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Cupal, Martin. "Price Adjustments of Price-setting Factors under Sales Comparison Approach (SCA)." Global Journal of Business, Economics and Management: Current Issues 6, no. 2 (November 4, 2016): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjbem.v6i2.1381.
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The sales comparison approach (SCA) usually represents the most important valuation approach. Besides this approach, there are two other performing valuation approaches at other bases. The sales comparison is a set of procedures, in which an appraiser derives a value indication by comparing the property being appraised to similar properties. Real properties vary considerably from one another, which is reflected by price-setting factors. Although price adjustments (caused by differences projected into price by the grid adjustment technique) are always ad hoc, certain relations among the price-setting factors can be detected.The research is based on evaluating price adjustments across different types of real estate. In addition, its objective is to determine the values of simultaneous relations of price adjustments for individual price-setting factors. The methodology consists of three steps. The first one clearly defines the content of individual price-setting factors and price adjustments for further analysis. The second step involves statistical analysis of an extensive appraiser database and evaluation of price adjustments. The final step uses selected statistics to compare the LRM and the SCA and interprets mutual relations.The results of the research should have practical implications for professional appraisal community and further research analyses of the SCA.
Keywords: Sales comparison approach, price-setting factor, price adjustment, real estate;
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Furno, Marilena, Francesco La Barbera, and Fabio Verneau. "Accounting for the hypothetical bias: A changing adjustment factor approach." Agribusiness 35, no. 3 (October 27, 2018): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.21578.
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Hung, Chao-Chih, Tzung-Cheng Huan, Chun-Han Lee, Hsin-Mei Lin, and Wen-Long Zhuang. "To adjust or not to adjust in the host country? Perspective of interactionism." Employee Relations 40, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-12-2016-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of regulatory foci (promotion focus and prevention focus) to expatriate adjustments (general, interaction, and work adjustments) and explore whether mentoring functions (psychosocial support, role modeling, and career development) moderate the aforementioned relationship. Design/methodology/approach Using 141 questionnaired primary data (response rate 32.25 percent) gathered from at least six months experienced expatiates of multinational companies in six industries, this study adopts regression method to examine the moderating effect. Findings This study found that promotion focus was positively related to the interaction and work adjustment, respectively; prevention focus was positively related to the general, interaction, and work adjustment, respectively. Psychosocial support function moderates the relationship between promotion focus and general adjustment. Career development function moderates the relationships between promotion/prevention foci and work adjustment. Originality/value According to the interactionism perspective, behavior is a result of the interaction between personality and situational influences, has a long history in social and personality psychology. This study extends this perspective to the interactive effects of mentorship (situational factor) and expatriates’ regulatory foci (personality factor) on expatriate adjustment.
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Bayer, Christian. "A Comment on the Economics of Labor Adjustment: Mind the Gap: Evidence from a Monte Carlo Experiment." American Economic Review 99, no. 5 (December 1, 2009): 2258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.5.2258.
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This comment addresses a point raised in Russell Cooper and Jonathan Willis (2003, 2004), which discusses whether the “gap approach” is appropriate to describe the adjustment of production factors. They show that this approach to labor adjustment as applied in Ricardo J. Caballero, Eduardo Engel, and John C. Haltiwanger (1997) and Caballero and Engel (1993) can falsely generate evidence in favor of nonconvex adjustment costs, even if costs are quadratic. Simulating a dynamic model of firm-level employment decisions with quadratic adjustment costs and estimating a gap model from the simulated data, they identify two factors producing this spurious evidence: approximating dynamic adjustment targets by static ones, and estimating the static targets themselves. This comment reassesses whether the first factor indeed leads to spurious evidence in favor of fixed adjustment costs. We show that the numerical approximation of the productivity process is pivotal for Cooper and Willis's finding. With more precise approximations of the productivity process, it becomes rare to falsely reject the quadratic adjustment cost model due to the approximation of dynamic targets by static ones. (JEL E24, J3)
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Lopes, Susana Almeida, Jorge Miguel Gonçalves Sarraguça, João Almeida Lopes, and Maria Eduarda Duarte. "A new approach to talent management in law firms." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 64, no. 4 (April 13, 2015): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-08-2013-0147.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach to talent management that consists of averaging performance appraisal and assessment center ratings for in-depth identification of lawyers’ talents. Design/methodology/approach – The approach’s adjustment was examined using a 61 senior-lawyer sample from a Portuguese law firm. Comparisons between assessment center and performance appraisal ratings were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests and a kernel density function, and predictive validity was assessed with Pearson correlations. Evidence of both a general performance factor and two additional factors was verified using principal component analysis. Varimax rotation was used to verify three broad factors with job profile’s three broad areas. Findings – Results suggest support for the assessment center’s predictive validity. Its lower and more variable ratings overcome performance appraisal rating bias. Adjustment of the new approach to lawyers’ overall talent identification (the general factor) and each lawyer’s relative talents (three broad factors) was observed. Research limitations/implications – This study contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the substantive existence of a general performance factor, and adds to empirical research concerning talent management, which is lacking. However, generalizability requires broader samples and replication. Practical implications – The approach is a methodology that informs career management, high-flyers’ identification, talent mapping, development, succession planning, team composition, and diversity analysis. For lawyers, objective feedback allows benchmarking talent and managing one’s career. Originality/value – This study pioneers empirical research that develops methods for identifying talent in law firms, vital for firm sustainability.
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Lakemond, Ruan, Clinton Fookes, and Sridha Sridharan. "Resection-Intersection Bundle Adjustment Revisited." ISRN Machine Vision 2013 (December 12, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261956.
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Bundle adjustment is one of the essential components of the computer vision toolbox. This paper revisits the resection-intersection approach, which has previously been shown to have inferior convergence properties. Modifications are proposed that greatly improve the performance of this method, resulting in a fast and accurate approach. Firstly, a linear triangulation step is added to the intersection stage, yielding higher accuracy and improved convergence rate. Secondly, the effect of parameter updates is tracked in order to reduce wasteful computation; only variables coupled to significantly changing variables are updated. This leads to significant improvements in computation time, at the cost of a small, controllable increase in error. Loop closures are handled effectively without the need for additional network modelling. The proposed approach is shown experimentally to yield comparable accuracy to a full sparse bundle adjustment (20% error increase) while computation time scales much better with the number of variables. Experiments on a progressive reconstruction system show the proposed method to be more efficient by a factor of 65 to 177, and 4.5 times more accurate (increasing over time) than a localised sparse bundle adjustment approach.
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Braun, Stephen M., and John N. Ivan. "Estimating Intersection Approach Delay Using 1985 and 1994 Highway Capacity Manual Procedures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1555, no. 1 (January 1996): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155500104.
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The current methods for determining average stopped delay at signalized intersections were studied. Field measurements of average stopped delay were obtained and compared with values computed using both the 1985 and 1994 editions of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The 1994 HCM uses an equation to predict the progression adjustment factor (PF), a new technique for determining the left-turn adjustment factor for saturation flow rates, and a new set of equations for determining the uniform delay parameter for left-turn lane groups with primary and secondary phasing. Overall, the 1994 HCM produces better estimates of intersection stopped delay than the 1985 HCM.
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GOPALAN, PRITHA. "The Trust Factor in Participation and Social Education." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554, no. 1 (November 1997): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716297554001011.
