Academic literature on the topic 'Adjustment of position'
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Journal articles on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Denic, Dragan, Goran Miljkovic, Jelena Lukic, and Miodrag Arsic. "Pseudorandom position encoder with improved zero position adjustment." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 25, no. 2 (2012): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1202113d.
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Pseudorandom position encoder, which employs two code tracks for absolute position measurement, represents one of the latest trends in the development of the absolute position encoders. One sensor head is used for pseudorandom code reading and two additional sensor heads are used for generating synchronization pulses and motion direction determination. Special attention is devoted to the zero position adjustment after the installation of the encoder on the motor shaft. A novel solution for the improved zero position adjustment incorporated in the functional algorithm of the encoder is presented in this paper. The presented solution offers a reliable procedure for the zero position adjustment, taking into account possible motion direction changes during the zero position adjustment process. The algorithm for the zero position adjustment executes only once and does not participate further in the absolute position measurement process. The functioning of the proposed algorithm is described in more details considering one concrete example of the encoder.
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Zhang, Liang, Yaguang Zhu, Feifei Zhang, and Shuangjie Zhou. "Position-Posture Control of Multilegged Walking Robot Based on Kinematic Correction." Journal of Robotics 2020 (September 25, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896396.
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Posture-position control is the fundamental technology among multilegged robots as it is hard to get an effective control on rough terrain. These robots need to constantly adjust the position-posture of its body to move stalely and flexibly. However, the actual footholds of the robot constantly changing cause serious errors during the position-posture control process because their foot-ends are basically in nonpoint contact with the ground. Therefore, a position-posture control algorithm for multilegged robots based on kinematic correction is proposed in this paper. Position-posture adjustment is divided into two independent motion processes: robot body position adjustment and posture adjustment. First, for the two separate adjustment processes, the positions of the footholds relative to the body are obtained and their positions relative to the body get through motion synthesis. Then, according to the modified inverse kinematics solution, the joint angles of the robot are worked out. Unlike the traditional complex closed-loop position-posture control of the robot, the algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve the purpose of reducing errors in the position-posture adjustment process of the leg-foot robot through a simple and general kinematic modification. Finally, this method is applied in the motion control of a bionic hexapod robot platform with a hemispherical foot-end. A comparison experiment of linear position-posture change on the flat ground shows that this method can reduce the attitude errors, especially the heading error reduced by 55.46%.
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Shaik, Ahmed Asif, Nkgatho Sylvester Tlale, and Glen Bright. "2 DOF resolution adjustment laser position sensor." International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications 8, no. 1/2/3/4 (2010): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijista.2010.030215.
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Smith, Bruce A. "Audio source position detection and audio adjustment." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 6 (2006): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2212572.
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Schultz, David. "Sensor-Driven Position-Adaptive Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain." Pain Physician 1;15, no. 1;1 (January 14, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/1.
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Background: Variation in the intensity of neurostimulation due to body position is a practical problem for many patients implanted with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems because positional changes may result in overstimulation or understimulation that leads to frequent need for compensatory manual programming adjustments. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of a novel type of SCS therapy designed to automatically adapt stimulation amplitude in response to changes in a patient’s position or activity. The primary objective of the study was to demonstrate that automatic position-adaptive SCS benefited patients in terms of pain relief and/or convenience compared with neurostimulation adjusted with conventional manual programming. Secondary objectives included assessment of worsened pain relief with automatic adjustment; change in pain score; and the number of manual programming adjustments with position-adaptive neurostimulation compared with manual programming. Study Design: Prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized crossover study. Setting: Ten interventional pain management centers in the US. Methods: Patients were enrolled a minimum of one week after a successful SCS screening trial. They were then implanted with the RestoreSensorTM neurostimulation device (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) that could be programmed to either automatic position-adaptive stimulation (AdaptiveStimTM) or manual adjustment of stimulation parameters. After implant, all devices were programmed to conventional manual adjustment for a 4-week postoperative period. The patients were then randomized to either conventional manual programming adjustment or position-adaptive stimulation with crossover to the opposite treatment arm occurring at 6 weeks after randomization. The patients were followed for another 6 weeks after crossover. This study was conducted under an FDA-approved Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and approval of the responsible Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the study centers. Results: Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in the study. In an intent-to-treat analysis, 86.5% of patients achieved the primary objective of improved pain relief with no loss of convenience or improved convenience with no loss of pain relief using automatic position-adaptive stimulation compared with using conventional manual programming adjustment alone. This was statistically significantly greater than the predefined minimum success rate of 25%, P < 0.001 (exact one-sided 97.5% lower confidence limit was 76.5%). Only 2.8% of patients reported worsened pain relief during position-adaptive stimulation compared with manual programming. There was a statistically significant reduction in the mean numeric pain rating scale score compared with baseline scores in both treatment arms. Additionally, position-adaptive stimulation demonstrated a statistically significant 41% reduction in the daily average number of programming button presses for amplitude adjustment compared with manual programming (18.2 per day versus 30.7 per day, P = 0.002). Functional improvements reported with position-adaptive stimulation included: improved comfort during position changes (80.3%); improved activity (69%); and improved sleep (47.9%). Adverse events associated with uncomfortable sensations from stimulation did not differ significantly between treatment arms. The incidence of device-related serious adverse events was 3.9%. Limitations: Patients and physicians were not blinded to whether devices were programmed to automatic position-adaptive stimulation or manual adjustment. Responses to assessment questionnaires were based on patient recall. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that automatic position-adaptive stimulation is safe and effective in providing benefits in terms of patient-reported improved pain relief and convenience compared with using manual programming adjustment alone. Key words: spinal cord stimulation, neurostimulation, position sensing, physical activity accelerometer, neuromodulation, effectiveness, pain relief, position-adaptive stimulation, posture-adaptive stimulation, AdaptiveStim Clinical Trial: NCT01106404
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Schade, Cristy M. "Automatic Adaptation of Neurostimulation Therapy in Response to Changes in Patient Position: Results of the Posture Responsive Spinal Cord Stimulation (PRS) Research Study." Pain Physician 5;14, no. 5;9 (September 14, 2011): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2011/14/407.
