Journal articles on the topic 'Administration de quartier – Cameroun'

RésuméLe Décret N°2007/115 du 23 avril 2007 portant création de nouveaux Arrondissements au sein de certains Départements du Cameroun traduit a priori la volonté du Gouvernement d’insuffler une dynamique nouvelle à son processus de décentralisation. À partir du cas de la ville de Garoua, ce travail traite des défis et enjeux de la gouvernance locale dans un contexte d’accélération du processus de décentralisation en vue d’un développement maîtrisé. Pour ce faire, des échanges avec vingt-six informateurs issus de l’administration publique et privée, douze chefs de quartier et trente des plus anciens habitants de Garoua ont été mené. En plus, on a eu recours à une centaine d’informateurs et guides, qui ont permis de caractériser trois cent cinquante-cinq marqueurs spatiaux de la dynamique urbaine de la localité. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que les défis et enjeux actuels de la gouvernance locale sont de trois ordres : règlementaire, financier et fonctionnel. Pour ce qui est du premier ordre, le problème des villes camerounaises, est le non-respect de la règlementation en vigueur, et surtout l’omniprésence de la corruption. Le deuxième ordre est celui de l’incapacité des municipalités à collecter les recettes ce qui ne limite leur investissement qu’à des ouvrages de très faible impact social et économique. Sur le plan fonctionnel, la décentralisation a favorisé la multiplication d’acteurs aux aspirations très souvent divergentes, mais aussi une confusion voire une ignorance des rôles. Au terme de cette étude, avec l’adoption de comportements légaux, il est recommandé aux administrations locales de s’ouvrir au Système d’Information Géographique (SIG) qui dispose des méthodes, techniques et outils permettant de gérer efficacement la donnée spatiale et par conséquent le territoire. De plus, le processus de création de ce système utilisé pour la collecte, le stockage, l’analyse, la modélisation, la gestion, l’affichage et la représentation de l’information spatiale, est une excellente aubaine pour la mise en oeuvre d’un cadre de concertation qui intègre à différentes échelles, la représentativité, les compétences et les objectifs respectifs de toutes les parties prenantes à la gouvernance locale.
 AbstractDecree N°2007/115 of April 23, 2007 creating new subdivisions within some Divisions of Cameroon demonstrates the will of the Government to improve its decentralization process. Based on the case of the city of Garoua, this work deals with the challenges and issues of local governance, in a context of accelerating the decentralization process with a view to controlled development. To this end, exchanges with twenty-six informants from the public and private administration, twelve chiefdom leaders and thirty of the oldest inhabitants of Garoua were conducted. In addition, about one hundred informants and guides were used, who allowed to characterize three hundred and fifty-five spatial markers of the dynamics of the city. The results revealed that the current challenges and issues of local governance are threefold: regulatory, financial and functional. As for the first, the problem of Cameroonian cities is the non-compliance with the regulations in force, and especially the pervasiveness of corruption. The second order is the inability of municipalities to collect revenue, which limits their investment to works of very low social and economic impact. From a functional point of view, decentralization has favored the multiplication of actors with very divergent aspirations, but also confusion and ignorance of roles. Based on these results, we recommend that local governments open up to Geographic Information System (GIS), which has the methods, techniques and tools to effectively better manage the spatial data and consequently the territory. In addition, the process of creating this system, used for the collection, storage, analysis, modelling, management, display and representation of spatial information, is an important opportunity towards the implementation of a consultation framework that integrates, at different levels, the representativeness, skills and objectives of all stakeholders of local governance on the field.

Cet article présente une analyse du service d’eau non conventionnel (service n’ayant fait l’objet d’aucune convention (cahier de charge, contrat, norme ou règlement, etc.), et donc organisé de façon intuitive par les utilisateurs) d’un quartier à habitat spontané de la périphérie de Yaoundé (EBA’A). L’étude aura consisté à : identifier les caractéristiques de ce service, relever les contraintes auxquelles ses usagers sont soumis, identifier les principaux déterminants de satisfaction de la clientèle et définir les perspectives d’amélioration de ce service. Pour cela, une enquête ménage a été effectuée dans le quartier sur un échantillon représentatif de la population étudiée. Cette enquête fut complétée par des observations et mesures faites sur le terrain. L’analyse des données collectées révèle que les services d’eau locaux non conventionnels s’appuient sur des ouvrages de desserte autonomes qui sont considérablement éloignés des usagers. Ce type de service semble contraignant pour les ménages d’EBA’A, et ce, plus sur le plan des conditions d’approvisionnement que du coût du service. C’est pourquoi, en guise d’amélioration, les ménages souhaitent avoir un service d’eau potable proche et permanent, même si son coût demeure élevé. Cependant, il existe un seuil de 2,10 $•m-3 pour ces populations. Dans ces conditions, un délai de paiement des factures d’au moins dix jours, avec des interruptions de service n’excédant pas trois jours, semble tolérable pour ces ménages. Ainsi, les services d’eau potable non conventionnels pourraient s’avérer être des alternatives d’accès à l’eau potable satisfaisantes dans les quartiers défavorisés, à condition qu’ils soient proches des usagers, permanents, et qu’ils aient un coût supportable par les ménages.

