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1
WEI, Houkai. "The Administrative Hierarchy and Growth of Urban Scale in China." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500013.
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Chinese cities are characterized with administrative hierarchy. According to administrative hierarchy and government seat, Chinese cities can be divided into seven levels including municipality, vice-provincial city, general provincial capital, general prefecture-level city, county-level city, county town, and general designated town. As the analysis result shows, urban scale and growth is closely related to their administrative hierarchy, and with the upgrading of administrative hierarchy, both the urban population and land scale present a tendency of exponential increase. From the perspective of population and land scale growth, cities with higher administrative hierarchy grow faster than those with lower administrative hierarchy. The differentiation of urban scale and growth is greatly influenced by administration-center bias of governmental resource allocation because cities with different administrative hierarchies make diverse administrative power, resource allocation and institutional arrangement. Under the existing urban system, administration-center bias is also a kind of metropolis bias, and both of them reinforce each other which lead to overexpansion of cities with higher administrative hierarchy and the failure of the policy of urban scale control. To promote the harmonious development of small towns and cities, medium and large cities, we should radically change the administration-center bias in resource allocation, weaken the influence of administrative hierarchy, control the urban scale according to comprehensive carrying capacity and stimulate the development of economy strong town through focusing power expansion to impulse the equality of intercity development and interest equality.
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Shelton, Dinah. "Normative Hierarchy in International Law." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 2 (April 2006): 291–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000016675.
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Systems of law usually establish a hierarchy of norms based on the particular source from which the norms derive. In national legal systems, it is commonplace for the fundamental values of society to be given constitutional status and afforded precedence in the event of a conflict with norms enacted by legislation or adopted by administrative regulation; administrative rules themselves must conform to legislative mandates, while written law usually takes precedence over unwritten law and legal norms prevail over nonlegal (political or moral) rules. Norms of equal status must be balanced and reconciled to the extent possible. The mode of legal reasoning applied in practice is thus naturally hierarchical, establishing relationships and order between normative statements and levels of authority.
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Bogdanov, I. "The Administrative Hierarchy in the Old Kingdom Egypt." World of the Orient 2014, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/orientw2014.04.005.
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Li, Han, Yehua Dennis Wei, Felix Haifeng Liao, and Zhiji Huang. "Administrative hierarchy and urban land expansion in transitional China." Applied Geography 56 (January 2015): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.029.
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Leeds, Adam E. "Administrative Monsters." History of Political Economy 51, S1 (December 1, 2019): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7903264.
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Yurii Yaremenko was one of the late great theorists of the Soviet planning system. His theory, as presented first in censored and self-censored form in his major monograph, Structural Changes in the Socialist Economy (1981), describes the planned economy as composed of groups of technologically differentiated industries, ordered by their priority for receiving scarce high-quality goods. The forced development of the economy is its qualitative differentiation, which over time creates inherent structural imperatives for large-scale reorderings of that priority hierarchy, lest the phenomena of structural transformation become pathological. This account is supplemented by post-Soviet published interviews and by the author’s own interviews with Yaremenko’s associates. They reveal what Yaremenko’s theory left unsaid: that the disintegration of the late Soviet state into a multitude of competing, self-reproducing “administrative monsters,” the most powerful being the military industries distorted industrial structure, degraded civilian life, and ultimately made reform impossible.
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Jolowicz, J. A. "Administrative Justice in France—A New Step in the Hierarchy." Cambridge Law Journal 47, no. 3 (November 1988): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300120410.
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Zhou, Wenzhang, and Haijun Bao. "What Limits the Benefits of Land-Lost Farmers in Chinese Courts? An Investigation of Chinese Land Acquisition and Resettlement Cases in the Yangtze River Delta." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211033268.
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Due to China’s rapid urbanization, the growing presence of land-lost farmers in land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) cases has led to major practical and academic concerns. However, few studies have focused on administration policy restrictions and how they affect land-lost farmers in Chinese courts for land resources. Based on the quantitative analysis and case studies involving 2,242 administrative LAR cases, this interdisciplinary work examines how administrative bureaucracy affects public departments’ ability to win in court. The findings of this study are twofold. First, in the relationship of Tiao, public departments at the top of the hierarchy can use administration policies to screen conflicts, which can increase the win rate of LAR cases. Second, in the relationship of Kuai, authorities’ relationships limit the investment in administration policies, which in turn decide the utility of administration policies in LAR cases. The findings can facilitate the implementation of appropriate administrative and judicial measures in different departments to promote land-lost farmers.
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Liu, Yu, Zhuorui Yu, Daining Liu, Hao Zhang, Long Zhou, Guoqiang Shen, Chasong Zhu, Yiheng Sun, and Yanran Wang. "Triple Spatial Effects of the Administrative Hierarchy on Urban Built-Up Areas in Fujian Province, China: Heterogeneity, Radiation, and Segmentation." Land 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122275.