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Background: Variation in the intensity of neurostimulation with body position is a practical problem for many patients implanted with a spinal cord stimulation system because positional changes may result in overstimulation or understimulation. These posture-related changes in patients’ perception of paresthesia can affect therapeutic outcomes of spinal cord stimulation therapy. An accelerometer-based algorithm that automatically adjusts spinal cord stimulation based on sensed body position or activity represents a potential solution to the problem of position-mediated variations in paresthesia perception. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare patient satisfaction ratings for manual versus automatic adjustment of spinal cord stimulation amplitude in response to positional changes. Study Design: Prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial Setting: 2 pain centers in the US. Method: Twenty patients at 2 centers in the U.S. who had been implanted with a spinal cord stimulation system for low back and/or leg pain were enrolled in the study. During a 3-day run-in phase, patient position and activity changes were monitored with an ambulatory data recorder and with a research patient programmer which recorded all stimulation parameter changes. Patients who made ≥ 2 amplitude adjustments per 24- hour period were invited to participate in an in-clinic phase. During the in-clinic phase, patients’ preferred stimulation amplitude and therapy impedance measured at the preferred stimulation amplitude were determined as they performed a series of 8 physical tasks. Satisfaction ratings were determined during position transitions between the physical tasks using both manual and automatic adjustments. Results: Among the 15 patients who completed the in-clinic test protocol, overall satisfaction ratings were significantly higher for automatic adjustment of stimulation amplitudes versus manual adjustments. Patients reported statistically significant improvements with automatic versus manual adjustment for the standing to supine transition and for supine to standing transition. Approximately 74% of participants rated the paresthesia intensity of the automatic adjustment algorithm as “just right” for the physical tasks that were completed. Limitations: Small study size. Conclusion: Patients preferred automatic versus manual adjustment of stimulation amplitude in response to changes in paresthesia consequent to positional changes during in-clinic testing. Key words: spinal cord stimulation, automaticity, paresthesia, neuromodulation, neurostimulation, adaptive stimulation, posture responsive stimulation, accelerometry
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Suzuki, Yasushi, and Kouichi Kanzaki. "Carriage Position Adjustment of Triangular Running Skyline System." Journal of Structural Engineering 124, no. 4 (April 1998): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1998)124:4(391).
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Bae, Youkyung, Jamie L. Perry, and David P. Kuehn. "Videofluoroscopic Investigation of Body Position on Articulatory Positioning." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 4 (August 2014): 1135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2013_jslhr-s-12-0235.
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Purpose To quantitatively examine the effects of body position on the positioning of the epiglottis, tongue, and velum at rest and during speech. Method Videofluoroscopic data were obtained from 12 healthy adults in the supine and upright positions at rest and during speech while the participants produced 12 VCV sequences. The effects of body position, target sounds, and adjacent sounds on structural positioning and vowel formant structure were investigated. Results Velar retropositioning in the supine position was the most consistent pattern observed at rest. During speech, all structures, with varying degrees of adjustment, appeared to work against the gravitational pull, resulting in no significant narrowing in the oro- and nasopharyngeal regions while in the supine position. Minimal differences in the formant data between the body positions were also observed. Overall, structural positioning was significantly dependent on the target and adjacent sounds regardless of body position. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that structural positioning in response to gravity varied across individuals based on the type of activities being performed. With varying degrees of positional adjustment across different structures, fairly consistent articulatory positioning in the anterior–posterior dimension was maintained in different body positions during speech.
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Xu, Huang, Zhi Xiong Lu, Yan Dong Song, and Hong Lei Pang. "Force-Position Adjustment Design of Tractor Hitch System Based on DSP CCS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.483.
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Tractor electro-hydraulic hitch system is designed with force-position adjustment function. The method of force-position adjustment is proposed. Under the CCS development environment in DSP, system modules are designed according to the characteristics of TMS320F2812, including raise and drop modules, force-position adjustment module. The feasibility of the design is verified by system simulation.
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Thyer*, N. H., J. A. R. Blais, and M. A. Chapman. "Integration of an inertial system with high-altitude photogrammetry over rugged terrain." CISM journal 43, no. 1 (April 1989): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0001.
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In aerial photogrammetry, information on camera position and orientation from auxiliary systems can be used to supplement or replace ground control information when the latter is inadequate. High-altiude aerial photography has experimentally been combined with inertial measurement of camera position and orientation over the Rocky Mountains west of Calgary. The inertial system output was compared with corresponding values from various photogrammetric adjustments for analysis purposes. In this experiment, it was found that the absolute position coordinates and orientation angles, as given by the inertial system without updates, were unsatisfactory. However, the changes in these quantities between consecutive stations agreed with the photogrammetry to a degree at least as close as the reliability of the photogrammetry itself, and even better agreement was obtained for rotation-invariant func-tions of these changes of position and orientation. Agreement was also improved by ignoring those perspective centers whose position coordinates gave the greatest residuals in the photogrammetric adjustment, indicating that inclusion of auxiliary information should improve the quality of the contribution of those images to the adjustment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Pomiano, Picon Victor Arturo. "Adjustment of the relative position of compliant joints within a monolithic mechanism." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15056.
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The sensitivity of electromagnetic force compensated weighing cells can be enhanced by adjusting the relative distance between two specific joints in its mechanism. However, owing to the difficulties of the adjustment of the flexure hinge position in the compliant mechanism, this adjustment option has not yet been realized. In this scientific thesis, an adjustment device was developed. This adjustment device can be integrated into an EMFC weighing cell and allows adjustments while the balance is in operation. To this end, the guideline VDI 2221 was applied in the design process to develop possible concept solutions.
