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1
Landa, César. "The constitutionalization of administrative law." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/110103.
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The link between Administrative Law and Constitutional Law, branches of Public Law, is undeniable. It is even more patent currently with the phenomenon of the constitutionalization of Law.In this article, the author analyses this phenomenon in the field of Administrative Law, the administrative-constitutional principles, and examines how various institutions of Administrative Law have been constitutionally configurated,outlined and controlled in Peru, for which he goes over the most important jurisprudence of the Peruvian Constitutional Court regarding the matter.La vinculación entre el Derecho Administrativo y el Derecho Constitucional, ramas del Derecho Público, es incuestionable. Ello es incluso más notorio actualmente con el fenómeno de la constitucionalización del Derecho. En el presente artículo, el autor analiza este fenómeno en el campo del Derecho Administrativo, los principios constitucionales administrativos, y examina cómo distintas instituciones propias del Derecho Administrativo han sido configuradas, delineadas y controladas constitucionalmente en el Perú, para lo cual repasa la más importante jurisprudencia.
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Brown, Paul Martin. "Estoppel by representation in administrative law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314979.
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Hardiman-McCartney, Anna Marie. "Substantive review in English administrative law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608767.
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Mowbray, A. R. "Administrative guidance : a public law study." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19168.
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Baca, Oneto Víctor Sebastian. "The favorable retroactivity in administrative law penalties." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107910.
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An issue that has always caused controversy, both in the theory and in the practice, is the application of the law over time, which becomes more complex in terms of its non-retroactivity or retroactivity. In the present article, the author develops theretroactivity of the most favorable rule principle. First, the author describes the concept and fundamentals of retroactivity. Then, he reports its normative support and its delimitation. Finally, the author exposes the most discussed and controversial assumptions on its application and non-application, making parallels with its regulation in Spain.Un tema que siempre ha causado controversia, tanto en la teoría como en la práctica, es la aplicación de la norma jurídica en el tiempo, la cual se complejiza en cuanto a su irretroactividad o retroactividad. En el presente artículo, el autor desarrolla el principio de la retroactividad de la norma más favorable. En primer lugar, describe el concepto y fundamentos de la retroactividad. A continuación, informa sobre su sustento normativo y su delimitación. Finalmente, expone los supuestos discutidos sobre su aplicación e inaplicación, haciendo un paralelismo con su regulación en España.
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Lin, Ching-Lang. "Arbitration in administrative contracts : comparative law perspective." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0023/document.
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Il a été longuement discuté de savoir si le système d'arbitrage est applicable pour régler les litiges administratifs qui concernent certains contrats administratifs ou d’autres sans rapport avec le contrat administratif. Dans cette thèse, les trois questions spécifiques sont analysées tour à tour : (1) Est-il possible pour un arbitre ou un tribunal arbitral de trancher des questions relevant du droit administratif? (2) Y a-t-il, ou devrait-il y avoir, des limitations à l'autorité des arbitres et des tribunaux arbitraux? (3) Enfin, après la délivrance d'une sentence arbitrale, quel rôle devrait jouer l'État dans la phase de contrôle judiciaire? La première question concerne l'arbitrabilité et a été discutée dans la première partie (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). La deuxième question a été discutée dans la deuxième partie (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Enfin, sur la dernière question a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). Dans cette thèse, nous avons comparé les systèmes de quatre pays (Canada, Chine, France, Taïwan). En conclusion, nous pouvons donc conclure que l’évolution de la conception du contrat administratif implique de nombreux aspects, y compris les aspects juridiques, économiques, politiques et même culturels. Le développement de la fonction de contentieux administratif, comme ‘’subjectivement orienté" ou "objectivement orienté" aura une incidence sur l'acceptation de l'arbitrage en matière administrative. Dans l'ensemble, l'arbitrage sera plus acceptable dans les systèmes dont la fonction est plus ‘’subjectivement orientée" que dans ceux dont la fonction est "objectivement orientée"While arbitration has traditionally been considered as a means to resolve private disputes, its role in disputes involving administrative contracts is a crucial question in administrative law. In brief, the three specific questions are (1) Can arbitrators or arbitral tribunals decide issues involving administrative law? and (2) Is there, or should there be, any limitation on the authority of arbitrators or arbitral tribunals? (3) Moreover, after the issue of an arbitration award, what role should the State play in the judicial review phase? The first question, the issue of arbitrability, is discussed in part 1 (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). The second question will be discussed in part2 (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Finally, on the question of what happens after the arbitration award, we will discuss judicial review in part 3 (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). We compare legal systems between the four countries: in France, in Canada, in China and in Taiwan. We believe that an administrative contract, at least in its function and conception, is gradually becoming different from a private contract. Innovation with respect to administrative contracts will also reflect the concentration and function of the administrative litigation systems in each country. In addition, the “objective” or “subjective” function of administrative litigation will also affect the degree of arbitrability, as well as arbitration procedures. Taken together, arbitration will be more acceptable in systems whose function is more “subjectively oriented” than in those whose function is “objectively oriented". Finally, “the arbitration of administrative matters” traditionally has been an important question in administrative and arbitration law. In the future, we will continue to see it shine in the doctrine and jurisprudence of both the administrative and arbitration law fields
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Janse, van Rensburg Sean. "Administrative Penalties in South African Competition Law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75220.
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Competition law has been defined as the rules or provisions which aim to ensure and sustain a market where vigorous, but fair competition will result in the most efficient allocation of economic resources and production of goods and services at the lowest price. The goal, which competition law wishes to attain, is to level the playing field where both small and large firms can compete with one another, fairly and competitively, which in turn leads to a greater benefit for the consumer.
South African competition authorities consider cartels as the most egregious of all competition law contraventions because of their harmful impact upon consumers, economic development and the market. Cartel activities are formed in secret and this renders these activities more dangerous, because it is difficult for competition authorities to detect and prosecute them. In South Africa, cartels are regulated in terms of section 4(1)(b) of the Competition Act 89 of 1998, which practices are per se prohibited. Section 4(1)(b) specifically lists the following activities as cartel practices: price fixing, bid rigging and market allocation.
Administrative penalties are a common retributive and preventative tool in numerous jurisdictions, including South Africa, which are imposed on firms which participate in cartel activities. Section 59 of the Competition Act postulates that an administrative penalty may be imposed by the Tribunal on a contravening firm, should it be found that such firm has engaged in such prohibited practices.
The penalty may be determined and enforced in one of two ways, either unilaterally by the Competition Tribunal in terms of section 59 of the Competition Act, or in terms of a consent agreement concluded between the contravening firms and the Competition Commission, which agreement needs to be approved and enforced by the Tribunal in terms of Section 58 of the Competition Act.
The primary objective of the imposition of administrative penalties on cartelists is to both prevent and deter cartel behaviour. It is not a perfect system and has faced its challenges over time. The issues which the competition authorities have had with the imposition of administrative penalties relates to, inter alia, the quantification thereof, the enforcement thereof and the economic and social impact that such penalties have on the contravening firms, its employees and the consumers in general.
This dissertation will interrogate the manner in which the competition authorities have approached the imposition of administrative fines. The focus will be on fines imposed for cartel conduct as set out in section 4(1)(b) of the Competition Act. The objective is to determine whether South Africa’s approach to the imposition of administrative fines is in need of reform, and if so, to make suitable recommendations.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
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Loots, Barbara Evelyn. "Public employment and the relationship between labour and administrative law." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6683.
