Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Administrative regulations'

In this article, the author studies the objectives and principles established during the 90’s,with respect to administrative simplification in contrast with the current governmental objectives for the optimization of the economy and reduction of unnecessary procedures,basically related to mining and environmental proceedings. Finally, the author proposes theneed for a structural change in Peruvian Mining and Environmental Regulations under the framework of what he calls a «positive regulation».
En el presente artículo el autor reflexiona acerca de los objetivos y principios trazados en la década del noventa, en lo que respecta específicamente a la simplificación administrativa comparándolos con los objetivos actuales de dinamización de la economía y reducción de trámites innecesarios; principalmente, los referidos a procedimientos mineros y ambientales. Finalmente, el autor plantea la necesidad de un cambio estructural en la regulación ambiental y minera bajo la forma de lo que denomina una «regulación positiva».

The majority of building code development and implementation practices are normally connected with the progress of construction community changing awareness, needs and perspectives, advanced technology in construction and new level of knowledge. Unproven practices and the technology of building code development and implementation in case of insufficient and outdated codes, the use of unproven advanced codes of other countries, or the infringement of the existing codes, in most cases, could lead to a large number of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and poor quality of buildings. Every aspect of a building code development and implementation practice could be influenced by insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that could cause buildings failures. Generally, the success of a building code development and implementation practice is directly connected with the involved insufficiencies and infringements in the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social), i.e. faults of building code development and implementation should be successfully resolved in order to come to an end of a building project assuring code's objectives (public health, safety and general welfare). One of the early research problems of building code development and implementation practice was conducted by Productivity Commission (2004) where the research organized and categorized the causes of shortcomings of BC according to four main functions of building code, including legal, administrative, technical, and social functions. Productivity Commission Research had been the starting point of research problems of building codes in Kuwait. For the past 20 years, many researchers have high numbers of categories, components and rankings to explain different types of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations. However, these categories and rankings produce inconsistent and overlapping cause and impact factors. In addition, researchers and practitioners at this point tend to focus on the technical and administrative sides related to the issues of building codes development and implementation, and neglecting the importance of legal and social sides. Legal issues like finding a law to prepare and enforce building codes, cover of insurance companies, building materials testing system, weak regulations related issues, building specifications, and clarity of regulation texts; as well as social issues like community awareness, issuing and enforcing legal court rules, deterrent punishments for violators, violations or cheatings in related issues, all of these were deemed not that critical by most reviewers. The research is specifically concerned with the insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations which cause shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare, and how related cause and impact factors are selected and organized. Existing research highlights the need for further researches of how to relate between research and building regulations that are at present. There is evidence that construction industries around the world have little experience in this area (CIB TG37, 2001). The proposal within this research is to address this aspect of the debate by seeking to clarify the role of the four functions of building code; legal, administrative, technical, and social function as a frame of reference that stakeholder parties (building officials, design and construction professionals) might agree with and which should act as the basis for the selection and formation of occurrences of cause factors, and their iv impact on public health, safety and general welfare. The focus on the four functions of building code as a fault (cause) frame of reference potentially leads to a common, practical view of the (multi) dimensionality setting of fault (cause) within which cause factors may be identified and which, we believe, could be grounded across a wide range of practices specifically in this research of building code development and implementation. The research surveyed and examined the opinions of building officials, design and construction professionals. We assess which fault (cause) factors are most likely to occur in building and construction projects; evaluate fault (cause) impact by assessing which fault (cause) factors that building officials, design and construction professionals specifically think are likely to arise in the possibility of shortcomings of minimum requirements of public health, safety and general welfare. The data obtained were processed, analyzed and ranked. By using the EXCEL and SPSS for factor analysis, all the fault (cause) factors were reduced and groups into clusters and components for further correlation analysis. The analysis was able to prove an opinion on fault (cause) likelihood, the impact of the fault (cause) on the objectives of building code. The analysis indicates that it is possible to identify grouping of insufficiencies and infringements in building codes/regulations that is correspondent to the different parts of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social) these suggest three identified groups when viewing cause from the likelihood occurrence and four identified groups and their impact for each building code objective. The evidence related to the impact of building code objectives, view of cause, and provides a stronger view of which components of cause were important compared with cause likelihood. The research accounts for the difference by suggesting that a more selection and formation of cause and impact, offered by viewing cause within the context of a framework of building code, and viewing impact within the context of building code objectives (public health, safety and general welfare) allows those involved in building code development and implementation to have an understandable view of the relationships within cause factors, and between cause and impact factors. It also allows the various cause components and the associated emergent clusters to be more readily identified. The contribution of the research relates to the assessment of cause within a construction that is defined in the context of a fairly broad accepted view of the framework of building code (legal, Administrative, technical, & social). The fault (cause) likelihood construction is based on the building code framework proposed in this research and could facilitates a focus on roles and responsibilities, and allows the coordination and integration of activities for regular development and implementation with the building code goals. This contribution would better enable building officials and code writers to identify and manage faults (causes) as they emerge with BC aspects/parts and more closely reflect building and construction activities and processes and facilitate the fault (cause) administration exercise.

Today we live in a world where international trade accounts for a significant proportion of the daily trade for an enormous number of companies and institutions. The number of international commercial deals that are made every day is countless. The sheer scale of international trade invariably results in an increase in the number of disputes between international partners. However, where there are problems, methods to resolve the disagreements will invariably appear. One of the main and mostly preferred methods is arbitration. Arbitration is preferred for it is convenient and cost-effective method to resolve disputes between business partners. Saudi Arabia has recently reformed its Arbitration Regulations through the implementation of new regulations in 2012. This replaces previous regulations dating from 1983 and the implementation rules of 1985. This thesis examines, analyses and criticises these regulations and compare them to the English and the Scottish arbitration laws. Throughout this study, the old Saudi regulations and implementation rules are examined in order to determine how the rule of arbitration worked in the country. Following this, the new regulations are presented to see what has changed and if there has been any improvement. This is subsequently followed by a discussion on the scale of the improvement and whether further improvements are required in Saudi Arabia. This thesis will also carry out a comparison with the English Act of 1996 and the Arbitration Scotland Act of 2010. The conclusion address and highlight the main differences between the regulations, when present and highlights what the Saudi legislator can benefit from the laws under consideration. One of the main aims of this study was to find if the Saudi Arbitration Regulations have improved and addressed the issues that concerned researchers and commentators in the past. The research finds that there are significant improvements in the Saudi regulations.