The most suitable option was selected by a technical-economic analysis. The technical realization of the selected solution concept was elaborated based on design guidelines and model equations. The adjustment device was designed to work under a tensile force of up to 15 N. A finite element analysis was performed to evaluate the operation of the adjustment device. This analysis demonstrates the feasibility of the device to shift the flexure hinge within a displacement range of 6 mm. The numerical analysis reveals an angular deflection up to 7.2 arcsec perpendicular to the rotational axis of the adjusted joint. Based on the original model, geometry variations of certain components were investigated to identify optimization possibilities. It was found that the angular distortion can be diminished by a more symmetric setup, especially concerning the linear guide.Die Empfindlichkeit von elektromagnetisch kraftkompensierten Wägezellen kann durch die Justierung des relativen abstands zwischen zwei spezifischen Festkörpergelenken erhöht werden. Aufgrund der Schwierigkeiten bei der Justierung der Festkörpergelenkposition im nachgiebigen Mechanismus ist diese Justiermöglichkeit jedoch noch nicht realisiert. In dieser Masterarbeit wurde ein eine Justiereinrichtung entwickelt. Diese Justiereinrichtung kann in eine EMFC-Wägezelle integriert werden und ermöglicht eine Justierung während des Betriebs der Waage. Zu diesem Zweck wurde im Entwicklungsprozess die Richtlinie VDI 2221 angewendet, um mögliche Konzeptlösungen zu entwickeln. Die geeignetste Option wurde durch eine technisch-ökonomische Analyse ausgewählt. Die technische Realisierung des ausgewählten Lösungskonzepts wurde auf der Grundlage von Designrichtlinien und Modellgleichungen erarbeitet. Die Justiereinrichtung wurde so konzipiert, dass sie unter einer Zugkraft von bis zu 15 N arbeitet. Eine Finite-Elemente-Analyse wurde durchgeführt, um den Funktion der Justiereinrichtung zu bewerten. Diese Analyse demonstriert die Möglichkeit des Gerätes, das Festkörpergelenk in einen Verschiebungsbereich von 6 mm zu verschieben. Die numerische Analyse zeigt eine Winkelauslenkung bis 7.2 arcsec senkrecht zur Drehachse des justierten Gelenks. Basierend auf dem Originalmodell wurden Geometrievariationen bestimmter Komponenten untersucht, um Optimierungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Winkelverzerrung durch einen symmetrischeren Aufbau, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Linearführung, verringert werden kann.
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Merritt, Roger Surveying & Spatial Information Systems Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "An assessment of using least squares adjustment to upgrade spatial data in GIS." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23003.
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The GIS Industry has digitised cadastre from the best available paper maps over the last few decades, incorporating the inherent errors in those paper maps and in the digitising process. The advent of Global Positioning Systems, modern surveying instruments and advances in the computing industry has made it desirable and affordable to upgrade the placement, in terms of absolute and relative position) of these digital cadastres. The Utility Industry has used GIS software to place their assets relative to these digital cadastres, and are now finding their assets placed incorrectly when viewed against these upgraded digital cadastres. This thesis examines the processes developed in the software program called the ???Spatial Adjustment Engine???, and documents a holistic approach to semi-automating the upgrading of the digital cadastre and the subsequent upgrading of the utility assets. This thesis also documents the various pilot projects undertaken during the development of the Spatial Adjustment Engine, the topological scenarios found in each pilot, their solution, and provides a framework of definitions needed to explore this field further. The results of each pilot project are given in context, and lead to the conclusions. The conclusions indicate the processes and procedures implemented in the Spatial Adjustment Engine are a suitable mechanism for the upgrade of digital cadastre and of spatially dependant themes such as utility assets, zoning themes, annotation layers, and some road centreline themes.
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Jonsson, Bertil. "Interaction between humans and car seats : studies of occupant seat adjustment, posture, position, and real world neck injuries in rear-end impacts." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kirurgisk och perioperativ vetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1636.
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Background: The latest generation of rear-end whiplash protection systems, as found in the WHIPS Volvo and SAHR Saab, have reduced injury rates by almost 50% in comparison with the previous generation of seat/head restraint systems. Occupant behaviour, such as seated posture and seat adjustment settings, may affect the injury risk. Method: Five studies were conducted. Studie I was an injury outcome study based on insurance data. Studies II-IV investigated seat adjustment, occupant backset, and cervical retraction for drivers and occupants in different postures and positions in the car, during stationary and driving conditions. Study V compared the occupant data from studies II and III with a vehicle testing tool, the BioRID dummy, using the protocols of the ISO, RCAR, and the RCAR-IIWPG. Results: Female drivers and passengers had a threefold increased risk for medically-impairing neck injury in rear-end impacts, compared to males. Driver position had a double risk compared with front passenger seat position. Female drivers adjusted the driver seat differently to male drivers; they sat higher and closer to the steering wheel and with more upright back support. The volunteers also adjusted their seat differently to the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocol settings; both sexes sat further away from the steering wheel, and seat back angle was more upright then in the protocols. In stationary cars, backset was highest in the rear seat position and lowest in the front passenger seat position. Males had a larger backset than females. Cervical retraction decreased and backset increased for both sexes when posture changed from self-selected posture to a slouched posture. The BioRID II dummy was found to represent 96th percentile female in stature, and a 69th percentile female in weight in the volunteer group. Conclusions: Risks in car rear-end impacts differ by sex and seated position. This thesis indicates the need for a 50th percentile female BioRID dummy and re-evaluation of the ISO, RCAR, and RCAR-IIWPG protocols, and further development of new safety systems to protect occupants in rear-end impacts.
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Lundqvist, Tobias. "3D mapping with iPhone." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71689.