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Thesis (LLD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this study is the rights-based normative overlap of labour and administrative law in public employment. As the judiciary appeared to be unable to agree on a unified approach to the application of the rights to fair labour practices and just administrative action to public employment, it was clear that the complexity and multi-dimensional character of the debate required analysis of existing approaches to the regulation of the public employment relationship. The following initial research question was formulated: To what extent does (and should) the constitutionalised rights to fair labour practices (s 23) and just administrative action (s 33) simultaneously find application in the regulation of public employment relationships? In answering this question, certain realities had to be acknowledged, the most important being that the debate in question jurisprudentially revealed itself to be a jurisdictional turf-war between the Labour and High Courts, rather than proper consideration of the relevant substantive arguments and underlying normative considerations. This called for an additional dimension to be added to the research question, namely consideration of the extent to which the ss 23 and 33 rights are informed by variable and possibly different normative principles and whether these rights allow for cooperative regulation of public employment in accordance with the doctrine of interdependent fundamental rights. This became the primary focus of the study. In an attempt to simplify the debate, a deliberate decision was taken to limit the scope of the normative study to South Africa with its own historic influences, structures and constitutional considerations. The study shows that both labour and administrative law (as constitutionally informed) share concern for equity-based principles. This is evident from the flexible contextually informed perspectives of administrative law reasonableness in relation to labour law substantive fairness, as well as a shared concern for and approach to procedural fairness. Once simplified, and in the absence of any undue positive law complexity, the public employment relationship, at both a normative and theoretical level, furthermore shows no substantive status difference with private employment relationships. It is, however, accepted that there are job and sector-specific contextual differences. In the absence of substantive normative conflict between these branches of law and in the absence of a fundamental (as opposed to contextual) difference between public and private employment, there appears to be no reason to ignore the constitutional jurisprudential calls for hybridity, otherwise termed the doctrine of interdependence. The idea of normatively interdependent rights expresses the Constitution’s transformative vision (through the idea of flexible conceptual contextualism) and recognises that human rights may overlap. This also means that where such overlap exists, rights should be interpreted and applied in a mutually supportive and cooperative manner that allows for the full protection and promotion of those rights. In giving expression to the interdependent normative framework of constitutional rights, these norms (absent any substantive rights-based conflict) should then be used by the judiciary as an interpretative tool to align specific labour law and general administrative law in the regulation of public employment relationships.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie studie is die regsgebaseerde normatiewe oorvleueling van arbeids- en administratiefreg in die openbare diensverhouding. Aangesien dit blyk dat die regsbank nie kon saamstem oor ‘n eenvormige benadering tot die toepassing van die regte op billike arbeidspraktyke en regverdige administratiewe optrede op die openbare diensverhouding nie, het die kompleksiteit en multi-dimensionele karakter van die debat dit genoodsaak om bestaande benaderings tot die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding te analiseer. In die lig hiervan is die volgende aanvanklike navorsingsvraag geformuleer: Tot watter mate vind die grondwetlik neergelegde regte tot billike arbeidspraktyke (a 23) en regmatige administratiewe optrede (a 33) gelykmatig toepassing in die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding en tot watter mate hoort die regte gelykmatig toepassing te vind? In antwoord op die vraag is sekere realiteite geïdentifiseer, waarvan die belangrikste is dat die debat in die regspraak grootliks neergekom het op ‘n jurisdiksionele magstryd tussen die Arbeids- en Hooggeregshowe, eerder as werklike oorweging van die relevante substantiewe argumente en onderliggende normatiewe oorwegings. Dit het die byvoeging van ’n verdere dimensie tot die navorsingsvraag genoodsaak, naamlik oorweging van die mate waartoe die aa 23 en 33 regte deur buigsame en moontlik verskillende normatiewe beginsels beïnvloed word, en ook of hierdie regte ruimte laat vir mederegulering van die openbare diensverhouding in terme van die leerstuk van interafhanklikheid van fundamentele regte? Laasgenoemde het die primêre fokus van die studie geword. In ‘n poging om die debat te vereenvoudig, is doelbewus besluit om die strekking van die normatiewe studie te beperk tot Suid-Afrika, met eiesoortige historiese invloede, strukture en grondwetlike oorwegings. Soos die normatiewe studie ontvou het, wys die studie dat beide arbeids- en administratiefreg (soos grondwetlik beïnvloed) ‘n gemeenskaplike belang in billikheids-gebaseerde beginsels openbaar. Daar is ‘n versoenbaarheid tussen die kontekstueel beïnvloedbare en buigsame redelikheidsperspetief van die administratiefreg, soos gesien in vergelyking met substantiewe billikheid in die arbeidsreg. Voorts heg beide die arbeids- en administratiefreg ‘n gemeenskaplike waarde aan, en volg beide ‘n gemeenskaplike benadering tot, prosedurele billikheid. Terselfdertyd, en in die afwesigheid van onnodige positiefregtelike kompleksiteit, blyk daar op beide ‘n normatiewe en teoretiese vlak geen substantiewe verskil in status tussen die openbare diensverhouding en die privaat diensverhouding te wees nie. Dit word egter aanvaar dat daar wel werk- en sektor-spesifieke kontekstuele verskille bestaan. In die afwesigheid van substantiewe normatiewe konflik tussen die twee vertakkinge van die reg en in die afwesigheid van ‘n fundamentele (in vergelyking met kontekstuele) verskil tussen diensverhoudings in die openbare en privaatsektore, blyk daar geen rede te wees om die grondwetlike jurisprudensiële vereiste van hibriditeit, ook genoem die leerstuk van die interafhanklikheid van grondwetlike regte, te ignoreer nie. Die idee van normatiewe interafhanklike regte gee uitdrukking aan die Grondwet se visie van transformasie (via die idee van buigsame konsepsuele kontekstualisme) en erken dat menseregte soms oorvleuel. Dit beteken ook dat waar so ‘n oorvleueling bestaan, regte ïnterpreteer en toegepas moet word in ‘n wedersyds ondersteunende en samewerkende wyse wat voorsiening maak vir die volle beskerming en bevordering van daardie regte. Erkenning van die interafhanklike normatiewe raamwerk van grondwetlike regte hoort daartoe te lei dat die regsbank daardie norme (in die afwesigheid van regsgebaseerde konflik) as interpretasie-hulpmiddel gebruik om die spesifieke arbeidsreg met die algemene administratiefreg te versoen in die regulering van die openbare diensverhouding.
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Peter-Obot, Emmanuel. "Appeals in the military justice system a Nigerian case." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2664.
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This research attempts to measure the relationship between time and region on appeals with both criminal and civil cases in Nigeria during the period 1956 to 1965. The four regions studied include Lagos, Midwest, East and West by A.B. Kasunmu. Methodologically, this study employed the Univariate Box Jenkins Model, better known as the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average, which is primarily a Univariate Time Series Analysis and the Analysis of Variance, which is the final statistical analysis used in this study. The major findings of this study were that: (a) the number of civil appeals permitted during the military regimes was significantly lower than those permitted during the civilian regimes; (b) the number of criminal appeals permitted during the military regimes was significantly lower than those permitted during the civilian regimes; (c) there were significant regional differences in the number of civil appeals permitted by the Supreme Court during the civilian and military regimes; and (d) there were significant regional differences in the number of criminal appeals permitted by the Supreme Court during the civilian and military regimes.
