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Kim, Jaehoon, and Seong Park. "Periodic Streaming Data Reduction Using Flexible Adjustment of Time Section Size." In Data Warehousing and Mining, 1231–49. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-951-9.ch070.
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Much of the research regarding streaming data has focused only on real time querying and analysis of recent data stream allowable in memory. However, as data stream mining, or tracking of past data streams, is often required, it becomes necessary to store large volumes of streaming data in stable storage. Moreover, as stable storage has restricted capacity, past data stream must be summarized. The summarization must be performed periodically because streaming data flows continuously, quickly, and endlessly. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient periodic summarization method with a flexible storage allocation. It improves the overall estimation error by flexibly adjusting the size of the summarized data of each local time section. Additionally, as the processing overhead of compression and the disk I/O cost of decompression can be an important factor for quick summarization, we also consider setting the proper size of data stream to be summarized at a time. Some experimental results with artificial data sets as well as real life data show that our flexible approach is more efficient than the existing fixed approach.
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Turk, Alice, and Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel. "The prosodic governance of surface phonetic variation: Support for an alternative approach III." In Speech Timing, 132–45. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795421.003.0006.
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Effects of prosodic structure on surface phonetics are modeled in AP/TD in two ways: 1) via a set of PI and MuT adjustment mechanisms used to model lengthening effects at boundaries and on prominent syllables, and 2) via a hierarchy of coupled syllable, cross-word foot, and phrase oscillators, used to model poly-subconstituent shortening effects, and to control overall speech rate. These mechanisms are challenged by 1) findings presented in previous chapters that suggest that longer durations associated with boundaries and prominences are due to longer surface duration specifications, 2) findings presented here that show that polysyllabic shortening does not affect all words in an utterance, inconsistent with an oscillator-based mechanism that controls all aspects of any produced utterance, and 3) findings relating to speech rate presented in previous chapters which suggest that speech rate specifications relate to surface durations, rather than to planning oscillator frequencies. Patterns of speech timing presented in this chapter thus suggest that there are reasons to be uncertain whether periodicity is a major factor in speech motor control in typical speaking circumstances, and therefore call into question the use of suprasegmental oscillators.
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Tsai, Liang-Ting, Chih-Chien Yang, and Timothy Teo. "Weighting Imputation for Categorical Data." In Encyclopedia of Business Analytics and Optimization, 2706–16. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5202-6.ch241.
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This article aims to propose the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) approach to impute missing group membership and sampling weights in inferring the accuracy of population parameters of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models with categorical questionnaires. Survey data with missing group memberships, for example, gender, age, or ethnicity, are very familiar. However, the group memberships of examinees are critical for calculating the stratum sampling weights. Asparouhov (2005), Tsai and Yang (2008), and Yang and Tsai (2008) have described that appropriate imputation can further improve the precision of CFA model estimations. Questionnaires with categorical responses are not well established yet. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to compare the LVQ method with the other three existing methods (e.g., listwise-deletion, weighting-class adjustment, non-weighted). Four experimental factors, such as missing data rates, sampling sizes, disproportionate sampling, and different populations, were used to examine the performance of these four methods. The results showed that the LVQ method outperformed the other three methods in terms of accuracy of parameters of CFA model with binary or 5-category responses. The conclusion and discussion sections of this article provide for some practical guidelines.
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Silva, Elvira, Spiro E. Stefanou, and Alfons Oude Lansink. "Primal Analytical Foundations of Dynamic Production Analysis." In Dynamic Efficiency and Productivity Measurement, 27–56. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190919474.003.0003.
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This chapter develops dynamic production analysis within the context of the adjustment cost model of the firm, where adjustment costs are associated with changes in the level of the quasi-fixed factors, also known as internal adjustment costs. The chapter characterizes axiomatically several primal representations of the adjustment cost production technology. The axiomatic approach is a cornerstone to model production technology both in theoretical and empirical work. The existence of several representations of the adjustment cost production technology is essential in the analysis of the firm’s decisions and its adjustment path that are conditioned by the technology. Three set representations of the adjustment cost production technology are discussed and characterized axiomatically. Two functional representations of the technology are also addressed using an axiomatic approach.