This essay deals with the principle of communication as phrased in section 17 of the Swedish administrative act. According to this section administrative authorities are obliged to inform a party involved in an administrative case of all material which has been added to the case by somebody else and is of importance for the decision and then give the party an opportunity to comment on it. The purpose of this essay is to examine how courts evaluate the way administrative authorities apply this rule. How do the authorities fail in their obligation to communicate and what do the courts say about this? The essay includes a description of the details of the law and what preparatory work and doctrine say about it. The essay includes an analysis of thirteen court cases. The courts were critical of the application of the rule in a majority of cases. The analysis showed different kinds of deviations from the obligation to communicate. The courts only accepted minor deviations. In most cases where the authorities had failed in their communication the courts reversed the decisions. The conclusion of the analysis is that the courts are very strict when they evaluate how administrative authorities apply their obligation to communicate.
I inledningen till denna uppsats görs en liknelse mellan det som kallas kommunikationsprincipen och boken Processen av Franz Kafka där huvudpersonen upplever motsatsen till allt det som denna princip innebär. Uppsatsen behandlar kommunikationsskyldigheten som den regleras i 17 § förvaltningslagen. Det är en skyldighet som förvaltningsmyndigheter har gentemot enskilda och som är mycket viktig för rättssäkerheten och allmänhetens förtroende för myndigheter. En enskild kan vara inblandad i ett ärende hos en förvaltningsmyndighet. Det kan till exempel handla om att en person söker bygglov eller att en person som äger en restaurang riskerar att få sitt serveringstillstånd indraget. I alla sådana ärenden som innebär myndighetsutövning mot enskild måste myndigheten informera den som är part i ärendet om alla de uppgifter som tillförts ärendet av någon annan än honom/henne själv och som har betydelse för utgången i ärendet. Det kan handla om muntliga eller skriftliga uppgifter, uppgifter som tillförts ärendet inifrån eller utifrån myndigheten. Parten ska också ges tillfälle att komma med synpunkter på dessa uppgifter. Den enskilda individen ska inte själv behöva undersöka om nya uppgifter kommit in. Det är myndighetens ansvar att se till att den enskilda får dessa uppgifter.   Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur domstolarna bedömer att förvaltningsmyndigheterna tillämpar denna regel. Vilka brister finns i myndigheternas tillämpning av sin kommunikationsskyldighet och hur bedömer domstolarna dessa brister? Vad beror bristerna på?   För att undersöka detta analyserades totalt 13 rättsfall. Där förekom olika typer av brister i kommunikationen, muntliga yttranden från t.ex  arbetsgivarrepresentanter i tjänstetillsättningsärenden kommunicerades inte. I ett par fall informerade myndigheterna inte om uppgifter de själva tillfört ärendet. Orsakerna till bristerna kunde förutom försummelse och bristande rutiner vara feltolkningar av lagen. I ett par fall kunde man misstänka att myndigheterna avsiktligt avstod att meddela vissa uppgifter. Domstolarna godtog bara mycket små avvikelser från kommunikationsskyldigheten. I de allra flesta av fallen bedömde domstolarna att bristerna var så allvarliga att besluten upphävdes och återförvisades till lägre instans för ny bedömning Analysen visar att domstolarna är mycket stränga i sin bedömning av förvaltningsmyndigheternas tillämpning av regeln om kommunikationsskyldighet.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether application forms used in Texas public schools for teachers and administrators were in compliance with federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Texas Human Rights Commission Act (THRCA) regulations regarding preemployment practices. Participating in the study were 740 public school districts in Texas. The study also attempted to determine if these application forms are in violation of EEOC regulations pertaining to pre-employment practices and whether classification based on the districts' size, wealth, student ethnicity and geographical location has a bearing on the degree of compliance with and awareness of EEOC and THRCA regulations. A model employment application form and set of guidelines were developed for school districts to use in securing pre-employment information. Inferential statistics were used through various applicable designs. Three different types of analysis were utilized. These were a Descriptive Analysis, a Goodman- Kruskal Gamma (y) Coefficient—chi-square analysis and a Multiple Regression analysis. The descriptive analysis included the calculation of percentages of the suspect questions appearing on teacher and administrator application forms utilizing the Criteria Used to Determine EEO Compliance and Awareness Among Texas School Districts. The Goodman-Kruskal Gamma (y) Coefficient and the chi-square analysis were employed in order to determine differences in compliance and awareness based on the districts' size, wealth, student ethnicity and geographical location. The GAMTAU. ASC Computer Program was used to test the Gamma values, with a standard z-score. The Multiple Regression analysis was employed to determine to what extent variation in the use of total suspect questions correlated with size, wealth, ethnicity and geographical location. The results of the data analyzed reveal that the size and ethnicity of the school district had a weak but significant correlation with EEO compliance and awareness based on employment application forms for teachers and administrators and that school districts in Texas were not in compliance with EEOC and THRCA regulations regarding application form pre-employment practices.

E-waste is an emerging issue driven by the rapidly increasing quantities, the hazards involved and the valuable materials in it. Due to a lack of environmentally sound technologies or equipment and the imperfect e-waste management system, the poor quality e-waste recycling and disposal methods commonly practiced in developing countries now have serious and hazardous effects on the environment and the workers'/residents' health. Additionally, industrialized countries are exporting increasing quantities of e-waste to developing countries, complicating the situation finther. The environmental and health issues caused by e-waste in developing countries have resulted in the search for solutions to address this problem before it becomes worse. The main purpose of this research is to find how legislation and regulations be used to improve management of e-waste in developing countries especially studying a case in China on e-waste management, which is a very helpful example to other developing countries which are also facing the same e-waste'issue. A case study methodology was used in this research. To collect data, semi-structured interviews with officers or experts from key relevant government departments/institutions involved in e-waste management/regulation, from electronic appliance producers, from customers at different levels of the value chain, as well as direct and non-participant observations were carried out in six cities of China. For another perspective, the review of relevant departmental documents/publications was also carried out to multiply the source of data. In this case study the analysis relies largely on qualitative data and interpretive methods, applied to what was found in interviews/observations and what is written down in documents/ literatures. The research found that lack of systernatic and enforceable law and regulations has become the most serious obstacle in the e-waste management system and limited the effective control of e-waste in developing countries. Developing subsidiary regulations and standards could support the enforcement of the main national law and regulations on e-waste management and it could farther urge the development of local regulations to improve the enforceýbility of the national law and regulations. Identifying the principal administrative department and coordinating the cooperation of various departments could avoid the duplication of administrative functions among government departments. It is important to construct monitoring systems to supervise the enforcement of the regulations and construct the standards and registration system to qualify the e-waste recycling and disposal enterprises, the secondhand market of electronic products and the regenerative resources market of reusable materials in ewaste. The economic differences made it possible to formulate special regulations for economically backward areas compared to the, more advanced areas even within one country. Improving the existing e-waste recovery system and regulating the payment system according to the local economic conditions for e-waste recycling and disposal could improve the integrated management of e-waste. Producers as well as government and even consumers should be responsible for e-waste together. The government needs to continuously strengthen regulatory systems to ensure that the huge economic benefits from the e-waste recycling industry are not overshadowed by the negative impact on the workers'/residents' welfare and overall environmental sustainability,