This article examines international reactions and actions on militancy and insurgency in Nigeria since 1999. It employs historical method of data collection and adopts descriptive and analytical approaches of analysis. It has utilised various sources, mainly secondary literature which include journal articles, books, newspaper reports, reports of international organisations and agencies. The article reveals the nature, trends and dynamics of insecurity in Nigeria; especially, the emergence and rise of militancy in the Niger Delta and Boko Haram insurgency in the north-east have not only affected the unity, territoriality, sovereignty, economy, political environment, government income and institutions, infrastructure and wanton deaths but also attracted international reactions and concerns from different quarters of the global community, especially Nigeria’s immediate neighbours which have affected her external image and international relations. The article concludes that, while her image has improved, Nigeria should continue to embrace progressive dialogue and improve on the multilateral collaborative counter-insurgency approach (i.e., The Joint Multinational Tasks Force involving Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria and Benin Republic) which has proved very efficient and effective since the advent of this present administration in May 2015.

Cet article présente les résultats d'une recherche descriptive de type empirique selon l'approche qualitative, menée au Cameroun, sur la contribution des femmes gestionnaires à l'évolution des services sociaux dans ce pays. Après une brève référence aux principaux courants de recherche utilisés par les chercheurs pour étudier la question de la sous-représentation des femmes en gestion, les auteures présentent un nouveau type de recherche qui s'intéresse au style de gestion des femmes et à leur apport en administration. Les auteures exposent le déroulement de l'étude ainsi que la méthode de travail utilisée. Elles tracent ensuite le profil démographique des participantes, leur profil scolaire et leur cheminement de carrière. Les principaux résultats de l'étude portent sur la contribution des femmes gestionnaires à l'évolution de la culture organisationnelle, au style de gestion et au développement des services sociaux. Enfin, des liens pertinents sont établis avec le contexte des services sociaux au Québec.

The Christianization of the uplands of West Cameroon was interwoven with its economic evolution. The Dehonian missionaries allocated certain economic activities to Bamileke farmers in order to provide for particular needs of the mission. Disputes over these activities opposed the missionaries to their Christian workers. Compromises were regulated. Through this regulation, the missionaries tried to take almost complete control of the workers: in addition to salaries, they granted them benefits in kind. They helped the workers to fit into the new life-style resulting from colonization. In this way they differed from the French colonial administration, which, in its compromises and regulations, gave more overt priority to return on capital investment than to the indigenous people’s working conditions.

Au Cameroun, les communautés locales font face à des défis de gouvernance forestière et de propriété des forêts communautaires. Les déterminants du succès de la gouvernance forestière ont été étudiés dans douze forêts communautaires (FC) de l’Est-Cameroun. Des groupes de discussion et des entrevues individuelles ont permis de réaliser la cartographie des acteurs d’appui, de documenter la perception de la gouvernance des forêts communautaires et d’en identifier les déterminants, pour ensuite proposer une échelle de gouvernance des forêts communautaires. Les résultats montrent que les acteurs d’appui influencent grandement la création des forêts communautaires. L’exception de la FC A3 montre qu’une communauté peut créer une forêt communautaire sous la seule impulsion du chef traditionnel, sans soutien extérieur. La perception de la gouvernance forestière par les communautés était positive lorsque l’appui à la création de la forêt communautaire provenait d’acteurs tournés vers la communauté (organisations non gouvernementales, administration des forêts et Église) et négative lorsque l’appui provenait d’acteurs tournés vers la ressource ligneuse (élites et opérateurs forestiers privés). Le diagramme des déterminants relationnels entre communautés et acteurs d’appui, basé sur la cohésion entre les principes de gouvernance (participation, transparence, légitimité, équité, intégration, imputabilité, capacité et adaptabilité), met en évidence les actions correctives possibles pour mieux tenir compte des besoins des communautés afin d’atteindre la dévolution sur l’échelle de la gouvernance.