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Maree, Petrus Jacobus Hermanus. "Investigating an alternative administrative-law system in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85591.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation considers the question whether there are viable alternatives to the conceptual framework within which the South African administrative-law system operates, given that the administration now functions under new constitutional demands and new approaches to administrative engagement. The intention is not to proffer concrete recommendations for such a system, but only to propose an approach by means of which questions concerning the legal regulation of the administration and administrative function may be addressed. The dissertation introduces the concept of the contextualised administrative-law system. This concept emphasises the legal relationship between the public administration and the judiciary, but is not limited to this relationship. The administrative-law system does not operate in a vacuum, though, and is informed by the conceptual framework within which the system operates. The system is also a function of its geo-political and socio-economic context. The historical development of the doctrine of separation of powers, as one aspect of the conceptual framework, is traced. Thereby the normative, dynamic and flexible nature of the doctrine is established. On this basis, the potential and value of a fourth branch, the administration, within the separation-of-powers doctrine is assessed. By implication, the administrative function would constitute a fourth, distinct function in addition to the legislative, executive and judicial functions. The concept of the administrative-law system is consequently applied to the South African context. Firstly, the development of the South African system is outlined and, secondly, the administrative-law relationship is analysed. This discussion establishes that the system is characterised by an embryonic administrative law, the equating of administrative law and judicial review, an emphasis on the rule-of-law or “red-light” approach to administrative regulation, a rhetoric of deference, and the supremacy of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Therefore, the system must be informed by the Constitution and, arguably, by Karl Klare’s project of transformative constitutionalism and Etienne Mureinik’s “culture of justification”. The content of the separation of powers is also investigated by means of an historical analysis of the considerations that rationalise the existence of an independent administrative jurisdiction in France. This entails an exposition of the Conseil d’État’s structure, organisation and dual function. Principles that describe the French system, other than the pure separation of powers, are discussed, namely, the duality of jurisdiction, the separation of administrative and judicial authorities, the separation of the administrative jurisdiction and active administration, the maxim “to judge the administration is still administering”, and the hybrid nature of administrative litigation. The legal regulation of public contracts can be regarded as a doctrinal perspective of the administrative-law system. The public contract is discussed as one form of administration, due to its conceptual ambiguity as a legal instrument on the boundary between public and private law and due to the administration’s increasing contractual activity. To an extent the contrat administratif of French law indicates that particular legal rules are an extension of the broader principles, considerations and institutional structures discussed in the preceding sections. This dissertation introduces an approach that emphasises the relationship between the administration and the judiciary as well as the conceptual framework within which the administrative-law system operates. Through the application of this approach to the South African context and to public contracting the key concepts and debates underlying an appropriate administrative-law system in South Africa are identified and investigated. This constitutes a platform for the development of a particular administrative-law system and an exposition of viable alternatives to the conceptual framework within which the system operates.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die vraag of daar lewensvatbare alternatiewe tot die konseptuele raamwerk van die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse administratiefreg-stelsel moontlik is. Dié vraag word gestel teen die agtergrond van die nuwe grondwetlike vereistes en benaderings waaraan administratiewe interaksie moet voldoen. Die bedoeling is nie om aanbevelings vir die bestaande stelsel te maak nie, maar eerder om ‘n benadering voor te stel waarin vrae oor die regulering van die administrasie en die administratiewe funksie geakkommodeer kan word. In die proses skep die proefskrif ‘n nuwe konsep: die administratiefreg-stelsel in konteks, wat die regsverhouding tussen die administrasie en die regbank beklemtoon, terwyl dit nie beperk is tot die verhouding nie. Uiteraard word die administratiefregstelsel beïnvloed deur die konseptuele raamwerk waarin dit funksioneer, terwyl dit verder ook ‘n funksie is van sy geopolitiese en sosio-ekonomiese konteks. Die historiese ontwikkeling van die skeiding van magte, een aspek van die konseptuele raamwerk, word bespreek en daardeur word die normatiewe, dinamiese en buigsame aard van die leerstuk bevestig. Hiermee word die potensiaal en waarde van ‘n vierde been, naamlik die administrasie, binne die skeiding-van-magte leerstuk oorweeg, met die implikasie dat die administratiewe funksie ‘n onafhanklike, vierde funksie vestig, benewens die wetgewende, uitvoerende en regsprekende funksies. Die konsep van die administratiefreg-stelsel word gevolglik toegepas op die Suid- Afrikaanse konteks. Eerstens word die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse stelsel uiteengesit en dan tweedens word die administratiefreg-verhouding ontleed. Hierdie bespreking bevestig dat die stelsel gekenmerk word deur ‘n onderontwikkelde administratiefreg, die gelykstelling van die administratiefreg en geregtelike hersiening, die beklemtoning van die regstaat en ‘n sogenaamde rooilig-benadering tot administratiewe regulasie, ‘n retoriek van geregtike agting, en die oppergesag van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996. Juis as gevolg hiervan moet die stelsel op die Grondwet gegrond word. Daar word ook geargumenteer dat Karl Klare se transformerende konstitusionalisme sowel as Etienne Mureinik se kultuur van regverdiging die stelsel vorm behoort te gee. Die skeiding van magte se inhoud word ook aan ‘n historiese ontleding van Franse reg onderwerp om sodoende die rasionaal agter die onafhanklike administratiewe jurisdiksie in Frankryk te verduidelik. Dit behels ‘n uiteensetting van die Conseil d’État se struktuur, interne organisering en tweeledige funksie. Die beginsels wat die Franse stelsel beskryf, bo-en-behalwe die suiwer skeiding van magte, word bespreek en dit is by name die dualiteit van jurisdiksie, die skeiding van administratiewe en regsprekende owerhede, die skeiding van die administratiewe jurisdiksie en aktiewe administrasie, die leuse wanneer die administrasie beoordeel word, word daar steeds administreer, en die gemengde aard van administratiewe regsgedinge. Die openbare kontrak word bespreek as ‘n instrument van administrasie gegewe die konseptuele dubbelsinnigheid van daardie regskonsep, wat op die grens tussen publiek- en privaatreg lê, en as gevolg van die administrasie se toenemende kontraktuele aktiwiteit. In ‘n mate dui die Franse contrat administratif daarop dat bepaalde regsreëls ‘n uitbreiding van die breër beginsels, oorwegings en institusionele strukture is, soos in die voorafgaande afdelings bespreek word. Dus stel hierdie proefskrif ‘n benadering voor wat die verhouding tussen die administrasie en die regbank, sowel as die konseptuele raamwerk waarbinne die administratiefreg-stelsel funksioneer, beklemtoon. Deur hierdie benadering toe te pas op die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en op openbare kontraktering, word die konsepte en debatte geïdentifiseer en ondersoek wat ‘n gepaste administratiefreg-stelsel onderskryf. Dit vorm ‘n basis vir die ontwikkeling van ‘n bepaalde administratiefregstelsel en die uiteensetting van lewensvatbare alternatiewe tot die konseptuele raamwerk waarbinne die stelsel funksioneer.
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MacPherson, Paula A. "Legitimate expectation and its application to administrative policy." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10895.
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Halliday, Simon. "Judicial review and administrative justice : a study of administrative decision-making in three local government homeless persons units." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366939.
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Nguyen, Van Quang. "GROUNDS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION: AN ANALYSIS OF VIETNAMESE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW." 名古屋大学法政国際教育協力研究センター(CALE), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20098.
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Daly, P. "Curial deference and standards of review in administrative law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.598255.
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Why should courts defer to administrative decision-makers? What means should courts employ to ensure that they accord the right degree of deference to administrative decision-makers? When should courts defer to administrative decision-makers? In chapters 1 and 2, I explain my reliance on legislative intent and I argue that properly considered it suggests courts should be deferential to administrative decision-makers and accord them a variable degree of curial deference. I the first instance, legislatures have delegated variable extents of power to administrators, which counsels not only judicial restraint, but variable amounts of judicial restraint. In the second instance, a proper consideration of the relevant statutory provisions may reveal reasons for the delegation of power, what I call practical justifications for curial deference: expertise, complexity, democratic legitimacy, and procedural legitimacy. These practical justifications are variable in nature and should, if contained in statutes, be taken into account by reviewing courts. The arguments based on the delegation of power and on practical justification both suggest that reviewing courts should implement a variable standard of review to give effect to legislative intent. In chapter 3, I develop such a variable standard of review, I analyse the concept of reasonableness in the context of judicial review and elaborate on its internal reason and structure, thereby establishing its legitimacy. In chapters 4 and 5, I argue that the doctrine of curial deference developed in the previous chapters should have a wide scope. I suggest that the employment of complex concepts such as ‘jurisdiction’, ‘error of law’ and ‘justiciability’ as organising principles in judicial review may frustrate legislative intent. I urge instead that reviewing courts should undertaken a general inquiry into reasonableness whenever an exercise of delegated powers is impugned, except where fundamental rights have allegedly been infringed.
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Lui, Chui-chi. "Language and law : a critical-semantic approach to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20623124.
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Bednar, Jeannine. "The extent to which review for unreasonableness is meaningfully incorporated in the promotion of Administrative Justice Act No. 3 of 2000." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/320/.
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Brits, Jacobus Strydom. "Die aard van die kurator se bevoegdhede ingevolge artikel 21 van die insolvensiewet / Jacobus Strydom Brits." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1471.
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Article 21 of the Insolvency Act states that the estate of the solvent spouse transfers to
the curator of the insolvent spouse's sequestrated estate. The solvent spouse then has the
burden to request the release of property vested in the curator of the insolvent estate. In
accordance with Article 21(2), the spouse is required to prove a lawful title on the
property. Should the spouse be able to prove a lawful title on the property, the curator is
obligated to release the property. Although the constitutionality of this temporarily
"deprivation" of the solvent spouse of her rights has already been confirmed by the
Constitutional Court; it imposes drastic limitations to his/ her rights.
The Insolvency Act does not incorporate procedural measures by means of which the
curator has to establish whether the solvent spouse has exempted his/ her from the proof
burden. In the same breath, the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice
Act warrant that "everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful.
reasonable and procedurally fair." If the curator's actions, in accordance with Article 21.
conform to the administrative procedures as set out in the Promotion of Administrative
Justice Act, the spouse shall be entitled to administrative actions which are procedurally
fair as concluded within the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act. The conclusion is
proof that the actions of the curator, in accordance with Article 21 of the Insolvency Act,
is indeed administrative by nature and that the solvent spouse has the right to
administrative actions which is procedurally fair as prescribed in the Promotion of
Administrative Justice Act, as well as the right to reasons for not being granted the
release of property.Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Watkins, Kenneth L. "Hunger, homelessness, poverty, and unemployment effects on crime: A study of twenty-five American cities." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/991.