The importance of providing equal treatment to citizens, and of the predictability of public administration in resolving their disputes or requests is undeniable. In this context, the administrative precedent is an important tool to achieve the aforementioned objectives, allowing the performance of Public Administrations to provide legal certainty and avoid arbitrary situations.
Resulta innegable la importancia del trato igualitario que debe ser brindado a los ciudadanos y la predictibilidad de la Administración Pública al resolver sus controversias o solicitudes. En el referido contexto, el precedente administrativo resulta una herramienta importante para la consecución de los referidos fines, permitiendo que la actuación de las Administraciones Públicas brinde seguridad jurídica y se eviten situaciones de arbitrariedad.

 

Sammanfattning

Problem och bakgrund: Bokföringsnämnden (BFN) har arbetat fram ett regelverk för de enskilda näringsidkare som bör implementeras från den 1 januari 2007. Syftet anses vara bland annat att underlätta den administrativa bördan. Huvudfrågan som ställs i denna studie är en undran om, till vilken grad har användbarheten av K1 regelverket för de enskilda näringsidkarna förändrat redovisningsarbetet? De andra nyckelfrågorna är, har en effektivisering skett av redovisningsarbetet samt har det lett till väsentliga kostnadsbesparingar vad gäller den administrativa bördan?

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida K1 regelverket har förenklat den administrativa arbetsbördan för enskilda näringsidkare, samt om det skett en effektivisering av arbetet med redovisningen.

Metod: Studien tillämpar huvudsakligen den deduktiva forskningsmetoden med hjälp av statistisk datasamling. Detta innebär att studien utgår från en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med ett slumpmässigt urval av respondenter.

Referensram: I studiens teoretiska referensram presenteras olika interrelaterade teorier som belyser K1 regelverkets motiv och funktion samt dess betydelse för redovisningen för de enskilda näringsidkarna i ett bredare perspektiv.

Slutsats: Studiens syfte var att försöka förklara användbarheten av det nya K1 regelverket i samband med praktiken. Hur K1 regelverket har bidragit till en enklare redovisning och hur den har reducerat de administrativa kostnaderna.

Studiens resultat visar att det förenklade årsbokslutet används i väldigt liten skala bland deltagande respondenter i undersökningen. Största orsaken till att K1 regelverket inte används i den utsträckning som förväntats är bristen på information och kunskap hos de enskilda näringsidkarna om K1:s strukturella form och funktion. Då få respondenter använder sig av ett förenklat årsbokslut, blev det svårt att på ett adekvat sätt besvara hur väl det lett till att de administrativa kostnaderna har minskats.

 

Abstract

Problem and background: The Swedish Accounting Standards Board (BFN) has issued a set of standards for small businesses that have been implemented since January the 1^st 2007. The purpose of these standards is to facilitate and simply the administrative burden. This study poses the question "To what extent has the usability of the K1 framework for small businesses changed the accounting workload? Has there been a streamlining of the accounting workload and has it led to significant cost savings in terms of administrative burden."

Aim of this study: The aim of this study is to investigate whether the K1 framework has simplified the administrative workload for small businesses, and if it has led to a streamlining of the process of accounting.

Method: The study applies mostly to the deductive research method with the aid of statistical data collection. This means that the study is based on a quantitative survey of a random sample of respondents.

 

Frame of references: In the study's theoretical frame of reference various inter-related theories are presented, highlighting the motives behind the K1 framework as well as its functions and its importance to the workload in preparing the financial statements for sole trade businesses in a broader perspective.

 

Conclusion: The study's main objective was to try to explain the usefulness of the new K1 framework in the context of its use in practice. How the K1 framework contributed to a simpler accounting and how it has reduced the administrative costs.

The results of the study show that only a small set of the respondents to the survey use the simplified annual accounts from the K1 framework. The principal reason that the K1 framework is not used to the extent expected, is due to the lack of awareness by the small businesses on the K1 framework's structural form and function. It is evident that more could have been done to widen the knowledge and information on the K1 framework. Given that only a small subset of the respondents use the simplified annual accounts from the K1 framework, it is not adequate to conclude on how well the framework has been used to lessen the administrative costs and burdens.

It is the aim with this paper, to research the shortcomings experienced in the appeal procedures as contained in the Engineering Profession Act ("EPA"), in order to determine whether the process should be revised or if only certain relevant sections of the EPA should be rewritten. Due to the administrative nature of certain duties of the Council as authorised by the EPA, it makes it inevitable that appeals will follow. It is therefore imperative that the procedures to appeal, must be both functional and effective. The relevant sections of the EPA as well as the appeal procedures of the Health Professions Act's will be researched, taking into account the stipulations of the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act ("PAJA"). Relevant legal administrative principles and doctrines, court judgments, as well as the views of authors are also taken into account. Two major areas of concern in certain sections of the EPA have been identified: • The fact that the whole council has to decide on appeals, and • the fact that such hearings have to take place within a very limited time frame. Relevant court findings have made it clear that decisions made by authorities, have to comply with the requirements set out in the Constitution in coherence with PAJA. In conclusion, based on the Constitutional and the legal administrative requirements, it is found to be necessary to rewrite the relevant sections of the EPA, as well as the rules of appeal, as these do not make the grade at present.
Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The author studies the protection that the liability of public administration regime offers against Public Administration’s actions in Peruvian Administrative Law. In this context, he notes the shortcomings of such regime and proposes Peruvian legislation must change in order to overcome this weakness. Finally, the author notes that it is necessary to change this regime in order to guarantee effective economic protection against illegal decisions of the Regulatory State.
El autor estudia el régimen de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración pública en el ordenamiento peruano, partiendo de las relaciones que guarda éste con el régimen de expropiación forzosa y las garantías que ofrece para hacer frente a los daños derivados de la actuación administrativa. En este contexto, el autor advierte las deficiencias adjetivas que este régimen padece en sede judicial y propone su reforma para lograr un régimen eficaz de responsabilidad patrimonial en un contexto de cada vez mayor intervención pública sobre los particulares.