The article is focused on the digital participatory platforms (DPPs) as a tool to enhance civic engagement through dialogue and interaction with the Public Administration and to reduce Digital Divide. To this end, the article presents the objectives and the outcomes of “My Smart Quartier,” a project funded within the ERASMUS + 2017 Program, in which the Department of Architecture and Design (DAD) of the Politecnico di Torino participates with a consortium of European partners. The aim of this project is the setting up and testing strategies and actions to reduce digital illiteracy and increase citizen participation. Best practices from the project partner countries (France, Italy, Spain, Portugal) are selected and analyzed in order to understand if they can constitute innovative ways of participation and civic engagement. Specifically, the article identifies some parameters and indicators that can be used to bring out key success factors of digital participatory platforms.

The story of freedom fighter Jean Djonteu provides a new approach to the history of Union des populations du Cameroun (UPC) nationalism in the Grassfields and Mungo regions of Cameroon. Within the context of Baham, his village of origin, Djonteu's actions and tracts reveal his politico-spiritual reasons for joining the UPC militia in its revolutionary fight against Franco-Cameroonian state administration. UPC nationalism and village political culture formed a hybrid of political ideologies, or a ‘village nationalism’ articulating UPC anti-colonialism with Grassfields political concepts of nation and sovereignty that pre-dated European occupation. As this articulation disintegrated, Grassfields populations disengaged from state politics and turned inwards towards village political culture and spirituality rekindled by popular involvement in the UPC nationalist movement.

La plupart des pays africains font face à des problèmes économiques d'une ampleur sans précédent; les gouvernements, faute de moyens, ne sont plus en mesure de fournir aux populations les services sociaux essentiels, les services publics et les infrastuctures. Les chercheurs ont eu tendance à porter la discussion sur les faiblesses institutionnelles des Etats africains et la nécessité de construire un État fort autour d'une administration centralisée. En ce sens, les chercheurs ont partagé ce que l'on appelle ici le « paradigme de l'engagement » de l'État. Dans la discussion nous avons voulu montrer comment les individus et les groupes sociaux, face au « désengagement » de l'État, s'ajustent, développent de nouvelles stratégies de survie et de nouveaux arrangements organisationnels, et ainsi créent de nouveaux centres de dialogue et d'assistance mutuelle. Trois exemples sont rapportés: 1) les amicales de quartier au Maroc; 2) les nouvelles formes de partenariat public-privé dans le domaine du transport urbain à Casablanca et à Rabat; 3) les associations villageoises au Sénégal.

Promotion to high office in the Cameroonian administration, appear to be one of the main topic of political communication in Cameroun. The communitarian claims of appointment put both individuals and communities in competitive situations and are often the source of social conflicts. The problem is to understand the focus of political communication on appointment in the Administration in Cameroon and the possible link that it could have with conflictuality in the country. From a theoretical point of view, each act of appointment can be understood as a message from the President of the Republic whose power of appointment is unlimited. The president’s acts of appointment; on the one hand; and the demands from communities, on the other, appear to be a kind of communication. Data analysis will be guided by the theory of "the actor and the system". From a methodological point of view, we used documentary observation in the national and international press. We also had an in-depth interview with a former minister who, however, requested anonymity. Finally, our 26-year service as an employee gives us the advantage of experience gained through participatory observation. It appeared that appointment, through the numerous and consistent advantages that it confers on the promoted, thus appears to the citizens, as the main means of access to the fortune from which the covetousness of both the individuals and their communities of origin arises. Unfortunately, the state is unable to meet all expectations. However, individual, as well as community, strategies of access to appointments expose the nation to more division than cohesion.

This article is about the political communication strategies of the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), a political party in Cameroon which fought for the independence of the country. We particularly focus on the communication channels used by the UPC to transmit political messages, in a context marked by severe administrative repression and restrictions of freedom of press and expression. Theoretically, our article relies on the concept of media system. Methodologically, we use text analysis to map the choices of the UPC. The period of analysis ranges from 1948 when the UPC was created to 1956 when the party was banned by the colonial authorities. The results show that the political communication strategy of the UPC mainly gave preference to letter writing to mobilize the masses. In addition, the UPC owned several newspapers to cover its activities and criticize the French colonial administration in Cameroon.

