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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Administration of International justice'
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Han, Yuna Christine. "International criminal justice and the global south : extraversion and state agency." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:86495512-c83a-48e5-b27d-4cdcb1aeefd7.
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Why do states of the Global South initiate international criminal justice processes for domestic atrocity crimes? The phenomenon of Southern agency regarding international criminal justice presents an empirical and theoretical puzzle given the Southern states' defence of Westphalian sovereignty, or the juridical equality of states and domestic non-intervention. International criminal justice challenges this notion of sovereignty by directly prosecuting individuals under international law through international courts. This thesis rejects this theoretical notion that international criminal justice curbs sovereignty, and argues that the initiative for international criminal justice processes is a type of short-term political strategy adopted by Southern state actors to strengthen specific aspects of their statehood. In doing so, the thesis challenges the dominant theoretical explanations of Southern state preference that relies on their relative weakness and the power of external factors, such as Great Power interests or transnational activist networks, and reclaims the possibility of agency for Southern state actors. The argument is derived from a theory developed in this thesis, referred to as judicial extraversion, or a counter-structural theory of strategic action that links the politics of statehood in the Global South and the political opportunities inherent in the nature of international criminal justice, namely, the individualisation of responsibility, criminalisation of specific forms of violence, and the privileged status of the state in the international criminal justice system. It develops this theory through the qualitative case studies of Uganda's self-referral to the International Criminal Court (ICC), Cambodia's request for an international criminal tribunal to the UN, and the counterexample of Colombia's special domestic criminal justice process for paramilitary demobilisation. The thesis finds that relative weakness of Southern states is insufficient to explain engagement with international criminal justice, and highlights the possibility of paradoxical agency. Finally, the findings suggest that, under particular circumstances, international criminal justice can be used to entrench the authority of weaker states in the international system.
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Congras, Isabelle. "La question d'un tribunal pénal international permanent." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX32001.
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Au travers de << la question d'un tribunal penal international permanent >>, question ouverte depuis la premiere guerre mondiale, l'auteur s'emploie a etudier si l'edification d'une cour penale internationale est souhaitable et faisable tant sur un plan politique que sur un plan juridique, ces deux parametres interagissant. Il s'agit donc de faire le point, tout au long des deux parties qui constituent la these, sur un debat juridique d'actualite a forte implication politique, comme en atteste, par exemple, l'analyse de la position des etats et l'activisme des organisations non gouvernementales. La premiere partie porte sur la necessite d'une justice penale internationale face aux deficiences de la repression des crimes de droit international, et sur la nature et les competences d'une eventuelle juridiction de ce type. La seconde se penche sur le statut de la cour, tel qu'il fut adopte a rome en juillet 1998, sur ses caracteristiques et ses perspectives de fonctionnement. L'auteur y voit davantage un nouvel instrument au service de la cooperation interetatique, respectueux de l'integrite des etats, et considere que le statut de la cour criminelle internationale est une regression par rapport a celui du tribunal penal international pour l'ex-yougoslavie. Dans le contexte international contemporain, la creation d'une cour criminelle internationale est une necessite regrettable face a l'echec actuel du systeme de maintien de la paix et d'une incapacite politique et juridique des etats a assurer sur leur sol la repression de crimes internationaux. Symboliquement, il s'agit d'un progres immense du droit international. Si des resultats marquants sont a mentionner, il faut reconnaitre toutefois que la cour penale internationale de rome est un difficile compromis entre aspirations universalistes et reflexes nationalistes fondes sur la defense du principe de souverainete
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Zimmermann, Dominik [Verfasser]. "The Independence of International Courts : The Adherence of the International Judiciary to a Fundamental Value of the Administration of Justice / Dominik Zimmermann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107614090/34.
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Girod-Laine, Maximilian. "L'évolution de l'indépendance de la justice administrative interne des organisations internationales : du XIXe siècle jusqu’à la réforme des Nations Unies de 2009." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100145.
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Les organisations internationales furent marquées dès le XIXe siècle par une évolution importante des modes de règlement des conflits concernant leur personnel, évolution ayant connu des périodes de progrès mais également de régression en matière d’indépendance de la justice liée à la question sensible des pouvoirs de leurs organes directeurs. La thèse examine cette évolution à l’aide de la théorie de l’institutionnalisme historique et à travers une typologie des critères d’indépendance. Ainsi, tandis qu’il existait essentiellement quatre types de justice interne pour le personnel et d’autres personnes affectées par leurs activités au XIXe siècle, l’avènement de la Société des Nations en 1919 voit la création du système de justice administrative interne destiné au seul personnel qui dominera le XXe siècle: la procédure de réclamation auprès de comités paritaires consultatifs sans pouvoir contraignant, suivi de la possibilité d’un recours auprès d’une juridiction administrative indépendante. La perte de contrôle des organes directeurs sur cette justice amena cependant les États à se doter durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle d’un mécanisme leur permettant de demander la réformation des jugements auprès de la Cour internationale de Justice qui en profita au contraire pour finalement consacrer l’indépendance des juridictions administratives internationales et celle des organisations internationales. Le système mixte dans lequel les premiers niveaux de recours de nature administrative dépendaient encore des chefs des administrations disparut au sein des Nations Unies en 2009 avec l’avènement d’un double degré de juridiction indépendant. Par contre, fragmentée et cloisonnée, l’ensemble de la justice interne des Nations Unies reste grevé par des réformes concomitantes quant à la responsabilité des Nations Unies vis-à-vis de tiers, qui, encore en 2017, n’ont pas prévu de contrôle juridictionnel efficaceStaff conflict resolution mechanisms within international organisations have witnessed a tremendous evolution since the 19th century, evolution which saw progress but also periods of regression in terms of independence of justice mainly due to the sensitive issue of the authority of their governing bodies. The thesis studies this evolution by applying the theory of historical institutionalism and through various criteria used to measure the independence of these mechanisms. While mainly four different systems of justice existed for staff members and others in the 19th century, the establishment of the League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied by the creation of a new type of recourse mechanism solely meant for staff members and which would eventually dominate the 20th century: joint advisory boards with staff participation without binding authority and independent administrative tribunals. The loss of control experienced by the governing bodies over these tribunals also led Members States to establish a new mechanism allowing them to challenge their decisions with the International Court of Justice. But far from assisting them to ascertain their authority, the ICJ would not only confirm the independence of those administrative tribunals but also of the United Nations itself. The joint advisory boards, the last element of the conflict resolution mechanisms which was not yet independent, were finally abolished within the United Nations in 2009 through a justice reform that created a new appeals tribunal. However, fragmented and compartmentalized, the overall justice system within the United Nations still fails in 2017 to address the broader issue of its liability towards all kind of persons and companies, which might have suffered harm from its activities
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Strother, Logan, and Colin Glennon. "Can Supreme Court Justices Go Public? The Effect of Justice Rhetoric on Judicial Legitimacy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7773.
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Vatna, Loïc. "La justice internationale à l'épreuve de la question environnementale : contribution à l'étude de l'adaptation du contentieux international aux mutations de l'ordre international." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR30028.