The work is focused on the valuation of real estates. In the theoretical part of the work, firstly, there are explained basic concepts and methods which are used to valuation of real estates. There is also mentioned comparison of valuation regulations and describtion of market of real estates. The practical part of the work deals with market and administrative valuation. The results of both methods are compared in the end to the work.

In this interview, the interlocutor examines the contentious-administrative process, answering questions related to its historical origin, the changes it has experimented and the impact that generates its use in the reality. Furthermore, the interlocutor analyzes specific questions, such as the referred to the problematic of the precautionary measures, whether the contentious-administrative process is an equally satisfactory route in comparison with the amparo process, and the measures that Judicial Power is entitled to impose to the Administration.
En la presente entrevista, el interlocutor examina el proceso contencioso administrativo, respondiendo a cuestiones relativas a sus orígenes históricos, los cambios que ha sufrido y el impacto que genera su utilización en la práctica. Asimismo, el interlocutor analiza cuestiones más específicas, como las referidas a la problemática de las medidas cautelares, si el proceso contencioso administrativo es una vía igualmente satisfactoria respecto del amparo, y las medidas que puede imponer el Poder Judicial a la Administración.

The master’s thesis deals with a valuation of agricultural plots in Vsetínsko. In the theoretical part there are defined some important concepts related to valuation of agricultural plots, next there are described individual valuation methods and done analysis of market with agricultural plots in the Czech republic. In the practical part there is done valuation of selected file of plots in the villages Lešná and Choryně. The valuation is done by three ways: the valuation according to valuation regulations, the yield method and the comparative method. In the conclusion of the thesis there are compared results of all three ways of valuation and there is evaluated profitability of prospective investment to these plots.

L’avènement des AAIRE a grandement contribué à la consécration d’un ordre répressif administratif aux côtés de l’ordre pénal, de même qu’il a contribué au renouvellement de la notion de sanction administrative. En tant que juristes, le pouvoir répressif des AAIRE nous interpelle à plus d’un titre, car il illustre parfaitement l’exorbitance du droit administratif et des pouvoirs de l’administration en matière économique. Si, pour les partisans de la régulation, sanctionner c’est encore réguler, il n’en demeure pas moins que ce pouvoir, qui sonne comme un retour du système de l’administration-juge, manquant de bases juridiques solides, altère les concepts du droit processuel et porte souvent atteinte aux droits fondamentaux du procès. C’est d’ailleurs ce qui explique la réorganisation interne de ces autorités, en distinguant les organes/fonctions de poursuites et d’instruction des organes/fonctions de jugement, et en soumettant l’exercice de ce pouvoir aux principes et règles régissant le droit pénal. Or, le phénomène de processualisation, qui accroît les garanties des administrés, est de nature à entamer l’efficacité tant recherchée à la création de ce type de régulateurs. Enfin, l’étude comparative des droits français et algérien sur ce sujet, nous révèle le hiatus existant entre eux, plus particulièrement à propos du respect des droits de la défense, de même qu’elle nous renseigne sur l’ampleur du phénomène mimétique en droit algérien, mais également ses limites
The advent of the quasi autonomous non-governmental organizations of economic regulation has largely contributed to the consecration of an administrative repressive order beside the penal order, as well as it contributed to the renewal of the concept of administrative sanction. The repressive power of the Quango challenges us in many respects, because illustrates the exorbitance of the administrative law and the powers of the administration in economic matters

This study explores the link between democracy and bureaucracy using Japan as the critical case study. The research question is whether competition by multiple principals creates opportunities for bureaucratic drift. This project hypothesizes that policy settings including multiple principals (independent variable) are more likely to manifest bureaucratic drift (dependent variable). At the same time, policy settings excluding multiple principals (independent variable) are more likely to manifest less bureaucratic drift (dependent variable). Variation in agent discretion is the critical effect of the independent variable (i.e., number of principals) on the dependent variable (bureaucratic drift).

Evaluating the exercise of discretion of administrators is feasible if one's evidence is primarily from the administrators themselves. To test these hypotheses, therefore, this project adopts a research design based on a qualitative case study methodology. The case studies include four of Japan's ministries: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the Ministry of Land, Industry, Transportation, and Tourism (MLITT), and the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW). Likewise, the role of the National Personnel Authority (NPA) in the administrative system is also evaluated. Research participants include both participants in the Mike Mansfield Fellowship Program along with NPA administrators.

This study contributes to the extant corpus of research in a number of salient respects. First, this project proposes a different dependent variable in that most studies are focused on administrative reform whereas the focus here is on bureaucratic drift. Second, this project discusses the important effect of bureaucratic discretion. Third, while relevant to the quality of the Japanese democracy in particular, these findings may be leveraged to a larger conversation about the relationship between bureaucracy and democracy in the Asian context and perhaps beyond. Finally, this project provides an explicit policy recommendation for contemporary Japanese politics proposing that greater authority be delegated to administrative agents, albeit supervised by a powerful intermediary, to minimize bureaucratic drift.

This paper argues that, in light of the prevalence of administrative policies, the normative force they carry and the reliance placed upon them by the public, there is a need for the courts to develop the law regulating the way that administrators use policy to structure and guide the exercise of their statutory discretions. It will be argued that such developments would give effect to both the 'controlling' and the 'facilitating' objectives that underpin administrative law, and, would strike an appropriate balance between the competing values at play so as to foster good governance. First, the nature2of administrative policies, their rise as a regulatory tool of government and the growing administrative preference for policy over delegated legislation are explored. It is argued that there is a necessity for the courts to develop the law regulating the administrative use of policy to foster the democratic principle of accountability. The current legal principles regulating the use of administrative policies in a discretionary context, under the broad banner of the 'fettering by rigidity principle' are explored and assessed. It is argued that the fettering by rigidity principle has been applied in a nuanced and variable way, and that it plays an important role in fostering good governance, particularly by promoting flexibility, responsiveness and participation, but does not go far enough in promoting the values of certainty, fairness and consistency. It is argued that a more appropriate balance between these values could be struck by developing a duty for administrators to apply policy consistently and only to depart for good reasons. Finally, it is argued that the principle of legitimate expectations should be developed to allow for substantive protection where an administrator unjustifiably frustrates the trust and reliance which individuals may have placed in an existing policy where that policy is subsequently replaced by a new one.