A series of panels at the ASA meeting in November 1989 focused on sources and methods for the study of law in colonial Africa. At an informal discussion held afterwards, participants agreed that court records are potentially very valuable sources for historians, anthropologists, and other scholars of Africa but that they have not been used as widely as they might be. In an effort to alert Africanists to the existence of such documents and to encourage their use, those of us who had used court records in our research were asked to provide descriptions of them. This paper is a collection of the responses.Courts were established in the African housing quarters in what was then Usumbura in 1938 as part of a broad reorganization by the colonial administration of the conditions of African residence in the city, one in the quartier of Buyenzi and the other in that of Beige (today Bwiza). These tribunals, which are still in existence, were granted jurisdiction over civil and minor criminal cases between Africans; each court had its own officials, advisors, and clerks, prominent residents of the quartier appointed by the colonial administration. Buyenzi's population was predominantly Muslim, and its court officials were men knowledgeable about Islamic law. Beige, in contrast, was a more heterogeneous community, and its court tended to be staffed by residents who had risen in the African ranks of the civil service.Men and women of both housing quarters resorted frequently to the courts, with the Buyenzi court hearing approximately 9,000 cases and Beige almost twice that many in the years between their establishment in 1938 and independence in 1962. Their complaints covered a wide range of matters: debts, business ventures, bridewealth disputes, divorces, child rights, property transfers, and various quarrels between friends, neighbors, and family members. Procedure was relatively simple. A man or woman who wished to present a complaint went before the court and was given an appointment for the case to be heard. At the time the court considered the complaint, both accuser and defendant were present. Although the parties might bring with them supporters and witnesses, there were no intermediary personnel such as lawyers. Each individual argued his own case and answered questions put by the judges. A judgment was usually handed down immediately, and it was based on customary rather than European practice. As these courts were originally established, their autonomy was very great: in principle, unless the decisions violated colonial law, they could not be overruled by Belgian officials.

Le 18 janvier 1996 constitue, sur le plan institutionnel, une date importante au Camaroun. Elle marque, en effet, l’avènement d’une « nouvelle Constitution », suite à une réforme fondamentale de la Constitution du 2 juin 1972. L’une des originalités de cette réforme c’est la consécration des « bases constitutionnelles » de la décentralisation territoriale. Cette consécration s’est traduite par l’institution des collectivités territoriales décentralisées avec statut constitutionnel que sont la commune et la région. Elle a consisté aussi à reconnaître à ces collectivités une personnalité juridique, une autonomie administrative et financière et une libre administration par des conseils élus. Enfin, cette consécration a consisté à aménager constitutionnellement la région sur le plan organique, à organiser sa protection, et à faire du Sénat la structure de représentation, au niveau étatique, des collectivités territoriales décentralisées. Seulement, cette réforme n’a pas donné lieu à une décentralisation totale. C’est ainsi que l’Acte constituant du 18 janvier 1996 en fixe les limites. Les unes sont liées à la forme de l’État, celui-ci est un État unitaire décentralisé et non un État régional, encore moins un État fédéral. Les autres sont relatives à l’importance des prérogatives constitutionnelles reconnues aux organes de l’État, à savoir le Parlement, le Président de la République et le représentant de l’État au niveau de la région, dans le cadre de la mise en place et du fonctionnement des collectivités territoriales décentralisées. Malgré tout, il est incontestable que l’Acte constituant du 18 janvier 1996 a introduit dans le droit public camerounais un droit constitutionnel des collectivités territoriales décentralisées.

Gen. Sani Abacha took over from Chief Ernest Shonekan's interim government which was formed when Gen Ibrahim Babangida "stepped aside". On assumption of office, Abacha was faced with the imminent disintegration of the country caused by the annulment of the June 12, 1993 election, widely believed to have been won by the late businessman, Chief M. K. O. Abiola. Also, threatening the administration was the activities of the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) both at home and abroad. The main objective of this study was to find out how the press covered Nigeria's foreign policy within 1993-1998. The study involved content analysis, historical and case study designs. The instrument for data collection included content analysis of newspaper contents library material related to the subject matter. The sampling technique used for the study is the purposive sampling, involving all the newspaper stories, features, opinion articles on the subject matter. The population included all newspaper stories published on Abacha’s regime within the period of 1993-1998. A total sampling size of 56 news stories, articles and features were selected purposively through the constructed weeks based on two days interval. Four national newspapers, namely, The Guardian, This Day, the Vanguard and the Post Express were used. From the findings of the study we concluded that press reports on the examined foreign policy did not make much impact on the outcome of these foreign policy issues since the military regime in power never wanted opposition or criticisms. Therefore, the regime went ahead to Isolate itself from main stream international politics and the press was helpless due to the fear of being gagged or proscribed as was the practice of the Abacha's administration. However, the press assumed a patriotic posture in her support for the regime's approach to Bakassi Peninsula dispute between Nigeria and Cameroun. Also the issue of peace keeping in the sub-region got the strong approval of the Nigerian press, even when a cross section of Nigerian citizens were skeptical about the regime interventionist policy in Sierra Leone and Liberia.