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L’effectivité des normes environnementales est l’un des principaux défis de la communauté internationale. La pratique internationale montre que la conscience de la vulnérabilité de l’environnement a conditionné une production normative prolifique et anarchique. Dans ces conditions, on est conduit à s’interroger sur la réalité de la volonté de répondre pleinement au défi environnemental, ainsi qu’à vérifier la mécanique selon laquelle il est fait droit à la logique environnementale sur la scène internationale. A cet égard, l’étude du contentieux international se révèle un précieux instrument, dans la mesure où le droit processuel donne une vision pénétrante de la règle de droit, saisie dans toutes les étapes de sa vie, depuis sa genèse jusqu’à son interprétation judiciaire. Une telle étude met en évidence la difficulté des mécanismes contentieux à s’adapter à la logique environnementale, que ce soit en matière de participation de tiers, non étatiques notamment, ou encore en terme de préservation des intérêts écologiques en cours d’instance. Si l’adaptation r structurelle laisse à désirer, on se rend compte qu’il en va autrement en matière d’interprétation du droit, les mécanismes contentieux recourant de plus en plus à des méthodes favorables à la question environnementale, comme l’interprétation systémique ou la proportionnalité. L’analyse serait très incomplète si elle omettait l’adaptation du droit international de l’environnement sous l’effet du contentieux, celui-ci contribuant non seulement à préciser le contenu des normes, mais aussi à identifier celles ayant accédé au rang de normes coutumières. Tel est le cas du Principe 21, du principe de prévention et du devoir de coopération internationale, cependant que le juge international évite soigneusement de se prononcer sur le statut du principe de précaution, dont le contenu n’est pourtant plus matière à controverseThe effectiveness of environmental norms is one of the main challenges of the international community. International practise shows that the conscience of the vulnerability of the environment has conditioned a prolific and anarchical rulemaking. Under these conditions, we have to wonder about the reality of the will to face the environment challenge and to verify the way of complying with the environmental logic on the international scene. In this respect, the study of international dispute is a precious tool, insofar as procedural law gives a penetrating vision of the rule of law, at all the steps of its life, since its genesis until its judiciary interpretation. This study underlines the difficulty of the means of settlement to adjust in environmental logic, either in matter of participation of third parties, particularly non states actors, or in matter of preservation of ecological interests during the proceedings. If structural adaptation leaves a lot to be desired, it goes different in matter of interpretation of law, the means of settlement having a growing recourse to methods favourable to environmental matter, as systematic interpretation or proportionality. The study would be incomplete if was omitted the adaptation of international environmental law due to contentious cases, which contribute to the clarification of the content of environmental norms and the identification of those having reach the status of general norms, That is the case of Principle 21, the principle of prevention and the principle of international cooperation, while international judge carefully avoid pronouncing on the status of the precautionary principle, even though its content is no more matter for debate
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De, Silva Nicole. "How international courts promote compliance : strategies beyond adjudication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e4291c4-7df5-4df3-ab30-5df2d90dd8f3.
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In recent decades, international courts have proliferated the international system - a trend often referred to as the "judicialization" of international law and politics. States create international courts to promote greater compliance with international law, and have increasingly embedded these actors within various international regimes. Scholars have primarily analyzed the consequences of the judicialization trend based on international judges' authority for interpreting and applying international law, adjudicating international disputes, and rendering binding rulings. However, international courts, especially when conceptualized as international organizations, also perform a variety of activities beyond adjudication. This study theorizes international courts' agency, in both its judicial and non-judicial dimensions, to explain how international courts aim to influence actors' behaviour and promote greater compliance within their international legal regimes. As a foundation, it conceptualizes the various approaches through which international courts can promote compliance with international law, showing how international courts can appeal to actors' logics of consequences and appropriateness, either through their own agency or through using intermediary actors. An original dataset on the prevalence of these approaches across all twenty-three permanent international courts reveals significant variation in whether and how international courts have expanded their approaches for promoting compliance. International courts' level of autonomy influences their capacity for entrepreneurship and developing their approaches. Furthermore, their levels of acceptance and accessibility affect their adoption of particular approaches. Drawing on archival and interview research, ten case studies of a range of global and regional international courts, operating in a variety of issue areas and contexts, elucidate international courts' variable expansion of approaches based on these core variables. The study shows that international courts are dynamic and strategic actors, which address challenges and exploit opportunities to increase their influence and promote compliance within their international regimes.
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Butera, Gerald. "Rwanda Gacaca traditional courts : an alternative solution for post-genocide justice and national reconciliation /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FButera.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Stabilization and Reconstruction)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch, Nancy Roberts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69) Also available online.
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Nouwen, Sarah Maria Heiltjen. "Complementarity in conflict : law, politics and the catalysing effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609009.
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Harris, Thomas. "The importance of administrative justice rights in international refugee law: a case study of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30177.
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International human rights law instruments are not prescriptive regarding the procedure for processing refugees by an individual state. However, they do provide an extensive set of rights, and it is these rights that form the focus of this study. One of the main principles of international law is to protect human rights and human dignity. In the South African context, the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (‘PAJA’) reinforces section 33 of the Constitution, the objective of which is to provide just administrative action for everyone – whether they are South African nationals or otherwise. The Department of Home Affairs (‘DHA’) is responsible for processing refugee applications under the Refugees Act 130 of 1998, and as a public body performing a public function it is obliged to adhere to the laws prescribed by PAJA. The Refugees Act states in the preamble the intention for the law to give effect to the relevant international legal instruments to which South Africa is party and the principles and standards relating to refugees contained within. These international instruments are the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 197 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. The preamble of the Refugees Act also refers to ‘other human rights instruments’ which includes legislation such as the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It is the recognition of the obligations assumed under the international instruments, combined with domestic legislation in PAJA and the Constitution, that provide a stringent set of rights designed to give refugees appropriate administrative justice by way of having applications processed and decided upon according to the law, including reviews and appeals if necessary. As is apparent from many studies and scholarly articles on this topic, refugees seeking protection in South Africa are not always treated as the law intended. This has a number of different consequences, some of which can pose a danger to life. This emphasises the gravity of making the correct legal decision on a refugee application. This study will focus on the procedural failings of the DHA, and how these failings often amount to insufficient administrative justice and in turn fail to provide refugee applicants with the rights to which they are entitled. The study examines this issue from a human rights and human dignity perspective – both of which are materially affected by the absence of administrative justice rights.
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Butler, Colleen. "Intercultural conflict styles in the criminal justice system and the implications for intercultural interventions." Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/756.
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This thesis explored the communication and conflict style contrasts between criminal justice professionals and African American defendants that can interfere with the equitable administration of justice in the criminal justice system in Dane County, Wisconsin. The focus of this research was on the potential conflict style contrasts between criminal justice professionals and African Americans because the racial disparity in the incarceration rate was greatest for African Americans. This research project began from the premise that the racial incarceration rate disparity was caused in part by differences in cultural conflict and communication styles, and it explored the intersection of power differentials and cultural conflict and communication style differentials.
The study employed the Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory, courtroom observations, and two focus groups. One focus group was composed of professionals in the criminal justice system from Dane County, Wisconsin, and the other of African Americans who have been impacted negatively by this system. All findings were used to develop specific training recommendations to help criminal justice professionals to understand conflict and communication style preferences with the intention of decreasing the disparate treatment of members of the African American community.
The combined research strategies suggested that the primary culture of the criminal justice system was consistent with European American cultural preferences for low-context, direct, and emotionally restrained communication and conflict styles, which contrasts with the general preference of the African American culture for a more emotionally expressive engagement style. While this research did not specifically indicate that intercultural miscommunication directly impacts the equitable distribution of justice in Dane County, it did suggest that cultural contrasts may be one variable contributing to the inequitable distribution of justice.
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Lewis, Mark. "International legal movements against war crimes, terrorism, and genocide, 1919-1948." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1710343761&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Nerland, Krista. "Trying the Court : an assessment of the challenges facing the ICC in Uganda and Darfur." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112509.
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The ICC, which came into force in 2002, was held up by human rights activists as a force that would transform a culture of impunity into a culture of accountability. However, after five years of activity, the evidence suggests that the Court's effect has been mixed. Its ability to achieve retributive justice, broader reconciliation and restorative justice, as well as to deter future offences and promote peace has been variable, at best. Despite the Court's claim that politics are not its job, political missteps and support are adversely affecting the work of a judicious Court. Using the cases of Uganda and Darfur, this paper argues that the most significant factors impacting the Court's ability to achieve the four aims outlined are its lack of enforcement capacity, lack of international political will, the result of geo-political interests and concerns over the norm of state sovereignty, and lack of attention to political context by the Court itself.
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Park, Jaehee. "Determinants of Turnover Intent in Higher Education: The Case of International and U.S. Faculty." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3701.
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In spite of the increase in the number of the international academic workforce and their potential benefits, international status has been relatively under-studied in Public Management and Higher Education literature in comparison with studies of age, gender, and race. Given these realities, the present study identifies characteristics of internal and external variables that influence international and U.S. faculty turnover intentions in a large public South Eastern research university.