This study is analysing the transformation of Slovak administration in the telecommunication sector between 1989 and 2004. The dynamic telecom sector forms a good example for the transition problems of post-socialist administration with special regard to the regulation regime change. After describing briefly the role of the telecom sector within economy, the Slovak sectoral policy is analysed. The focus is layed on telecom legislation (including the regulation framework), liberalization of the telecom market and privatisation of the former state owned telecom operator. The transformation of the organizational structure of the "Slovak telecommunication administration" is analysed in particular at the level of the ministry and the regulating agency.

La résolution des litiges est couramment considérée comme une fonction exclusivement juridictionnelle. Les recours portés devant les juridictions sont appelés recours contentieux et la procédure juridictionnelle serait la procédure contentieuse. Devant l’administration, la procédure serait non contentieuse et les recours seraient des pétitions gracieuses. Or, tant l’administration française que l’administration colombienne tranchent quotidiennement des litiges dans l’exercice d’une fonction contentieuse qui n’est pas nouvelle. Dès lors, l’exclusivité juridictionnelle du contentieux n’est qu’une vision déformée de l’organisation du pouvoir. La résolution administrative des litiges est l’une des prérogatives de puissance publique dont dispose l’administration. Elle se caractérise par son caractère accessoire de la mission administrative principale; il s’agit d’un instrument de la réalisation des finalités de l’action administrative. L’administration tranche les litiges dans l’exercice de sa fonction administrative : les décisions administratives contentieuses n’ont pas force de chose jugée, pouvant être l’objet du contrôle juridictionnel qui décidera définitivement le litige. Cette fonction administrative est conforme à la théorie de la séparation des pouvoirs dont l’interprétation séparatiste ne se réalise ni en France ni en Colombie. Cependant, l’administration n’exerce pas sa fonction contentieuse à chaque fois qu’un recours administratif est exercé, qu’une procédure de sanction administrative est entamée ou qu’un litige opposant deux particuliers est porté à la décision de l’administration. L’activité contentieuse de l’administration exige qu’un véritable contentieux soit présenté à l’administration, que ce contentieux se matérialise devant l’administration et qu’elle tranche unilatéralement le fond du litige. Dans ce cas, l’administration n’exerce une fonction ni matériellement juridictionnelle ni quasi contentieuse, mais une véritable fonction contentieuse
Dispute resolution activity is commonly considered as a wholly judicial function. Judicial actions against the administration and the procedure followed by Courts would be referred as “contentious”, while actions and procedures before administrative bodies would be described as “non-contentious”. Still, both Colombian and French administrations may resolve disputes on a daily basis as a result of longstanding “contentious” missions. Therefore, a vision that reduces this “contentious” to the solely judicial activity distorts this reality in power organization theory. The administrative resolution of disputes is an incidental prerogative of the public administration. It is characterized by its attachment to the main administrative mission, it is an instrument for the purposes of administrative action. The administration resolves disputes as part of its administrative function: administrative “contentious” decisions have not the force of a final judgment, and could be subject to judicial review. Administrative “contentious” missions seem to conform to a non-rigid vision of the separation of powers shared by Colombian and French systems. However, the administration does not performs a “contentious” activity every time an administrative action or an administrative sanction procedure is undertaken, or when it has to decide a controversy opposing two individuals. Administrative “contentious” activity demands a real “contentious” to be materialized before the administration, which also decides the bottom of the dispute. In that case, the administration does not perform a judicial or quasi-judicial mission, but just a real “contentious” mission

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The exemptions for Public Administration are enhanced by greater attendance trends aimed at the Principle of Efficiency , sure the Planning Management should rely on administrative acts digital and greatly enhance the state action . There is need , however, that such practices , not as a mark of excessive bureaucracy , are regulated under the terms and limits of the Principles of Legality and the Supremacy of the Public Interest . The activities of the state are expanded in essential services and interventions in Economics , and the municipalities , this approach symmetric and regional can and should emerge as federal units decentralized and efficient in Public Management . While the managerial and bureaucratic model is still unfeasible in dealing with the regulation of state affairs arises therefore the possibility of Planning seeking qualitative methods electronics.
As derrogações da Administração Pública são aprimoradas por tendências que visam maior atendimento ao Princípio da Eficiência, certo de que a Gestão do Planejamento deva contar com atos administrativos digitais e que sobremaneira intensificam a ação estatal. Há necessidade, contudo, que tais práticas, não como marco de burocracia desmedida, sejam reguladas nos termos e limites dos Princípios da Legalidade e da Supremacia do Interesse Público. As atividades do Estado ampliam-se em serviços essenciais e intervenções na Economia, e os Municípios, nessa aproximação simétrica e regional, podem e devem despontar como unidades federativas descentralizadas e eficientes na Gestão Pública. Ao passo que o modelo gerencial e burocrático ainda inviabiliza-se no trato da regulação dos assuntos do Estado, surge, portanto, a possibilidade do Planejamento em busca de métodos qualitativos eletrônicos.

La présente thèse contribue à la littérature florissante sur la capture du régulateur en approfondissant notre compréhension des phénomènes de la capture cognitive et informationnelle sous de multiples angles. Le manuscrit est partitionné en trois chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, je développe un modèle théorique afin d'étudier le difficile arbitrage auquel est confronté un dirigeant politique lorsque celui-ci délègue la régulation du système financier. Le choix opéré par le dirigeant politique dépend de son environnement politique et des caractéristiques du domaine réglementé. Dans un second chapitre, je définis des indicateurs de capture du régulateur et les applique à une base de données construite en rassemblant les pratiques de gouvernances et procédures de 42 agences indépendantes. Ce travail a pour but d’évaluer les prévisions du modèle théorique présenté en chapitre 1. Le troisième chapitre a pour objectif d’expliquer les disparités constatées entre agences indépendantes. Des hypothèses concurrentes sont ainsi testées : les explications politiques versus les explications culturelles et historiques
This dissertation contributes to the thriving literature in regulatory capture deepening our understanding of both cognitive and information capture along multiple lines. In chapter 1, I develop a theoretical model to analyze the difficult trade-off faced by politicians when delegating the regulation of the financial service industry. The model shows that the principal trades off the superior knowledge of the financial experts against their regulatory bias in favor of the regulated industry. Where the principal comes down on this trade-off depends on how complex the regulatory area is, and on how intense the industry’s preferences are. In chapter 2, I define precise indicators of regulatory capture and construct a data set of 42 agencies that allow me to evaluate the expectations of the model. My results show that the race to sophistication and the powers of financial lobbies seem to have influenced agency design: financial regulators better prevent information capture than cognitive capture. In chapter 3, I test two competing hypotheses to explain the disparities in agencies design: political explanations versus historical and culture explanations. I show that agencies’ level of independence and accountability is explained by the credible commitment hypothesis. This hypothesis however fails to explain agencies level of integrity, appearing commonly low