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Today, 3D models of cities are created from aerial images using a camera rig. Images, together with sensor data from the flights, are stored for further processing when building 3D models. However, there is a market demand for a more mobile solution of satisfactory quality. If the camera position can be calculated for each image, there is an existing algorithm available for the creation of 3D models. This master thesis project aims to investigate whether the iPhone 4 offers good enough image and sensor data quality from which 3D models can be created. Calculations on movements and rotations from sensor data forms the foundation of the image processing, and should refine the camera position estimations. The 3D models are built only from image processing since sensor data cannot be used due to poor data accuracy. Because of that, the scaling of the 3D models are unknown and a measurement is needed on the real objects to make scaling possible. Compared to a test algorithm that calculates 3D models from only images, already available at the SBD’s system, the quality of the 3D model in this master thesis project is almost the same or, in some respects, even better when compared with the human eye.
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Levi, Loïc. "Comportements d'investissement et performances des exploitations agricoles selon la position dans le cycle de vie." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARE053/document.
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L'investissement et l'innovation jouent un rôle important dans le secteur agricole, permettant aux exploitations de s'adapter aux changements de politiques et aux conditions du marché. Au cours des dernières décennies, les exploitations agricoles de l'Union européenne (UE) ont été confrontées à des changements substantiels à travers la politique agricole commune (PAC). C'est notamment le cas du secteur laitier, qui a vu la fin du régime de quotas laitiers et également vu une volatilité accrue des prix. De tels changements pourraient affecter la productivité et l’efficacité des exploitations agricoles, la compétitivité du secteur laitier et les changements structurels. Comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au comportement d’investissement des exploitations pourrait permettre d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui influent sur les tendances observées. Cela pourrait aider à anticiper les futurs changements structurels, prévoir les besoins des exploitations et aider les décideurs publicet les autres acteurs du secteur agricole à adapter leurs politiques. La thèse contribue à cet objectif en analysant pour les exploitations laitières d'une sous-région de Bretagne (Ille-et-Vilaine) en France, (i) l'impact de la suppression du quota laitier sur les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs et l'hétérogénéité de leurs réactions (ii) le lien entre la performance agricole et les décisions d'investissement des agriculteurs, (iii) le rôle des interactions sociales liées aux effets de voisinage sur la décision d'investissement des agriculteurs. Les résultats montrent que la fin: Investment and innovation play an important role in the agricultural sector, allowing farms to adapt to policy changes and market condition changes. In the last decades, farms in the European Union (EU) have faced substantial changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is particularly the case of the dairy sector, which has seen the end of milk quota regime and increased price volatility. Such changes could affect farm productivity and efficiency, the dairy sector’s competitiveness and structural change. Understanding the mechanisms underlying farms’ investment behaviour could allow identifying key drivers that influence the observed trends. This could help anticipate future structural changes, predict farms’ needs and help policy makers and other stakeholders in farming to adapt their policy. The thesis contributes to this objective by analysing for dairy farms in a sub-region of Brittany (Ille-et-Vilaine) in France, (i) the impact of the termination of the milk quota onfarmers’ investment decisions and the heterogeneity of farm investment behaviour, (ii) the link between farm performance and farmers’ investment decisions, (iii) the role of social interactions related to neighbourhood effects on farmers' investment decision. Findings show that the termination of the dairy quota policy increased farmers’ incentive to invest, contributing to the trend towards larger, more capital intensive and more specialised dairy farms. In addition, the thesis underlines the need to take into account farmers’ heterogeneity in modelling investment behaviour. Doing so allows
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Van, Vledder Nicole. "An ergonomic intervention : the effect of a chair and computer screen height adjustment on musculoskeletal pain and sitting comfort in office workers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96865.
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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Aims: To assess the effect of a vertical height adjustment of the chair and visual display unit (VDU) on work related upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain (WRUQMP) and sitting comfort in computer users. The upper quadrant refers to the occiput, cervical and upper thoracic spine including the clavicles and scapulae. Methods: An N=1 study was conducted using the ABC design whereby an ergonomic workstation adjustment, of VDU and chair height, was compared to the subject’s usual workstation settings. Pain and sitting comfort were measured using visual analogue scales (VAS). The subject was assessed over the four week phases as she performed her typical VDU work. The results were compiled and tabulated. Results: Both the mean and variance in pain intensity decreased after the workstation intervention. A deterioration was noted in sitting comfort. Conclusion: The vertical height adjustment of the chair and VDU may have contributed to a decrease in WRUQMP in this subject. This safe, economical workstation intervention may be a practical management option for the computer user suffering from WRUQMP. Further research into the measurement of comfort whilst sitting at a computer workstation, is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelwitte: Om die effek te bepaal van n vertikale aanpassing van die stoel en beeldskerm van rekenaargebruikers op werksverwandte boonste kwadrant muskuloskeletale pyn en sitgemak. Die boonste kwadrant verwys na die oksiput, servikale en boonste torakale werwelkolom en sluit ook die klavikel en skapula in. Methode: Die N=1 studie is onderneem met gebruik van die ABC ontwerp in terme waarvan n ergonomiese aanpassing van stoel en beeldskerm vergelyk is met die normale gebruik van die deelnemer. Pyn en sitgemak is gemeet deur die gebruik van die Visueel analoogskaal. Die interwensies is ge-evalueer oor vierweekfases tydens normale rekenaar gebruik van die deelnemer. Die resultate is saamgestel en getabuleer. Uitkoms: Beide die gemiddelde en veranderlike pynintensiteit het verminder nadat die werkstasie aangepas is. Geen verbetering in sitgemak is opgemerk nie. Gevolgtrekking: Die vertikale hoogte-aanpassing van die stoel en beeldskerm het moontlik bygedra tot die verminderde pynvlakke in hierdie deelnemer. Hierdie veilige, ekonomiese verstelling is moontlik n praktiese beheeropsie vir rekenaargebruikers wat werksverwandte boonste kwadrant muskuloskeletale pyn verduur. Verder studie in die meet en waarneming van sitgemak tydens rekenaarwerk is nodig.