To understand the variations in short-term and long-term turnover levels while controlling for various demographic, structural, and external variables, eight Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis were performed using turnover intentions as the dependent variables. Distributive justice has the strongest negative effect on short-term turnover, and communication openness has the strongest negative effect on long-term turnover. After controlling for job satisfaction and organizational commitment, the effect of communication openness on short-term turnover and the effect of distributive justice on long-term turnover are not statistically significant. This suggests that communication openness and distributive justice might affect turnover through job satisfaction and/or organizational commitment. Job satisfaction has the strongest negative effect on short-term turnover and organizational commitment has the strongest negative effect on long-term turnover after controlling for internal and external variables.
In addition, this study aims to analyze the differences in internal and external factors that impact faculty turnover by international status. In achieving this aim, international faculty were compared to the U.S. faculty on the afore-mentioned internal and external factors that were shown in the literature to impact turnover. The result shows that structural variables such as autonomy, communication openness, and procedural justice play a bigger part in how international faculty evaluate their career with the current university than it does for U.S. faculty. On the contrary, kinship ties and job opportunity have stronger effects on U.S. faculty turnover than international faculty turnover. The implications of this study and areas of future opportunities are discussed.
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Odongo, Godfrey Odhiambo. "The domestication of international law standards on the rights of the child with specific reference to juvenile justice in the African context." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The thesis focused on how the advent of children's rights, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), has impacted on the subject of juvenile justice and embarked on a practical examination of law reform in this regard in an African context. The focus was placed on a number of African countries that have embarked on or completed child law reform in the aftermath of ratification of the CRC. The case studies in this thesis were Ghana (1998-2003), Kenya (1993-2001), Namibia (1994 to date), Lesotho (2003 to date), South Africa (1997 to date) and Uganda (1992-1996).
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Fonseca, Bruna. "Fiat iustitia, pereat mundus : The International Criminal Tribunals and the Application of the Concept of Genocide." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Hugo Valentin-centrum, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353764.
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The concept of genocide is probably the most debated subject in Holocaust and genocide studies. The political implications to its usage, or resistance to do so, have also been lengthily discussed. Yet, when it came to the legal sphere of the concept it has been mostly descriptive, without much theorizing on the politicization of the convictions of genocide. This study investigates the relation between the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda application of the crime of genocide and how these judgements were informed. Through the court’s transcripts of a number of selected cases, the research will analyze the application qualitatively, identifying the key factors that determined its usage. The analyses rest on the legal and political aspects that influenced the chambers, evaluating which one explains best. The results indicate that there is no single explanation and that both legal and political reasonings merge in the international legal arena. The courts’ decisions have many inconsistencies that cannot be accounted by a solo description. Thus, matters of law interpretation, conflict’s ending, postcolonialism, and legitimacy all take a tool when convicting or acquitting someone for the crime of genocide.
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Mondelice, Mulry. "Le droit international et l'Etat de droit : enjeux et défis de l'action internationale à travers l'exemple d'Haïti." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020025.
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La société internationale promeut l’État de droit notamment depuis le début des années 1990, en particulier en Haïti. En quête d’une démocratie introuvable et ravagé par des crises politiques et humanitaires, cet État fait constater les difficultés de l’action internationale. Interdisciplinaire, la thèse, centrée sur l’accès à la justice, examine comment et dans quelles mesures les normes utilisées pour la promotion de l’État de droit peuvent constituer une obligation juridique de l’État et un moyen de changement. Invoquant le droit international protégeant la personne, États, organisations internationales et acteurs non étatiques brandissent l’État de droit dans des circonstances variées, concourant à son élasticité au coeur d’une institutionnalisation évolutive aux niveaux national et international. Le cas haïtien montre que le droit international contribue à une structuration et une consolidation de l’État de droit par la recherche d’un meilleur encadrement de l’État dont les compétences sont limitées par un droit interne conforme au droit international et des institutions solides, protégeant les droits et libertés dont le respect est surveillé par divers mécanismes et institutions. Néanmoins, articulation entre droit interne et droit international, État de droit et immunités, souveraineté, relations entre État et membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, faiblesses structurelles entravant une culture favorable à la primauté du droit, ce sont autant de limites à l’accès effectif à la justice. Il apparaît donc nécessaire de réorienter les actions menées par des réformes transversales pour de meilleures pratiques au sein de l’État valorisant la personneSince the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings
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Persson, Fredrik. "The Khmer Rouge Tribunal : Searching for Justice and Truth in Cambodia." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2578.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the relationship between the Khmer Rouge tribunal in Cambodia and the national reconciliation process. A qualitative method involving secondary source analysis as well as field study interviews is being used. The point of departure is a theoretical framework of reconciliation assembled from different sources, as there seems to be no coherent and widely accepted framework available for use. An analysis model is constructed, focusing on the concepts of justice and truth. The findings indicate that reconciliation is nowhere near fulfillment, although a few steps towards national reconciliation have been taken. The Cambodian process of reconciliation is only at its earliest stages. Furthermore, the findings suggest that there is a strong relationship between the tribunal and the reconciliation process, inasmuch as the tribunal is perceived to have positive effects on reconciliation, and that continued reconciliation would not be possible without the tribunal. The tribunal is not the only part in reconciliation though, it is a necessary but not sufficient precondition for continued reconciliation. The tribunal can not bring reconciliation close to fulfillment on its own, other mechanizms must be involved in order to do so.
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Barani, Luca. "Cour européenne de justice et les limites de son autonomie supranationale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210478.
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La thèse effectue une revue de la littérature scientifique sur la Cour dans le processus d’intégration juridique, en classant les différentes positions selon qu’ils définissent le rôle de la Cour comme réactif ou pro-actif. En faisant cette revue de la littérature, cinq facteurs sont mis en exergue pour ce qui concerne la problématique de l’autonomie de la Cour, qui feront l’objet d’une analyse approfondie dans la suite de la thèse :I) Limites inhérentes à l’interprétation juridique des Traités tels qu’ils se retrouvent dans les règles institutionnalisées du raisonnement de la Cour ;
II) L’interaction, au niveau européen, entre la Cour et les autres institutions ;
III) Les pressions et les stratégies d’influence des Etats membres vis-à-vis de la Cour comme agent de leurs préférences ;
IV) La dépendance structurelle de la Cour supranationale vis-à-vis ses interlocuteurs judiciaires au niveau national ;
V) Le degré d’obéissance que les appareils administratifs et exécutifs des Etats membres démontrent vis-à-vis la jurisprudence de la Cour.
Par rapport à ces facteurs, et leur importance relative dans la détermination de la ligne d’action de la Cour de Justice, la thèse évalue les changements et les défis auxquels est soumise la fonction de la Cour de justice au niveau de l’Union européenne, en particulier par rapport à l’environnement de plus en plus critique ou évolue la trajectoire jurisprudentielle de la Cour par rapport aux acteurs politiques et juridiques, l’érosion du caractère sui generis du droit communautaire dans le contexte du droit international, le rôle de plus en plus affiché des cours nationales, et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel se trouve à agir cette juridiction.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Lazarova, Guergana. "L'impartialité de la justice : recherche sur la circulation d'un principe entre le droit interne et le droit international." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1020.
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Le principe d'impartialité est essentiellement traité par les juristes français sous l'angle de l'imposante jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme. Néanmoins, l'origine internationale de ce principe restait inexplorée. Cette étude montre que l'impartialité est une exigence récurrente dans les discours sur la justice, et ce depuis l'Antiquité. Malgré son évidence philosophique, la juridicisation du principe d'impartialité s'est révélée sinueuse et inégale à travers l'histoire et les cultures juridiques (Common law/Civil law). Les particularités du régime politique du Royaume-Uni expliquent ainsi l'applicabilité directe du principe dans le trial dès les origines de la Common law. En revanche, en droit français, sa consécration explicite fut tardive et provoquée par l'article 6 CEDH, même si le juge national avait su contourner le silence des textes pour lui procurer une protection indirecte. À coté de ces décalages entre les États, une brève analyse de l'histoire du droit international suffit à constater la présence du principe dans l'ordre juridique international dès le début du XXe siècle. L'étude du principe d'impartialité de la justice illustre alors parfaitement la problématique des rapports de systèmes. Plusieurs interactions importantes peuvent être signalées. Dans un premier temps, le droit international a eu besoin du principe d'impartialité afin de légitimer la construction de son propre ordre, qui passait inévitablement par la juridictionnalisation. Dans un deuxième temps, après avoir accompli sa fonction structurante, il est devenu partie intégrante du droit international substantiel tout en voyant son objet modifiéThe principle of impartiality is essentially treate by the French jurists under the angle of the impressive jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Nevertheless, the international origin of this principle remained unexplored. This study shows that the impartiality is a recurring requirement in the speeches on the justice, and it since the Antiquit. In spite of its philosophic obvious fact, the juridicisation of the principle of impartiality showed itself sinuous and uneven through the history and the legal cultures (Civilian /Common law). The peculiarities of the political system of the United Kingdom so explain the direct applicability of the principle in the motocross from the origins of Common law. On the other hand, in French law, its explicit consecration was late and provoked by the article 6 EHCR
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Karlsson, Fredrik. "Painting stripes on a horse does not make it a zebra : The present and potential future of the International Court of Justice." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9372.