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The expansion of urban built-up areas is one of the most prominent characteristics of land use change in China. A growing body of literature has emphasized the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas expansion, including heterogeneity, radiation, and segmentation. However, the existing studies have mainly focused on the administrative hierarchy at the prefectural level and above and have primarily concentrated on one single effect; few have integrated the triple effects as a whole. Based on high-resolution land use data and taking Fujian province as a study case, this study proposes an integrated theoretical framework and modeling approach and investigates the triple spatial effects of administrative hierarchy on built-up areas at the prefectural level and below. Descriptive statistics show the following: (1) Built-up areas of municipal districts are significantly larger than those of county-level units, showing the heterogeneity characteristics of urban land distribution across different levels of administrative hierarchy; (2) The county-level units adjacent to municipal districts exploit more built-up areas than other county-level units, indicating the radiation effects of municipal districts; (3) The radiation effects tend to be reduced if a municipal district and its adjacent county-level units are not located in the same prefectural city, revealing the segmentation effects among the different prefectural cities. Using the spatial econometric model with regimes, we further find the following: (1) The strengths of driving forces of built-up areas are heterogeneous between municipal districts and county-level units, and there are significant spatial interactions among administrative units; (2) The spatial interactions between municipal districts and county-level units are stronger than those between two county-level units, but the strength is restricted by the prefectural boundary, reflecting the radiation effects of municipal districts and the segmentation effects of the prefectural boundary, respectively. By investigating the triple spatial effects of the administrative hierarchy on urban built-up areas, we conclude that comprehensively considering these triple effects as a whole will result in a fuller understanding of the rapid built-up areas expansion in China, especially at the prefectural level and below.
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CÂRNAȚ, Teodor, and Ana-Maria AMBROSĂ. "Administration and the Bureaucratic Phenomenon." Anuarul Universitatii "Petre Andrei" din Iasi - Fascicula: Drept, Stiinte Economice, Stiinte Politice 28 (December 10, 2021): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/66.
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The modern administrative systems are huge bureaucratic mechanisms, defined by hierarchy, continuity, impersonality and expertize. There are multiple power games that operate within those systems, and that attenuate the mechanical and rational functionning of the government. When it takes the executive’s place, the administration becomes an independent bureaucracy, out of control and capable of undermining or even blocking the political initiatives of the government.
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Okabe, A., and Y. Sadahiro. "An Illusion of Spatial Hierarchy: Spatial Hierarchy in a Random Configuration." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 9 (September 1996): 1533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281533.
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In this paper we show the properties of a spatial hierarchy found in a random configuration in which points are randomly placed on a plane and ranks are randomly assigned to these points. First we show a method of detecting a spatial hierarchy in a configuration of ranked points on a plane (not necessarily the random configuration). Second, using this method we obtain the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration mentioned above, and examine its properties theoretically as well as numerically with the Monte Carlo simulation. From this examination, we find that the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration shares more or less similar properties with Christaller's spatial hierarchy. Stated explicitly, the shape of dominant regions is hexagonal on average; the areas of the same rank centers are fairly homogeneous; the K value defined by Christaller is almost constant. The constant K of the random configuration is close to seven, implying that the spatial hierarchy of the random configuration is close to Christaller's hierarchy of the administrative principle. These results explain to a certain extent why spatial hierarchies are often observed in the real world. At the same time, these results give us a warning. Even if we find a spatial hierarchy in the real world, we should question whether or not the observed hierarchy is a seeming hierarchy like the spatial hierarchy in the random configuration.
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Gao, Ming, Qiankun Gu, and Shijun He. "Place-based policies, administrative hierarchy, and city growth: Evidence from China." Economic Modelling 115 (October 2022): 105952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.105952.
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Downey, John A. "Hierarchy and Happiness: The Influence of Emotion on Administrative Job Satisfaction." Community College Journal of Research and Practice 32, no. 8 (June 27, 2008): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10668920600859996.
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Sato, Yuji. "Administrative evaluation and public sector reform: an analytic hierarchy process approach." International Transactions in Operational Research 14, no. 5 (September 2007): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2007.00600.x.
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Sukma, Dhany, Sumartono, Khairul Muluk, and Fadillah Amin. "THE URGENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT OF CITY ADMINISTRATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN DKI JAKARTA PROVINCE." Journal of International Legal Communication 4 (March 31, 2022): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32612/uw.27201643.2022.1.pp.39-49.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the urgency of the appropriate administrative city institutional arrangement in the administration of the DKI Jakarta Province regional government. The research method used is qualitative research with an analytical descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the dynamics of local government administration in the Central Jakarta Administrative City shows its own complexity. This causes the administrative city institutions to be unable to run fast to provide quick responses to the increasingly complex problems of the administrative city community. In addition, based on the results of the research, the bureaucratic hierarchical structure tends to be unnecessary, especially the sub-district structure. In addition, Ward which has a hierarchy of subordinates than the mayor has the potential to be further strengthened as front-line bureaucrats (street level aueccracy). This is especially the case with the provision of public services and community development at the grassroots level. The challenge of such institutional arrangement is great, especially in the political will of the central government. The asymmetric decentralization embedded in DKI Jakarta which has implications for the institutional form of the Central Jakarta Administrative City requires strong advocacy to encourage the Central Government to revise and form regulations governing institutions in DKI Jakarta.
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Wilk, Waldemar. "The Effect of Changes in Administrative Division on the Economic Position of the Largest Cities in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2004): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2004-0027.
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Abstract Among the functions fulfilled by cities in relation to their hinterland, an important function is that of public administration. Changes in administrative division, instituted in Poland in 1999, have either weakened or strengthened the economical role of many cities. A city’s position within the hierarchy of the centers of public administration within a country has, in Poland’s case, a significant effect upon the geographical movements of companies. An attempt was made to preliminarily gauge the effect of administrative changes upon the location of corporate offices. Changes in the distribution of companies providing the selected types of services in the 100 largest Polish cities were taken into account. The relationship between the change in the number of companies in each city and the potential social and economic role of the city in the general sense was examined.
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Rodchenko, Igor Yurievich. "IDENTIFY PROBLEM ISSUES OF SELF-ORDERED DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.66.
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The problematic issues of the development of self-ordering mechanisms in the public administration system are determined, with observance of their division into institutional, functional and evolutionary parts.