(1) Background: Ruminants often face stressful situations throughout their productive lives. More specifically, pre-weaning dairy calves are exposed to novel environments, feedstuffs, and pathogens that affect their health and performance. Hence, alternatives that reduce stress and promote growth of pre-weaning dairy calves are warranted. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of biweekly bovine appeasing substance (BAS) administration on performance and disease incidence in dairy Gir × Holstein female calves prior to weaning. (2) Methods: At birth, 140 female Gir × Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive BAS (SecureCattle; (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 70) or placebo (BAS carrier, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 70) biweekly until weaning (70 days of age). Calves were allocated into individual housing at random, with no physical contact between treatments to avoid cross-contamination. Experimental treatments (5 mL) were applied topically to the nuchal skin area of each calf. Throughout the experimental period, all animals were observed daily for medical conditions (diarrhea, pneumonia, and others), medical/pharmacological interventions were recorded, and the costs related to these procedures were analyzed. Concurrently with treatment application, calves were individually weighed, and data were analyzed using animal as the experimental unit. (3) Results: Treatment × day and treatment × period (14-day interval) interactions were observed for body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG; p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Calves receiving BAS had greater BW at weaning (p = 0.02) and tended to have a greater BW on day 56 (p = 0.06). Similarly, ADG was greater for BAS from days 42 to 56 (p = 0.04) and tended to be greater from days 56 to weaning (p = 0.10). No differences were observed on the overall occurrence of diseases (p = 0.92), whereas the most common observed diseases were diarrhea and pneumonia. The incidence and mean age at which animals were detected with these diseases did not differ (p ≥ 0.46). Nonetheless, CON calves detected with disease had a reduced ADG vs. BAS-administered counterparts (p < 0.01). No differences were observed between disease-diagnosed BAS vs. healthy CON, but healthy BAS had a greater ADG vs. healthy CON (p = 0.03). A treatment effect was observed for the cost per head of each pharmacological intervention (p = 0.05). (4) Conclusions: In summary, BAS administration at a 14-day interval improved performance and reduced the costs of pharmacological interventions of pre-weaning Gir × Holstein dairy calves.

Even in learned journals on African and imperial history, few references have been made to the records contained in the archives in Cameroon, West Africa. Kamerun was a German colony (Schutzgebiet) from 1884-1916/19. In 1911, the Germans took over New Cameroon (Neu Kamerun), 295,000 km2 of land of French Equatorial Africa, ceded during the second Morocco Crisis. After World War I this transaction was reversed and the German colony was separated into French and British League of Nations Mandates in 1919. These mandates were transformed into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946. Finally, French Cameroun became independent in 1960, and after a plebiscite in 1961, one part of the British Cameroons joined Nigeria and the other part reunited with the formerly French part, now the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon.Due to the involvement of three colonial powers in Cameroon, the national archives in Yaoundé and Buea are an excellent source for the colonial history of West Africa, allowing for a simultaneous analysis of German, French, and British files. Whereas the colonial files in the European archives mainly give us the point of view of high politics, the archives in Cameroon offer a different dimension. The files reveal the intricacies of the colonial system on the ground, and the problems with which the colonial administrator had to cope in the bush: How did one introduce European legal tender in a territory never touched by Europeans before? How did one cope with the colonial rivals, who were couching at the frontiers to take over the territory? How did one attempt to win peoples' hearts and minds day in and day out? What happened when the new colonial power took over a territory with an already developed administration from another colonial power, as it took place in Cameroon in 1911 and 1916/19? The national archives of Cameroon contain potential answers to these questions. Hence this paper will focus on the sources that are available for the colonial period in these archives.