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Winger, Joseph G., Carolyn E. Keeler, and Francis J. Keefe. "Behavioural and psychosocial interventions for pain management." In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, edited by Nathan I. Cherny, Marie T. Fallon, Stein Kaasa, Russell K. Portenoy, and David C. Currow, 461–70. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198821328.003.0045.
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Patients with advanced disease commonly report pain as one of their most feared and distressing symptoms. A biomedical treatment approach that focuses solely on biological factors can be helpful but often fails to adequately address important psychological, social, and spiritual factors that can contribute to pain. Behavioural and psychosocial approaches to understanding and treating pain in patients with advanced disease can be quite helpful in this context. These approaches not only have the potential to reduce pain but also improve patients’ overall adjustment to life-limiting disease. This chapter provides an overview of these approaches. It is divided into four sections, including a summary of the prevalence and undertreatment of pain in patients with advanced disease, a rationale for behavioural and psychosocial approaches to pain management, an overview of the most common and effective behavioural and psychosocial approaches, and clinical considerations and future directions.
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Matthews, Michael D., Richard M. Lerner, and Hubert Annen. "Noncognitive Amplifiers of Human Performance." In Human Performance Optimization, 356–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0016.
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In addition to enhancing cognitive and physical performance, an emerging body of research focuses on noncognitive factors in human performance. Prior studies of human performance consistently suggest that cognitive factors (intelligence, learning, and specific cognitive abilities) account for about 25% of variation in measured performance. This chapter examines three streams of research focused on noncognitive amplifiers of human performance: grit and hardiness, core character strengths, and resilience. Research suggests that systematic efforts to train and develop these factors may represent a powerful approach to both optimizing human performance and improving emotional adjustment, especially in highly demanding and dangerous work contexts.
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Sobieralska-Michalak, Kinga, Maciej Michalak, Agnieszka Woźniewicz, and Aleksandra Pawlicka. "Stress Associated with Orthopedic Surgery and Feeling Pain." In Advances in Medical Education, Research, and Ethics, 372–92. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9658-7.ch016.
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Injuries and degenerative disease of the skeletal and articular systems are the most common reasons for undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Those diseases are often associated with pain, which is experienced by the patient long before the surgical procedure. Strong stress reaction is the main source of adjustment disorders of patients undergoing surgical treatment. Orthopaedic surgery, like any other surgery, upsets body's homeostasis. The results of the surgery are not completely predictable, but are always closely related to life and health. Patients' strong stress reaction is also connected with anaesthesia (emergence from anaesthesia), being worried of complications caused by central neuraxial anaesthesia – the fear of paresis or death. The factor which influences worse adaptation process is the patients' post-surgery mood. Right after the surgery, patients feel worse than before it, they are weak, move less freely, they are anxious about their consciousness being dimmed due to medicine intake and pain. The expectations concerning the ways of controlling the dynamics of the pain one experiences are crucial. According to the researchers, in the central nervous system there exist neural circuits that may cause physiological reactions according to one's expectations, and due to this fact the pain one experiences may become stronger or alleviated depending on one's expectations. The lack of positive pain-reducing experience may lead to the learned helplessness or no sense of one's control over pain, both of which make the pain stronger. The pain-influencing factors include cognitive processes and emotions. The role of attention processes, one's cognitive appraisal and one's attitude towards pain has been emphasised, as well as the pain-modelling influence of emotions, all of which emphasise the complexity of one's pain experience. Patients, when asked to point out the factors that hinder effective pain therapy, indicate frustration caused by the lack of information, numerous worries concerning the treatment and the stereotypical image of pain. Relieving tension influences the patient's mood positively, whilst stress influences it in a negative way. The stress one experiences and one's emotions lower one's pain threshold, which leads to greater pain experience and thus makes the healing process last longer. The quality of pre- and post-operational care is thus crucial, as it influences the level of the experienced stress. The pain components influence one another, there occur interactions of biological, psychological and situational factors, which makes it advisable to personalise one's pain treatment. The need of an interdisciplinary approach towards a person, especially to their health, has been recently emphasised. Pain is a biopsychosocial occurrence, which makes pain therapy an interdisciplinary problem. This chapter discusses the following issues: 1) The characteristics of pain in conditions that require surgical treatment,2) Surgery-related stress reaction, 3) Psychological factors which influence how one feels pain, 4) The consequences of pain in people's functioning, and 5) Postoperative pain, the assessment of pain level and its relieving.