The institutional part includes self-regulation mechanisms implemented in the models of subject-subject interaction at the levels of higher, central and local government bodies, as well as in models of object-object interaction between them. The most important in the institutional part of self-governing mechanisms are those that ensure: the separation of powers between branches of government; administrative reform of the government structure; separation of public spheres of government between central government bodies; administrative reform of the structure of central executive bodies; delimitation of territorial spheres of government between local authorities; administrative-territorial reform; formation and implementation of the structure of the power hierarchy; administrative reform of the structure of the power hierarchy.
The functional part includes the mechanisms of self-regulation, realized in the model of object-object interaction “system of state power — social sphere, industry and relations”. The most important parts of the mechanisms of self-regulation are those that ensure: the formation and implementation of state policies in various spheres of society; formation and implementation of national projects; formation and implementation of state target programs; state budgeting.
The evolutionary part includes the mechanisms of self-regulation, realized in the model of object-object interaction “system of state power — the creation of conditions for social development”. The most important parts of the evolutionary part of self-governing mechanisms are those that provide: strategic management and planning; realization of state programs of social and economic development; conducting constant economic and social reforms and transformations.
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Hampl, Martin. "Hierarchy of the settlement system and administrative division of the Czech Republic." Geografie 101, no. 3 (1996): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1996101030201.
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The article deals with geographical aspects of territorial administration. The relationship between the continual form of hierarchization of real geographical systems and the discontinual form of hierarchization of normative systems, such as territorial administration, is stressed. The general results are applied to the specific transformational problems of territorial administration in the Czech Republic.
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You, Jianmin, Xiqiang Chen, and Jindao Chen. "Decomposition of Industrial Electricity Efficiency and Electricity-Saving Potential of Special Economic Zones in China Considering the Heterogeneity of Administrative Hierarchy and Regional Location." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 5468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175468.
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Special Economic Zones (SEZs), an important engine of industrial economic development in China, consume large amounts of energy resources and emit considerable CO2. However, existing research pays little attention to industrial energy usage in SEZs and ignores the heterogeneity of administrative hierarchy and regional location. Considering the dual heterogeneity, this study proposes an improved two-dimension and two-level meta-frontier data envelopment analytical model to decompose the industrial electricity efficiency (IEE) and electricity-saving potential of SEZs in Guizhou Province, China, based on 4-year field survey data (2016–2019). Results show that the IEE rankings of three administrative hierarchies within SEZs are provincial administration SEZs, county administration SEZs, and municipality administration SEZs. The SEZs located in energy resource-rich areas and better ecological environmental areas have higher IEE than those in resource-poor areas and ecology fragile areas, respectively. This study can provide reference for policymakers to formulate effective policies for improving the electricity use efficiency of SEZs in China.
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Vitanski, Dejan. "HIERARCHY AND SUBORDINATION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - SYNONYMES, DICHOTOMOUS CATEGORIES OR PREDESTINED TWO SIDES OF THE SAME MEDAL?" Knowledge International Journal 30, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij30061393v.
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The author of labor, through an in-depth considiration, tries to understand, capture and notify the essential elements and immanent features of the principles of hierarchy and subordination in the public administration. Administration is one of the key entities in the physiognomy of the state system. It is a complex mechanism and, in general, a hierarchically profiled structure, which forms the "spine" of the state. Hierarchy and subordination are the basic substrate of administrative architecture. In an organizational sense, the hierarchical principle is a system of eldership, whose essence is expressed in the obligation of the subordinate entity (individual or authority) to conform to the orders of the superordinate elder in a strictly formalized system of mutual relations that arise in connection with the performance of the working tasks within an organization. The hierarchical pyramid is a stratified (layered) system of functions, ranging from the more specific to the more general. Within that system, carriers of more general functions control the work of carriers of closer functions. The hierarchical structure has the form of a vertical chain, in which each higher level has authority over the lower one, and each lower level submits to the orders and the directives at the higher level. Hierarchical placement allows vertical process management, providing easier management, effective control, as well as locating the responsibility and dysfunctionality of each link in the administrative chain. According to modern understandings, which occurred with the establishment of the legal state, there is a legally established border and a demarcation line to which the elder can move when issuing specific orders to the subordinates. That limit implies that the elder can not issue orders to the subordinates. This means that in modern-established states, in which the administration is based on the pivotal principle of legality, subordination actually arises as a kind of counterbalance to the hierarchy. In accordance with the principle of subordination, when the duty of the civil servant is prescribed to perform the orders of the head of the body, as well as the orders of the immediate superior officer, it is noted that the civil servant is obliged to act upon those orders, but exclusively in accordance with the Constitution , by law or by other regulation. The fundamental dilemma that is put in front of the author of the labor and on which the focus of the scientific-research interest is placed is by determining and clarifying the essence of the principles of hierarchy and subordination, to answer the question: is the hierarchy and subordination synonyms, dichotomous categories or predestined two sides of the same medal?
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Rodchenko, Igor Yurievich. "IDENTIFY PROBLEM ISSUES OF SELF-ORDERED DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 11 (January 24, 2018): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i11.31.
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The problematic issues of the development of self-ordering mecha- nisms in the public administration system are determined, with observance of their division into institutional, functional and evolutionary parts.The institutional part includes self-regulation mechanisms implemented in the models of subject-subject interaction at the levels of higher, central and lo- cal government bodies, as well as in models of object-object interaction between them. The most important in the institutional part of self-governing mechanisms are those that ensure: the separation of powers between branches of government; administrative reform of the government structure; separation of public spheres of government between central government bodies; administrative reform of the structure of central executive bodies; delimitation of territorial spheres of go- vernment between local authorities; administrative-territorial reform; formation and implementation of the structure of the power hierarchy; administrative re- form of the structure of the power hierarchy. The functional part includes the mechanisms of self-regulation, realized in the model of object-object interaction “system of state power — social sphere, indus- try and relations”. The most important parts of the mechanisms of self-regulation are those that ensure: the formation and implementation of state policies in vari- ous spheres of society; formation and implementation of national projects; forma- tion and implementation of state target programs; state budgeting.The evolutionary part includes the mechanisms of self-regulation, realized in the model of object-object interaction “system of state power — the creation of conditions for social development”. The most important parts of the evolutionary part of self-governing mechanisms are those that provide: strategic management and planning; realization of state programs of social and economic development; conducting constant economic and social reforms and transformations.