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Saggu, Rajinder Kaur. "Effect of a chair and computer screen height adjustment on the neck and upper back musculoskeletal symptoms in an office worker." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96971.
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Thesis (MScPhysio)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Aims: To assess the effect of a chair and computer screen height adjustment on the neck and upper back musculoskeletal symptoms in an office worker. Methods: An N=1 study was conducted using the ABC design. Ethics approval was obtained for the study and the participant provided informed written consent. The participant was assessed over three four week phases as she performed her habitual computer work. The outcome measures assessed during the three phases were the pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort. The three phases were named the baseline, intervention and wash-out phases. During the baseline phase, the outcome measures were obtained at the participant‟s habitual work station. The intervention phase involved a vertical adjustment of the chair and computer screen height. The wash-out phase allowed the participant to adjust the chair and computer screen height to their choice. A follow-up interview was conducted with the participant three months after completion of the study. The mean values and the ranges of the pain intensity and perceived comfort were obtained and compared. The data collected was captured on a Microsoft Excel 2010 spread sheet, where after the data was tabulated and presented graphically. Results: The mean pain intensity of the participant increased slightly during the intervention phase in comparison to the baseline phase, but remained stable during the wash-out phase. The mean perceived sitting comfort deteriorated initially during the intervention phase, but improved later during the intervention phase and showed greater improvement during the wash out phase. The perceived sitting comfort showed more improvement than the pain intensity during the washout phase. Both the pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort showed improvement at the three months follow up assessment, post completion of the study. Conclusion: The vertical height adjustment of the chair and the VDT did not improve the participant‟s pain intensity and perceived sitting comfort when compared to the participant‟s habitual workstation parameters. The findings do not favour the horizontal viewing angle. The findings of this study however support the use of „slightly below horizontal‟ viewing angle as being conducive to reduce the pain intensity and improve the sitting comfort of an office worker.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doelstelling: Om die effek te bepaal van die hoogte aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm op die nek en bo-rug muskuloskeletale simptome van 'n kantoorwerker. Metodes: „n N=1 studie was uitgevoer deur gebruik te maak van die ABC ontwerp. Etiese goedkeuring was verkry vir die studie en die deelnemer het ingeligte skriftelike toestemming verleen. Die deelnemer was ge-evalueer oor drie vier week-lange fases terwyl sy haar gewone rekenaarwerk verrig het. Die uitkomsmetings ge-evalueer tydens die drie fases was pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak. Die drie fases was genoem die basislyn, intervensie en uitwas fases. Gedurende die basislyn fase was die uitkomsmetings by die deelnemer se gewone werkstasie ingevorder. Die intervensie fase het 'n vertikale aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm behels. Die uitwas fase het die deelnemer toegelaat om haar stoel en rekenaarskerm se hoogte aan te pas volgens haar keuse. 'n Opvolg onderhoud was gevoer met die deelnemer drie maande na die voltooiing van die studie. Die resultate was vasgelê op 'n Microsoft Excel 2010 data bladsy, waarna die data getabuleer en grafies uitgebeeld is. Resultate: Die gemiddelde pyn intensiteit van die deelnermer het effens toegeneem tydens die intervensie fase in vergelyking met die basislyn fase, maar het stabiel gebly tydens die uitwas fase. Die gemiddelde waargenome sitgemak het aanvanklik verswak tydens die intervensie fase, maar het later verbeter tydens die intervensie fase en het aangehou verbeter tydens die uitwas fase. Die waargenome sitgemak het groter verbetering getoon as die pyn intensiteit tydens die uitwas fase. Beide pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak het verbetering getoon by die drie maande opvolg evaluasie, na voltooiing van die studie. Gevolgtrekking. Die vertikale hoogte aanpassing van die stoel en rekenaarskerm het nie die deelnemer se pyn intensiteit en waargenome sitgemak in vergelyking met die deelnemer se gewone werkstasie parameters verbeter nie. Hierdie bevindinge is nie ten voordeel van die horisontale kykhoek nie. Nietemin, ondersteun die bevindinge van hierdie studie die gebruik van die "effens onder die horisontale" kykhoek as bevorderend om die pyn intensiteit te verminder en die sitgemak van 'n kantoorwerker te verbeter.
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Cole, Alison S. "Differential adjustment among sexual assault survivors predicting positive outcomes /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Brogren, Eva. "Postural adjustments in sitting position : effect of development, training and brain lesions /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3839-3/.
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Machaty, Agnes. "Dispositional Optimism and Marital Adjustment." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/7.
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This project examined dispositional optimism and its influence on the three subscales of marital adjustment (consensus, satisfaction, and cohesion) by gender. Data for this study came from Wave 2 and 3 of the National Survey of Families and Households. The Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine both actor and partner effects of dispositional optimism on the marital adjustment subscales using the program AMOS. Results indicate that wives’ optimism seem to influence their own later marital satisfaction as well as their husbands’ later marital satisfaction. However, husbands’ optimism appeared to influence neither their own nor their wives’ later satisfaction. These results imply that wives’ optimism matters for marital satisfaction, whereas husbands’ does not.
Books on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Ihrig, Jane. Modeling direct investment valuation adjustments and estimating quarterly positions. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2006.
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Thurman, Williams, ed. Perceptual adjustment therapy: A positive approach to addictions treatment. Washington, D.C: Accelerated Development, 1995.
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E, Walker Janet, ed. Coping with noncompliance in the classroom: A positive approach for teachers. Austin, Tex: PRO-ED, 1991.
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G, Sunderwirth Stanley, ed. Craving for ecstasy and natural highs: A positive approach to mood alteration. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2009.
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Schwartz, Zak. Changing anger, ending abuse: A course in positive interaction skills. 3rd ed. Eugene, Or: Interactional Dynamics, 1998.
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Goldhawk, Tessa. A rose to a sick friend: A positive way to approach your illness. Bath: Gateway, 1989.