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This thesis measured the effects of four economic independent variables (hunger, homelessness, poverty, and unemployment) on crime index reported to the police in twenty-five selected American cities. The eight dependent variables that were used in this study are murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehi cle theft, and arson.
Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression analyses were used to test four hypotheses. Both of these analyses were found not to be significantly related to the overall crime index rates. However, they were found to be signifi cantly related to individual index crime category rates.
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Thomson, Stephen. "The constitutional basis of judicial review in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25785.
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The thesis examines the constitutional position of the Court of Session's supervisory jurisdiction. It begins by emphasising the methodological and substantive importance of the historicality and traditionality of law. It then provides a detailed historical account of the emergence of the Court's supervisory jurisdiction, from its inheritance of supervisory functions from emanations of the King's Council to the present-day law of judicial review. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the Court's strong sense of self-orientation in the wider legal and constitutional order, and the extent to which it defined its own supervisory jurisdiction. The court was a powerful constitutional actor and played a strong role in the increasing centralisation and systematisation of the legal order, expanding its supervisory purview through a powerful triumvirate of remedies (advocation, suspension and reduction) and a comprehensive approach to the supervision of a wide range of bodies. The thesis then frames tensions between Parliament and the Court in the context of judicial review of ouster clauses, chosen as a point of heightened inter-institutional tension. This is demonstrated to be an area in which divergent visions of the constitution are evident – Parliament regarding itself as entitled to oust the jurisdiction of the Court to judicially review, and the Court regarding itself as entitled to examine and pronounce on the extent of ouster, including its limitation or exclusion. In attempting to conciliate these divergent constitutional worldviews, the thesis rejects a “last word” approach which prevails in the English judicial review literature. It considers (and rejects), as alternatives, dialogue theories and functional departmentalism. The thesis then advances constitutional narratology as its preferred analytical framework for the accommodation of those inter-institutional tensions, and conciliation of their divergent worldviews. The Court's performance of a constitutional-narratological function facilitates the integration, conciliation and synthesis of legal norms with an existing law and legal system; weaves and coagulates multifarious legal norms into a unified and univocal body of norms; and executes a chronicling, expository and explanatory storytelling function which sets a legally-authoritative narrative to the law. In doing so, the Court performs a distinctive and indispensable constitutional function incapable of fulfilment by Parliament. It is argued that traditionality and functional necessity provide the legal-systemic legitimation for the Court's performance of the constitutional-narratological function. Finally, the thesis considers the institutional specificity of the function, concluding that it is the function, rather than the institution, that is indispensable. However, neither the advent of the Upper Tribunal nor the U.K. Supreme Court suggest at this stage that the Court's performance of that function is waning.
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K, Nilsson Annika. "Enforcing Environmental Responsibilities : A Comparative Study of Environmental Administrative Law." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151797.
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This thesis is about the distrubution of responsibilities in the environmental law enforcement procedure, between the state and the individual environmental actor. The state and its public authorities have a fundamental environmental responsibility. This responsibility is nevertheless shared with the actors. Actor responsibilities include taking sufficient precautionary measures, and controling the own activities. This also covers responsibilities for knowledge and investigation, which are in focus in the thesis analysis. Such responsibilities are enforced by administrative authorities. Enforcement, however, also entails exercise of public power against the individual, and thus warrants proper procedure and safeguards of legal certainty. Such procedural responsibilities include ensuring decision making materials to support their exercise of authority. It also means that the authority has formulate clearly to the actor what their legal duties are, and what they need to do to avoid further enforcement. These administrative duties may entail the authority taking over the actor's information responsibilities under environmental law. Enforcement of actor responsibilities thus becomes inconsistent, or even contraproductive. This thesis comprises analysis of the meeting of environmental and administrative law in the enforcement situation. The analysis is focused on balancing effective implementation and enforcement of policy aims, and the safeguards of the individual's rights and freedoms. The aims is to find ways to coordingate instead of prioritising these objectives. The research is based on a comparative study and analysis of the enforcement systems of Sweden, the United Kingdom (England and Wales), and the Netherlands. The importance of distinguising between the different purposes and aims of the responsibilities is argued. Actor responsibilities for precaution and information should be recognised also in the enforcement procedure. A communicative enforcement procedure, and more purposive assessment of the proper distribution of responsibilities in the individual case may provide both effective enforcement and legal certainty.ENFORCE
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Mata-Garcia, Cesar R. "Applying principles of administrative law to investor-state treaty arbitrations." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3f5ed805-4065-449a-b0dd-5a3977eba8ed.
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The aim of this research is to assess an emerging public-law concern: the review of the administrative actions of a host state in investment arbitration. This research examines the extent to which the principles of domestic administrative law can be used as a legal reference for investment arbitrators to address and resolve the legal issues presented in regulatory disputes that are resolved by means of investor-state treaty arbitrations (ISTAs). In arriving at an answer to this particular question, two factors are considered: (i) the use of administrative law principles as a part of the unitised nature of the law that governs the ‘state of law’ of any democratic society; and (ii) the current crisis of legitimacy that the investor-state treaty arbitration system is facing.The thesis begins with a comparative analysis of the French and British administrative legal systems as representatives of the two most important legal traditions of the Western world (civil law and common law, respectively). This comparison identifies the common institutions and principles that are domestically used by host states to determine the legal and regulatory relationship between private actors and their public administrations (i.e., the state). It continues with conceptual and critical assessments of international investment treaties (IITs) and ISTAs, respectively, and identifies and analyzes the legal principles that have been developed in the international arena and have been used to settle international (regulatory) disputes between host states and private investors/actors. Additionally, this thesis continues with an arbitral practice review to identify the factual statements that arbitral tribunals have included in their arbitral awards and which can be framed within the scope of the main principles of administrative law previously identified. This is achieved by taking into consideration one of the main features of the current investor-state arbitration system which is the use of this mechanism to settle regulatory disputes at an international level. This latter feature is considered to be (i) analogous to domestic administrative adjudication that provides (ii) legal mechanisms to resolve regulatory disputes between host states and private individuals when (iii) the public authority of the host state is compromised. Finally, this thesis reflects upon the current investor-state arbitration system and identifies the current political, international and academic concerns that are affecting the legitimacy of this arbitral system.Given the analogy between the public law functions of the ISTA mechanism and the domestic administrative review mechanisms, both parallel levels of state regulatory review have been designed to protect private individuals from the unlawful or arbitrary conduct of the (host) state. The investment arbitration system has been designed as a temporary forum to provide private individuals with a special tool to challenge the domestic rights and privileges of the host state at the international level. This particular point shows, amongst other aspects, that investment arbitrators are arbitrators of law rather than arbitrators of equity since they are mainly required to assess the domestic regulation of the host state in accordance with the international standards of treatment contained in an IIT and in accordance with the applicable law chosen by the IIT’s contracting parties in order to determine the state’s international responsibility.This study finds that neither Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) nor the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCINTRAL) impedes or prevents investment arbitrators from applying some principles of domestic (administrative) law to ISTAs when domestic regulatory issues are at stake. A guideline as to what domestic (administrative) law principles should be applied to international regulatory investor-state disputes in conjunction with some international investment obligations has not been adequately studied in international law. Hence, the application of these principles to international regulatory disputes has been left to the discretion of investment arbitrators.Finally, due to the current concerns and questions surrounding the current arbitral system, it could be affirmed that now is the right time to initiate the practice of referring to these domestic (administrative) law principles in international regulatory disputes. Conversely, the reluctance of investment arbitrators to refer to this particular source of law can be regarded, in the long-term, as a contribution to the current crisis of legitimacy that the international investment arbitration system is facing.
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McRae, Lajeunesse Virginia. "Section 7 of the Charter and administrative procedures: A renewed demand for uniformity?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7484.
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Manetta, Nicholas Anthony. "The implication of the principle audi alteram partem in administrative law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386207.