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This article offers a framework for social educators and community developers to combine constructivist and prescriptive approaches in eliciting community participation in socioeconomic programs. It identifies the role of the agent and the community member in the participation process. It defines their need for mutual adjustment in these roles, which occur in interactional contexts. These adjustments may take the form of program changes or altered learning styles on the part of both parties. Several barriers to change exist within the structure of the community. This article proposes that program flexibility is a key element in eliciting successful participation, as the structural makeup of communities cannot easily be changed. It classified the likely areas within which change can and cannot occur in situations of contact, and it outlines an approach that sensitizes practitioners to the historical, cultural, and affective factors that must be built into program design.
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Valcke, M., A. Nong, and K. Krishnan. "Modeling the Human Kinetic Adjustment Factor for Inhaled Volatile Organic Chemicals: Whole Population Approach versus Distinct Subpopulation Approach." Journal of Toxicology 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/404329.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of whole- and sub-population-related variabilities on the determination of the human kinetic adjustment factor (HKAF) used in risk assessment of inhaled volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). Monte Carlo simulations were applied to a steady-state algorithm to generate population distributions for blood concentrations (CAss) and rates of metabolism (RAMs) for inhalation exposures to benzene (BZ) and 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D). The simulated population consisted of various proportions of adults, elderly, children, neonates and pregnant women as per the Canadian demography. Subgroup-specific input parameters were obtained from the literature and P3M software. Under the “whole population” approach, the HKAF was computed as the ratio of the entire population’s upper percentile value (99th, 95th) of dose metrics to the median value in either the entire population or the adult population. Under the “distinct subpopulation” approach, the upper percentile values in each subpopulation were considered, and the greatest resulting HKAF was retained. CAss-based HKAFs that considered the Canadian demography varied between 1.2 (BZ) and 2.8 (1,4-D). The “distinct subpopulation” CAss-based HKAF varied between 1.6 (BZ) and 8.5 (1,4-D). RAM-based HKAFs always remained below 1.6. Overall, this study evaluated for the first time the impact of underlying assumptions with respect to the interindividual variability considered (whole population or each subpopulation taken separately) when determining the HKAF.
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d’Amato, Maurizio. "A LOCATION VALUE RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL FOR MASS APPRAISING: AN “ITERATIVE” LOCATION ADJUSTMENT FACTOR IN BARI, ITALY." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.17.
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The work is focused on a new model of mass appraising including location variable. A location adjustment factor derived from a mathematical iteration was compared to the location adjustment factor based on geostatistical techniques. The work compares three different linear MRA models. The first one uses the location blind linear MRA. The second integrates the linear MRA with a location adjustment factor calculated using spatial interpolation. The second alternative is an application of Location Value Response Surface Models (O'Connor, 1982). It represents the first application of these models for mass appraising in Italy. The third approach introduces the Iterative Location Adjustment Factor. This is a factor which measure the influence of location derived from a mathematical iteration. Empirical results seem to prove the validity of Iterative Location Adjustment Factors in specific context with few observations. Santruka Darbe nagrinejamas naujas masinio turto vertinimo modelis, apimantis geografines padeties kintamaji. Iteraciniu būdu apskaičiuotas geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys palygintas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, gautu taikant geostatistinius metodus. darbe lyginami trys skirtingi tiesiniai mrA modeliai. Pirmajame naudojamas geografines padeties nevertinantis tiesinis MRA. Antrajame tiesinis MRA sujungiamas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, apskaičiuotu pasitelkus erdvine interpoliacija. Antrojoje alternatyvoje pritaikomi geografines padeties vertes stebimojo paviršiaus (angl. Location Value Response Surface) modeliai (O'Connor 1982). Italijoje šie modeliai masiniam turto vertinimui naudojami pirma karta. Trečiojoje alternatyvoje taikomas iteracinis geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys. Jis ivertina geografines padeties itaka, nustatyta iteraciniu būdu. Empiriniai rezultatai, regis, irodo iteraciniu geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu pagristuma konkrečiame kontekste, kai stebejimu yra mažai.
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Johnson, David A., and Annette Newton. "HIPSIG: A Basis for Social Adjustment after Head Injury." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 50, no. 2 (February 1987): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802268705000204.
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Psychosocial adjustment is a major factor in morbidity from severe head injury, but there have been no reported attempts to remedy problems within this area. Detailed examination of 11 severely head-injured patients attending an occupational therapy day centre suggests that high social anxiety, poor social performance and low self-esteem are important contributory factors to the poor overall social adjustment. Using existing methods from social skills training, the authors tried to remedy those specific problem areas in social interaction. The group results after one year were not statistically significant, but the authors suggest that their approach may be a useful starting point from which occupational therapists can develop similar, more effective rehabilitative programmes.
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Kola, Jukka, Juha Marttila, and Jyrki Niemi. "Finnish agriculture in European integration: A firm level approach." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72424.
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European integration and the possible application of the Common Agricultural Policy, CAP, will substantially affect Finnish agriculture. Although the major principles and means of the CAP and the Finnish agricultural policy are quite similar, Finnish agriculture would face fundamental adjustment needs primarily due to the high level of domestic prices and costs. The key factor in the adaptation process would be the overall structural adjustment in terms of production costs, development of farm size, internal and external comparative advantage, and regional reallocation of resources. The length of run analysis, especially w.r.t. to capital requirements, is decisive. Major disadvantages of the Finnish agriculture are unfavourable climate and farm structure. The study indicates that cereal production in particular suffers from the disadvantages through high unit costs of production. Milk production has better capabilities to adjust in European integration, but not without problems, either.
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Na-Nan, Khahan. "Employee work adjustment scale for small and medium-sized enterprises in Thailand." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 36, no. 8 (September 2, 2019): 1284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-07-2018-0178.
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Purpose Employee work adjustment (EWA) represents the ability of individuals to adjust effectively to working conditions, supervisors, the environment and their peers. To deal with work adjustment in different environments, companies need to both understand and continually assess their employees. The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument to measure EWA for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in three stages to develop a measurement scale for EWA. First, 18 questions were developed as a questionnaire based on concepts and theories of EWA and validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) into four dimensions such as work, supervisor, environment and peer adjustments. Then, a survey was conducted for 360 new employees in SMEs. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent validity were tested along the four adjustment dimensions. Findings This research extended and broadened the EWA concept to provide theoretical support for the adjustment of intelligence research. Four dimensions were developed to measure EWA including aspects of work, supervisor, environment and peer. Research limitations/implications The EWA model was examined using EFA and CFA only. Questionnaire results suggested that concrete constructs were stronger because of single-source, self-assessed data collection as the sample included only employees of SMEs in high-growth sectors of Thailand. EWA findings exhibited a good fit but results require further future refinement and validation using a larger sample size and sampling area. Practical implications The EWA questionnaire has practical use regarding management behaviour and can assist companies and practitioners to better understand the required adjustments for new employees at start-up. This knowledge will help managers to encourage and support newcomers to work better and deliver effective results. Managers and practitioners can develop and hone work adjustment practices for new recruits according to the four dimensions proposed here. Originality/value The validity of this EWA questionnaire will facilitate the future study on boundaries with EWA measurements spanning SMEs contexts. Empirical research results verified that EWA assessment offered new perspectives to explore vital individual work adjustments that are necessary for new recruits to succeed. This instrumental support will help researchers to effectively understand EWA and explore its potential in future studies.