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Peiris, G. L. "The Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia: the first decade." Legal Studies 6, no. 3 (November 1986): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1986.tb00346.x.
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A legislative package which transformed the landscape of Australian administrative law during the last decade by invigorating prosaic models of judicial review, has attracted attention throughout the Commonwealth as ‘an awesome leap’. A burgeoning bureaucracy, whose commitment to legal norms is all too often diluted by excessive zeal in the pursuit of administrative goals, and the perceived inadequacy of conventional restraints including legislative scrutiny, the supervisory jurisdiction of regular courts and internal checks operating at different levels of the executive hierarchy, have heralded bold, innovative approaches.
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SMIRNOV, Valerii V. "Analyzing the dynamics of administrative indicators in Russia." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 361–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.2.361.
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Subject. The article discusses the dynamics of the Russian indicators of administration. Objectives. I identify constraints that determine administrative criteria. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and methods of statistical, cluster and neural network analysis. Results. The article spotlights the stewardship of Russia’s economy today and theoretical considerations on general administrative criterion. I analyzed trends in the Russian administrative indicators, referring to six general aspects of management (Worldwide Governance Indicators, World Bank Group). Using the cluster analysis of growth rates of the Russian administrative indicators, I found major and crucial clusters. Conducting the neural network analysis, I understood the hierarchy of priorities, with the governmental efficiency being the most important one. The supremacy of law, political stability and no violence/terrorism were found to of the least significance. Having evaluated the asymmetry of trends in the Russian administrative indicators against the average, I identified the priority, that us the governmental efficiency, which turns to be a determining criterion of management. Conclusions and Relevance. As a result of the study, I understood what hampers the dynamics of the Russian administrative indicators by determining administrative criteria. I especially point out the possibility of raising the governmental efficiency to maintain the political stability and prevent violence/terrorism by neglecting the supremacy of law, regulatory quality and simulating the anti-corruption activity. The findings contribute to the necessary scope of governmental authorities’ competence to make administrative decisions on the effective stewardship of Russia.
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Zhang, Yi Gang, Tao Li, Li Chen, and Tao Liu. "Research on the Method of Determining Aircraft Spare Parts." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.849.
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Quantity determination of the Aircraft spares is affected by many factors, the indeterminate effect is not quantitative factors on the quantity of spare parts, analytic hierarchy process is applied to the quantity calculation of the aircraft spares. General principles of administrative levels to analyze law dealing with the aircraft spares calculation of multi factor problem is introduced, 5 influence factors is economy, importance, difficulty degree, affected, string etc. The use of analytic hierarchy process used in random spare parts calculation is illustrated.
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Tafalas, Muhammad Guzali. "Menggali Potensi Sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Pegunungan Arfak Provinsi Papua Barat Melalui Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)." JFRES: Journal of Fiscal and Regional Economy Studies 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36883/jfres.v2i1.13.
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The Arfak Mountains Regency is administratively formed in 2012. With the establishment of the Arfak Mountains District as a new autonomous region, all forms of economic levels have been separated from the former regency. Arfak Mountains Regency as an autonomous region is expected to have the ability to manage regional own revenue to finance the administration of the regional government. In achieving the capability in regional financial independence, it is necessary to optimize the sources of regional revenue. The results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) on the assessment of several alternative policies related to the optimization of sources of regional own revenue in the Arfak Mountains District, are as followed: (1). Increasing revenue capacity through better planning; (2). expanding revenue bases; (3). improving administrative efficiency and reducing collection costs; (4). strengthening collection processes and (5). improving controlling processes. The success of the management of regional own revenue is not only measured by the amount of revenue that can be achieved, but also by the extent to which the regional own revenue can play a role in driving the economy of the community so that it can improve the welfare of the community in this regency.
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Daniels, P. W., J. H. J. Van Dinteren, and M. C. Monnoyer. "Consultancy Services and the Urban Hierarchy in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 12 (December 1992): 1731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a241731.
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A cross-national survey of the relationship between the evolving organisation and structure of consultancy service enterprises and the urban hierarchy in Europe has been undertaken. Primate cities in Europe are still the preeminent foci for business services performing strong national and international control. The relationship between markets for consultancy services and the urban hierarchy is complex, but it is possible to suggest a typology of firms on the basis of client characteristics and location. Caution is necessary about assuming that the provision of consultancy services through networks is organised along hierarchical lines that mirror administrative hierarchies.
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ZANG, Man-dan, Yi GAO, and Jin LI. "The influence of administrative hierarchy and urban scale on ecological well-being performance." JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 37, no. 12 (2022): 3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31497/zrzyxb.20221212.
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Belov, Alexey Viktorovich. "Official hierarchy and city and urban village typology established at the end of XVIII-XIX centuries." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871205.