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Upon a closer examination of the role and performance of the International Court of Justice, we find that it does primarily fulfil its role and obligation as far as the UN charter and the Courts stature are concerned. It is upon the application of Kjell Goldmann’s Internationalists Programme that we find ourselves wanting more from the Court.
If we assume the development of international institutions, exchange, communication and the like to be desirable and necessary for the continued development of international peace and security, the ICJ can be shown to have had historical opportunities to affect the development to such an effect, but lacks the formal means to do so.
With the subscription to the internationalists programme, we find that there are plenty of potential improvements that could reasonably be made. These are primarily about the official influence of the Court, with regards to cases relevant to it and its jurisdiction, which is severely crippled by current regulatory framework. This is a condition shared with plenty of other international courts in their various forms.
Essentially, the current state of the ICJ lacks the desirable attributes and possibilities to influence the development of international law to any meaningful extent. If we indeed were to look for an international court with the means to build international legal institutions and seek to further enforce international peace and security, the ICJ is not what we are looking for.
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Fazekas, Boglar. "The adoption of a police and judicial co-operation regime for the African Union." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4440.
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In 1991 the Treaty enacting the African Economic Community (AEC)1 was signed by the African Heads of State and Government.2 The AEC aims to establish regional free markets that would then be transformed into a continent-wide single market in six subsequent stages enabling the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital until 2025 at the latest.3 However, to make sure that the free movement of persons in Africa would not also become a "free flow of criminals", the installation of a common market will require intensified police and judicial co-operation, information exchange and external border controls. 1 Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community adopted by the Heads of State and Government of Member States of the Organisation of African Unity in Abuja, Nigeria, 3 June 1991. 2 Art. 6(1) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. 3 Arts. 4(2)(h) and 4(2)(i) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. Furthermore, the age of globalisation calls into question the traditional concepts of sovereignty. Nowadays individual states are often unable to supervise their complete territory and battle to guard their borders against unwanted goods, people and ideas. Many facets of globalisation - including fast technological development and social and economic interaction - encourage governments to cooperate in order to try to achieve objectives that, acting on their own, they may not believe they can accomplish. Or to express the same thought in its negative sense: to fight unwanted consequences of this development, acting on their own, the states may not be able to achieve. This means that sooner or later the African States will have to address the problem of how to develop a police and judicial regime in criminal matters in order to fight against organised transnational crime. The question therefore is not whether the African States should engage in police and judicial co-operation, but rather what form it should take. The aim of this master treatise is to define the cornerstones of a possible future adoption of a police and judicial regime for the African Union (AU). There are numerous police and judicial co-operations around the world of various types so to make the task more manageable this treaty looks at the European Union (EU) in some detail and uses it as an example or as a guideline to sketch out a possible development of a police and judicial co-operation within the AU. This is for the reason that the EU has succeeded in creating a sophisticated regime of police and judicial co-operation and thus serves as a model of how co-operation levels can be created, handled, and preserved. The EU also serves as an example of how certain obstacles can make co-operation difficult or even prevent efforts for an effective transnational police and judicial co-operation. However, the current EU is the result of the specific circumstances in which its Member States and organs have responded to the economic and political changes they have been faced with. The AU has to operate amidst a political setting and various other circumstances that are very different. As a result the police and judicial co-operation regime of the AU will be very different from the EU model. This treatise argues that due to the vast number of participating states in the AU and the AU's decision-making practice, the continental level is not an appropriate point of departure for the AU to adopt a police and judicial co-operation regime. Police and judicial co-operation within the AU will at first have to be pursued at a sub-regional level. The co-operation should start at the already subdivided Regional Economic Communities (RECs) established by the AEC. Only in time, if at all, will the sub-regional markets be prepared to merge into a continent-wide integration. This is why at the present time the AU will have to accept a mere supervising and stimulating part in pursuing the ultimate objective of developing a police and judicial co-operation on a continent-wide level. Furthermore, this treatise assesses that the huge number of economic, social, and political challenges impair the AU's action ability with the result that it will not be able to establish a supranational legal body comparable to that of the EU in the near future. Also, the African Heads of State and Government are too interested in keeping their sovereign powers to themselves. This is why in Africa integration is more likely to be achieved with an intergovernmental approach. Therefore, police and judicial co-operation should first be exercised by means of informal meetings of the Interior and Justice Ministers and any resulting acts should be classified as (traditional) public international law. This is not to imply that the AU has no role to play here, for said meetings will have to be coordinated and supervised. In order to do justice to its supervising role it is necessary to empower the organs of the AU. This treatise analyses that for the AU to establish an efficient institutional framework, it is extremely important that the Assembly's monopoly over proposing legislation and establishing new organs is changed. Consensus decisions between fifty-four Member States would in an optimal case be replaced by a system where no organ is in total control. Finally, this treatise emphasises the necessity to push ahead with the development of the regional free markets as envisioned by the AEC. Similar to the development in the EU, this will bring about new challenges in combating new types of transnational crimes. This treatise demonstrates that this challenge might bring the necessary momentum to formally introduce police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters, usually a high policy area, on the agenda of the AU. In conclusion, this treatise shows that co-operation in such a sensitive area as security policy first and foremost needs a sufficient amount of trust between the decision makers of the involved states. To develop this necessary trust and the processes building upon this, this treatise argues that a regular meeting between the Interior and Justice Ministers, either inside or outside the framework of the AU, should be launched. Through these meetings the AU could gradually develop a platform for discussion in the area of criminal law and thereby slowly intensify its information exchange and operational co-operation. The history of the EU has shown that the development of a supranational legal system first and foremost requires mutual trust in each other's respective legal systems. Trust is generated by communication in an informal atmosphere. Therefore, this treatise argues that a colloquial intergovernmental co-operation within the field of criminal law is the correct approach for the AU to develop a police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters.
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Weidkuhn, Ursina. "Jugendstrafrecht und Kinderrechte : Betrachtung des Schweizerischen Jugendstrafrechts im Lichte der Internationalen Rechte des Kindes und im Vergleich zu Südafrika /." Zürich : Schulthess, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018655759&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Glennon, Colin, and Logan Strother. "The Maintenance of Institutional Legitimacy in Supreme Court Justices’ Public Rhetoric." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1086/703065.
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Judicial politics scholars routinely posit that the behavior of Supreme Court justices is motivated in important part by concerns of institutional maintenance, that is, by a desire to maintain the Court’s unusually large store of institutional legitimacy. Previous work on this topic, however, has focused almost exclusively on the influence of such motivation on judicial decision making. We contend that if institutional maintenance is an important goal, it should be observable in other contexts as well. We examine televised mass-media interviews with Supreme Court justices from 1998 to 2016 and find that legitimacy reinforcement is the predominant goal reflected in justices’ rhetoric in those interviews.
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Castres, Saint Martin Constance. "Les conflits d'intérêts en arbitrage commercial international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020029/document.