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Romera, Eva M., Mauricio Herrera-López, José A. Casas, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, and Olga Gómez-Ortiz. "Multidimensional Social Competence, Motivation, and Cyberbullying: A Cultural Approach With Colombian and Spanish Adolescents." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 8 (August 18, 2017): 1183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687854.
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International research on the risk and protective factors of cyberbullying focus on individual personality variables and the use of technological devices. However, it is necessary to examine in greater depth the interpersonal context as a factor that may influence cyberbullying and the possible differences between cultures. The objective of this article was to analyze the relationship of influence of two interpersonal variables, multidimensional social competence and social motivation, on cyberaggression and cybervictimization through a cultural study of Spain and Colombia, which will permit generalizing the influence of interpersonal variables on cyberbullying in different cultural settings. The sample consisted of 3,830 secondary school students (50.4% Colombian and 49.6% Spanish). Self-reporting measurement instruments validated with different European samples were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed. A model of mutual influence revealing the inverse relationship of normative adjustment and the direct relationship of popularity goals in cyberaggression was obtained. Cybervictimization was explained by the direct influence of prosocial behaviors and avoidance goals and the inverse influence of perceived social efficacy, development goals, and social and normative adjustment. As conclusion, this study demonstrates the homogeneity of the Colombian and Spanish models and the important role that the face-to-face context plays in cyberbullying involvement. This article highlights and supports the design of cyberbullying prevention programs, which requires the inclusion of multidimensional social competence and social goals.
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Wang, Kevin Q. "Multifactor Evaluation of Style Rotation." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 40, no. 2 (June 2005): 349–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109000002349.
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AbstractA growing literature documents that various strategies of rotating across equity styles generate significant returns. However, the conventional risk adjustment regression is problematic in evaluating the gains from style rotation. I propose a weight-based multifactor risk adjustment approach as a solution. When interpreted as a performance attribution procedure, this approach extends Sharpe's (1992) classic method by emphasizing factor loading rotation. I use a logit-based timing strategy to show that the conventional procedure produces misleading results and the new method leads to the opposite conclusion.
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Lee, Valerie E., and Julia B. Smith. "Gender Equity in Teachers’ Salaries: A Multilevel Approach." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 12, no. 1 (March 1990): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737012001057.
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This study investigates the possibility of differences in the salaries of male and female teachers in America’s secondary schools, once differences in their qualifications are taken into account. The random sample of 8,894 teachers in 377 high schools is from the Administrator and Teacher Survey, which collected data in 1983–1984 from a random subset of the schools originally sampled in the High School and Beyond study (Moles, 1988). In examining salary differences in public, Catholic, and other private schools, the study uses two techniques: ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). HLM allows for adjustment of differing labor market conditions between schools and districts, a factor identified in the literature as important but not systematically controlled heretofore. Qualification differences considered include training (education and courses taken in major teaching area), type of teaching (mathematics, science, coaching), and experience (years of experience and new teacher status). Other school factors that might justifiably affect salary levels are considered, including market conditions, the proportion of female faculty, school sector, whether the school offers extra pay for extra responsibilities, and whether the school participates in a merit pay program. Unadjusted salary differences of about $2,600 favoring males are reduced to about $1,100, $1,700, and $2,600 for public, Catholic, and other private schools, respectively, by statistical adjustment for qualifications, market, and responsibility differences. We must conclude, however, that significant salary discrimination against female teachers exists in all high school sectors.
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Gopalan, Neena, Nicholas J. Beutell, and Wendy Middlemiss. "International students’ academic satisfaction and turnover intentions." Quality Assurance in Education 27, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-01-2019-0001.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate international students’ cultural adjustment, academic satisfaction and turnover intentions using ecological systems perspective and explores factors that affect academic success and turnover by exploring three stages: arrival, adjustment and adaptation. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 208 international students enrolled at a mid-Western university in the USA. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling and mediational analyses were used to test hypotheses. Findings Findings indicate that self-efficacy, as a pre-sojourn characteristic, affects adjustment variables inclusive of cultural adjustment, affecting academic satisfaction and turnover intentions. Adjustment variables (coping, cultural adjustment and organizational support) mediated relationships between self-efficacy and turnover intentions. Research limitations/implications The proposed model moves the research forward by examining an ecological systems framework describing how individual, social, academic, cultural and institutional factors function in supporting international students’ transitions. Results may be generalizable to other large US universities with varying dynamics and resources available (or not) for international students. Originality/value Given the challenges international students face in the USA in adapting to both new culture and academic setting, it is imperative to identify what elements of their transition and academic environment predict academic success. This is one of the first studies testing the propositions derived from Schartner and Young’s (2016) model.
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Aghazadeh, Sanaz, Andrew M. Collins, and Chad M. Stefaniak. "The Effects of Client Status and the Auditor's Presentation of Multiple Estimation Alternatives on Client Financial Reporting Aggressiveness." Behavioral Research in Accounting 32, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-19-025.
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ABSTRACT Accounting estimates are highly subjective and multiple estimation alternatives often exist for a single account. When addressing audit-related adjustments with clients, auditors must decide whether to discuss all possible estimation alternatives or approach the client with only a single, auditor-preferred estimation alternative. In an experiment with experienced CFOs and controllers, we find clients with relatively higher status (operationalized as those with a CPA license) take more aggressive financial reporting positions when the auditor approaches the client with multiple adjustment options based on various estimation alternatives. Our study provides the first evidence that client status is a significant factor in auditor-client negotiations. We also demonstrate how auditors' approach to client negotiations involving multiple allowable estimation alternatives can influence audit quality.
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Tarman, Vera Ingrid. "Autobiography: The Negotiation of a Lifetime." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 27, no. 3 (October 1988): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ndc4-44uc-qhe4-4xbv.
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Throughout reminiscence and life review literature there is a prevailing tendency to interpret studies in a developmentalist perspective. Another approach to consider is the interpretive. It not only incorporates the former's insight, but also attempts to explain its inconsistencies by examining the other equally important factors operating in these studies. Following a discussion of both the developmentalist and the interpretive approach, I examine anumber of studies on reminiscence and the life review. This study uses the interpretive approach, particularly Goffman's dramaturgical approach, to further understand the objective of reminiscence and to see how the social element emphasized by the interpretive approach can in fact be the deciding factor in the consequent adjustment or maladjustment of the older person.
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McBride, William D., and James D. Johnson. "Defining and Characterizing Approaches to Farm Management." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 38, no. 1 (April 2006): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800022136.
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Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify approaches to farm management based on a list of management questions posed to a sample of U.S. cash-grain farmers. Three approaches were identified by the factor analysis: price negotiation, long-term cost control, and input adjustment. Estimated factor scores regressed against farm and operator characteristics indicate a profile of producers using each approach that is closely related to stage-of-life of the farm operator and farm business. In addition to operator age and planning horizon, operator risk preference and farm organization and location were other important determinants of the approach to management.
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Catapano, Joshua S., Vance L. Fredrickson, Tatsuhiro Fujii, Tyler S. Cole, Stefan W. Koester, Jacob F. Baranoski, Daniel D. Cavalcanti, et al. "Complications of femoral versus radial access in neuroendovascular procedures with propensity adjustment." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 12, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015569.