Background:MAS is a severe complication of rheumatic diseases and occurs most frequently in patients with sJIA. Data from animal models and from observational studies in patients suggest that interferon gamma (IFNy) is a driver of the hyperinflammation and hypercytokinemia observed in MAS.Objectives:To assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of intravenous (IV) infusions of emapalumab, a fully human anti-IFNγ monoclonal antibody, in patients with MAS in the context of sJIA.Methods:This ongoing, pilot, open-label, single-arm study (NCT03311854) includes patients with MAS (2016 ACR/EULAR criteria) on a background of confirmed, or high presumption of, sJIA, and with inadequate response to high-dose IV glucocorticoids. Emapalumab is initiated at 6 mg/kg (1 dose) and continued at 3 mg/kg twice weekly for a total of 4 weeks, or less upon achievement of complete response (CR). CR is defined as an absence of MAS clinical signs plus white blood cell and platelet counts above the lower limit of normal, LDH, AST and ALT <1.5 x upper limit of normal, fibrinogen >100 mg/dL, and ferritin decreased by ≥80% or to <2,000 ng/mL.Results:We report preliminary data from the first 9 patients (median age [range] 11.6 [2.1-25.3] years) enrolled (7 in Europe and 2 in the USA). All patients had failed high-dose methylprednisolone, of which there were prior treatment failures from cyclosporin A (n=4) and from anakinra (n=4). Treatment with emapalumab resulted in rapid IFNγ neutralization, as demonstrated by the decrease in CXCL9 levels (Figure 1), and subsequent deactivation of T cells, as indicated by the decrease in sIL-2R levels. CR was achieved in all patients after a median of 23 (12-56) days. A progressive improvement in all clinical and laboratory parameters of MAS was observed (Table 1 and Figure 2). Glucocorticoids were tapered in all patients (median % tapering -92%; range -45% to -98% at Week 8). Emapalumab infusions were well tolerated by all patients, with no discontinuation. CMV reactivation was reported in 1 patient as a serious event possibly related to emapalumab and resolved with antiviral treatment.Table 1.Time to response for key clinical and laboratory parameters.ParametersMedian baseline value (range)Median days of treatment (range)D-dimers to <1000 mg/L12,480 (550-89,552)15 (1-49)sIL-2R to <2000 ng/L4596 (1664-20,954)21 (6-37)Ferritin <500 mg/L29,240 (716-192,584)21 (9-42)Physician visual analog scale of MAS activity ≤19.0 (2-10)19 (9-56)All MAS laboratory parameters within range of CRNA21 (15-55)All MAS parameters within range of CRNA23 (12-56)Glucocorticoid tapering at ≤1 mg/kg prednisolone equivalent*NA42 (16-50)*Data incomplete for 1 patientFigure 1.Rapid neutralization of IFNy. Each line represents an individual patient (n=9).Figure 2.Ferritin levels and platelet counts over time.Conclusion:Emapalumab administration led to rapid neutralization of IFNy and was efficacious in controlling MAS with a favorable safety profile. These results support the pathogenic role of IFNγ in MAS/sJIA and the therapeutic value of IFNγ neutralization in MAS patients who have failed standard of care.Disclosure of Interests:Fabrizio De Benedetti Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Pfizer, Novartis, Novimmune, Sobi, Sanofi, Roche, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Novartis, Roche, Sobi, Paul Brogan Grant/research support from: Sobi, Novartis, Roche, Chemocentryx, Consultant of: Roche, Sobi, Speakers bureau: Sobi, Roche, Novartis, UCB, Claudia Bracaglia: None declared, Manuela Pardeo: None declared, Giulia Marucci: None declared, Emanuela Sacco: None declared, Despina Eleftheriou Speakers bureau: Sobi, Charalampia Papadopoulou: None declared, Alexei Grom Grant/research support from: Novartis, AB2Bio, Consultant of: Novartis, Pierre Quartier Consultant of: AbbVie, Chugai-Roche, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi, Sobi, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Chugai-Roche, Novartis, Pfizer, Sobi, Rayfel Schneider Grant/research support from: Roche, Novartis, Sobi, Pfizer, Consultant of: Sobi, Novartis, Novimmune, Philippe Jacqmin Consultant of: Sobi, Rikke Frederiksen Employee of: Sobi, Maria Ballabio Employee of: Sobi, Cristina De Min Employee of: Sobi