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The article deals with one of the aspects of the cardinal reform of the city that took place in the reign of Catherine II. The reform of the city, taking place within the framework of the administrative and territorial reform of Catherine II, was closely related to the process of creating a network of new small provinces and the formation of a network of cities and urban settlements in each of the new entities administrative. The city network (a network of cities and urban settlements) was a complex (rather than a set) of settlements of a particular region, having (in the presentation of contemporaries) the status of the city or its official signs. In the course of its existence, a distribution of functions occurred within the network. The set of functions inherent in different urban settlements, determines their character and face in the broadest sense of the word. All functions can be conditionally divided into two groups: administrative and economic. In our study, attention was drawn to the approval of a set of administrative functions outside the city as part of the countrys spatial and settlement to the establishment of certain types of cities and urban settlements, with a set of features and responsibilities. In this case, between the types of settlements a stable hierarchy as administrative centers established. The reason for its appearance is wider than the need for formal subjection. The network of cities and urban settlements of the country, established by the beginning of the XIX century, was complex with a heterogeneous structure. It included settlements, officially called cities according to the rules of its time, and other structures that do not belong to this group. The latter also performed city functions and were considered contemporaries on a par with the official cities, separating themselves from rural settlements. The name of settlements did not always correspond to their economic quality. Along with the administrative type of cities, there were intermediate forms of urban settlements, which, according to the norms of that time, did not apply to cities (non-resident cities, supernumerary cities, settlements, small towns). In addition, archaic forms of settlements connected with cities and partly fulfilling their functions, were preserved. An important peculiarity of this historical period is the simultaneous existence of numerous and diverse forms of urban settlements including archaic ones. This circumstance is caused by the transitional nature of the time, the implementation of administrative reform, as well as the desire of the authorities to implement the process of transformation without a radical breakdown and social protest.
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Li, Jing, and Xinlu Wu. "Research on the Impact of Government R&D Funding on Regional Innovation Quality: Analysis of Spatial Durbin Model Based on 283 Cities in China." Complexity 2021 (July 9, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2217588.
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Based on the perspective of the regional innovation system, this study constructs an analytical framework for the influence of government R&D funding on regional innovation quality and uses 283 Chinese cities as research samples to empirically test the influence of government R&D funding methods such as subsidies and tax preferences on regional innovation quality by the spatial Durbin model. According to the study, China’s regional innovation quality has a positive spatial correlation. Subsidies can improve regional innovation quality, which is mainly realized by increasing the input of innovation resources from local direct innovation subjects, attracting the inflow of innovation resources from neighboring areas, and increasing the innovation support from local indirect innovation subjects. Besides, spatial competition for subsidies makes it beneficial to improve the regional innovation quality in neighboring regions, while the promotion effect of tax preferences is not significant. When considering the heterogeneity of the city location and administrative hierarchy, it shows that the government R&D funding cannot improve the innovation quality of the Eastern cities and higher-administrative-hierarchy cities, while it can improve that of the Middle and Western cities and general-administrative-hierarchy cities. Furthermore, government R&D funding widens the gap of regional innovation quality, which may be related to the existing “insufficient intervention” and “excessive intervention” of government R&D funding. This study provides insights into the implementation of R&D funding by the government to promote the development of regional innovation quality.
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von Bogdandy, Armin, and Philipp Dann. "International Composite Administration: Conceptualizing Multi-Level and Network Aspects in the Exercise of International Public Authority." German Law Journal 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 2013–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000730.
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The administration of the traditional nation-state used to operate as a rather closed system to the outside world. Today, cooperation between the public authorities of different States and between States and international bodies is a common phenomenon. Yet the characteristics and mechanics of such cooperation can hardly be understood using the concepts domestic public law or public international law currently on offer. Conventional concepts, such as federalism, confederalism or State-centered “realism” hardly fathom the complexity of interactions or reflect the changed role of the State, while more recent concepts, such as multi-level systems or networks, seem to encompass only parts of the phenomena at hand. Given this void, we propose to explore the notion of “composite administration” (Verbundverwaltung) and argue that it offers a concept which can combine more coherently the seemingly diverging legal elements of cooperation and hierarchy that distinguish administrative action in what often is called a multi-level administrative system. Even though the concept of composite administration was originally designed and further developed with respect to the largely federal European administrative space, we suggest testing the concept in the wider context of international cooperation. We believe that it offers valuable insights and raises critical questions, even though we do not intend to insinuate any proto-federal prospects of the institutions discussed in this paper.
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Dolvi, Dr Jayasree. "Administrative Stracture of Mughals an Explanatory Study." Journal of Legal Subjects, no. 11 (September 29, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jls11.18.24.
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The management of operations is what we call administration. Even while entire empires can collapse and other rulers can take their place, the administration of a country will continue on indefinitely. It is neither susceptible to transformation by revolution, nor can it be uprooted by upheaval. There were many dynasties that ruled over India, but the Mughal dynasty is considered to be the most significant because it dominated the country on Indian soil for the greatest stretch of time and had its own unique administrative structure. Between the years 1526 and 1707, the Mughals left their imprint on Hindu culture as well as on Hindu history. The Mughals held sway over India for a total of 181 years, during which period the country underwent a number of significant transformations. The Mughal Empire was significant because it united practically the whole Indian subcontinent under its control and brought the various regions of the subcontinent closer together by enhancing both their overland and coastal commercial networks. In addition to this, it was famous for the cultural impact. It was thought to be the first major empire to arise in India after the fall of the Gupta Dynasty. The study provides an insight into the Mughal administrative hierarchy. In order to arrive at a conclusion, the research used a combination of descriptive, historical, and analytical method with qualitative approach.
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Wu, Jiang. "Spatial Characteristics and the Non-Hierarchical Nature of Regional Religious Systems (RRSs)." Religions 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14010085.