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BackgroundThe transradial artery (TRA) approach for neuroendovascular procedures continues to gain popularity, but neurointerventionalists still lag behind interventional cardiologists in the adoption of a TRA-first approach. This study compares the complications and efficiency of the TRA approach to the standard transfemoral artery (TFA) approach at our institution during our initial phase of adopting a TRA-first approach.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on all consecutive neuroangiographic procedures performed at a large cerebrovascular center from October 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019. The standard TFA approach was compared with TRA access, with the primary outcome of complications analyzed via a propensity-adjusted analysis.ResultsA total of 1050 consecutive procedures were performed on 877 patients during this 9-month period; 206 (20%) procedures were performed via TRA and 844 (80%) via TFA. The overall complication rate was significantly higher with the TFA procedures than with the TRA procedures (7% (60/844) vs 2% (4/206), respectively; p=0.003). A propensity-adjusted analysis showed that the TFA approach was a significant risk factor for a complication (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.3 to 10.2, p=0.01). However, the propensity analysis showed that fluoroscopy times were on average 4 min less for TFA procedures than for TRA procedures (p=0.003).ConclusionThe TRA approach for neuroendovascular procedures appears to be safer than the TFA approach. Although a steep learning curve is initially encountered when adopting the TRA approach, the transition to a TRA-first practice can be performed safely for neurointerventional procedures and may reduce complications.
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Martínez-Mejía, Emmanuel, and José Ignacio Martínez-Guerrero. "Perceived Organizational Support-Betrayal: Measurement model in mexican workers." Journal of Basic and Applied Psychology Research 1, no. 2 (January 5, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/jbapr.v1i2.5351.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the dimensionality of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) in Mexican population, in order to add evidence of construct validity of the results that are inferred from the instrument. The investigation was carried out in three phases. In the first Phase, participated 260 workers, with an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) two factors were identified, in which the main factor grouped Support items, and in the other factor items were found that theoretically can be classified as Perceived Organizational Betrayal. In the second Phase, participated 498 Mexican workers, through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) a bifactorial theoretical measure of perceived Support-Betrayal was carried out. The adjustment of two measurement models was compared: the original one-dimension instrument, which presented no evidence of adjustment; while the two-dimensional measurement model did present an acceptable fit. In the third Phase, correlational analyzes were carried out with Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions that presented significant correlations. It is necessary to continue reviewing the original questionnaire under the complete theoretical model and continue to show evidence of the constructs that are to be measured, in order to have increasingly solid, valid, reliable and complete interpretations of the results of this approach of social exchange in the organizations
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Dubrovsky, Alexey, Tamara Vereshchaka, Pavel Batin, and Olesya Malygina. "Development of an approach to cadastral valuation of real estate in areas of possible manifestations of natural disasters and emergency situation." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 1 (2020): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-1-26-190-202.
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The article presents the results of studies on the adjustment of cadastral value using a new factor-the probability of an emergency or natural disaster. A new term, emergency geospatial, has been introduced for the spatial definition of an emergency. The analysis of the legal regime of lands subject to emergency situations is carried out. Conclusions are drawn about the legal definition of the geospatial boundary of the emergency situation and the impact of emergencies on real estate. The characteristic of emergency situations, as well as the probability of their occurrence is given. The connection between the emergency situation and the cadastral value of real estate is shown. The dependence of the value of real estate on their location in the geospatial probable emergency. The technological scheme of determination of cadastral value of real estate objects in the zone of manifestation of an emergency situation is developed. A geoinformation project was carried out on the territory of the city of Novosibirsk. The most probable emergencies are taken into account. The map of zones of possible manifestation of emergency situations is made. The comparison of the cost of real estate in emergency zones, with objects analogues, located outside the emergency zone. The values of the correction factor for adjusting the cadastral value are proposed. The map of distribution of correction factors for adjustment of cadastral value of real estate objects in zones of possible manifestation of emergency situations is made. Work on the adjustment of the cadastral value of real estate located in the areas of possible manifestations of emergency situations is promising. First, the zones must be taken into account in modern urban policy and as much as possible to protect real estate and the population from the manifestation of emergency situations. Secondly, the reduction of cadastral value and taxes will allow owners to invest in insurance funds and insure real estate.
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Kubovcikova, Annamaria. "Going through the motions." Journal of Global Mobility 4, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-11-2015-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the properties of the well-known three-dimensional adjustment scale, established by Black et al. (1988, 1989), namely, its dimensionality and internal consistency. The theoretical basis of the construct is discussed in relation to formative and reflective measurement approaches. Design/methodology/approach – Two different ways of organizing the adjustment items (random/non-random) were used to assess the internal consistency of the three-dimensional adjustment scale. The quantitative analysis presented is based on survey data from 468 assigned expatriates in Asia that were subjected to an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as well as a structural equation modeling – more specifically the multiple indicators multiple causes model (MIMIC). Findings – The study revealed that the adjustment construct is possibly misspecified, especially the general adjustment dimension, that was tested as a formative, not a reflective scale. There is further evidence that the wrong measurement approach skewed the coefficient that connects adjustment to performance, which is the key construct in its nomological network. Moreover, the dimensionality and the internal consistency of the scale are deteriorated to a large extent by randomization of the items. The findings highlight the need for a clear concept definition that would lead to an appropriate operationalization of the construct. Originality/value – The study is one of the few rigorously testing the properties of a construct that has been used for almost 30 years, thus yielding some novel conclusions about its stability and consistency.
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Benekohal, Rahim F., and Sang-Ock Kim. "Arrival-Based Uniform Delay Model for Oversaturated Signalized Intersections with Poor Progression." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1920, no. 1 (January 2005): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192000111.
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For oversaturated traffic conditions, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) does not apply a progression adjustment factor to the delay model for signalized intersections when there is an initial queue. This causes counterintuitive results in the calculation of delay; for some cases, delay for a nonzero initial queue condition ends up being less than the delay with zero initial queue conditions. Also, for oversaturated traffic conditions, the delay model in the 2000 edition of HCM yields the same uniform delay values for all arrival types when there is an initial queue. This does not seem reasonable because it ignores the effect of platooning on delay. This paper introduces a new approach for computing uniform delay for oversaturated traffic conditions when progression is poor. This approach directly considers the platooning effects in delay and thus eliminates the need to apply a progression adjustment factor. The proposed model is applicable whether there is an initial queue or not. The approach was validated by a comparison of the control delays obtained from a CORSIM simulation to the delays from the proposed model. Validation procedures were conducted on the basis of zero and nonzero initial queue conditions. The proposed approach resulted in more accurate delay values than the HCM model.
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Christy, John R., and Roy W. Spencer. "Comments on “A Bias in the Midtropospheric Channel Warm Target Factor on the NOAA-9 Microwave Sounding Unit”." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00107.1.
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Abstract Po-Chedley and Fu investigated the difference in the magnitude of global temperature trends generated from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) for the midtroposphere (TMT, surface to about 75 hPa) between the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and Remote Sensing Systems (RSS). Their approach was to examine the magnitude of a noise-reduction coefficient of one short-lived satellite, NOAA-9, which differed from UAH and RSS. Using radiosonde comparisons over a 2-yr period, they calculated an adjustment to the UAH coefficient that, when applied to the UAH data, increased the UAH global TMT trend for 1979–2009 by +0.042 K decade−1, which then happens to agree with RSS’s TMT trend. In studying their analysis, the authors demonstrate 1) the adjustment calculated using radiosondes is inconclusive when errors are accounted for; 2) the adjustment was applied in a manner inconsistent with the UAH satellite merging strategy, creating a larger change than would be generated had the actual UAH methodology been followed; and 3) that trends of a similar product that uses the same UAH coefficient are essentially identical to UAH and RSS. Based on the authors’ previous analysis and additional work here, UAH will continue using the NOAA-9 noise-reduction coefficient, as is, for version 5.4 and the follow-on version 5.5.