This work intends to study, in an administrative procedural point of view, Brazilian public selection institute. Initially, a historical approach of the theme was performed, in order to enumerate the manpower selection instruments employed by Administration along the centuries, focusing on the various Brazilian constitutional systems. Then, by means of a mainly principled approach, the study of the institute according to the rules established by the current judicial order was realized. Following this, the rite adopted by the administrator when organizing a public selection, according to the preceding study of principles and rules established in the Constitution and by law, was addressed, featuring the jurisprudential positioning and administrative and judicial control methods applied to the theme. The next step was to verify if the present set of rules is adequate to promote the desired regulation of public selections. Along the work it was possible to conclude that public selections present judicial nature of a administrative process, thus being applicable the respective law; however, this is not enough to ensure the necessary regulation of the subject, so that the absence of a national law of public selections, as demonstrated by diverse situations, is cause of judicial insecurity for candidates, disobedience to constitutional principles and violation of the main objective of its execution, that is, the selection of the best trained candidates for the exercise of public service.
O presente trabalho visa estudar, de um ponto de vista processual administrativo, o instituto dos concursos públicos no Brasil. Inicialmente, realizou-se uma abordagem histórica do tema, com vistas a enumerar os instrumentos de seleção de mão-de-obra empregados pelas Administrações ao longo dos séculos, com enfoque nos diversos sistemas constitucionais brasileiros. Em seguida, por meio de uma abordagem eminentemente principiológica, passou-se ao estudo do instituto conforme as regras estabelecidas pelo ordenamento jurídico atual. A seguir, tratou-se especificamente do rito adotado pelo administrador ao organizar um concurso público, conforme os princípios anteriormente estudados e as regras estabelecidas na Constituição e nas leis, com destaque para o posicionamento jurisprudencial e os métodos de controle administrativo e judicial aplicados à espécie. O passo seguinte foi verificar se o conjunto normativo atualmente vigente se revela adequado a promover a devida regulamentação dos concursos públicos. Ao longo do trabalho, foi possível concluir que os concursos públicos apresentam natureza jurídica de processo administrativo, sendo-lhes, portanto, aplicável a legislação correlata; no entanto, isto não é suficiente para garantir a devida regulamentação do assunto, de modo que a ausência de uma lei nacional dos concursos públicos, conforme demonstram diversas situações fáticas, representa causa de insegurança jurídica para os candidatos, de desobediência aos princípios constitucionais e violação do objetivo precípuo de sua realização, que é a seleção dos candidatos mais capacitados para o exercício da função pública.
Mestre em Direito Público

Uppsatsen handlar om försäkringsbarheten för administrativa sanktionsavgifter (GDPR-sanktioner) som utfärdats till följd av en överträdelse av bestämmelserna i dataskyddsförordningen. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att utreda om det enligt svensk rätt är möjligt att försäkra sådana avgifter. I uppsatsen redogörs för relevanta bestämmelser i det försäkringsavtalsrättsliga regelverket (FAL) och det försäkringsrörelserättsliga regelverket (FRL). Bland de bestämmelser som uppsatsen särskilt behandlar återfinns bestämmelserna om lagligt intresse i 6 kap. 1 § FAL och god försäkringsstandard i 4 kap. 3 § FRL.

L’objecte d’aquesta tesi doctoral és el disseny de les Network Administrative Organizations (NAOs), les unitats especialment establertes de forma intencionada pels membres de les xarxes publiques inter-organitzacionals per a governar i administrar les mateixes. Tot i l'interès mostrat per la recent investigació en gestió pública i pels estudiosos de les organitzacions en l'àmbit de la governança de les xarxes públiques creades amb objectius específics (goal-directed networks), pocs estudis teòrics s'han basat en la contribució seminal de Provan i Kenis (2008). Com a resultat, aquest camp continua sent una via prometedora per a la recerca. Unint la literatura sobre xarxes, col·laboracions inter-organitzatives, disseny organitzatiu i govern corporatiu, aquesta tesi revela dos factors íntimament relacionats amb el disseny de les Network Administrative Organizations: la interdependència estratègica i l’evitació de la incertesa en els resultats.
El objeto de esta tesis doctoral es el diseño de las Network Administrative Organizations (NAOS), las unidades especialmente establecidas de forma intencionada por los miembros de las redes públicas inter-organizacionales para gobernar y administrar las mismas. A pesar del interés mostrado por la reciente investigación en gestión pública y por los estudiosos de las organizaciones en el ámbito de la gobernanza de las redes públicas creadas con objetivos específicos (goal-directed networks), pocos estudios teóricos han basado en la contribución seminal de Provan y Kenis (2008). Como resultado, este campo sigue siendo una vía prometedora para la investigación. Uniendo la literatura sobre redes, colaboraciones inter-organizativas, diseño organizativo y gobierno corporativo, esta tesis revela dos factores íntimamente relacionados con el diseño de las Network Administrative Organizations: la interdependencia estratégica y la evitación de la incertidumbre en los resultados.
The focus of this Ph.D. dissertation is the design of Network Administrative Organizations (NAOs), the separate units purposefully set up by public inter-organizational goal-directed network partners for to govern and manage it. Despite the interest shown by both public management and organizational scholars in the field of Goal-Directed networks governance, few theoretical studies have built on Provan and Kenis’s (2008) seminal contribution. As a result, this field remains a promising avenue for research. By bringing together the literature on networks, inter-organizational collaborations, organizational design, and corporate governance, this Ph.D. dissertation sheds light on two factors intimately associated with the design of Network Administrative Organizations: strategic interdependence and outcome uncertainty avoidance.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2004.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70).
by Charles Frederick Leatherbee.
S.M.

Are State proposals on private self-regulation and administrative procedures on consumption adequate? The present papper analyzes the challenges of its application, providing a final reflection on the complaints in social networks.
¿Son adecuadas las propuestas Estatales sobre autorregulación privada y procedimientos administrativos en materia de consumo? El presente artículo analiza los retos de su aplicación brindando una reflexión final acerca de los reclamos en redes sociales.

The commercialization and global transformation of the Chinese film industry demonstrates that this industry has been experiencing drastic changes within the new social and economic environment of China in which film has become a commodity generating high revenues. However, the Chinese government still exerts control over the industry which is perceived as an ideological tool. They believe that the films display and contain beliefs and values of certain social groups as well as external constraints of politics, economy, culture, and ideology. And, ironically, the films censored in China often gain great fame outside of China becoming worldwide blockbusters. This study will look at how those films are banned by the Chinese film censorship system through analyzing their essential cinematic elements, including narrative, filming, editing, sound, color, and sponsor and publisher. The study will also analyze how the combination of government control and market forces influence the Chinese film industry and its production.