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Based on the spatial analysis and GIS modeling of the distribution of religious sites in Greater China, we have developed the concept of regional religious systems (RRSs) as a novel way of understanding and studying the spatial distribution patterns of religious sites and their relationship with other social and cultural factors. This essay further explores theoretical issues such as its center–periphery relations in existing administrative and economical hierarchies. Drawing on our current project on RRSs in the Hangzhou region and various available studies about pre-modern Chinese religion, the author explains the spatial characteristics of RRSs, such as the role of transportation, trade and pilgrimage routes in the formation of RRSs. Using Chinese Buddhism as an example, the author argues that RRSs in Greater China should be treated as a spatial formation without an internal hierarchical structure because the political and administrative hierarchy prevents the formation of a strong religious hierarchy.
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Bozhko, Pavlo. "INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING AND ARCHITECTONICS OF POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS." 39, no. 39 (July 10, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2220-8089-2021-39-02.
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In the process of modernization, based on the development of the potential of public administration and the growth of social capital, an open type of interaction between the state and society is formed, where institutions act as the necessary conductors of direct and reverse signals within the framework of a flexible political and administrative system. It is pointed out that institution building in order to minimize the risks of falling into institutional traps should take into account the peculiarity of the institutional architecture, which is determined by the hierarchy of formal rules, and provide for the complication of the procedure for changing institutions as their rank grows. Taking into account the hierarchy of rules makes it possible to track the change in the role of formal / informal institutions, when a decrease in the level of the rules of the institutional architecture increases the importance of informal institutions in the management process. It is argued that informal norms play a large role in the functioning of the political market. The state as a subject of management is interested in the formalization of emerging informal practices. The stability and predictability of managerial influences grow when formal institutions absorb informal ones. Two ways of changing the architecture of institutions as a result of such a takeover are considered. The first, administrative-legal way: the gradual consolidation of informal practices as generally recognized in formal institutions, that is, the legalization of informal restrictions.The second way consists naturally in the conditions of a low level of the political and administrative potential of the state: informal practices are embedded in the mechanism of action of formal institutions and destroy them from the inside, creating the effect of subversive institutions, which creates favorable conditions for institutional traps on the way to the formation of political and administrative institutions of modernization. In addition, a situation is possible when formal and informal rules and norms interact as independent (autonomous) entities, and then, as a result, a certain type of institutional environment is formed, which differs in the way of interaction between formal and informal institutions.
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Atazhanov, Firdavs F. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY STRUCTURE OF THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR. STATE MANAGEMENT." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 02 (April 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-02-01.
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The article considers the state and military administration of the Timurid state. The key attention is paid to the transformations and reforms during the reign of Amir Temur. In the process of reforming his state system, the ruler was able to create a new administrative apparatus. The article also discusses the judicial and legislative power, the coverage of which is presented in the work "Temur's Code". An important place in the article is given to the consideration of military administration and hierarchy in the army of Amir Temur. The author emphasizes that Amir Temur was interested in the issues of centralization of power in the army and for this he limited the power of tribal leaders. The state built by Amir Temur, first of all, had to embody the best form of the political system. The relative stability of centralized power in Temur's empire made it possible to develop not only urban and agriculture, but also gave a great impetus to the development of crafts, trade, commodity-money relations, which were of exceptional importance for economic life.
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Seirinidou, Vaso. "Policing a revolutionary capital: Public order and population control in Nafplio (1824–1826)." Open Military Studies 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openms-2022-0130.
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Abstract In the new hierarchy of space created by the Greek Revolution, Nafplio acquired a prominent position and soon replaced Tripolitsa as the preeminent administrative center of the fledgling state. Declared by law as the seat of the administration in September 1823, Nafplio was a stronghold during the incessant infighting that characterized the Greek struggle for independence. From June 1824 (when its fortress was handed over to the government), Nafplio served as the political and military center of the revolutionary territory. Administrative officials, politicians, primates, soldiers, and an influx of refugees thronged the city, creating conditions for overpopulation, at a time when the Ottoman–Egyptian commander Ibrahim Pasha was advancing on rebel strongholds in the Peloponnese. Based on voluminous archival records, this essay examines the policing projects carried out by the revolutionary authorities between 1825 and 1826 to address public order and security issues facing the city. The essay demonstrates that in the space of two intense years of political and military struggle, enclosed and overcrowded Nafplio became a laboratory for developing civil administration and the creation of a policed capital.
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Kandhro, Abdul Rauf, Dr Khadim Hussain Dahri, and Dr Shabroz Shabroz. "Delay in Promotions Process of High School Teachers: A Mixed Method Study of School Administration Practices in Govt. of Sindh Pakistan." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.01.6(22)57-65.
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School administration in Pakistan is a dilapidated system which need of a paradigm change from bureaucratic to pedagogical leadership. The promotion of senior high school teachers to administrative positions is a transform of role from teaching to administration. The present study aims at to investigate hierarchy of promotions of the posts of head teachers (School Administration Officers) are in BPS 17, up to BPS -20. The stratified random sampling techniques used to collect data from (n= 71), male and female teachers, and, (n= 328) boys and (n=213) girls Government secondary and Higher Secondary Schools at district Karachi central. The mixed method research design, the quantitative approach, surveys were conducted while in qualitative part In-depth semi structured interviews were collected. The study finding reveals that the managerial style and its relationship with head teacher directly impact on official and environment of the school. It is also recommended that the promotion related problem must be addressed properly and a comprehensive policies and plans must be implemented for administrative practices. This study will help to improving teachers and particularly schools to create an educational culture at Sindh in Pakistan.
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Ogar, Joseph Nkang, and Nweake Christopher Ude. "Organizational Dynamics and Public Service Ethics in Nigeria." PINISI Discretion Review 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pdr.v1i1.13628.