Background:Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) is characterized by extra-articular manifestations, as fever and rash, and rarely associated by a potentially lethal complication as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Anakinra is a recombinant human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist whose efficacy and safety profile has been studied for patients with SJIA.Objectives:To evaluate the long-term safety profile of anakinra in patients with SJIA.Methods:Data from patients with SJIA enrolled in the Pharmachild registry before 30 September 2018 and treated with anakinra were analyzed. The study endpoints were the occurrence of non-serious adverse events (AEs) of at least moderate severity and serious AEs (SAEs), including macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), and the duration of anakinra treatment with reasons for discontinuation. All endpoints were analyzed overall, by 6 month-time windows and in different treatment sets represented by those patients continuously treated with anakinra for at least 12, 18 and 24 months (set-12, -18, -24, respectively).Results:306 patients were enrolled. 46%, 34% and 28% of them had been treated for at least 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. 201 AEs, mostly represented by infections, were reported for 509.3 patient-years (py) with an overall incidence rate (IR) of 39.5/100 py. Among 56 SAEs (IR 11.0/100 py), (Table 1) 23.2% were infections and 19.6% MAS episodes. The IR of AEs was higher during the first 6 months of anakinra, followed by decreasing IR in the different long-term treatment sets. Treatment discontinuation occurred in 76% of patients, most in the first 6 months, due to inefficacy (43%), remission (31%) or AEs/intolerance (15%). No deaths or malignancies occurred during anakinra treatment.Table 1.Number of SAEs and incidence rates (95% CI) by overall PT decreasing order and time window in the complete set (events with a frequency >1 by overall SOC and >1 by overall PT were reported) Only time windows <13 months were reported in the present table.Time window1-6 months7-12 monthsOverallN306194306Patient-time (years)117.380.2509.3SOCPTnRate (95% CI)nRate (95% CI)nRate(95% CI)AllAll3328.1 (19.1-41.5)45.0 (1.9-13.2)5611.0 (7.9-15.2)Infections and infestationsAll76.0 (2.9- 12.4)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)132.6 (1.4- 4.8)Pneumonia21.7 (0.4- 6.8)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)40.8 (0.3- 2.1)Immune system disordersAll76.0 (2.8- 12.5)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)112.2 (1.1- 4.1)Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis76.0 (2.8- 12.5)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)112.2 (1.1- 4.1)Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsAll54.3 (1.8- 10.2)--91.8 (0.9- 3.4)Infusion related reaction10.9 (0.1- 6.0)--20.4 (0.1- 1.6)Injection related reaction43.4 (1.3- 9.1)--61.2 (0.5- 2.6)Metabolism and nutrition disordersAll32.6 (0.8- 7.9)--40.8 (0.3- 2.1)Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersAll32.6 (0.8- 7.9)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)40.8 (0.3- 2.1)Blood and lymphatic system disordersAll10.9 (0.1- 6.1)--20.4 (0.1- 1.6)General disorders and administration site conditionsAll10.9 (0.1- 6.1)11.2 (0.2- 8.8)20.4 (0.1- 1.6)InvestigationsAll21.7 (0.4- 6.8)--20.4 (0.1- 1.6)Nervous system disordersAll10.9 (0.1- 6.0)--20.4 (0.1- 1.6)Surgical and medical proceduresAll10.9 (0.1- 6.0)--20.4 (0.1- 1.5)Abbreviations: SAE, serious adverse event; SOC, system organ class; PT, preferred term, MedDRA version 21.1; N, number of patients ever treated with anakinra during the time window irrespectively of the length of any unexposed periods; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval.Conclusion:The results of the present study confirm the long-term safety profile of anakinra in SJIA patients and show a decreasing overall incidence rate of AEs over time.Disclosure of Interests:Gabriella Giancane Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Riccardo Papa Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Sebastian Vastert Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Francesca Bagnasco Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Joost F. Swart Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Pierre Quartier Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, michael hofer Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Jordi Anton Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Sylvia Kamphuis Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Helga Sanner Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Mia Glerup Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Fabrizio De Benedetti Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Elena Tsitsami Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Agustin Remesal Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Estefania Moreno Ruzafa Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Jaime de Inocencio Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Charlotte Myrup Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Chiara Pallotti Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Isabelle Koné-Paut Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Karin Franck-Larsson Employee of: I am employee of SOBI pharmaceutical company, Hakan Malmstrom Employee of: I am employee of SOBI pharmaceutical company, Susanna Cederholm Employee of: I am employee of SOBI pharmaceutical company, Angela Pistorio Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Nico Wulffraat Grant/research support from: The study was funded by SOBI Swedish, Nicolino Ruperto Speakers bureau: NR has received honoraria for consultancies or speaker bureaus (< 10.000 USD each) from the following pharmaceutical companies in the past 3 years: Ablynx, Astrazeneca-Medimmune, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer, Bristol Myers and Squibb, Celgene, Eli-Lilly, EMD Serono, Glaxo Smith and Kline, Hoffmann-La Roche,Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, R-Pharma, Sinergie, Sobi and UCB., Consultant of: NR has received honoraria for consultancies or speaker bureaus (< 10.000 USD each) from the following pharmaceutical companies in the past 3 years: Ablynx, Astrazeneca-Medimmune, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer, Bristol Myers and Squibb, Celgene, Eli-Lilly, EMD Serono, Glaxo Smith and Kline, Hoffmann-La Roche,Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, R-Pharma, Sinergie, Sobi and UCB., Grant/research support from: The IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini (IGG), where NR works as full-time public employee has received contributions (> 10.000 USD each) from the following industries in the last 3 years: BMS, Eli-Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, F Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sobi. This funding has been reinvested for the research activities of the hospital in a fully independent manner, without any commitment with third parties.