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Walker, Hill M. L' indiscipline en classe: Une approche positive pour les enseignants. Austin, Tex: PRO-ED, 1994.
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Exton, Inez P. The alphabet for positive living: Play with words and improve your emotional fitness. La Jolla, Calif: Zebra Communications, 1987.
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Von der Stabilitäts, zur positiven Strukturanpassungspolitik: Ein Beitrag zur Makroökonomie der Entwicklungsländer. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Artigue, F., and C. François. "Automatic Assembly by Reference Searching and Position Adjustment before Insertion." In Theory and Practice of Robots and Manipulators, 431–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9882-4_45.
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Zhang, Shuguang, Chenbing Guo, and Mingchen Wu. "The Analysis of Structure and Freedom for Space Position Adjustment Platform." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 429–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15235-2_64.
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Havlík, Štefan, Jaroslav Hricko, Erik Prada, and Jaromír Jezný. "Linear Motion Mechanisms for Fine Position Adjustment of Heavy Weight Platforms." In Advances in Service and Industrial Robotics, 19–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19648-6_3.
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Chien, Chi Shian, and Chen Wan Tsung. "The Implementation of Pressure Measurement of Feet and Jogging Position Adjustment System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 337–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3250-4_40.
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Tian, Yuan, and Feng Gao. "Optimized Body Position Adjustment of a Six-Legged Robot Walking on Inclined Plane." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 45–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2875-5_5.
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Zhang, Ying, Dingwei Wang, Quanjun Li, Lei Shi, and Yingying Zhang. "Research on Orbital Position Adjustment Control Strategy of Beidou IGSO Satellite Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 681–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3138-2_62.
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Theodore, Lea A., and Bruce A. Bracken. "Positive psychology and multidimensional adjustment." In Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals., 131–43. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000157-009.
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Ilonszki, Gabriella. "The Institutionalisation of Political Science in ECE: The Grounding of Theory." In Opportunities and Challenges for New and Peripheral Political Science Communities, 25–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79054-7_2.
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AbstractThe chapter aims to establish a theoretical framework regarding the institutionalisation of political science as an academic discipline, by building on the experiences of 16 selected countries. Whether a discipline is institutionalised revolves around three issues: the process, that is, how institutionalisation develops; the outcome, that is, which properties appear indispensable; and what contextual factors matter most in influencing either process or property. Based on a critical review of the literature, the properties of stability, identity, autonomy, reproduction and legitimacy have been defined. These embody a well-institutionalised science: one that should have stable existential patterns, a clear academic profile; one that should be able to independently define its own rules and norms while getting external agents to accept them, and be able to ensure its own reproduction and to maintain a legitimate position. The chapter also examines the specificities in the latecomer political science communities’ institutionalisation patterns. Formation conditions, potential starting points, stability concerns and the issue of ‘regionality’ are specifically considered. As the institutionalisation tasks had to be dealt with in a ‘compressed period of time’ academia here faced the free world of opportunities and adjustment requirements at one and the same time.
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Horn, Ernst-Jürgen. "Positive and Defensive Strategies in Sectoral Adjustment." In Structural Adjustment in Developed Open Economies, 533–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17919-0_16.
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van Brabant, Jozef M. "Positive economic adjustment and price reform." In International Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 245–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3635-5_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Koppanyi, Zoltan, Charles K. Toth, and Dorota Grejner Brzezinska. "Scalable ad-hoc UWB network adjustment." In 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373544.
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Shaik, A., N. S. Tlale, and G. Bright. "2 DOF Resolution Adjustment Laser Position Sensor." In 2008 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmvip.2008.4749539.
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Denic, Dragan, and Ivana Randelovic. "New Type of Position Encoder with Possibility of Direct Zero Position Adjustment." In 2005 IEEE Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idaacs.2005.282991.
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Feng, MingChi, YongGang Gu, and Chao Zhai. "Precise measurement of fibers position using bundle adjustment algorithm." In 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2013.6555482.
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Gonzalez, Rodrigo, and Carlos A. Catania. "A statistical approach for optimal order adjustment of a moving average filter." In 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373549.
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Indelman, Vadim. "Bundle adjustment without iterative structure estimation and its application to navigation." In 2012 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium - PLANS 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plans.2012.6236952.
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Massara, Andrew J. "Ultrasonic Sensing of Head Position for Head Restraint Automatic Adjustment." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/960508.
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Yanjun Qian, Qionghai Dai, and Guihua Er. "Self-adaptive normal estimation and position adjustment for MVS reconstruction." In 2011 3DTV-Conference: The True Vision - Capture, Transmission and Display of 3D Video (3DTV-CON 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dtv.2011.5877161.
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Iturralde, Kepa, Taku Kinoshita, and Thomas Bock. "Grasped Element Position Recognition and Robot Pose Adjustment during Assembly." In 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2019/0062.
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Shanmugasundram, R., C. Ganesh, N. Yadaiah, and K. J. Poornaselvan. "Compensator Design by Pole-Zero adjustment for a Typical Position Control System." In 2008 4th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability (ICIAFS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciafs.2008.4783920.
Full textReports on the topic "Adjustment of position"
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Carlsson, Mikael, Julián Messina, and Oskar Nordström Skans. Firm-Level Shocks and Labor Flows. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003002.
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This paper analyzes how labor ows respond to permanent idiosyncratic shifts in rm-level production functions and demand curves using very detailed Swedish micro data. Shocks to rms physical productivity have only modest eects on rm-level employment decisions. In contrast, the paper documents rapid and substantial employment adjustments through hires and separations in response to rm-level demand shocks. The choice of adjustment margin depends on the sign of the shock: rms adjust through increased hires if these shocks are positive and through increased separations if the shocks are negative.
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Carlsson, Mikael, Julián Messina, and Oskar Nordström Skans. Firm-Level Shocks and Labor Flows. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003002.