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The selection of 'right man' for 'right job' and his/her orientation in administrative philosophy and social values need to be reinforced by effective systems for ethical administration as they create 'conducive' or 'non conducive' environment Numerous studies have indicated that organization climate and atmosphere will play a dominant role in influencing individuals with appropriate attitudes and skills. Keeping this in view, this work focuses on the important aspects of organization and their impact on ethical behavior of administrators. Some of the important issues raised are to what extent hierarchy influences ethical behavior. How rules and procedures influence administration. Whether ethics institutions and codes of conduct help achieve public service ethics? This method used in this research is context textual analysis.
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Fourie, D. J. "Mechanisms to improve citizen participation in government and its administration." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v4i1.2637.
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Citizen participation on any level of government is timeless. The dynamics and the relationships of citizen participation on all levels are unique, due to the fact that many problems and solutions have their roots in the activities of local government and its administration. Furthermore the extension of democracy to all spheres of society and to all tiers of the administrative hierarchy, have been a central theme of the democratisation process in South Africa. The notion of "bringing the government to the people" is important, not only in strengthening civil society, but also in mobilising the population to implement the programmes of reconstruction and development necessary to transform the civil society.
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Lim, Burn-Jang, Hee-Duk Rho, Tong-Jin Kim, Ung-Kun Chung, Sinbok Kang, and Jin-Kyung Park. "Priorities of Financial Investments in Mass Sport in Korea." Journal of Sport Management 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.8.1.57.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the financial investments factors in promoting mass sport in Korea and to determine their relative importance and investment priorities. This information would be a guideline for sports administrators' decision making in establishing investment policy. The Delphi technique (Dalkey, 1976) using 30 experts in mass sport administration and the Analytic Hierarchy Process method (Saaty, 1983) were used in this study. Six investment factors with 21 subfactors were derived. The top investment priority was given to the Sports Facilities factor, followed by the factors of Publicity, Leaders, Administrative Support, Voluntary Sports Clubs, and Programs. Investment priorities of subfactors in each factor were also discussed.
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Nesterkin, Sergei. "Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia." SENTENTIA. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, no. 4 (April 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/1339-3057.2020.4.34529.
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This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia. Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities – sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.
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Nesterkin, Sergei. "Hierarchical systems and their evolution in Buddhist communities of Central Asia." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.6.34493.
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This article examines the hierarchical systems established in Buddhist communities of Central Asia. Hierarchies are viewed in the spiritual context: by level of taking of vows, educational attainment, level of practical implementation of knowledge, rank in the institution of “Reincarnated Lamas”; as well as hierarchies important in administrative context, such as levels of responsibility, governance of monasteries, rank within the structure of state administration, and interaction with government institutions. It is noted that genetically all of them ascend to Teacher – student hierarchy. This work explores the evolution of these hierarchies under the changing historical conditions, as well their complex interrelations. It is demonstrated that hierarchical system evolved depending on such factors, as the development of monastic education, increased role in the communities of “Reincarnated Lamas”, shift in the role of monasteries within state administration along with the role of government in regulation of the religious institutions. It is determined that hierarchies partially intersected, but also diverged due to the possibility of relatively autonomous practice of Sutra and Tantra, which formed different types of communities – sangha and ganachakra respectively. In Russia, Buddhist communities were integrated into the system of state-religious relations, which required centralization of religious community resulting in the fact that the administrative church structures took the central stage. Liberalization of state control of the religious activity in post-Soviet Russia led to the emergence of multiple secular Buddhist associations that practiced Mahayanist and tantric methods structured as ganachakra. The central place was held by the structure of religious hierarchy along with “Teacher – student” relations. The conclusion is made that such structural differentiation of Buddhist communities is the results of the natural course of self-determination of various traditions in the conditions of freedom of religion.
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Fadhli, Yogi Zul. "Inkonstitusionalitas Pasal 19 Perma Nomor 2 Tahun 2016 dan Implikasinya terhadap Akses Keadilan Warga Negara." Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk1341.
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Judicial review as an extraordinary legal effort has constitutionally regulated by Indonesian law. However, in the administrative court, related with the dispute of location determination for the public interest, judicial review is dispensed by the Article 19 of Supreme Court Regulation No. 2 of 2016. Those article is unconstitutional because theoretically contrary with the Constitution of Indonesia and disharmonious in the types, hierarchy and substantive of the proportionality principle. Thus, human rights violation is rising especially for the people that being victims of land grabbing of development project for the public interest and disorganize of the system procedures in administrative court.
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Dooley, Samuel W., and Thomas R. Frieden. "We must rigorously follow basic infection control procedures to protect our healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 12 (August 3, 2020): 1438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.394.
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AbstractBecause severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads easily and healthcare workers are at increased risk of both acquiring and transmitting infection, all healthcare facilities must rapidly and rigorously implement the full hierarchy of established infection controls: source control (removal or mitigation of infection sources), engineering and environmental controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
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Халиков, Аслям Наилевич. "HIERARCHY OR EQUALITY OF STANDARDS OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND OTHER BRANCHES OF LAW." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 18, no. 2(68) (July 4, 2022): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2022.2.15.
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The article analyzes a number of works by A.R.Sharipova on the unity and difference of standards of proof and evidence in criminal, civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings. To date, there are more differences in the standards of proof than their unity in the listed branches of law, which is the problem of intersectoral prejudice. The topic of prejudice is especially important in criminal proceedings, where, in fact, decisions made in other branches of law are not binding. The purpose of the article: to identify the significance of the problems about the need for convergence of standards of proof and evidence in all procedural branches of law. Methods: systemic, comparative-legal, formal-legal, system-functional methods are applied. Results: the necessity and possibility of combining the standards of proof and evidence in criminal, civil, arbitration and administrative proceedings are established in the presence of a number of conditions, the development of which requires further scientific research in all procedural branches of law.