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Griffiths, Ross W., Graham O. Hughes, and Bishakhdatta Gayen. "Horizontal convection dynamics: insights from transient adjustment." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 726 (June 11, 2013): 559–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.244.
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AbstractThe dynamics of horizontal convection are revealed by examining transient adjustment toward thermal equilibrium. We restrict attention to high Rayleigh numbers (of $O(1{0}^{12} )$) and a Prandtl number ${\sim }5$ that characterize many practical applications, and consider responses to small changes in the thermal boundary conditions, using laboratory experiments, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) and simple theoretical models. The experiments and the mechanical energy budget from the DNS demonstrate that unsteady forcing can produce flow dramatically more active than horizontal convection under steady forcing. The physical mechanisms at work are indicated by the time scales of approach to the new equilibrium, and we show that these can range over two orders of magnitude depending on the imposed change in boundary conditions. Changes that lead to a net destabilizing buoyancy flux give rapid adjustments: for applied heat flux conditions the whole of the circulation is controlled by conduction through the stable portion of the boundary layer, whereas for applied temperature difference the circulation is controlled by small-scale convection within the unstable part of the boundary layer. The experiments, DNS and models are in close agreement and show that the time scale under applied temperatures is as small as 0.01 vertical diffusion time scales, a factor of four smaller than for imposed flux. Both cases give adjustments too rapid for diffusion in the interior to play a significant role, at least through 99 % of the adjustment, and we conclude that diffusion through the full depth is not significant in setting the equilibrium state. Boundary changes leading to a net stabilizing buoyancy flux give a very different response, causing the convection to quickly form a shallow circulation cell, followed eventually by a return to full-depth overturning through a combination of penetrative convection and conduction. The time scale again varies by orders of magnitude, depending on the boundary conditions and the location of the imposed boundary perturbation.
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Ma, Xizhi, and Miaomiao Li. "Pad attitude adjusting moment in large multi-pocket pivoted pad used in static oil journal bearing." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2016-0019.
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Purpose Large scale is a trend of the ball mill, so the loads on their bearings become very large, bearing operating conditions turn into more severe. The moment of inertia to their pivot of the pad increase significantly, so it leads to the difficult of the pad attitude adjustment and makes the pad tilting angles time response slow, the key factor to effects attitude adjustment is the oil film moment to the pad pivot at unbalance position. the oil film moment and its effect factors must be studied in the design of the bearing used in ball mill. Design/methodology/approach Models about the lubrication of multi-pocket pivoted pad hydrostatic bearing is established, the complicated relationship of the oil flow rate between the oil pockets are taken into account. Finite differential method is used to solv the model, and theroy of finite element method is use to calculate the oil flow rate out of the pocket edges. Newton’s methods are used to determine the pressure of pockets.The pad tilting moment to its pivot is numerically analyzed. Findings The tilting moment to its pivot is set as an indicator of the ability for a pad to adjust its attitude. The effects of the diameter of throttling capillary and the pocket area on the attitude adjusting capacity is studied. Relations between the attitude adjustment capacity for a pad and there effects factors are presented. Practical implications The methods and results have the special reference to the design and operation of multiple pockets tilted pad hydrostatic journal bearing. Originality/value Methods to studied the pad attitude adjustment are given in the article for the multi-pocket pivot pad hydrostatic beairng.The influence factors on pad attitude adjusting capacity are discussed for a this specail kind hydrostatic bearing, the how the factors influence the pad tilting angle adjustment are presented.
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Galleguillos-Herrera, Patricio, and Eva Olmedo-Moreno. "Academic self-efficacy and motivation: a measurement for the achievement of school objectives." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 9, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30552/ejihpe.v9i3.329.
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The purpose of the current investigation is the construction and validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale (ACAES) through a deliberate sample of 1101 Chilean school students. The methodological procedure was carried out from the classic approach perspective of the theory of the test, complementing the exploratory factor analysis with the models of the structural equation modeling (SEM). The exploratory factor analysis of the 18 statements of the scale showed a structure of 3 factors, namely: confidence in the task; effort made in performing the task and comprehension of the task. The statistics associated to the instrument show a 57.037% of explained variance and a Cronbach alpha of the total scale of 0.917. At confirmatory level (SEM), the model obtained a goodness degree of global adjustment (Chi Square /gl) equal to 2.87, a RMSEA equal to 0.049, as well as, adequate adjustment index, namely, CFI=0.963; IFI=0.963 and RMSR (standardised)=0.0359. The psychometric properties account for a valid and reliable instrument for measurement of academic self-efficacy in school context, as well as, to facilitate cognitive and metacognitive processes as self-regulatory learning strategy.
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Nobel, Anne, Sebastien Lizin, Nele Witters, Francois Rineau, and Robert Malina. "The impact of wildfires on the recreational value of heathland: A discrete factor approach with adjustment for on-site sampling." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 101 (May 2020): 102317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2020.102317.
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DE JONG, FRANK. "Valuation of pension liabilities in incomplete markets." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 7, no. 3 (May 23, 2008): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003673.
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AbstractThis paper discusses the valuation of wage-indexed pension liabilities. Valuation of these contingent claims by replication is typically not possible as the wage index cannot be hedged perfectly with financial market instruments. This paper discusses several methods to find a value in such incomplete markets and advocates utility-based valuation. This approach implies a simple adjustment on the discount factor.
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Lu, Yaean-Jye, John Z. Luh, and Alan K. Yep. "Using queue distance to supplement traffic signal timing design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-074.
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A common approach in traffic signal timing design at isolated intersections is to assume homogeneous traffic flows and ideal geometric conditions, and then to apply adjustment factors so that variations from the ideal conditions are considered. Since the ideal and adjustment values are usually developed from empirical field data, the final result may not accurately reflect the true local situation. Fine tuning, primarily based on personal judgment, is therefore almost always required because local conditions differ from study conditions. This paper presents a method which relies solely on an empirical traffic factor, namely queue distance, to determine the green time. Field surveys at three intersections were conducted to establish the equations used in this method. The coefficients of the equations are interpreted. The applications of this method to supplement the fine tuning are presented. The potential application of this method on traffic responsive control is also proposed. Key words: traffic signal, queue, regression analysis, pretimed signal, traffic responsive control.
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Castro Solano, Alejandro, and Alejandro César Cosentino. "The High Five Model: Associations of the high factors with complete mental well-being and academic adjustment in university students." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 15, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i4.1759.