The dissertation consists of three studies examining three different regulatory issues that affect the auditing profession. The first study has two main foci. First, the study investigates the impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on the Big 4 fee premium. Second, the study investigates the relationship between the size of an audit client and annual fee change. The results show that in the post-SOX environment, clients of non-Big 4 firms have experienced greater increases in audit fees than the clients of the Big 4 firms, resulting in a diminishing Big 4 premium. This is consistent with the notion that non-Big 4 clients had to make significant adjustments to meet post-SOX quality requirements by increasing their effort (and consequently audit fees). The results also show audit firms' large clients experience the largest percentage increase in audit fees. This is consistent with the theoretical view of consumer surplus, where the large clients, with more resources, have greater levels of consumer surplus, which is being captured by the audit firms. The study contributes to our understanding of the impact of SOX on audit fee premium and the economics of audit market competition in different client segments. The second study is focused on three main areas: 1) the relationship between audit fees and audit market concentration on a country level; 2) the effect of a country's litigation regime on the relationship between audit fees and market concentration and 3) the inter-relations between competition, fees, and quality in the market for audit services. The study is motivated by the current debate in the United States and the European Union about the possible problems associated with the current oligopolistic structure of the audit market. The contribution of this study lies in the fact that it provides a multi-national empirical investigation of the audit competition-fee relationship, and examination of how country-level fees affect the competition-quality relationship, while controlling for country level factors. Results show a negative relationship between country-level market concentration and audit fees but only in highly litigious countries, suggesting that the firms are able to obtain economies of scale in more concentrated markets and are willing to pass savings down to their clients. However this relationship only holds for the clients of the Big N firms. Analysis of audit quality suggests that audit quality is higher in more concentrated markets but mediation analysis did not show that the fees mediate the relationship between audit quality and market concentration. The third study addresses current regulatory debate about the responsibility of the principal auditor in the group audit environment. Current United States standards allow the principal auditor to disavow responsibility for parts of the audit which were performed by a third party auditor by referencing them in the auditor's opinion and then indicating the part of the audit which was performed by them. This disclaimer of responsibility is prohibited under the international auditing standards, which require the principal auditor to be responsible for the entire group audit. Specifically, this study examines 1) audit quality implications related to such opinions, and 2) the relationship between having a shared opinion and audit fees. The results show that the audit quality is significantly lower for the firms whose audit opinion referenced a third party auditor. The results also provide some evidence that audit fees are lower in shared responsibility situations.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Dean's Office, Business Administration
Business Administration
Business Administration; Accounting

Economic regulation as an administrative activity has become one of the quintessential subjects in modern Colombian administrative law. Despite the fact that Colombian law uses a fairly restrictive, organic, approach to economic regulation, few studies have analysed that connection between economic regulation and Government agencies. Without taking sides with that restrictive approach, this article tries to show the inconsistencies and difficulties to regulate properly in Colombian law, because of that connection between that administrative activity and those special agencies: the regulation commissions.
La regulación en el derecho colombiano es un tema de capital importancia que ha venido ganándose un lugar primordial en el moderno derecho administrativo. Sin embargo, a pesar de que en ese sistema jurídico parece haberse acogido un concepto restringido, orgánico, de regulación económica, no muchos académicos se han ocupado de analizar las estructuras que se han encargado tradicionalmente de ejecutar esas actividades. Sin tomar partido por un concepto restrictivo de regulación, este estudio pretende demostrar las incoherencias y dificultades de la función de regular en el derecho colombiano, por su vinculación artificial a determinadas estructuras administrativas: las comisiones de regulación.

Magistro darbe atskleidžiama ikimokyklinės įstaigos administracijos funkcijų pasiskirstymo reglamentavimo situacija ir galimybės. Naudojant apklausos raštu metodą analizuojamas ikimokyklinių įstaigų valdymo struktūros, administracijos sudėties, darbo krūvio ir faktinio funkcijų pasiskirstymo vertinimas, nuostatos į funkcijų atlikimą, vadovavimo priemones ir stilius. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad ikimokyklinių įstaigų valdymo struktūra, administracijos funkcijų pasiskirstymo reglamentavimo situacija vertinama nevienareikšmiškai. Todėl, atsižvelgiant į kiekvienos įstaigos specifiką ir kitas aplinkybes, reikėtų ieškoti galimybių administracijos funkcijų pasiskirstymo tobulinimui ir optimizavimui. 2010 m. balandžio 22 d. šio darbo autorė dalyvavo 10-oje studentų mokslinių darbų konferencijoje ,,Ekonomikos ir vadybos aktualijos‘‘ ŠU Socialinių mokslų fakultete ir skaitė pranešimą tema: ,,Ikimokyklinės įstaigos administracijos funkcijų pasiskirstymo reglamentavimas: situacija ir galimybės‘‘.
In the master’s thesis the article reveals administration function distribution regulation situation and opportunities in pre-school institutions. In this context analyzing pre-school institutions administrative staff governance structures and administration composition, workload and the actual distribution functions of assessment, the provisions in the performance of the functions, leadership tools and styles. The study results showed that the controversial pre-school institutions assessed management structure, the distribution functions of the regulatory situation. Therefore, taking into account the specificities of each institution and other factors, should look for opportunities to improve and more optimize the administrative functions of distribution. The author of the thesis attended a tenth scientific works, named ,,The Topicality of Economies and Management’’ in the faculty of Social science of Šiauliai University on 22th of April in 2010. She presented the paper, named ,, Pre-school institutions administrative functions of distribution regulation: situation and opportunities’’ there.