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This paper analyzes how labor ows respond to permanent idiosyncratic shifts in rm-level production functions and demand curves using very detailed Swedish micro data. Shocks to rms physical productivity have only modest eects on rm-level employment decisions. In contrast, the paper documents rapid and substantial employment adjustments through hires and separations in response to rm-level demand shocks. The choice of adjustment margin depends on the sign of the shock: rms adjust through increased hires if these shocks are positive and through increased separations if the shocks are negative.
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Galindo, Arturo J., and Roberto Steiner. Asymmetric Interest Rate Transmission in an Inflation Targeting Framework: The Case of Colombia. Banco de la República de Colombia, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1138.
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After adopting an inflation targeting framework for monetary policy at the turn of the century, the Central Bank of Colombia started actively using the monetary policy interest rate as its key policy tool. In this regard, this paper examines the interest rate pass-through from the monetary policy rate to the retail rates in Colombia and explores asymmetries in the adjustment process within the framework of a non-linear version of the ARDL (NARDL) model developed by Shin et al. (2014). Our findings show that the policy rate plays a key role in determining deposit and lending retail rates but the nature of the pass-through varies across different types of lending products. In the case of lending rates, the pass-through is usually a full one, and takes around 12 months to be nearly complete. Our results capture an asymmetric positive pass-through in deposit rates and an upward rigidity in the lending rates of consumer and ordinary corporate loans, key segments of the credit market. These findings imply that most retail lending rates respond more to policy rate cuts than to hikes, indicating that financial intermediaries are more reluctant to raise interest rates than to decrease them following policy adjustments.
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Blum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.
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Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.
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Elacqua, Gregory, Anne Sofie Westh Olsen, and Santiago Velez-Ferro. Open configuration options The Market Design Approach to Teacher Assignment: Evidence from Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003824.
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We study the advantages, trade-offs, and challenges of employing a centralized rule to determine the allocation of teachers to schools. Data come from the centralized teacher assignment program in Ecuador, "Quiero ser Maestro," conducted by the Ministry of Education. Notably, in 2019 the program transitioned from a priority based algorithm to a strategy proof mechanism, similar to the change introduced in Boston in 2005 to assign students to schools. Using the reported preferences, we conduct a counterfactual analysis and nd substantive evidence that the adjustment in algorithm resulted in greater efficiency for the school system. However, in contrast to the Boston case, we nd the benefits stem from increasing the competition for positions among teachers, rather than by the introduction of a strategy-proof mechanism.
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Carlsson, Mikael, Julián Messina, and Oskar Nordström Skans. Research Insights: How Do Job and Worker Flows Respond to Firms' Idiosyncratic Technology and Demand Shocks? Inter-American Development Bank, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003038.
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Permanent demand shocks are the main driver of labor adjustments. A one standard deviation demand shock increases the net employment rate by 6 percentage points in the long run, while a technology shock increases it by 0.5. Transitory demand shocks have much smaller impacts. When hit by a permanent demand shock, firms adjust fast and symmetrically. Most of the labor change occurs within a year. If the shock is positive, firms adjust by increasing hires. If the shock is negative, they increase separations without reducing hires.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.
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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.
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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2022. Banco de la República, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Several factors contributed to an increase in projected inflation on the forecast horizon, keeping it above the target rate. These included inflation in December that surpassed expectations (5.62%), indexation to higher inflation rates for various baskets in the consumer price index (CPI), a significant real increase in the legal minimum wage, persistent external and domestic inflationary supply shocks, and heightened exchange rate pressures. The CPI for foods was affected by the persistence of external and domestic supply shocks and was the most significant contributor to unexpectedly high inflation in the fourth quarter. Price adjustments for fuels and certain utilities can explain the acceleration in inflation for regulated items, which was more significant than anticipated. Prices in the CPI for goods excluding food and regulated items also rose more than expected. This was partly due to a smaller effect on prices from the national government’s VAT-free day than anticipated by the technical staff and more persistent external pressures, including via peso depreciation. By contrast, the CPI for services excluding food and regulated items accelerated less than expected, partly reflecting strong competition in the communications sector. This was the only major CPI basket for which prices increased below the target inflation rate. The technical staff revised its inflation forecast upward in response to certain external shocks (prices, costs, and depreciation) and domestic shocks (e.g., on meat products) that were stronger and more persistent than anticipated in the previous report. Observed inflation and a real increase in the legal minimum wage also exceeded expectations, which would boost inflation by affecting price indexation, labor costs, and inflation expectations. The technical staff now expects year-end headline inflation of 4.3% in 2022 and 3.4% in 2023; core inflation is projected to be 4.5% and 3.6%, respectively. These forecasts consider the lapse of certain price relief measures associated with the COVID-19 health emergency, which would contribute to temporarily keeping inflation above the target on the forecast horizon. It is important to note that these estimates continue to contain a significant degree of uncertainty, mainly related to the development of external and domestic supply shocks and their ultimate effects on prices. Other contributing factors include high price volatility and measurement uncertainty related to the extension of Colombia’s health emergency and tax relief measures (such as the VAT-free days) associated with the Social Investment Law (Ley de Inversión Social). The as-yet uncertain magnitude of the effects of a recent real increase in the legal minimum wage (that was high by historical standards) and high observed and expected inflation, are additional factors weighing on the overall uncertainty of the estimates in this report. The size of excess productive capacity remaining in the economy and the degree to which it is closing are also uncertain, as the evolution of the pandemic continues to represent a significant forecast risk. margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. The technical staff revised its GDP growth projection for 2022 from 4.7% to 4.3% (Graph 1.3). This revision accounts for the likelihood that a larger portion of the recent positive dynamic in private consumption would be transitory than previously expected. This estimate also contemplates less dynamic investment behavior than forecast in the previous report amid less favorable financial conditions and a highly uncertain investment environment. Third-quarter