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Traditionally, models of positive personality traits have referred to moral characteristics. The High Five Model (HFM) is a factor model of individual positive traits based on an inductive psycho-lexical approach. Unlike other models, in the HFM the positive characteristics were freely determined by lay people, beyond any moral tones. The HFM comprises the following factors: erudition, peace, cheerfulness, honesty, and tenacity, known as “the high factors.” This model was shown to positively exceed the capacity of normal personality to predict emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Additionally, this model is negatively associated with non-transmissible diseases, psychopathological symptoms, and psychopathological personality traits. This study aimed to increase the validation of the HFM, by analyzing the relationships among this model and positive mental health, psychopathological symptoms, academic adjustment, and academic performance in university students. Another objective was to study the association between complete mental well-being (i.e., high well-being and low psychopathological symptomatology) and the high factors of the HFM. The sample consisted of 256 university students. Correlations were calculated, and the two-step cluster analysis was used to obtain profiles. The results showed that tenacity and erudition high factors are positively associated with academic achievement and academic adjustment. Finally, each of the high factors was positively associated with complete mental well-being. The HFM has a broad scope, as it is related not only to psychological variables (e.g., well-being or psychopathological symptomatology) but also to academic performance (e.g., adjustment and achievement) in university students.
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Harris-Adamson, Carisa, Ellen Eisen, David Rempel, Fred Gerr, Stephen Bao, Kurt Hegmann, Jay Kapellusch, and Alysha Meyers. "O8D.7 The effect of right truncation bias on biomechanical factor risk estimates for CTS." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A76.3—A77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.206.
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a potentially disabling occupational illness with high incidence rates in certain occupations. Prospective workplace studies have identified associations between personal, psychosocial and biomechanical factors and incident CTS. However, biased estimates of association due to the healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) have not been fully investigated. The HWSE results in left truncation bias when affected workers are lost from the population of more highly exposed workers before study participants are sampled. Right truncation bias occurs when affected workers are lost disproportionately from higher exposure strata after enrollment in a prospective cohort study. This study evaluated the effects of right truncation bias on risk estimates for biomechanical factors.Between 2001 and 2010 five research groups in the US conducted coordinated prospective studies of incident CTS among workers from various industries. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox proportional regression analyses with adjustment for personal and workplace psychosocial factors. Inverse probability censoring weight (IPCW) values were created using a cross-validated approach analogous to the lasso method for variable selection and parameter regularization. The weighting model predicted the probability of exit from the cohort in the next 3 months.The final models included 2520 workers and 166 incident CTS cases. IPCW models with adjustment for right truncation bias were used to predict incident CTS. Effect size estimates for the workplace biomechanical factors of Peak Force, HAL Scale, Forceful Repetition Rate and the ACGIH TLV for HAL increased by 11% to 71% in comparison to models without adjustment for right truncation bias. After adjusting for right truncation bias the predicted incidence of CTS in highly exposed workers increased up to 3-fold.Bias from symptomatic workers disproportionately leaving the workplace was identified in this cohort. Adjusting for this bias has likely produced more accurate dose-response relationships than those previously reported.
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Quintana, Stephen M., and Scott E. Maxwell. "A Monte Carlo Comparison of Seven ε-Adjustment Procedures in Repeated Measures Designs With Small Sample Sizes." Journal of Educational Statistics 19, no. 1 (March 1994): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986019001057.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate seven univariate procedures for testing omnibus null hypotheses for data gathered from repeated measures designs. Five alternate approaches are compared to the two more traditional adjustment procedures (Geisser and Greenhouse’s ε̂ and Huynh and Feldt’s ε̃), neither of which may be entirely adequate when sample sizes are small and the number of levels of the repeated factors is large. Empirical Type I error rates and power levels were obtained by simulation for conditions where small samples occur in combination with many levels of the repeated factor. Results suggested that alternate univariate approaches were improvements to the traditional approaches. One alternate approach in particular was found to be most effective in controlling Type I error rates without unduly sacrificing power.
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K, Khyati, Joel Johnson, and Vandita Mohta. "Cultural Intelligence as a Mediating Factor among International Students Adaptability in India." Ushus Journal of Business Management 19, no. 4 (December 12, 2020): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12725/ujbm.53.5.
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In this paper,the authors have analysed the problemsfaced by foreign students in India while adapting to theIndian academic and work environment. For conductingthe research, numerous international students from Christ(Deemed to be University), Bangalore were interviewed,and the problems faced by them were documented. TheLikert scale has been used to measure Cognitive,Emotional and Physical CQ of both Indian andinternational students. The paper has been curated inacase study approach through primary research whichforms as a base for understanding the situation of foreignstudents in India and recommending suggestions forreducing cultural conflict.The paper identifies language,cuisine and limited social circle as the major challengesfaced by foreign students. The paper also evaluates therole that cultural intelligence plays as an enabling factorfor better cross-cultural adjustment. The researchers havealso suggested techniques for inculcating culturalintelligence among students.
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Kumari, Minashree, and S. K. Gupta. "Age dependent adjustment factor (ADAF) for the estimation of cancer risk through trihalomethanes (THMs) for different age groups- A innovative approach." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 148 (February 2018): 960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.067.
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Valera-Pozo, Mario, Daniel Adrover-Roig, Josep A. Pérez-Castelló, Victor A. Sanchez-Azanza, and Eva Aguilar-Mediavilla. "Behavioral, Emotional and School Adjustment in Adolescents with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) Is Related to Family Involvement." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061949.
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Developmental language disorder (DLD) refers to a language delay in the absence of other underlying causes. Individuals with DLD can also present other problems related to behavioral, scholarly, and emotional aspects of their daily lives because of their language difficulties. Moreover, these difficulties could be influenced by family and socioeconomic characteristics. Twenty-eight bilingual adolescents with and without DLD in typical schools were followed from childhood to adolescence. At age five, language and cognitive variables were assessed. In addition, language, behavior, emotional and school adjustment, and socioeconomic and family aspects were evaluated at age 12. Results reveal that adolescents with DLD show poorer school adjustment and less adaptive skills when evaluated by their tutors, and a larger index of emotional problems when self-assessed. Moreover, family involvement, but not socioeconomic status (SES), emerged as a protective factor since it was related to behavioral, emotional, and school adjustment, a result that was further confirmed by structural equation modeling. Therefore, a more global approach involving individuals, schools and families is needed to provide adolescents with DLD adequate support. It is important to stimulate their social skills and emotional adjustment so they can cope with social difficulties more easily, especially at school.
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Costa-Requena, Gema, Rafael Ballester Arnal, and Francisco Gil. "The influence of coping response and health-related quality of life on perceived social support during cancer treatment." Palliative and Supportive Care 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951514000418.
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AbstractObjective:In the biopsychosocial approach, perceived social support has served as a protective factor for psychological adjustment to cancer. This study aimed to determine the influence of different coping responses and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) domains on perceived social support during cancer treatment.Method:A cross-sectional analysis was carried out in a sample of 757 cancer outpatients. The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS–SSS) was employed to assess perceived social support. The Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) Scale measured coping response, and HRQoL was tested with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form–36 (SF–36). Multivariate analyses were carried out to examine the extent to which coping and HRQoL were associated with perceived social support.Results:Coping response explained only 2% of the variance in perceived social support, but Hopelessness had a significant influence on perceived social support (p ≤ 0.01). HRQoL, physical, and mental domains made a significant contribution toward perceived social support, accounting for around 10% of total variance. More than coping response, HRQoL's physical and mental domains had an important influence on perceived social support during cancer treatment.Significance of Results:The findings of the current study report the importance of HRQoL domains in predicting perceived social support during cancer treatment, emphasizing the holistic and multidisciplinary approach to facilitate adjustment to cancer.