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Beaudet, Christopher J. "The diocesan bishop's non-penal administrative discipline of pastors who harm ecclesiastical communion." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Ribeiro, Bruno Salles Pereira. "Análise crítica do direito penal secundário: investigação sobre a proposta de divisão do direito penal, à luz da dogmática e da política criminal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-09122013-113509/.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a análise da proposta de divisão do sistema jurídico-penal, com a criação de um direito penal secundário de características próprias, marcado pela não recorrência à pena privativa de liberdade e pelo estabelecimento de critérios materiais de seleção de condutas ilícitas. Para atingir mencionado desiderato foi feita uma análise das principais teorias que levaram ao direito penal secundário, a saber, direito penal de polícia, direito penal administrativo e direito penal de ordem. Também foi feito um estudo da evolução do tratamento do tema nos ordenamentos jurídicos alemão, português, espanhol e brasileiro, com enfoque nos critérios de alocação dos ilícitos entre os âmbitos de intervenção punitiva. Por fim, foram analisadas construções semelhantes às do direito penal secundário, procurando apontar suas semelhanças e diferenças. Após as conclusões sobre a construção teórica do direito penal secundário, pudemos nos direcionar para a proposição de uma remodelagem sistêmica dos mecanismos de intervenção punitiva do Estado, propondo, ao final, a partir da premissa central da necessidade de adoção de um direito punitivo geral, critérios materiais de alocação dos ilícitos entre os sistemas de intervenção punitiva do Estado, com base na estrutura da categoria da dignidade penal.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the proposal to divide criminal legal system, with the creation of a secondary criminal law system with particular traits, characterized by the absence of recourse to imprisonment and the establishment of material criteria for the selection of misconducts. In order to reach its main purpose, analysis of the main theories leading to secondary criminal law, namely the police criminal law, the administrative criminal law and the order criminal law, was conducted. In addition, a study on the evolution of the treatment of the subject at the German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Brazilian legal systems was performed, focusing on the criteria for the allocation of the misconducts among the spheres of punitive intervention. Lastly, similar constructions to the secondary criminal law were analyzed, in order to highlight their similarities and differences. Following the conclusions on the theoretical structuring of secondary criminal law, a systemic reshaping of punitive intervention mechanism was proposed, in a manner that, at last, considering the central premise of the need to adopt a general punitive law, the establishment of material criteria for sorting the misconducts among the punitive intervention systems, relying on the criminal legitimacy category.
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Mehta, Dhvani. "The environmental rule of law in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:730202ce-f2c4-4d2f-9575-938a728fe82a.
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This thesis offers a new conceptual framework - the environmental rule of law - to describe weaknesses in the development of Indian environmental law, and uses this description to critique the dominant discourse on environmental institutional reform. A secondary framework-fragmentation is also used to supplement the analysis of Indian environmental law. Part I develops the conceptual framework of the environmental rule of law by considering the special challenges that the inherent polycentric and interdisciplinary nature of environmental law present for commonly understood rule of law values such as clarity, certainty and consistency. It also relies on Jeremy Waldron's conception of articulated governance to demonstrate that the rule of law is linked to the principle of separation of powers. This conception lays emphasis on the role of the three institutions of government - the legislature, the executive and the judiciary - in strengthening or weakening the rule of law. To determine institutional contribution to the rule of law, I develop three broad indicators to assess the legal quality of the instruments of each of these institutions of government. These indicators are: a) capacity of statutes to guide executive and judicial behaviour by goal-setting and balancing competing interests; b) the ability of the executive to make flexible yet reasoned decisions grounded in primary legislation; and c) the use of statutory interpretation and consistent standards of judicial review by the courts as they give effect to environmental rights and principles. Through the use of case studies in Part II that span environmental impact assessment, forest conservation, and indigenous rights, I demonstrate that the lack of adherence to these indicators produces a body of environmental law that is fragmented i.e. one characterised by multiple overlapping yet self-contained legal regimes with conflicting provisions and the absence of unifying norms. In Part III, I use this understanding of fragmentation to critically analyse environmental legal and institutional reform proposals. I show that existing proposals address only the structure, rather than the process of functioning of the institutions of government. The rule of law framework that I develop also has potential for application to other areas of the law.
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Rached, Danielle Hanna. "The international law of climate change and accountability." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28696.
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In the past few decades, accountability has become a key concept to assess the role and place of a wide range of trasnational institutions. Such trend can be partially explained by the widespread sense of unaccountability that permeates the legal realm beyond the state. The aim of this thesis is to investigate three particular institutional actors of the Climate Change Regime: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol (CCKP), and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This investigation is carried out through the descriptive and critical lenses of accountability. It resorts to the Global Administrative Law (GAL) project in order to pursue that task. Along the way, the thesis asks four interrelated research questions. The first is conceptual: what is accountability? The second is an abstract normative question: what is regarded as a desirable accountability relationship at the national and the global level? The third is purely descriptive: how accountable are the three institutions? The fourth, finally, is a contextualised normative question: how appropriate are their three accountability arrangements? The two former questions are instrumental and ancillary to the two latter. That is to say, they respectively provide the analytical and evaluative frameworks on the basis of which a concrete description and a concrete normative assessment will be done.
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Nowag, Julian. "Competition law, state aid law and free-movement law : the case of the environmental integration obligation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b14c7740-cac8-4084-acf8-86ff9c053e6c.
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This thesis investigates competition law, State aid law and free-movement law in their interaction with Article 11 TFEU’s obligation to integrate environmental protection requirements into all activities and policies of the Union. The Article is formulated in broad and sweeping terms which makes integrating environmental protection requirements complex and context-dependent. The challenge of integrating environmental considerations is further increased as such integration in competition, State aid and free- movement law is different from other areas of EU action. The three areas are the core provisions protecting the internal market by prohibiting certain actions of the Member States and undertakings. Unlike in other areas, the EU is therefore not in the position to develop or design the actions but has to scrutinise the measure according to pre-established parameters. To address this challenge, a novel functional approach to environmental integration is developed. The approach should facilitate a better understanding of environmental integration and in particular its application to competition law, State aid and free-movement law. An important element of this thesis equally the comparison between the three areas of law. It sheds light on conceptual issues that are not only relevant to the integration of environmental protection. The comparison advances the understanding in relation to questions such as how restrictions are defined and how the respective balancing tests are applied. The contribution of this research is therefore twofold. One the one hand, it compares how the different tests in competition, State aid and free-movement law operate, thereby offering opportunities for cross-fertilisation. On the other hand, this comparison and the improvements suggested as a result help to conceptualise environmental integration thereby paving the way for a more transparent and consistent integration of environmental protection in competition, State aid and free-movement law.
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Tuya, John Mayani. "Unlocking the revolutionary potential of Kenya's constitutional right to fair administrative action." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28151.
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One of the remarkable features of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 is its explicit recognition in Article 47 of the right to fair administrative action as a fundamental right in the bill of rights and the replacement of parliamentary sovereignty with constitutional supremacy. These aspects of the 2010 Constitution sought to effect broad revolutionary changes to Kenya's administrative justice jurisprudence, which was previously premised in large part on the common law. The constitutional right to fair administrative action has been further elaborated in the Fair Administrative Action Act, 2015 (FAAA), which gives content to the grounds for judicial review and outlines the relevant procedure. But despite this, Kenyan courts have in most cases failed to give meaningful effect to the revolutionary potential of Article 47. In such cases, courts often revert to the limited and outmoded options under the common law, thereby disregarding the broader and more flexible pathways to judicial review of administrative action available under the 2010 Constitution. The main question to be addressed is: whether the revolutionary potential of Article 47 of the 2010 Constitution has been realized in Kenyan law and practice; and if so, how does Kenya's administrative law jurisprudence compare with that in Malawi and South Africa, comparable jurisdictions where the right to administrative justice has similarly been constitutionalized. The central argument to be made in this study is that considerable scope exists for unlocking the revolutionary potential of Article 47 by way of: i) clarifying the meaning of 'administrative action' and the new grounds for judicial review; ii) elaborating how common law-based judicial review relates with Article 47 and provisions of FAAA; and iii) articulating the horizontal effect of Article 47. Using a comparative law approach, the case is made that much can be gained by examining the best practices from jurisdictions, like South Africa, with more progressive jurisprudence that can be adopted in those, like Kenya and Malawi, which still experience problems in giving meaningful effect to the right to fair administrative action.
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Parthasarathy, Padmapriya. ""The father, and after him, the mother" : gender in judicial reasoning in Hindu custody law." Thesis, University of Kent, 2018. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68771/.