GDP growth (12.9%), which was similar to projections from the October report, and the fourth-quarter growth forecast (8.7%) reflect a positive consumption trend, which has been revised upward. This dynamic has been driven by both public and private spending. Investment growth, meanwhile, has been weaker than forecast. Available fourth-quarter data suggest that consumption spending for the period would have exceeded estimates from October, thanks to three consecutive months that included VAT-free days, a relatively low COVID-19 caseload, and mobility indicators similar to their pre-pandemic levels. By contrast, the most recently available figures on new housing developments and machinery and equipment imports suggest that investment, while continuing to rise, is growing at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. The trade deficit is expected to have widened, as imports would have grown at a high level and outpaced exports. Given the above, the technical staff now expects fourth-quarter economic growth of 8.7%, with overall growth for 2021 of 9.9%. Several factors should continue to contribute to output recovery in 2022, though some of these may be less significant than previously forecast. International financial conditions are expected to be less favorable, though external demand should continue to recover and terms of trade continue to increase amid higher projected oil prices. Lower unemployment rates and subsequent positive effects on household income, despite increased inflation, would also boost output recovery, as would progress in the national vaccination campaign. The technical staff expects that the conditions that have favored recent high levels of consumption would be, in large part, transitory. Consumption spending is expected to grow at a slower rate in 2022. Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) would continue to recover, approaching its pre-pandemic level, though at a slower rate than anticipated in the previous report. This would be due to lower observed GFCF levels and the potential impact of political and fiscal uncertainty. Meanwhile, the policy interest rate would be less expansionary as the process of monetary policy normalization continues. Given the above, growth in 2022 is forecast to decelerate to 4.3% (previously 4.7%). In 2023, that figure (3.1%) is projected to converge to levels closer to the potential growth rate. In this case, excess productive capacity would be expected to tighten at a similar rate as projected in the previous report. The trade deficit would tighten more than previously projected on the forecast horizon, due to expectations of an improved export dynamic and moderation in imports. The growth forecast for 2022 considers a low basis of comparison from the first half of 2021. However, there remain significant downside risks to this forecast. The current projection does not, for example, account for any additional effects on economic activity resulting from further waves of COVID-19. High private consumption levels, which have already surpassed pre-pandemic levels by a large margin, could be less dynamic than expected. And the normalization of monetary policy in the United States could come more quickly than projected in this report, which could negatively affect international financing costs. Finally, there remains a significant degree of uncertainty related to the duration of supply chocks and the degree to which macroeconomic and political conditions could negatively affect the recovery in investment. External demand for Colombian goods and services should continue to recover amid significant global inflation pressures, high oil prices, and less favorable international financial conditions than those estimated in October. Economic activity among Colombia’s major trade partners recovered in 2021 amid countries reopening and ample international liquidity. However, that growth has been somewhat restricted by global supply chain disruptions and new outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff has revised its growth forecast for Colombia’s main trade partners from 6.3% to 6.9% for 2021, and from 3.4% to 3.3% for 2022; trade partner economies are expected to grow 2.6% in 2023. Colombia’s annual terms of trade increased in 2021, largely on higher oil, coffee, and coal prices. This improvement came despite increased prices for goods and services imports. The expected oil price trajectory has been revised upward, partly to supply restrictions and lagging investment in the sector that would offset reduced growth forecasts in some major economies. Elevated freight and raw materials costs and supply chain disruptions continue to affect global goods production, and have led to increases in global prices. Coupled with the recovery in global demand, this has put upward pressure on external inflation. Several emerging market economies have continued to normalize monetary policy in this context. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Federal Reserve has anticipated an end to its asset buying program. U.S. inflation in December (7.0%) was again surprisingly high and market average inflation forecasts for 2022 have increased. The Fed is expected to increase its policy rate during the first quarter of 2022, with quarterly increases anticipated over the rest of the year. For its part, Colombia’s sovereign risk premium has increased and is forecast to remain on a higher path, to levels above the 15-year-average, on the forecast horizon. This would be partly due to the effects of a less expansionary monetary policy in the United States and the accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia. Given the above, international financial conditions are projected to be less favorable than anticipated in the October report. The increase in Colombia’s external financing costs could be more significant if upward pressures on inflation in the United States persist and monetary policy is normalized more quickly than contemplated in this report. As detailed in Section 2.3, uncertainty surrounding international financial conditions continues to be unusually high. Along with other considerations, recent concerns over the potential effects of new COVID-19 variants, the persistence of global supply chain disruptions, energy crises in certain countries, growing geopolitical tensions, and a more significant deceleration in China are all factors underlying this uncertainty. The changing macroeconomic environment toward greater inflation and unanchoring risks on inflation expectations imply a reduction in the space available for monetary policy stimulus. Recovery in domestic demand and a reduction in excess productive capacity have come in line with the technical staff’s expectations from the October report. Some upside risks to inflation have materialized, while medium-term inflation expectations have increased and are above the 3% target. Monetary policy remains expansionary. Significant global inflationary pressures and the unexpected increase in the CPI in December point to more persistent effects from recent supply shocks. Core inflation is trending upward, but remains below the 3% target. Headline and core inflation projections have increased on the forecast horizon and are above the target rate through the end of 2023. Meanwhile, the expected dynamism of domestic demand would be in line with low levels of excess productive capacity. An accumulation of macroeconomic imbalances in Colombia and the increased likelihood of a faster normalization of monetary policy in the United States would put upward pressure on sovereign risk perceptions in a more persistent manner, with implications for the exchange rate and the natural rate of interest. Persistent disruptions to international supply chains, a high real increase in the legal minimum wage, and the indexation of various baskets in the CPI to higher inflation rates could affect price expectations and push inflation above the target more persistently. These factors suggest that the space to maintain monetary stimulus has continued to diminish, though monetary policy remains expansionary. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) in its meetings in December 2021 and January 2022 voted to continue normalizing monetary policy. The BDBR voted by a majority in these two meetings to increase the benchmark interest rate by 50 and 100 basis points, respectively, bringing the policy rate to 4.0%.