Conference papers on the topic "Adjustment factor approach"
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Fischer, Christopher C., and Ramana V. Grandhi. "A Surrogate-based Adjustment Factor Approach to Multi-Fidelity Design Optimization." In 17th AIAA Non-Deterministic Approaches Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-1375.
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Zhang, Yamiao, Jian Liu, and Xiaoe Ruan. "A Networked Iterative Learning Control Approach with Input Packet Dropout Adjustment Factor." In 2019 IEEE 8th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems Conference (DDCLS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddcls.2019.8909034.
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Li, Simon. "Lagrangian Relaxation for Decentralized Decision Making in Engineering Design." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49541.
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To minimize the coordination efforts among design teams and expedite the design process via parallel workflows, a cooperative and decentralized environment is often considered for team-based design. The cooperative environment implies that teams are motivated to achieve the common objective of the design, while the decentralized environment encourages teams to work independently. Due to the nature of the decentralized environment, achieving an optimal solution is not trivial, even though all teams are motivated and willing to do so. In this context, this paper introduces the Lagrangian relaxation approach for solving decentralized design problems. Also, an objective adjustment factor is proposed to improve the convergence issue in the solution process. Two examples, welded beam design and heat exchanger design, have been used to illustrate and validate the Lagrangian relaxation approach and the objective adjustment factor.
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Batura, Anatolii, Igor Orynyak, and Andrii Oryniak. "Semianalytical Method for the SIF Calculation for a Crack of Arbitrary Shape in Infinite Body." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28383.
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The exact analytical approach for stress intensity factor calculation for an arbitrary shape mode I crack loaded by the polynomial stresses is proposed. The approach is based on the calculation of the crack faces displacement at given loading. The displacement field is presented as a shape function multiplied by an adjustment polynomial. At that the key problem is the solution of well-known inverse task: obtaining the stresses field at the crack faces on the base of a given displacements field. Multiply solution of such task for a whole set of certain displacements base functions (e.g., for the single terms of the adjustment polynomial) allows to get analytical expression which connects stresses and displacements fields. The original semi-analytical technique for integration with subsequent differentiation of well-known singular integral equation of the flat crack problem is developed. The excellent accuracy of the method is confirmed for an elliptic crack as well as for a rectangular one in the infinite 3D body. New results are given for an inner semi-elliptic crack in the infinite body which surfaces are loaded by polynomial stresses up to the 6th order. The importance of choosing the appropriate shape function is demonstrated.
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Fischer, Christopher C., and Ramana V. Grandhi. "Utilizing an Adjustment Factor to Scale Between Multiple Fidelities Within a Design Process: A Stepping Stone to Dialable Fidelity Design." In 16th AIAA Non-Deterministic Approaches Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1011.
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Carrigan, Wei, Pavan Nuthi, Charu Pande, Caleb P. Nothnagle, and Muthu B. J. Wijesundara. "A Pressure Modulating Sensorized Soft Actuator Array for Pressure Ulcer Prevention." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68191.