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This thesis problematises the treatment of gender in judicial reasoning in the cases decided under Hindu custody law in Indian courts. India has several religious personal laws to regulate the lives of its citizens. Of these, Hindu law governs the personal lives of about 800 million people in India and forms the largest set of personal laws. It is largely based on Common Law Principles, due to colonial influence at the time of its codification. However, there has been limited research on case law in this area of law, especially in terms of analysing gender in these judgments. This thesis takes a set of cases not previously analysed, problematises how judges approach gender in them, and thereby contributes to Indian legal feminist and religious personal law literature. The site of this research is a set of custody cases decided under the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. In the first part of the thesis, the underlying premises of judicial reasoning in the cases are studied. The analysis of the cases draws out disparity of treatment of gender in these cases, as well as underlying normative assumptions about gender roles in judicial reasoning. Further, the thesis demonstrates how the middle-class Hindu woman is constructed as a privileged but subordinate person or "Elite Dependent" in judicial reasoning. The analysis challenges the claim that these cases are decided in line with Constitutional ideals. The central argument developed from the cases is that judicial reasoning is based on normative ideas of gender and the judges do little to rectify gender inequities. The second part of the thesis examines the possible impact of judicial reasoning in the cases under study on the formulation of a new Uniform Civil Code to replace religious personal laws in India. The key argument in this part of the thesis is that the Hindu code should not be used as a blueprint for this Uniform Civil Code, as the gendered nature of judicial reasoning raises important concerns on the egalitarian nature of the Hindu Code. Using both the parts, this thesis verifies and expands the hypothesis proposed by Indian legal feminists that religious personal law in India is gendered. This thesis contributes to Indian legal feminist scholarship on religious personal laws in general and to the specific debates in India. The analysis of case law as well as the formulation of the category of Elite Dependent are its unique contributions to furthering this body of literature.
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Cosens, Barbara A., Robin K. Craig, Shana Lee Hirsch, Craig Anthony (Tony) Arnold, Melinda H. Benson, Daniel A. DeCaro, Ahjond S. Garmestani, Hannah Gosnell, J. B. Ruhl, and Edella Schlager. "The role of law in adaptive governance." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623958.
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The term "governance" encompasses both governmental and nongovernmental participation in collective choice and action. Law dictates the structure, boundaries, rules, and processes within which governmental action takes place, and in doing so becomes one of the focal points for analysis of barriers to adaptation as the effects of climate change are felt. Adaptive governance must therefore contemplate a level of flexibility and evolution in governmental action beyond that currently found in the heavily administrative governments of many democracies. Nevertheless, over time, law itself has proven highly adaptive in western systems of government, evolving to address and even facilitate the emergence of new social norms (such as the rights of women and minorities) or to provide remedies for emerging problems (such as pollution). Thus, there is no question that law can adapt, evolve, and be reformed to make room for adaptive governance. In doing this, not only may barriers be removed, but law may be adjusted to facilitate adaptive governance and to aid in institutionalizing new and emerging approaches to governance. The key is to do so in a way that also enhances legitimacy, accountability, and justice, or else such reforms will never be adopted by democratic societies, or if adopted, will destabilize those societies. By identifying those aspects of the frameworks for adaptive governance reviewed in the introduction to this special feature relevant to the legal system, we present guidelines for evaluating the role of law in environmental governance to identify the ways in which law can be used, adapted, and reformed to facilitate adaptive governance and to do so in a way that enhances the legitimacy of governmental action.
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Nwabuikwu, Christian. "Genetic Identity:National DNA Database : A Communitarian Approach to Criminals' Identification." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6815.
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Abstract
Every new scientific or technological development is often met with reactions, some positive and some negative .Same is true for the advent of any new technological innovations that could be a replacement or new applications of an older one. The advent of DNA Database and the move for its continuous expansion attracts not only Champions but Critics as well .Although the Forensic application of the currently developing DNA profiling for criminals’ identification (DNA Data base), has been accepted as a worthy technological advancement in crime detection, there has not been a unanimous acceptance on its possible expansion to include the entire population (National DNA Database) .The controversy is partly because of the social values which the NDNAD seems to undermine and partly because the NDNAD ,is never a ‘child of legislation’ , in that there is no specific ‘National DNA database Act’ which established the database, and defined what details may be stored in it or how it may be used. Instead, the database was created as a result of The Criminal Justice and Police Order Act 1994, which, though amendment of the Police and Criminal evidence Act 1984 established the condition would allow the database to be created .
It is a debate basically on public utility vs private goods. Though the controversy rages, the insistence on NDNAD establishment is solidly backed up by the expectation that the endeavour will give a wealth of information that will be very vital to the society for criminals’ detections and social control. This work based on the communitarian usefulness of the programme, demonstrates that the wealth of social benefits accompanying the NDNAD programme, outweighs the hypothetical fears of having the programme initiated. I argued for the priority of the common well being over the individual good.
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Obadina, Derek Adetokunboh. "Impact of judicial review on local authority decision-making processes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244814.
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Taratoot, Cole Donovan. "Administrative Law Judge Decision Making in a Political Environment, 1991 - 2007." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_diss/5.
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Unelected bureaucrats make a broad range of important policy decisions raising concerns of accountability in a democratic society. Many classics in the literature highlight the need to understand agency decisions at stages prior to the final vote by agency appointees, but few studies of the bureaucracy do so. To this point, scholars have treated the issue of shirking as one where laziness and inefficiency are the driving forces. However, it is more realistic to expect that shirking comes in the form of ideological resistance by administrators. I develop a theory that the independence afforded to the bureaucracy is functionally comparable to that of the judiciary, allowing for the insertion of individual attitudinal preferences by bureaucrats. Drawing from the attitudinal model of judicial research, I look at whether attitudes affect the decision making of administrative law judges at the National Labor Relations Board, the influence administrative law judge decisions have on reviewing bodies, and whether attitudinal decision making can be controlled by external political and legal actors. Results demonstrate that Democratic judges are more likely than Republican judges to rule for labor in unfair labor practice cases, administrative law judge decisions provide the basis for subsequent decisions of reviewing bodies, and that few political and legal controls exist over this set of bureaucrats. This research provides evidence that lower level bureaucrats make decisions based on their own political preferences and that these preferences have far ranging consequences for policy and law.
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Wright, Kathryn. "Interactions between courts and administrative authorities in EU competition law enforcement." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/42353/.
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The EU competition law reforms of 2004 decentralised enforcement from the European Commission to national competition authorities and national courts, while the European Commission remains central to the system. This thesis responds to a need for research into how institutions interact in this system of concurrent competences to effectively enforce the EU competition rules. It explores the constitutional consequences of the methods for ensuring coherent interpretation and effective application of the EU competition rules, through case studies on the interaction between courts and administrative authorities and between the supranational and national levels. With a focus on the role of courts, the thesis draws on the EU principle of institutional balance and the concept of interpretative pluralism. It finds that while apparently empowering (national) courts, the post‐2004 regime still limits the ambit of judicial competence in favour of administrative bodies. The European Commission can influence interpretation of the competition rules in national court proceedings as well as in the European Competition Network of competition authorities, in which the Court of Justice of the European Union has in effect handed over responsibility. In an extension of national courts’ obligation not to rule counter to a European Commission decision, forthcoming legislation proposes they should be bound by national competition authority decisions. The thesis argues that there should be more emphasis on horizontal relationships between courts, led by judges themselves. This would not only lend itself to coherent – and effective – application of competition law, but would allow courts to push back against the apparent dominance of administrative authorities in this area.
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León, Pinedo Silvia. "Locus Standi in the Law of Administrative Process in Tax Matters." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118567.