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef calves at weaning on their performance, physiological responses, and behavior during a 42-d preconditioning program. Eighty calves (40 heifers and 40 steers; 90% British × 10% Nellore) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (day 0); ranked by sex, weaning age, and body weight (BW); and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal following dam separation. Within treatment, calves were allocated to one of eight drylot pens (four pens per treatment; pen being the experimental unit) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from day 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. Live behavior observations were conducted on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. Temperament was assessed and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on days −21, 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Hair samples were collected from the tail switch on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Calves were vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease viruses on days −21 and 0. Average daily gain from day 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.57) but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from day 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater (P = 0.05) during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (treatment × week; P = 0.08). The mean proportion of calves feeding simultaneously and performance of social and play behaviors were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for BAS vs. CON calves. Escape attempts were greater (P < 0.01) for BAS vs. CON calves on day 1 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.04) for CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. BAS calves. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean serum concentrations of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were greater (P = 0.02) in BAS vs. CON calves. Collectively, BAS administration to beef calves at weaning alleviated stress-induced physiological reactions, improved temperament evaluated via chute exit velocity, enhanced humoral immunity acquired from vaccination, and appeared to have accelerated adaptation to novel management scheme and environment.

Abstract This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) at feedlot entry to receiving cattle. Angus-influenced steers (n = 342) from 16 sources were purchased from an auction yard on day –1, and transported (12 hr; 4 trucks) to the feedlot. Upon arrival on day 0, shrunk body weight (BW; 240 ± 1 kg) was recorded and steers were ranked by load, shrunk BW, and source and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 171) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 171). The BAS is a mixture of fatty acids that replicate the composition of the bovine appeasing pheromone. Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to each individual steer on their nuchal skin area. Steers were allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (12 pens/treatment) and received a free-choice diet until day 46. Steers were assessed daily for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs, and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Steer unshrunk BW was recorded on days 7, 17, 31, 45, and 46. Shrunk BW on day 0 was added an 8% shrink to represent initial BW, and final BW was calculated by averaging BW from days 45 and 46. Blood samples were collected from 5 steers/pen on days 0, 7, 11, 31, and 45. Pen was considered the experimental unit. Steer BW gain was greater (P = 0.04) in BAS vs. CON (1.01 vs. 0.86 kg/d, SEM = 0.05). Feed intake did not differ (P = 0.95) between treatments, resulting in greater (P = 0.05) feed efficiency in BAS vs. CON (171 vs. 142 g/kg, SEM = 10). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) and plasma glucose concentration was less in CON vs. BAS on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.07 and <0.01, respectively). Mean plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in BAS vs. CON (3.23 and 2.75 mg/mL; SEM = 0.12). Incidence of BRD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in BAS vs. CON from days 6 to 10 and days 19 to 23 (treatment × day; P < 0.01), although overall BRD incidence did not differ (P = 0.20) between treatments (82.4% vs. 76.6%, respectively; SEM = 3.2). A greater proportion (P = 0.04) of BAS steers diagnosed with BRD required one antimicrobial treatment to regain health compared with CON (59.3% vs. 47.6%, SEM = 4.2). Hence, BAS administration to steers upon feedlot arrival improved BW gain during a 45-d receiving period by enhancing feed efficiency. Moreover, results suggest that BAS improved steer performance by facilitating early detection of BRD signs, lessening the disease recurrence upon first antimicrobial treatment.