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Myeong, Seunghwan, and Yuseok Jung. "Administrative Reforms in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Case of Blockchain Use." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 3971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143971.
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The increasing interest in blockchain since the end of 2017 has induced many attempts to apply it to public sector administration. Blockchains have been shown to improve the levels of economic efficiency, security and decentralization in administration. This exploratory study examines the determinants of blockchain administration and their priorities through an analytic-hierarchy process (AHP) analysis. The priority ranking of internal factors was security, economic efficiency, and decentralization. The introduction of blockchains in the evolution of the current e-government to the future of convergent governments will be generalized through trial, error, and learning processes. As experienced both in the knowledge and information society and in the e-government development process, reforming government administration is not solely a technical problem. The study results suggest that future blockchain administration in the public sector be used in the field of e-voting to encourage citizen participation in the process of agenda-setting, to enhance the level of security and transparency of taxation, and to increase the level of equity. Blockchain technology can also be used to improve efficiency in the provision of individually oriented social welfare services. Its adoption via administrative reform may reduce the level of corruption in personnel management, recruitment, and procurement in public sector organizations.
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Islam, Nasir. "Sifarish, Sycophants, Power and Collectivism: Administrative Culture in Pakistan." International Review of Administrative Sciences 70, no. 2 (June 2004): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852304044259.
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This article analyses some of the major attributes of Pakistan’s contemporary administrative culture. The article uses Hofstede’s famous four dimensional model of national cultures as an analytical framework. Hofstede’s fourfold typology – power distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity – is used as a point of departure for a more elaborate description and analysis of the traditions, values and norms that characterize Pakistan’s governing system. The author uses secondary data from official documents, newspapers, magazines and scholarly literature to support Hofstede’s initial findings. A brief account of the colonial antecedents and post-colonial evolution of the administrative institutions is given to provide the context in which the system operates. The main conclusion is that Pakistan’s relatively high collectivist orientation, high propensity toward uncertainty avoidance, high power distance and masculinity largely account for many traditions and practices including strict adherence to hierarchy, centralization, corruption, nepotism and gender differentiation in administrative roles.
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Cartier, Carolyn. "A Political Economy of Rank: the territorial administrative hierarchy and leadership mobility in urban China." Journal of Contemporary China 25, no. 100 (March 7, 2016): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1132771.
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DURANT, ROBERT F., and ADAM L. WARBER. "Networking in the Shadow of Hierarchy: Public Policy, the Administrative Presidency, and the Neoadministrative State." Presidential Studies Quarterly 31, no. 2 (June 2001): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0360-4918.2001.00168.x.
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Oliveira, Jociane Farias de, Juliana Cristina Lessmann Reckziegel, Lilia Aparecida Kanan, and Vanessa Valgas dos Santos. "The primary health care environment and the impact on motivation and stress in nurses." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 20, 2021): e1810917756. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.17756.
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Objective: The focus of this study was to investigate the possible occupational stress the nurses perceived that in Basic Health Units (BHUs) and assess the major factors that motivate these employees’ inside these primary healthcare centers. Methodology: Data was collected from 70 nurses working in 61 BHUs distributed in the South of Brazil. The stress was measured with the Nurses' Stress Inventory (NSI), and the determination of motivation was performed using Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The research has been taken up with special reference to administrative/assistance nurses. Results: The investigation showed that nurses are predominantly female (89.5%) and 80.0% work equally in assistant care and administrative functions. Moreover, the data showed that 89.4% of nurses present moderate to higher stress scores as a consequence of the intrinsic work factors. Investigating the motivation, the higher level in the Maslow hierarchy was belonging, this could be related to the fact BHUs are inserted in communities with strong social connections and relationships with the population. Conclusion: Knowing the main factors responsible for stress in nurses at the BHUs are essential for future strategies to improve working conditions.
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Slawson, Douglas J. "The National Catholic Welfare Conference and the Church-State Conflict in Mexico, 1925-1929." Americas 47, no. 1 (July 1990): 55–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006724.
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Established in 1919 to be the Catholic voice of America, to look after church interests, and to offset the political influence of the Protestant Federal Council of Churches, the National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC) was a voluntary association of the American hierarchy meeting annually in convention. It implemented decisions through an administrative committee of seven bishops which operated a secretariat, also known as the NCWC, located in Washington, D.C. This headquarters had five departments (Education, Lay Activities, Legislation, Press, and Social Action) each with a director and all under the supervision of Reverend John J. Burke, C.S.P., the general secretary of the administrative committee and its representative at the capital.
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Beck, Robin A. "Consolidation and Hierarchy: Chiefdom Variability in the Mississippian Southeast." American Antiquity 68, no. 4 (October 2003): 641–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557066.
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Explaining variability among Mississippian period (A.D. 1000-1600) chiefdoms has become a key research aim for archaeologists in the southeastern United States. One type of variability, in which simple and complex chiefdoms are distinguished by the number of levels of regional hierarchy, has dominated chiefdom research in this part of the world. The simple-complex chiefdom model is less applicable to the Mississippian Southeast, however, as there is little empirical evidence that chiefdoms here varied along this quantitative dimension. This article offers a qualitative model in which regional hierarchies are distinguished by the manner in which authority is ceded or delegated between an apical or regional chief and constituent, community-level leaders; chiefly power may be ceded from local-level leaders upward to the regional chief or delegated from the regional chief downward to local leaders. This apical-constituent model addresses variation in the administrative structures of chiefdoms: it is not a chiefdom typology. The model is used to contrast two Mississippian polities, Moundville in west-central Alabama and Powers Fort in southeastern Missouri, and illustrates variability in the process by which local communities were integrated into regional institutions.