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Bracho-Mujica, G., P. T. Hayman, V. O. Sadras, and B. Ostendorf. "A method for simulating risk profiles of wheat yield in data-sparse conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 10 (December 2020): 833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000253.
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AbstractProcess-based crop models are a robust approach to assess climate impacts on crop productivity and long-term viability of cropping systems. However, these models require high-quality climate data that cannot always be met. To overcome this issue, the current research tested a simple method for scaling daily data and extrapolating long-term risk profiles of modelled crop yields. An extreme situation was tested, in which high-quality weather data was only available at one single location (reference site: Snowtown, South Australia, 33.78°S, 138.21°E), and limited weather data was available for 49 study sites within the Australian grain belt (spanning from 26.67 to 38.02°S of latitude, and 115.44 to 151.85°E of longitude). Daily weather data were perturbed with a delta factor calculated as the difference between averaged climate data from the reference site and the study sites. Risk profiles were built using a step-wise combination of adjustments from the most simple (adjusted series of precipitation only) to the most detailed (adjusted series of precipitation, temperatures and solar radiation), and a variable record length (from 10 to 100 years). The simplest adjustment and shortest record length produced bias of modelled yield grain risk profiles between −10 and 10% in 41% of the sites, which increased to 86% of the study sites with the most detailed adjustment and longest record (100 years). Results indicate that the quality of the extrapolation of risk profiles was more sensitive to the number of adjustments applied rather than the record length per se.
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Cheung, Yin Bun, Xiangmei Ma, K. F. Lam, Jialiang Li, and Paul Milligan. "Bias control in the analysis of case–control studies with incidence density sampling." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 1981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz116.
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Abstract Background Previous simulation studies of the case–control study design using incidence density sampling, which required individual matching for time, showed biased estimates of association from conditional logistic regression (CLR) analysis; however, the reason for this is unknown. Separately, in the analysis of case–control studies using the exclusive sampling design, it has been shown that unconditional logistic regression (ULR) with adjustment for an individually matched binary factor can give unbiased estimates. The validity of this analytic approach in incidence density sampling needs evaluation. Methods In extensive simulations using incidence density sampling, we evaluated various analytic methods: CLR with and without a bias-reduction method, ULR with adjustment for time in quintiles (and residual time within quintiles) and ULR with adjustment for matched sets and bias reduction. We re-analysed a case–control study of Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine using these methods. Results We found that the bias in the CLR analysis from previous studies was due to sparse data bias. It can be controlled by the bias-reduction method for CLR or by increasing the number of cases and/or controls. ULR with adjustment for time in quintiles usually gave results highly comparable to CLR, despite breaking the matches. Further adjustment for residual time trends was needed in the case of time-varying effects. ULR with adjustment for matched sets tended to perform poorly despite bias reduction. Conclusions Studies using incidence density sampling may be analysed by either ULR with adjustment for time or CLR, possibly with bias reduction.
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Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. "Modeling Automation." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181020.
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Modeling automation as factor-augmenting technological change has unappealing implications. Instead, modeling it as the process of machines replacing tasks previously performed by labor is both descriptively realistic and leads to distinct and plausible predictions. In contrast to factor-augmenting technological change, the automation of tasks always reduces the labor share and can reduce the equilibrium wage (for realistic parameter values). This approach to automation underscores the role of new tasks, changes in the comparative advantage of labor, the possibility that machines become more productive in automated tasks, and the elasticity of substitution and capital accumulation in the adjustment of the economy.
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Chang, W. J. "Effectiveness of Population-Based Cancer Screening Only Based on Survival Data Considering Latent Lead-Time and Truncation Biases." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 210s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.84800.
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Background: When evaluating the effectiveness of population-based screening program (comparison of survival between screen-detected and clinically detected cases), latent lead time and truncation are both inherent biases from screen-detected cases. Following the disease natural history, the time spent in preclinical screen-detectable cases (PCDP) called sojourn time is an important factor to determine these 2 biases, lead-time bias and length bias. The first is the time from diagnosis at screen to hypothetical diagnosis (entering clinical phase) depending on the sojourn time should be subtracted from the overall survival time to achieve a fair comparison. The second is pertaining to oversampling cases with long sojourn time at prevalent screen. The survival benefit is often overestimated without considering these 2 biases. Aim: To unbiasedly estimate the effectiveness of population-based screening in terms of hazard ratio between screen-detected and clinically detected cases. Methods: Walter and Stitt (1985) has already proposed a parametric approach to adjust lead-time bias. However, lead-time bias and truncation biases are correlated as both have shared information on sojourn time in common, and therefore we aim to consider these 2 biases at the same time. Both parametric and semiparametric approaches are proposed to address the hazard ratio of risk of cancer death adjusting for lead-time and truncation biases based on data from the Swedish W-county trial. The estimation of parameters computer algorithms was also adopted with non-Bayesian and Bayesian approaches using SAS and R. Results: By using parametric approach, the hazard ratio was inflated from 0.26 (0.18-0.36) without adjustment to 0.38 (0.25-0.55) with lead-time adjustment and 0.43 (0.27-0.60) with both lead-time and truncation adjustments. The use of semiparametric model led to 0.59 (0.49-0.70) of adjusted hazard ratio. After considering tumor attributes, the hazard ratio was inflated to 0.76 (0.45-1.11) and 0.87 (0.71-1.04) separately under parametric and semiparametric approaches. Conclusion: Unbiased evaluation of effectiveness of population-based screen with adjustment for lead-time and truncation biases based on survival data are efficient and feasible.
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Vijayakumar, Pooja B., and Christopher J. L. Cunningham. "Cross-cultural adjustment and expatriation motives among Indian expatriates." Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research 4, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-05-2016-0019.
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Purpose Globalization has led to individuals working and living outside their native country. The purpose of this paper is to examine relationship between motives for expatriation and cross-cultural adjustment in Indian expatriates working in the US information technology (IT) industry. Additionally, the moderating effects of self-initiated expatriates (SIE) and organizational expatriates (OE) on the relationship between motives for expatriation and cross-cultural adjustment were studied. Also, existing measures in this area of research were analyzed to improve validity and utility for future studies. Participants responded to questions via an internet survey. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered from 336 Indian IT professionals working in America. The authors evaluated the psychometric quality of reasons for expatriation and cross-cultural adjustment measures by considering various fit statistics, modification indices and rational judgment based on item content. The authors used a maximum likelihood extraction method with an oblique rotation (Geomin) for these factor analyses, given the theoretically and empirically supported relationship between the subdimensions of both measures. Using these purified measures, a hierarchical regression analyses procedure was used to test the hypothesized relationships. A computational tool called PROCESS was used to test the hypothesized moderating effect of expatriate type on the relationship between motives for expatriation and cross-cultural adjustment. Findings Preliminary factor analytic work suggested modifications to the reasons for expatriation measure used to quantify participants’ motives for expatriation. Using this revised measure, those with stronger financial (mercenary) motives for expatriation also reported less positive cultural adjustment, while those with stronger exploratory motives for expatriation reported more positive cultural adjustment. Some evidence was also observed for a weak, but notable moderating effect of expatriate type (SIE vs OE) on the relationship between expatriation motives and cultural adjustment. Originality/value This study presents a revised measure of expatriation motives, as well as expanded theoretical and empirical evidence base to help future researchers working with expatriates. The findings may be also helpful to organizations and consultants who work to prepare expatriates for their assignments, especially when these expatriates are Indian professionals preparing to work in the USA.