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Pressure ulcers are a serious reoccurring complication among wheelchair users with impaired mobility and sensation. It is postulated that external mechanical loading, specifically on bony prominences, is a major contributing factor in pressure ulcer formation. Prevention strategies mainly center on reducing the magnitude and duration of external forces acting upon the body. Seat cushion technologies for reducing pressure ulcer prevalence often employ soft materials and customized cushion geometries. Air cell arrays used in time-based pressure modulation techniques are seen as a promising alternative; however, this approach could be further enhanced by adding real-time pressure profile mapping to enable automated pressure modulation customizable for each user’s condition. The work presented here describes the development of a prototype support surface and pressure modulation algorithm which can monitor interface pressure as well as automatically offload and redistribute concentrated pressure. This prototype is comprised of arrays of sensorized polymeric soft air cell actuators which are modulated by a pneumatic controller. Each actuator’s pressure can be changed independently which results in a change to the interface pressure allowing us to offload targeted regions and provide local adjustment for redistribution. The pressure mapping, redistribution, and offloading capabilities of the prototype are demonstrated using pressure modulation algorithms described here.
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Cupal, Martin. "PRICE ADJUSTMENTS OF PRICE-SETTING FACTORS UNDER SALES COMPARISON APPROACH (SCA)." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/hb11/s03.090.
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Simeon, Gaizka Zarraonandia, Piing Chen, and Claudio Bittencourt Ferreira. "Partial Safety Factors and Design Fatigue Factors for Design Requirements of Tidal Turbines: A Risk Based Approach." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41985.
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This paper describes the methodology behind the partial safety factors and design fatigue factors of the DNV GL standard for certification of tidal turbines. The standard follows a risk based approach that allows the adjustment of the design requirements to the identified risk level of the system. The work undertaken in this study has involved the identification of the uncertainties during the design process. Tidal turbines are located in highly energetic sites which are very difficult to characterise, hence site conditions are one of the largest sources of uncertainty. Key parameters like turbine inflow conditions or predictions of extreme values are still grey areas. Load simulation tools are still quite uncertain and are often dependent on the experience of the people running them. Both partial safety factors and design fatigue factors have been calibrated to different target safety levels with due account for the uncertainties introduced by load models as well as site characterisation. The different target safety levels have been selected in accordance to the risk associated to structural failures of tidal turbine support structures and aim for a more streamlined design from the safety requirements point of view.
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Platts, Norman, David R. Tice, and Jennifer Nicholls. "Study of Fatigue Initiation of Austenitic Stainless Steel in a High Temperature Water Environment and in Air Using Blunt Notch Compact Tension Specimens." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45844.
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Fatigue life assessment procedures for components exposed to high temperature pressurised water environments are typically based on NUREG/CR-6909 or broadly similar codes (e.g. proposed ASME code case N-792). The effects of a high temperature water environment on the fatigue life are accounted for by simply adjusting the fatigue life in ambient temperature air by an environmental factor (FEN). This adjustment assumes that the environment affects both initiation (nucleation) and propagation equally, which is potentially over-conservative. Blunt notch compact tension (CT) specimens (along with direct current potential drop (DCPD) crack detection) have been proposed as a means of determining the “true” fatigue initiation life, enabling the relative impact of the environment on initiation and growth to be characterised and the level of conservatism in the FEN approach assessed. The current work uses a combination of finite element analysis and fatigue testing in both air and water to assess the feasibility of blunt notch CT testing to detect initiation and to quantify the environmental impact. This work indicates significant difficulties with the blunt notch CT test methodology both in terms of quantifying the applicable strain and in terms of detection of the very early stages of initiation which preclude the quantitative application of the technique to study true initiation. Qualitatively, the results suggest that there is still a significant impact of the high temperature water environment on the earliest detectable stages of crack growth in austenitic stainless steels; however the earliest defects detectible by DCPD techniques still involve a significant contribution from short crack growth. Nevertheless, the technique provides a valuable insight into initiation and residual life of components subjected to through wall strain gradients.
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Liu, Jian, and Xiaoe Ruan. "Network-based Iterative Learning Control Approaches with Communication Delay Adjustment Factors for LTI Systems." In 2018 IEEE 7th Data Driven Control and Learning Systems Conference (DDCLS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ddcls.2018.8515932.
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