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Le conflit d'intérêts est un sujet passionnant notamment en raison de son omniprésence dans l'actualité. Approximative, l'expression empruntée au magma lexical des politiciens et juristes anglo-américains s'est récemment diffusée en France dans le monde des affaires et aussitôt reprise par le jargon médiatique pour désigner des éventuelles interférences de l'intérêt privé dans l'exercice de pouvoirs de nature privée ou publique. Il n'existe en l'état actuel du droit positif français aucune réglementation spécifique de ces « conflits d'intérêts », pas plus en droit privé qu'en droit public, alors même qu'on se préoccupe de leur prévention tandis que leur sanction relève de qualifications plus générales. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur la définition et la valeur opératoire de cette notion et le régime juridique qui pourrait lui être réservé, ce que l'on se propose d'entreprendre dans la sphère du droit privé et par préférence dans le champ de l'arbitrage commercial, particulièrement exposé aux appétits hégémoniques des droits anglo-américainsConflict of Interests is a fascinated subject due to its pervasiveness in the economic life. This approximated expression, borrowed from the politicians and Anglo-American lawyers' jargon, has recently spread into the French business world and was taken up by the media to designate the interferences of private interest in the exercise of powers of private or public nature. In the current state of French Law, there is no specific rule governing conflicts of interests, neither in Private Law, nor in Public Law. Indeed, politicians and scholars paradoxically only focus on their prevention, whereas their sanctions fall within the scope of broader notions. The aim of this research is to lay down the definition, the operative value and the regime of conflict of interests. The scope of this research shall be, within Private Law, Commercial Arbitration Law, which is particularly exposed to the hegemony of Anglo-American laws
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Ngalima, Bernadette. "Le traitement des parties dans le contentieux international des droits de l'homme : vers la recherche d'un équilibre procédural." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0301.
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A l’heure où l’on a tendance à penser que le droit procédural est celui qui garantit l’effectivité du droit international des droits humains, il est intéressant de mesurer la place véritablement accordée à l’individu dans le cadre du procès qui l’oppose à l’ Etat. Cette thèse qui se fonde sur la pratique judiciaire des organes internationaux de protection des droits de l’homme s’attache à démontrer les difficultés qu’éprouvent ces instances supranationales pour traiter l’individu requérant et l’ Etat défendeur de manière égale comme l’exigent les règles du procès équitable. Plutôt que d’une égalité essentiellement formelle qui implique l’absence de différenciations entre les parties, leur mission les oblige naturellement à rechercher l’égalité réelle. C’est la raison pour laquelle il a été préconisé de mettre l’accent sur l’équité qui a toute sa place dans le contentieux international des droits de l’homme. Cela est d’autant plus justifié que la configuration de la société internationale, la nature du droit international des droits de l’homme ajoutés au formalisme juridique font obstacle à une meilleure protection de l’humain. Cette thèse a donc été l’occasion de revenir sur la problématique de la recherche d’équilibre entre les parties dans le contentieux international des droits de l’homme qui commande en premier lieu l’équilibre des statuts procéduraux. Or, si le constat est celui d’une amélioration de la position procédurale de l’individu, il faut convenir qu’il existe encore des lacunes dans la protection offerte à ce dernier. Sur ce plan, la garantie des droits humains reste donc perfectible. Cet aspect a permis de conclure que la solution repose sur l’humanisation du droit au regard des perspectives qu’elle offreAt a time when people think that the procedural law is the one that guarantees the effectiveness of international human rights law, it is interesting to measure the truly place given up to the individual in the trial vs. the State. This thesis is based on the judicial practice of international’ s human rights organizations try to demonstrate the difficulties of these supranational institutions to treat the individual applicant and the respondent State equally as asked by the rules of fair trial. Instead of an essentially formal equality implies no differentiation between the parties, their mission requires them to look naturally, substantive equality. That is why it has been recommended to focus on the equity that has its place in international litigation of human rights. This is more justified because the configuration of the international society, the nature of the international law of human rights and the legal formalism impede a greater protection of the human. This thesis has been the opportunity to revisit the issue of the search for balance between the parties in international litigation of human rights which means at first the balance of procedural statutes. Despite an improvement in the procedural position of the individual, it must be admitted that there are still gaps in the protection available to it. This has led to the conclusion that in the field of protection of human, the most important thing is the humanization of law
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Lin, Shih-Chin. "Les principes directeurs de la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0612/document.
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Depuis les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, le mineur est considéré comme un « adulte en devenir ayant des besoins propres ». Ainsi apparaît la notion de minorité. Cette notion influence la construction de la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants en appelant, à l'instar de droit commun, un ensemble de principes directeurs qui correspondent à la minorité et ont pour but la protection des mineurs. Cette justice se forme et fonctionne sur la base des principes directeurs. Ceux-ci constituent ainsi un bloc rationnel et font émerger une autonomie indépendante de la justice pénale des majeurs délinquants. Ces principes directeurs peuvent être classés en deux catégories, l’une relative à l’émergence de principes directeurs spécifiques et l’autre, aux aménagements des principes directeurs de droit commun. Nous pouvons classer les sources de ces principes directeurs en deux catégories. L’une concerne le droit international, l’autre, le droit interne. Pour la source internationale, nous pouvons évoquer la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme et le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques du 16 décembre 1966 (PIDCP) sans pour autant oublier la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant du 26 janvier 1990 (CIDE). S’agissant de la source nationale, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l’enfance délinquante en constitue une, puisque la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants repose actuellement sur cette ordonnance. La jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel en constitue une autre source nationaleSince the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the minor is considered as an "adult-to-be with special needs". Thus appears the concept of minority. This concept influences the construction of criminal justice for juvenile delinquents by calling, like common law, a set of guiding principles that correspond to the minority and aim at the protection of minors. This justice is formed and functions on the basis of guiding principles. These thus constitute a rational block and bring out an autonomy independent of the criminal justice of the major delinquents. These guiding principles can be divided into two categories, one relating to the emergence of specific guiding principles and the other to the development of the common law guiding principles. We can classify the sources of these guiding principles into two categories. One concerns international law, the other domestic law. For the International source, we can evoke the Universal declaration of human rights and the International covenant on civil and political rights of December 16, 1966 without forgetting the International convention on the rights of the child of January 26 1990. With regard to the domestic source, the order of 2 February 1945 relating to juvenile delinquency is one, since the criminal justice of juvenile delinquents is currently based on this order. The case law of the Constitutional council is another domestic source
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Bourilhon, Grégory. "Les Avis consultatifs obligatoires de la Cour permanente de justice internationale et de la Cour internationale de justice." Toulon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOUL0044.
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Les avis consultatifs obligatoires de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale et de la Cour internationale de Justice succédant à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale de la Société des Nations, la Cour internationale de Justice est l'organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies. La mission de cette Cour est de régler par des arrêts les différends d'ordre juridique entre les États et de donner des avis consultatifs aux organes de l'ONU ainsi qu'aux institutions spécialisées. La procédure consultative, contrairement à la procédure contentieuse, n'est pas destinée aux États mais uniquement aux organisations internationales. Si dans la plupart des cas les avis consultatifs doivent s'analyser comme de simples opinions de la Cour, il arrive, cependant, qu'ils acquièrent force obligatoire en vertu de différentes bases juridiques : des compromis interétatiques, des clauses compromissoires spéciales ou des Statuts de Tribunaux administratifs internationaux. Venant exceptionnellement trancher des différends entre États ou, plus souvent, des différends dans lequel une organisation internationale est partie, ces avis consultatifs ayant force obligatoire doivent être considérés comme des actes juridictionnels relevant du droit international public. L'objectif de cette recherche est de démontrer que certains avis consultatifs, lorsqu'une force obligatoire leur est reconnue, revêtent une fonction similaire à celle des arrêts de ces Cours et d'analyser les caractéristiques de ces actes juridictionnels destinés à régler des différends internationaux ou relevant du droit international publicBinding advisory opinions of the Permanent Court of International Justice and of the International Court of Justice born of the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations Organisation. Its mission is to settle legal disputes between States and to give advisory opinions to the organs of the United Nations Organisation and to the specialised agencies. The advisory procedure, in contrast to the contentious procedure, is not applicable to States but only to international organisations. Although in the majority of cases advisory opinions must be viewed as simple opinions of the Court, they sometimes acquire binding force in accordance with certain judicial bases : inter-State agreements, special arbitration clauses or statutes of international administrative tribunals. Settling, in exceptional cases, disputes between States or, more often, disputes in which an international organisation is party, binding advisory opinions should be considered as international law acts. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate that some advisory opinions, when they acquire binding force, have a similar function as the judgments of these Courts and to analyse characteristics of these acts destined to settle international law disputes
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Mamet-Rosenbaum, Claudine. "Compétence judiciaire et exécution des jugements dans le grand espace juridique européen." Paris 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA020153.