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The article begins by recognizing that the Administrative Process in Peru is full jurisdiction, protects the legal situations in addition to control the legality of the administrative acts. Then the author examines the Tax Administration, specifically if SUNAT has active legitimacy to sue in a Contentious Administrative Process against the decision issued by the Tax Court that revoked or annulled their administrative acts, concluding that it does not have legitimacy but, exceptionally, according to article 157 of the Tax Code, can sue when SUNAT demonstrates that RTFs are not according to the parameters of article 10 of the General Administrative Procedure Act, confirming that the causal most used by SUNAT are those of the numeral 1 and 2, referred to the resolutions which cause serious disability vice, which, according to the author, is not the same as a different interpretative approach. Finally, the author concludes that for tax issues does not apply the second paragraph of Article 13 of the Law on Administrative Process; apply the article 157 of the Tax Code, as the special rule.El presente artículo parte por reconocer que el proceso contencioso administrativo en el Perú es de plena jurisdicción, esto es, que protege las situaciones jurídicas de los administrados además de la legalidad del acto administrativo.Así, se lleva a cabo un análisis sobre la legitimidad activa de la Administración Tributaria, específicamente la SUNAT, para interponer una demanda contencioso administrativa contra la Resolución emitida por el Tribunal Fiscal (RTF) que revocó o anuló su acto administrativo concluyendo que no la tiene pero que, excepcionalmente, de acuerdo al artículo 157° del Código Tributario, podría demandar cuando demuestre fehacientemente que la RTF es nula de acuerdo a los parámetros del artículo 10° de la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General (LPAG), constatándose que las causales más utilizadas por la SUNAT son las del numeral 1 y 2 de dicha norma, referidas a aquellas resoluciones que tengan un vicio grave de invalidez, lo que, según la autora, no es lo mismo que un distinto criterio interpretativo. Por último, se señala que en relación a los temas tributarios no resulta aplicable el segundo párrafo del artículo 13º de la Ley del Proceso Contencioso Administrativo si no el referido artículo 157° del Código Tributario, al ser la norma especial.
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Vergara, Blanco Alejandro. "Administrative Law and legal method. The role of the legal doctrine." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107340.
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Legal education is not a subject of much discussion; however, it is a fundamental matter in the formation of lawyers, and because of that, it is important for students and teachers. In the present article, the author concentrates on the instruction of Administrative Law, focusing on the role of the legal doctrine in this regard and concluding that the form and method of Administrative Law must be specific for this discipline.La enseñanza del Derecho es un tema sobre el cual no se debate mucho; sin embargo, es un asunto fundamental en la formación del abogado, por lo que es de importancia para alumnos y profesores. En el presente artículo, el autor se centra en la instrucción del Derecho Administrativo, enfocándose en el rol que tiene en ello la Doctrina y concluyendo que la forma y el método del Derecho Administrativo deben ser propios de esa disciplina.
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Faltas, Iberkis. "Effect of Administrative Practices on Law Enforcement Officers' Emotional Intelligence Performance." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5701.
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Between 2001 and 2017, the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) received 295,616 allegations of police misconduct involving New York Police Department (NYPD) officers' use of force, abuse of authority, discourtesy, and offensive language (FADO). The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of administrative disciplinary actions on officers' emotional intelligence and performance in relation to citizen complaints of police misconduct. The central research question addressed how administrative practices influence law enforcement officers' behavior in relation to emotional intelligence-based performance. The theoretical construct for this study is based on the emotional intelligence theories of Bar-On, Goleman, and Mayer, DiPaolo and Salovey which suggest that individuals, including police officers, are responsible for their emotional intelligence and conduct. A qualitative analysis of citizen allegations of police misconduct of the NYPD was conducted using documents from the CCRB and Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD. Each complaint was evaluated using a thematic-based analysis. The findings suggested that the NYPD's low disciplinary rate might have influenced FADO behavior, revealing patterns and practices of racial, ethnic, and social stereotyping, and a lack of compliance with department policies. Recommendations include officer and administrator training on emotional intelligence practices and restructuring department policy processes which can lead to positive social change by helping law enforcement agencies engender trust with their communities and eliminate patterns and practices related to social bias, profiling, and racial stereotyping.
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Voultsos, Leon. "Fairness of a dismissal from a contractural and administrative law perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1288.
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Section 157 of the LRA provides for the nature and extent of the Labour Courts jurisdiction. This provision has been subjected to extensive interpretation by the Judiciary and the various interpretations of the courts have not been entirely consistent. Specific mention is made of the relevance and applicability of section 157(1) and (2) of the LRA regarding the overlap between administrative law and contractual law into labour law. Reference will be made to case law specifically dealing with cases concerning the jurisdiction of the civil courts and labour courts where cases concerning employment and labour matters were brought either in terms of the PAJA or on the basis of contract law. The question arose whether matters which appear to be quintessential labour matters but simultaneously also capable of being entertained on the basis of the PAJA or in terms of contract law are matters which, generally, in terms of section 157(1) of the LRA fall within the exclusive preserve of the Labour Court or, in terms of section 157(2) of the LRA, fall within the concurrent jurisdiction of the High Court and the Labour Court. The discussion which follows will also include reference to the current legal position pertaining to the prohibition of public sector employees from pressing their claims relating to employment or labour matters in the civil courts on the basis of the PAJA as decided in the Chirwa v Transnet Ltd (2008) 2 BLLR 97 (CC) and; the impact thereof on employees pressing claims pertaining to employment and labour matters in the civil courts on the basis of contract law. In addition the similarity of considerations which are common to both administrative law and contract law regarding the “overlap” of each into labour law will be considered and discussed. In the light of the discussion which follows agreement will be expressed with certain decisions of the High Court and the SCA where civil courts were held to retain jurisdiction to entertain common law contractual claims concerning labour and iv employment matters as opposed to restricting all employment and labour matters to the forums established under the LRA and to claims and remedies which are provided for by the LRA.
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Śniosek, Jarosław. "Hierarchical recourse a remedy for injuries suffered from administrative acts /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p029-0693.
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Fletcher, John. "The courts cut out : administrative law and detention without trial in South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385372.
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Alrashidi, Razq. "Saudi administrative contracts and arbitrability." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25786.
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This thesis aims to provide a critical appraisal of the validity and enforcement of arbitration agreements and clauses in the context of administrative contracts. The proposed thesis will consider the potential impacts of Shariah on arbitration proceedings initiated in Saudi Arabia, with particular attention focused on the requirements of the applicable procedural and substantive laws. Drawing on the administrative systems of France and Egypt, this thesis will consider how other civil law systems have balanced the rights of private parties with the unilateral authority of public administration, and the extent to which these systems have recognised the rights of private parties to resolve disputes through the mechanisms of arbitration.
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Ahmed, Zainab. "The entitlement of females under Section 14 of the [Indian] Hindu Succession Act, 1956." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360264.
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Hugo, Robyn Elizabeth. "Administrative penalties as a tool for resolving South Africa’s environmental compliance and enforcement woes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12859.
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Includes bibliographical references.South Africa’s environmental resources are in serious decline, despite the constitutional environmental right, and multiple environmental protection laws. A predominant reason for this is that the criminal sanction is the default method of environmental enforcement. Even if prosecutors succeed in proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt, the fines imposed are too low to deter environmental violations. This dissertation proposes the introduction of an administrative penalty system into SA environmental law, as this system has had positive compliance impacts in numerous jurisdictions. Administrative penalties in the Netherlands and United Kingdom (the roots of SA’s civil and common law systems, respectively) are evaluated to identify best practices for administrative penalties. In SA’s environmental regime, there is an ‘administrative fine’ contained in section 24G of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998. This is not a true administrative penalty, nor does it comply with the recommended best practices. Section 24G should either be deleted or substantially improved to meet its obligation of protecting the environment. Given the significant potential of administrative penalties to improve environmental compliance and enforcement, practical suggestions are made regarding their introduction into SA environmental law as a means to halt the current widespread non-compliance with environmental legislation.
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Künnecke, Martina. "Towards similar standards of judicial protection against administrative action in England and Germany? : a comparison of judicial review of administrative action and the liability of public authorities under the influence of European laws." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8314.