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Linden, M. "Training Workshop: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Wisdom Strategies in the Treatment of Adjustment Disorders." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70234-2.
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The goal of this training workshop is to give an introduction in recent developments of wisdom psychology and their bearing for cognitive psychotherapy of adjustment disorders.Negative life events like divorce, dead of a beloved one, job loss etc. require enhanced coping. If this is not sufficient it can result in adjustment or other mental disorders. One factor which often contributes to pathological developments in the context of negative life events is embitterment because of the feeling of having been treated unfair, been let down or been humiliated. If embitterment is present then there is a tendency not to recover spontaneously but rather to take a chronic course.There is a new approach in the treatment for such adjustment disorders which is based on recent developments in wisdom psychology. Wisdom has been defined as the capacity to cope with unsolvable and serious problems and questions in life. It has been shown:a.that persons who are not successful in coping with negaive life events lack wisdom capacities,b.that wisdom capacities can be trained, andc.that cognitive treatment which uses wisdom strategies is helpful in the treatment of adjustment disorders and especially those with prolonged embitterment reactions.This training workshop will:•inform about the clincial features of adjustment disorders and especially posttraumatic embitterment disorders;•give an introduction in recent developments of wisdom psychology;•teach the esentials of wisdom psychotherapy.
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Rodriguez, Leonor, Ann Marie Groarke, Pat Dolan, and Padraig MacNeela. "Adolescent adjustment to maternal cancer: an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)." Qualitative Research Journal 18, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-d-17-00034.
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Purpose As an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth understanding of adolescent experiences of maternal cancer to identify the individual and contextual factors that shape adolescent experiences and evaluates the potential applicability of the Family Ecology Model to the illness context. Design/methodology/approach This analysis is focussed on three female adolescents who completed semi-structured interviews, which were subjected to IPA. Maternal illness is a challenge for adolescents, which can be improved or undermined by their contexts. The analysis yielded three sub-themes: family structure, social supports, experiencing maternal cancer at a time of transition and the lasting impact of cancer. Findings This study found that adolescent experiences of maternal cancer depend on their contexts from an ecological perspective the type and quality of adolescent interactions determine coping and adjustment. Maternal cancer can be difficult as adolescents are already facing specific developmental challenges. Future research can benefit from adopting an ecological perspective to further understand adolescent experiences to support adolescent that may be more vulnerable and benefit from additional supports. This is not a generalisable piece of research but it provides a very deep and detailed understanding of the impact of maternal cancer on adolescents’ developmental course and determines how the complexity of their contexts can serve as a risk or a protective factor at this challenging time. Originality/value This paper contributes to the body of research by providing a comprehensive understanding of adolescents facing maternal cancer. The Ecological Model supports the findings of this research and proves to be a good model to understand the complex interplay between adolescents and their environments when facing a difficult challenge like maternal cancer is.
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Singh, B. K., and J. C. Nautiyal. "A comparison of observed and long-run productivity of and demand for inputs in the Canadian lumber industry." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-081.
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An interrelated factor demand approach was used to study the long-term productivity of and demand for inputs in the Canadian lumber industry covering the period of 1955 to 1982. The long-run, least-cost amounts of labour, capital, roundwood, and energy were obtained by imbedding a cross-stock adjustment process in the share equations of the translog cost function. These least-cost amounts, from which the short-run adjustments were removed, were then used to obtain the long-run productivity of each input. The percentage deviations of the observed amounts of each input from their least-cost levels were computed to determine the degrees of allocative inefficiencies with respect to the individual inputs. Similar deviations of the observed productivity and real total factor costs from their long-run levels were also computed. The results indicated that (i) factor demands in the Canadian lumber industry are actually interrelated, i.e., a disequilibrium in the demand for an input creates compensating adjustments in the demand for other inputs; (ii) there are economies of scale in production of lumber in Canada, but technological progress is unobservable; (iii) simulation of the actual and the least-cost paths of factor utilizations indicated substantial misallocation of each input over major parts of the sample years; (iv) the observed labour productivity increased at the rate of 2.9% per annum while, net of short-run conditions, the rate was 3.7% per annum over the sample period; and (v) productivities of other three inputs declined both on the observed and the long-run productivity paths, but such declines were relatively slower on the long-run paths.
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Wang, G. T., Jing Ning, and L. M. Wu. "Adaptive Ant Colony Algorithm Used in WSNs Routing for Information Acquisition of Manufacturing Process." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.985.
Full textAbstract:
Ant colony algorithm (ACA) is employed and improved in routing protocol of information acquisition of manufacturing process based on wireless networks. Weighting factor for paths selection is defined as an exponential variable in adaptive ACA. In this way, it prevents the weighting factor from excess increasing or rapid reducing to 0 which results in local optimum. This approach can dynamically adjust paths selection and improve global search ability by optimizing global policy. Adaptive ACA consumes the least time in the process of searching the most optimized paths and searches the shortest paths under the same of iterative loops. Under the same condition of the information heuristic factor and the expected heuristic factor, the algorithm shows good adaptation, realizes the load balancing between paths and resolves the dynamic adjustment problem.
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Wajahat, Musharraf, Hassan Abdullah Khalid, Ghullam Mustafa Bhutto, and Claus Leth Bak. "A Comparative Study into Enhancing the PV Penetration Limit of a LV CIGRE Residential Network with Distributed Grid-Tied Single-Phase PV Systems." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152964.
Full textAbstract:
Photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) has seen tremendous growth in recent years, especially in the residential sector. Among other concerns, the voltage rise in AC networks is considered the most limiting factor in achieving increased PV penetration levels. A steady-state impact study is performed on a CIGRE low-voltage (LV) residential network. This paper compares six techniques to increase the PV penetration limit in the LV residential network, namely single-phase penetration (SPP), Distribution Scheme 1 (DS1), Distribution Scheme 2 (DS2), alternate phase penetration (APP), offline tap adjustment (OTA) and switched on-load tap adjustment (SOLTA). PSCAD software is used for this study. The best results are obtained for the DS2-SOLTA case that gives the minimum voltage magnitude and voltage unbalance in the system. The steady-state results are validated by a dynamic data study using measured solar irradiance and residential load data. A novel approach is also proposed for calculating the worst day from the data set. The obtained results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Liu, Dongfang, Yaqin Wang, Tian Chen, and Eric T. Matson. "Accurate Lane Detection for Self-Driving Cars: An Approach Based on Color Filter Adjustment and K-Means Clustering Filter." International Journal of Semantic Computing 14, no. 01 (March 2020): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x20500038.
Full textAbstract:
Lane detection is a crucial factor for self-driving cars to achieve a fully autonomous mode. Due to its importance, lane detection has drawn wide attention in recent years for autonomous driving. One challenge for accurate lane detection is to deal with noise appearing in the input image, such as object shadows, brake marks, breaking lane lines. To address this challenge, we propose an effective road detection algorithm. We leverage the strength of color filters to find a rough localization of the lane marks and employ a K-means clustering filter to screen out the embedded noises. We use an extensive experiment to verify the effectiveness of our method. The result indicates that our approach is robust to process noises appearing in input image, which improves the accuracy in lane detection.