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Le 27 septembre 1968 a été conclue à Bruxelles, la convention concernant la compétence judiciaire et l'exécution des décisions en matière civile et commerciale. Son champ d'application territoriale ne couvrait que la Communauté économique européenne de l'époque et ne permettait aucune extension territoriale. C'est alors qu'apparut en 1981 l'idée d'une convention qui couvrirait la CEE mais aussi l'AELE, voire même des États tiers à ces deux organisations internationales. De cette idée naquit la convention de Lugano du 16 septembre 1988. Elle reprenait l'essentiel du texte de Bruxelles, mais fut cependant l'occasion d'une prise en compte de la jurisprudence de la CJCE et de réformes essentielles. Les apports du texte de Lugano ont été repris le 26 mai 1989 lors de la convention d'adhésion de San Sebastien et représentent le point de départ de notre étude qui s'articule en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée au mécanisme du système conventionnel européen en matière de compétence judiciaire, de reconnaissance et d'exécution des jugements. Il s'agit pour nous de démontrer l'intérêt de la convention de Lugano (chapitre I) dans sa fonction d'outil judiciaire du grand espace juridique européen comme dans sa nature de convention parallèle à celle de San Sebastien. Au-delà de cet intérêt intrinsèque, il nous est apparu indispensable de nous intéresser à l'intérêt extrinsèque de convention (chapitre II), à travers les problèmes de juxtaposition que peut engendrer sa coexistence avec les conventions de Bruxelles et San Sebastien mais aussi au travers des relations qu'entretiennent les conventions de Lugano et San Sebastien avec des conventions spéciales, des conventions conclues avec des États tiers ou encore avec le droit communautaire. Nous nous penchons, en outre, sur l'avenir des conventions de Lugano et San Sebastien et des probabilités quant à un élargissement de l'application de la convention parallèle, ou quant à la conclusion d'une convention universelle. La seconde partie de cette étude traite des apports fondamentaux et des lacunes des conventions de Lugano et San Sebastien, en matière de règles de compétence judiciaire (chapitre I) et de règles de reconnaissance et d'exécution des jugements (chapitre II). Nous suggérons certaines améliorations et nous allons jusqu'à imaginer l'alternative aux conventions étudiées que représenterait une véritable libre circulation des jugementsThe convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of the decisions in civil and commercial matters was concluded in Brussels on September 27, 1968. Its territorial application was reserved to the European economic community and did not allow any territorial extension. Thus in 1981, the idea of a convention which could cover EEE and EFTA and other states outside these two organisations. The result of this idea was the Lugano convention, signed on September 16, 1988, kept the main part of the Brussels text but took into account all the jurisprudence developed by the European court of justice and the opportunity to reform this text. The contributions of the Lugano text integration into San Sebastian convention on May 26, 1989 is the starting point of our two part study. The first part is devoted to the mechanism of the European conventional system in matter of jurisdiction and enforcement of the decisions. We try to demonstrate the interest of the Lugano convention (chapter I) in its function of judicial tool in the European juridical greater space as well as its function as a parallel convention to the San Sebastian text. Beyond this intrinsic interest, we have to demonstrate the extrinsic interest of this convention (chapter II). First through the problems of juxtaposition of the Brussels convention and San Sebastian convention. Then through the relations between the Lugano and San Sebastian conventions and special conventions, as well as conventions concluded with outside states or even with the European law. We also analyse the future of the Lugano and San Sebastian conventions and the probabilities of an extension of the application of the parallel convention and of a creation of a universal convention. The second part deals with the most important contribution and the gaps of these two conventions in matter of jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of the judgements. We divide these two scopes of rules into two chapters rules of jurisdiction (chapter I) and rules of recognition and enforcement (chapter II). We suggest some better solutions and we introduce some criticisms to the present system and imagine an alternative to these conventions in real free circulation of the judgements
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Glennon, Colin, and Mikel Norris. "Indicators of Judicial Greatness: An Exploration into which Factors Influence or Predict wither Supreme Court Justices Will be Considered Historically Great." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/529.
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While rankings of presidents are quite common, rankings of Supreme Court justices are much rarer. Herein I produce one and make use of both to see if perceived greatness of one actor can effect perceptions of greatness for the other. This work examines those influences that indicate success for Supreme Court Justices by seeking to determine what the historically great justices have in common. I first develop a composite score of all the Supreme Court Justices based on the limited previous ranking research and relevant indictors to rank the Justices 1-112. Next, I examine potential indicators of such success; previous experience, personal characteristics, conformation vote, and most interestingly the perceived greatness of their appointing president. This research finds a direct relationship between perceptions of presidential greatness and perceptions of judicial quality. Overall the great Justices are statistically more likely to be appointed by a great president, consistent with the appointment literature that often describes an appointer-appointee relationship as a legacy impacting one.
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Leclercq, Sidney. "Resilience of Fragility: International Statebuilding Subversion at the Intersection of Politics and Technicality." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258442.
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For the past two decades, statebuilding has been the object of a growing attention from practitioners and scholars alike. ‘International statebuilding’, as its dominant approach or model guiding the practices of national and international actors, has sparked numerous discussions and debates, mostly around its effectiveness (i.e. if it works) and deficiencies (i.e. why it often fails). Surprisingly, little efforts have been made to investigate what international statebuilding, in the multiple ways it is mobilized by various actors, actually produces on the political dynamics of the ‘fragile’ contexts it is supposed to support and reinforce. Using an instrumentation perspective, this dissertation addresses this gap by exploring the relationship between the micro-dynamics of the uses of international statebuilding instruments and the fragility of contexts. This exploration is articulated around five essays and as many angles to this relationship. Using the case of Hamas, Essay I explores the European Union’s (EU) terrorist labelling policy by questioning the nature and modalities of the enlisting process, its use as foreign policy tool and its consequences on its other agendas, especially its international statebuilding efforts in Palestine. Essay II examines a Belgian good governance incentive mechanism and sheds the light on the tension between the claimed apolitical and objective nature of the instrument and the politicization potential embedded in its design and modalities, naturally leading to a convoluted implementation. Essay III analyses the localization dynamics of transitional justice in Burundi and unveils the nature, diversity and rationale behind transitional justice subversion techniques mobilized by national and international actors, which have produced a triple form of injustice. Essay IV widens this scope in Burundi, developing the argument that the authoritarian trend observed in the 2010-2015 period did not only occur against international statebuilding but also through self-reinforcing subversion tactics of its appropriation. Finally, essay V deepens the reflection on appropriation by attempting to build a theory of regime consolidation through international statebuilding subversion tactics. Overall, the incremental theory building reflection of the essays converges towards the assembling of a comprehensive framework of the in-betweens of the normative diffusion of liberal democracy, the inner-workings of its operationalization through the resort to the international statebuilding instrument and the intermediary constraints or objectives of actors not only interfering with its genuine realization but also contributing to its antipode of regime consolidation, conflict dynamics and authoritarianism.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Jones, Charles William Beynon. "International distributive justice : defending cosmopolitanism." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1415/.