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This comparison has shown that the traditionally divergent positions, which are taken in the control of administrative action in England and Germany, display some common ground in very general terms on which decisions are being taken. The formulation of these general observations is valuable in the preparation of a transnational approximation of judicial review mechanism for the establishment of comparable levels of judicial protection in Europe. These results may be useful for future developments of a common system of judicial review across Europe, even though these results may only represent two pieces in the jigsaw. The comparison has also identified major differences and assessed the reasons for the diverging developments in a historical perspective. The identification of these differences is equally important because of the need to find compromises between divergent systems. Secondly, the thesis was concerned with an analysis of the degree of Europeanisation of the national judicial review systems and the concept of public liability as it is currently emerging. Here, some changes can be noted in both legal systems, which have led to a slow convergence of the systems. The changes in England are marked by an increasing openness for more transparency in the decision-making and the development of a more rights based culture. The substantive review of administrative decision through the application of sharper tools such as proportionality and substantive legitimate expectation mark a new era. Germany, on the other hand displays very high standards of review. The changes in Germany which were provoked mainly by case law of the European Court of Justice indicate the need to reduce the standard of review in some areas, such as the protection of substantive legitimate expectation in the context of the recovery of, state aid. The neglect of procedural protection which is illustrated by generous provisions which allow the in-trial curing of procedural effects displays an approach in Germany which is very focused on the substantive correctness of decisions. This attitude might, in the future lead to controversies in the context of European laws. Nevertheless, limitations to a convergence are inherently set by each national systems constitutional framework. The reasons for the different developments of both legal systems in the nineteenth and early twentieth century can not be ignored and will remain to an extent to preserve the national character of both systems. The variety of results, which have been identified in the four main chapters of this thesis were concerned with issues dealing with the institutional aspects as well as systematic aspects of judicial review and public liability in England and Germany. However, the nature of this comparison required the analysis of institutional contexts as well of the substantive and procedural judicial review mechanisms. The questions asked were concerned with identification of common principles and differences in a historical context, the degree of Europeanisation, which has led to an approximation of nationally divergent positions and the limitations, which are provided by each system's constitutional framework in which judicial review operates. The comparison focused on the development of a system of judicial review of administrative action in a historical perspective, the judicial control of the exercise of discretionary powers, fair procedures and their judicial review and the liability of public authorities in tort.
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Dotson, Brandon. "Administration and law in the Tibetan Empire : the Section on Law and State and its Old Tibetan antecedents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7b9a8728-595f-43f7-af32-dd41a8541a1a.
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The present study consists of a full translation and analysis of the three main versions of the Section on Law and State, a chapter on Tibetan imperial law and administration found in the mid-16th century Mkhas pa'i dga' ston by Dpa'-bo Gtsuglag Phreng-ba, and in the Rgya bod kyi chos 'byung rgyas pa of Mkhas-pa Lde'u and the Chos 'byung chen po bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan of Lde'u Jo-sras, which both date to the mid to late-13th century. While the post-dynastic Tibetan historical tradition attributes this entire body of legal and administrative reforms to Emperor Srong-btsan Sgam-po (c.605-649), the individual legal and administrative catalogues contained in the Section on Law and State, when subjected to close analysis, can be dated to several different periods. The principal aim of this analysis is to underline the early Tibetan antecedents for the catalogues contained in the Section on Law and State. By relating the catalogues of the Section on Law and State to Old Tibetan sources, this analysis describes in detail the legal and administrative practices of the Tibetan Empire (c.600-c.850). Among the topics covered by this analysis are historical geography and the 'nationalisation' of clan territory, social stratification, technological innovation and legal culture. The Section on Law and State is not limited solely to law and administration, however, and also offers insights regarding cultural institutions such as religious practices and Tibetan funerary culture. Taken together, the scattered and fragmentary catalogues that make up the Section on Law and State, many of which ultimately derive from manuals and official records from the imperial period, constitute a rare juridical corpus of the Tibetan Empire. As such, it furnishes important and detailed information about the legal and administrative culture of the Tibetan Empire, and constitutes a fundamental source for Tibetan social history. The preservation of such documents within Tibet's postdynastic religious histories underlines the persistence of Tibetan political theory, according to which divine rulers, Buddhist or otherwise, must govern according to the just traditions of their forebears.
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Ljungman, Gustafsson Clara. "Polismyndighetens föreläggandebeslut om bristande tillsyn av hund och rättssäkerhetsaspekter." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Akademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-15757.
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Under handläggning av ett ärende i form av myndighetsutövning kan beslut komma att fattas vilka den enskilde måste rätta sig efter. Avgöranden och beslutsprocessen inom förvaltningsrätten ska präglas av ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv för att skapa legitimitet. Det är också något som domstolen ska beakta vid en granskning av beslut från myndigheter. Polismyndigheten utreder ärenden, med stöd av till innehållet skiftande förvaltningsrättslig lagstiftning, som till exempel lagen om tillsyn över hund och katt. Lagen syftar till att skydda allmänheten mot hundar som är under bristande tillsyn. Uppsatsen fokuserar på att redogöra för rättssäkerhet och kartlägga polismyndighetens beslutsprocess med stöd av FL. Tillsynslagen utrönas för att klargöra vad ett föreläggande enligt lagen innebär. Rättsfall och myndighetspraxis gällande föreläggandebeslut framställs med syftet att analysera dem utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Den rättsvetenskapliga metoden används för att i ett tydligt juridiskt perspektiv besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar och metoden tillåter en granskning av olika material för att utvidga vetenskapen om rättstillämpningen. Rättssäkerhet innehåller både formella och materiella aspekter som fungerar som ett skydd mot godtycke. Legalitet, proportionalitet och förutsägbarhet är principer som skapar en förutsättning för rättssäkerheten. Vid myndighetsutövning ska till exempel det minst ingripande medel som krävs för att åtgärda ett problem väljas och en myndighets handläggning ska genomsyras av EU:s princip om rätten till god förvaltning. Polismyndighetens beslutsprocess vid ärenden om förelägganden enligt tillsynslagen innebär enligt FL ett iakttagande av serviceskyldighet, kommuniceringskrav och beslutsmotivering. Förutom FL är det många aspekter som ska beaktas när ett föreläggandebeslut tas, framför allt hur stor risken är att ägaren brister i tillsynen i framtiden. Genom myndighetspraxis kan konstateras att ett föreläggande ska syfta till att komma tillrätta med bristande tillsyn över hundar som riskerar att skapa olägenheter, vilket kan innehålla ålägganden om koppeltvång eller munkorg. En förutsättning för att uppfylla rättssäkerhetens krav vid föreläggandebeslut och i domslut är att de rättsliga principerna iakttas. Kammarrätten kritiserar polismyndighetens beslut om föreläggande i ett fall där avsaknaden av ett tydligt motiverat beslut inte uppfyllde rättssäkerhetskravet. Effektiviteten vid polismyndighetens beslutsprocess måste vara i balans med korrekt avvägda beslut enligt de rättsliga principerna för att uppfylla rättssäkerhetens krav på handläggningen. Detsamma gäller även vid domstolens resonemang om bristande tillsyn av hund. Tillämpningen i praxis av FL, tillsynslagen och art. 41 i EU:s stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna präglas i huvudsak av rättssäkerhet. Däremot kan rättssäkerheten ifrågasättas i praxis varvid otydliga beslut fattats av polismyndigheten och domstolen tenderar att förbise förutsägbarheten av tillsynslagens tillämpning.
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Taylor, Chris W. "Law Express: Constitutional and Administrative Law." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9458.
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Taylor, Chris W. "Law Express: Company Law." 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9457.
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NoThe Law Express series is designed to assist students in effective exam revision by guiding users in understanding the basic concepts, the recall and application of key legislation in the exam environment.
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Lin, Chun-Yuan, and 林春元. "Beyond Administrative Law and International Law--the evolution, features and effects of Global Administrative law in Climate Change Regime." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16535330304180402543.
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博士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
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While climate change has been recognized as the most serious challenge for global society, a global solution is far from clear. Scholars approach this issue through institutional or theoretical methods, however, encounter the limits instituted in the dichotomy structure of national law and international law. Neither domestic administrative law, nor international could properly address climate change challenges. What is underestimated is the huge and complex normative system which has been developed two decades. This normative system, although derived from international regime, has been departed from its traditional route and regulated all climate-related actors globally. What are the contents and features of this normative system? How should we define them from law’s perspective? How it was formed and what effects it is going to bring about? This dissertation analyzes United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, as well as all decisions that has been produced by Conference of Parties (COP) through the theory of global administrative law. This dissertation argues that, articles of convention and rules made by COP and other subsidiary bodies have created a huge normative system. Different from traditional international law, this normative system embodies the features of typical administrative law. The Climate Change regime has represent what scholars called “global administrative law.” Furthermore, I argue the global administrative law in climate change regime has developed three models—coordinative and cooperation model, legality control model, and market-oriented model. These models represent in different fields of climate change regime. Regulations regarding to adaptation, capacity building and technology transfer represents the coordinative model; the mitigation, compliance mechanism and financial mechanism represents the legality control model; the flexible mechanism represents the market oriented model. This dissertation further argues that, the development of global administrative law in climate change regime, cannot simply contribute to the global nature of climate change. The choice of framework, the strategy of institution, and the interest of parties, all function in the dynamics of international politics and formulate the face and content of climate change law. Through the eyes of global administrative law, we may further examine the deficit of accountability of current regime, and shed lights for future development.