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This doctoral thesis investigates contemporary disputes about international distributive justice by first outlining a distinctive human rights approach to the issues and then assessing alternative views of various kinds. The thesis is organized in terms of the dispute between cosmopolitans and communitarians on the question of ethics in international political theory. Part One of the thesis, 'Cosmopolitanism,' outlines and evaluates the most significant cosmopolitan theories of international justice. Following an introductory chapter in which the debate is introduced in a general way. Chapter Two focuses on basic human rights. Chapter Three is on utilitarianism, and Chapter Four investigates Onora O'Neill's Kantian approach to international justice. I conclude that the human rights approach, conceptualized in a distinctive form, is the most promising of these alternatives. Part Two of the thesis, 'Communitarianism,' investigates various "communitarian" challenges to the universalist ambitions of the arguments defended in Part One. These challenges are designed to prove that the pretensions of cosmopolitans are illusory, incoherent, overridden by some morally more important considerations, or otherwise wrong-headed. Constitutive theorists maintain that, while there are perhaps good grounds for recognizing the claims of human beings qua human beings, cosmopolitans fail to take proper account of the value of what we might call certain intra-species collectivities, most importantly, sovereign states (Chapter Eight). Relativists hold that justice is subject to community-relative standards that make cross-cultural comparisons impossible. Hence, universal claims to justice make no sense (Chapter Seven). Defenders of nationality base their conclusions on the ethical value of the 'nation,' and sometimes claim that distributive justice can be discussed properly only within the context of a given national community (Chapter Six). Patriots emphasize devotion to one's country as a primary moral virtue, and conclude that such devotion, in practice, amounts to legitimate favouritism for compatriots and, therefore, at least potentially, the denial of some of the claims of non-compatriots. If such a view requires the denial of the full force of human rights claims, then patriotism conflicts with cosmopolitanism (Chapter Five). The argument of Part Two is that, on the whole, the communitarian challenges do not succeed. Nevertheless, there are significant lessons to be learned from the criticisms in each case. The defence of cosmopolitanism is strengthened by exposure to these objections, even though they do not provide any grounds for rejecting the basic human rights claims of individuals.
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Glennon, Colin. "Bucking the Trend: Why Lyndon Johnson’s Supreme Court Appointments are Outliers in the Ideological Relationship Between Modern Presidents and the Justices they Nominate." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/531.
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Turgis, Noémie. "La justice transitionnelle en droit international." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010315.
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La justice transitionnelle vise à tirer les conséquences de violations grave des droits de l'homme commises durant un régime répressif ou un conflit armé, sans remettre en cause l'équilibre particulièrement instable de la société au moment de la transition, afin de restaurer la confiance dans le droit et les institutions et promouvoir la transformation vers un État de droit démocratique à même de prévenir la récurrence de ces violations. Tandis que la pression tant normative que sociétale est particulièrement forte durant la transition pour que les responsables soient amenés à rendre des comptes, ces États ne sont souvent pas en mesure de remplir leurs obligations liées à la commission de crimes de droit international et de respecter les standards internationaux pertinents. Les paramètres transitionnels sont en effet particulièrement contraignants et dictent la physionomie des stratégies de justice susceptibles d'être déployées. Quelle est alors la place du droit international dans la justice transitionnelle? L'équilibre recherché entre la pression normative internationale et les contraintes caractéristiques de cette période a-t-il trouvé une forme de reconnaissance en droit international? L'étude de la résolution progressive des problématiques de cette justice sous le prisme du droit international révèle la mise en œuvre d'un régime juridique spécifique, reflet d'une approche intérimaire de mise en conformité avec les règles pertinentes du droit international, et se concrétise par le recours à des mesures variées, de nature pénale ou alternative, déployées dans une démarche globale et inclusive, caractéristique d'une méthodologie propre à la justice transitionnelle.
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Hsu, Hahn. "Liberalism, political pluralism, and international justice /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949150070925.
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Leboeuf, Aline. "La réforme du secteur de sécurité en Sierra Leone." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA01A253.
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Le Royaume-Uni conduit depuis 1997 une réforme des organisations sierra-léonaises faisant partie du «secteur de sécurité» : police, armée, justice, services de renseignement. Cette "réforme du secteur de sécurité" (SSR) n'aurait pas été possible sans la création d'un nouveau ministère à Londres, chargé du développement, le DFID, qui a produit le label SSR dans le cadre d'une lutte bureaucratique interministérielle pour le contrôle du territoire de la coopération militaire. Le Royaume-Uni s'est saisi de la Sierra Léone comme d'un nouveau laboratoire pour tester la SSR. Ce faisant, on observe un phénomène de « circulation bureaucratique », des organisations britanniques projetées en Sierra Léone transforment ou créent de nouvelles organisations sierra-léonaises, qui sont différenciées organisationnellement et adoptent des pratiques propres aux bureaucraties. Alors que certains auteurs sur le politique en Afrique invitent à regarder derrière la « façade» étatique, cette thèse souligne que la « façade» bureaucratique ainsi renforcée par les Britanniques compte, et mérite qu'on s'y arrête et l'étudie. Ainsi, cette façade a des effets de réalité: plus grande capacité de dissuasion des forces de sécurité; créolisations, avec des pratiques hétérodoxes au regard du projet de réforme britannique; renforcement du légal-rationnel au détriment du patrimonial; et plus grande autonomie du secteur de la sécurité vis-à-vis du politique. Pourtant, la difficulté croissante de la police à gérer les violences politiques à partir de 2009 montre que le retrait progressif des Britanniques réduit la portée du « contrôle expatrié objectif» mis en place pendant la réforme.
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Spiermann, Ole. "International legal argument in the Permanent Court of International Justice." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368607.
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Dijxhoorn, Ernst. "International criminal justice, quasi-state entities and legitimacy : the impact of international criminal justice on quasi-state entities." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/international-criminal-justice-quasistate-entities-and-legitimacy(64a3160c-8c50-4f1f-a691-1cccc68ae56d).html.
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International criminal justice can have intended and unintended impact on the legitimacy of quasi-state entities (QSEs). ‘Quasi-state entity’ is a novel concept introduced to distinguish actors in statehood conflicts that aspire to statehood, fulfil statehood functions to a greater or lesser degree, including, notably, the capacity and willingness to employ organised, restrained coercive violence, but which lack the status of sovereign statehood. QSEs overlap with, but are importantly and conceptually distinct from, nationalist movements, de facto states and rebels or insurgents. Legitimacy is a prerequisite for success, both for QSEs and for state entities. The legitimacy of an entity, its institutions and actions, in a certain constituency, at a certain moment, is difficult to ascertain, in its positive form. Legitimacy is best gauged by its actual or potential absence, at moments where an entity faces legitimacy crises, and where impact can be gauged through empirical observation of behaviour and in changing narratives and counter-narratives of legitimacy. International criminal procedures present direct legitimacy challenges for QSEs and (or) their adversaries. Legitimacy crises reveal both intended and unintended effects of international criminal justice on the legitimacy – and, so, the success, of QSEs.
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Dijxhoorn, Ernst Edward Alexander. "International criminal justice, quasi-state entities and legitimacy : the impact of international criminal justice on quasi-state entities." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/international-criminal-justice-quasistate-entities-and-legitimacy(90132a7c-2fcb-4f16-a863-db536c6efe42).html.
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International criminal justice can have intended and unintended impact on the legitimacy of quasi-state entities (QSEs). ‘Quasi-state entity’ is a novel concept introduced to distinguish actors in statehood conflicts that aspire to statehood, fulfil statehood functions to a greater or lesser degree, including, notably, the capacity and willingness to employ organised, restrained coercive violence, but which lack the status of sovereign statehood. QSEs overlap with, but are importantly and conceptually distinct from, nationalist movements, de facto states and rebels or insurgents. Legitimacy is a prerequisite for success, both for QSEs and for state entities. The legitimacy of an entity, its institutions and actions, in a certain constituency, at a certain moment, is difficult to ascertain, in its positive form. Legitimacy is best gauged by its actual or potential absence, at moments where an entity faces legitimacy crises, and where impact can be gauged through empirical observation of behaviour and in changing narratives and counter-narratives of legitimacy. International criminal procedures present direct legitimacy challenges for QSEs and (or) their adversaries. Legitimacy crises reveal both intended and unintended effects of international criminal justice on the legitimacy – and, so, the success, of QSEs.
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Riley, Donald J. "Post-conflict justice : issues and approaches." Thesis, (240 KB), 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FRiley.pdf.
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Gallavin, Christopher. "The International Criminal Court : friend or foe of international criminal justice?" Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418822.
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Green, James A. "The International Court of Justice and self-defence in international law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491126.
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The legal rules governing the use of force between States is one of the most fundamental, and the most controversial, aspects of international law. An essential part of this area is the question of when, and to what extent, a State may lawfully use force against another in self-defence. This is particularly pertinent in the current climate within international relations when one considers that self-defence may be a possible means by which a State may respond to terrorist activity. However, the parameters of this inherent right remain obscure, despite the best efforts of scholars and, notably, the International Court of Justice. This thesis examines the relationship between the Court and the right of self-defence. Following the attacks of 11 September 2001, there have been three major decisions of the ICJ that have dealt directly with the law governing self-defence actions. This is in contrast to only two such cases in the preceding fifty years. Thus, the jurisprudence of the Court on this issue has for the first time been comprehensively drawn together, and then the merits of that jurisprudence have been assessed. It is argued that the contribution of the ICJ has been confused and unhelpful, and, moreover, is at odds with customary international law. The ICJ's fundamental conception of a primary criterion of 'armed attack' as constituting a qualitatively severe use of force must be brought into question.
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Armstrong, Kimberley. "Contested peace, contested justice: discourse, power, and international justice in northern Uganda." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96857.
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This thesis examines the debate between peace and justice in northern Uganda that transpired following the announcement of the International Criminal Court's (ICC) decision to investigate the conflict between the government of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army in January 2004. The announcement of the ICC to investigate the conflict was met with resistance by many of the local religious, political, civil society, and traditional leaders in northern Uganda, particularly those from the Acholi sub-region. The debate between peace and justice in northern Uganda is an important debate that will impact the future of the ICC as well as approaches to conflict resolution. As a new institution, the ICC is attempting to establish itself as an important actor in international relations, but its impact on situations of ongoing conflict is as yet undetermined. An analysis of the debate illustrates how important questions about the impact of seeking justice in situations of ongoing conflict were evaded; however, as actors on both sides of the debate worked to impose particular concepts of legitimate peace and justice, and, ultimately, control the outcome of events on the ground. This thesis examines the discourse and representations mobilized by both sides of the debate, placing the discourse in a historical perspective in order to reveal assumptions and meanings embedded within certain discourses and associated concepts. By examining the historical trajectory of the debate, the relations of power, contested meanings, and strategies of both opponents and supporters of the ICC's intervention can be revealed and analyzed in relation to the objectives of peace and justice. In northern Uganda, neither objective has yet been achieved, and, as this thesis demonstrates, many unanswered questions about the relations of peace and justice remain. It is only through more engaged and candid debate as well as empirical research that such relations can be understood, improving our ability to address the egregious violence that impacts the lives of millions of people in the world today.Cette thèse examine le débat entre la paix et la justice au nord de l'Ouganda qui a fait surface suite à la décision de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI), en janvier 2004, d'enquêter sur le conflit entre le gouvernement de l'Ouganda et l'Armée de résistance du Seigneur. Cette annonce de la CPI s'est butée à la résistance des groupes religieux et politiques locaux, de la société civile et des chefs traditionnels du nord de l'Ouganda, particulièrement ceux de la sous-région d'Acholi. Dans cette région du monde, le débat entre paix et justice est important car il aura des impacts sur le futur de la CPI ainsi que sur les approches de résolution de conflits. En tant que nouvelle institution, la CPI tente de s'imposer comme un acteur important dans les relations internationales, mais son impact sur les situations de conflits actuels reste à démontrer. L'analyse du débat illustre comment les questions centrales concernant l'impact de la recherche de la justice en situation de conflit ont été évitées lorsque les acteurs des deux côtés du débat ont cherché à imposer des concepts légitimes de la paix et de la justice, et ultimement influencer le cours des événements. Cette thèse examine les discours et les représentations mises de l'avant par les acteurs en les remettant dans une perspective historique révélant ainsi les idées préconçues et les significations enchâssées dans certains discours et concepts associés. Examiner la trajectoire historique du débat permet de dévoiler et d'analyser les relations de pouvoir, les significations contestées, et les stratégies des supporteurs et des opposants des interventions de la CPI en relation avec les objectifs de la paix et de la justice. Dans le nord de l'Ouganda, ces objectifs n'ont pas été atteints et, comme le démontre cette thèse, bien des questions demeurent sans réponse concernant les relations entre la paix et la justice. C'est seulement à travers un débat plus engagé et candide ainsi qu'à travers une recherche plus empirique que de telles relations peuvent être mieux comprises, améliorant ainsi notre capacité à aborder le problème de l'extrême violence qui affecte la vie de millions de gens dans le monde.
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Ullrich, Leila. "Schizophrenic justice : exploring 'justice for victims' at the International Criminal Court (ICC)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8d73d52b-9cd6-4d06-b613-69b0827aa03e.
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This thesis examines how the promise and institutionalization of 'justice for victims' has shaped the ICC's justice vision and identity. Drawing on interviews with 90 practitioners in The Hague, Kenya and Uganda, it undertakes a sociological and institutional analysis of how 'justice for victims' has evolved in the Court's first two decades through the definitions and redefinitions, pushes and pulls, strategies and miscalculations of the Court's diverse actors both in The Hague and in the field. It argues that the introduction of 'justice for victims' has led to a rift within the Court between those who embrace a narrow understanding of justice as 'fair trials' and those who see the ICC as an opening for broader justice processes. These rifts and gaps are reinforced by the Court's actors in the field such as victims' lawyers and intermediaries who sometimes assume political advocacy roles beyond what the Court's judges envisaged or follow their parochial interests on the ground. While the ICC's judges have increasingly curtailed victim participation and reparation in the court room, the Court's practices on the ground reflect an uneasy fusion of legal justice, development, local and national politics with a proliferation of new justice concepts including 'transformative justice' and 'gender justice'. So far, these justice contestations have not chipped away, much less undermined, the Court's legitimacy. Rather, the Court has thrived on its justice contradictions; its failure to commit to any particular justice vision while loosely relating to all possible visions, has made the Court impervious to critique. But the thesis will also show that 'justice for victims' at the ICC is schizophrenic: it is inherently unstable and its contradictory dynamics may at some point rip the concept apart - and with it the Court's legitimacy.
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Tiemessen, Alana Erin. "The international normative structure of transitional justice." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36684.
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Transitional justice is a field of research that has benefited from an array of scholarship on accountability for atrocities, such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. But the emphasis on varieties of institutional design, such as trials and truth commissions, and the primacy of pragmatic and context-specific variables have obscured the fact that transitional justice is increasingly a norm-driven practice. The field, however, lacks a theoretical framework from which to assess the international norms that consistently have causal effects in diverse contexts and over the past decades in which the normative structure has evolved.
I argue that the international normative structure of transitional justice is defined by four interrelated norms: a hierarchical division of criminality, accountability, localization, and reconciliation. The primary contribution of this dissertation is to explain the effects of this structure with a comparative analysis of each norm’s salience and implementation. I therefore juxtapose what is expected in principle to what is possible in practice.
Measures of salience go beyond establishing if norms exist and determine how norms matter, as is shown by their role in shaping discourse, institutions and policies. Subsequently I contend that it is important to distinguish between implementation challenges that are institutional failures, such as a lack of capacity or politicization of the process, and those which are normative contestation, such as reinterpretations and challenges over how and whether a norm should be implemented in a certain context. While both can affect the legitimacy of transitional justice institutions, contestation in particular carries with it the possibility for change in the normative structure.
The empirical focus analyzes the causal effects of the international normative structure, with the above measures, in Rwanda, East Timor, and the International Criminal Court. Individually, the case studies provide rich contextual detail on how the various norms shaped decision-making and institutions. The diversity in the transitional justice institutions is thus juxtaposed to the consistency in which the norms are salient across the cases and in their implementation challenges, lending credence to the influential effects of the international normative structure of transitional justice.
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Madakou, Anna. "Intervention before the International court of justice /." Genève : l'auteur, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34945238r.
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Maciolek, Nicholas. "Justiciability before the International Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648848.
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Mowbray, Jacqueline Frances. "Linguistic justice : language in international legal perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612418.
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Bacon, Paul. "Liberalism, community and international relations." Thesis, University of Kent, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298098.
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Hanisch, Christoph. "Global distributive justice /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/216.
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