In the 1960s the benefits of government regulation of technology were believed to outweigh any costs. But recent studies have claimed that regulation has negative effects on innovation, health and consumer choice. This case study on food colours examines such claims. EFFECTS ON HEALTH were measured by allocating a hazard rating to each colour. The negative list of 1925 removed three harmful colours which were rapidly replaced, so the benefits were short-lived. Had a proposed ban been adopted in the 1860s it would have prevented many years exposure to hazardous mineral colours. The positive list of 1957 reduced the proportion of harmful coal tar dyes from 54% of the total to 20%. Regulations brought a greater reduction in hazard levels than voluntary trade action. Delays in the introduction of a positive list created a significant hazard burden. EFFECTS ON INNOVATION were assessed from patents and discovery dates. Until the 1950s food colours were adopted from textile colours. The major period of innovation for coal tar colours was between 1856 and 1910, finishing well before regulations were made in 1957, so regulations cannot be blamed for the decline. Regulations appear to have spurred the development of at least one new coal tar dye, and many new plant colours, creating a new sector of the dye industry. EFFECTS ON CONSUMER CHOICE were assessed by case studies. Coloured milk, for example, was banned despite its popularity. Regulations have restricted choice, but have removed from the market foods that were nutritionally impoverished and poor value for money. Compositional regulations provided health protection because they reduced total exposure to colours from certain staple foods. Restricting colours to a smaller range of foods would be an effective way of coping with problems of quality and imperfect toxicological knowledge today.

This thesis deals construction technology project of laboratory administration building at the University Hospital Ostrava. Attention will be focused on the construction of the main building. The author focusses on the main technological stages of construction, time and financial planning. Selected construction processes are elaborated in terms of the execution of works, quality control and occupational health and safety. The thesis is supplemented by attachments.

From 2014 to 2015, deficiency fines cost Pennsylvania nursing homes more than $2.5 million. Costs associated with adhering to increased health care regulations can reduce profit and affect the financial sustainability of the nursing home industry. Some nursing home administrators (NHAs) lack successful strategies to improve state and federal regulation compliance and promote financial sustainability. Drucker's management by objectives theory was the conceptual framework for this study. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore successful strategies NHAs use to improve state and federal regulation compliance to mitigate deficiencies and derivative fines to promote financial sustainability of nursing homes. NHAs who manage 5-star rated nursing homes within a 100-mile radius of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania use effective management strategies to mitigate deficiencies and derivative fines to earn a 5-star rating which, helps promote financial sustainability. Data were collected from semistructured face-to-face and telephone interviews with 4 NHAs and from Medicare's Nursing Home Compare website. The data on the website provided information on the 3 domains of health inspections, staffing, and quality measures, that made up the overall star rating of nursing homes. Data were analyzed using Yin's 5-phase cycle. The findings revealed 3 major themes: develop knowledgeable staff, enhance communication with staff and residents, and promote innovation for continuous quality improvement. The implications for positive social change could include increased quality of patients' health care, creation of employment opportunities to promote prosperity in communities, and financial sustainability in the United States nursing home industry.

This dissertation takes on the debate of whether environmental economic regulations hamper or incentivize firm performance, aside from their objectives of pollutant reductions. Research has shown mixed results regarding this matter. This dissertation proposes that the reason for these mixed results is the omission of the capacity of individual firms to assimilate and respond to these regulations, regarded here as signals from the economic and institutional environment. These signals from the environment come in the form of technological change as environmental economic regulations impose limits to the products, processes or services, which are pollutant intensive, or provide pollutant reduction technologies. Therefore the capacity that firms must possess in order to respond to these signals from the environment must be technology related. It is proposed here that the innovative capability can allow for firms to respond, in a performance increasing way, to these signals from the environment, as it entails the capacity of developing or adopting new technologies.

The theoretical approach that this dissertation follows is to frame the economic environmental regulations under a classical regulatory framework, with the diverse mechanisms such as taxes, caps-and-quotas, and subsidies which are regarded as economic environmental regulations, and as signals external to the firm, which act upon it. The innovative capability will be addressed under the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities approach, as this research is under a strategic management perspective. Here the innovative capability is regarded as part of a firm's dynamic capabilities, and it is the means through which firms can assimilate and respond to changes in the environment. Performance relates to the outcomes of the interaction between environmental economic regulations and the innovative capability, and it is expected that the previously mentioned interaction has an effect over the firm, whether it can be beneficial or not, regarding market access or expansion, or earnings/revenues. In the present research project performance is taken as the efficiency rate, and the earnings/revenues of a project of the Clean Development Mechanism or CDM under the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 2013). The institutional environment will be addressed from North's (1990) new institutional economics perspective of institutional theory, which highlights the capability for firms being moderated or mediated by the external environment and vice versa.

To operationalize environmental economic regulations this dissertation will reach out to the aforementioned Kyoto protocol, an international agreement for emissions reduction. These emissions reductions are achieved through various mechanisms that allow for different entities to reduce their said emissions, separated by what the Protocol has called commitment countries of the Annex I; and non-Annex I countries with no quantitative commitments. The clean development mechanism (CDM) is one of these mechanisms and it is targeted at firms located in countries of the Kyoto protocol that have no reduction commitments, all of which are emerging economies. The CDM provides firms with pollutant reduction technologies that allow them to transform their pollutants into less harmful emissions, while yielding carbon credits with which they can further trade. These technologies differ in their degree of innovativeness, and each project chooses which technology it will be implementing. The innovative capability dimension will be operationalized as the capacity of firms to select and implement projects with high innovativeness levels. Performance will be operationalized as the particular efficiency rate of each CDM project included in the sample. This is a ratio between the expected and the real number of carbon credits yielded by each CDM project. It also might be reflected in economic variables such as the revenues generated by the project which is the difference between the investment of the project and the revenues obtained from the sale of the carbon credits. The CDM allows for analyzing a single environmental economic regulation across different countries, regarded here as different institutional environments. The effect of these different institutional environments on CDM projects will be assessed by analyzing the effect of their different characteristics, such as country's abatement potential, institutional capacity, investment climate, and geographical or regional characteristics. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Relational demographers and dissimilarity researchers contend that group members who are dissimilar (vs. similar) to their peers in terms of a given diversity attribute (e.g. demographics, attitudes, values or traits) feel less attached to their work group, experience less satisfying and more conflicted relationships with their colleagues, and consequently are less effective. However, qualitative reviews suggest empirical findings tend to be weak and inconsistent (Chattopadhyay, Tluchowska and George, 2004; Riordan, 2000; Tsui and Gutek, 1999), and that it remains unclear when, how and to what extent such differences (i.e. relational diversity) affect group members social integration (i.e. attachment with their work group, satisfaction and conflicted relationships with their peers) and effectiveness (Riordan, 2000). This absence of meta-analytically derived effect size estimates and the lack of an integrative theoretical framework leave practitioners with inconclusive advice regarding whether the effects elicited by relational diversity are practically relevant, and if so how these should be managed. The current research develops an integrative theoretical framework, which it tests by using meta-analysis techniques and adding two further empirical studies to the literature. The first study reports a meta-analytic integration of the results of 129 tests of the relationship between relational diversity with social integration and individual effectiveness. Using meta-analytic and structural equation modelling techniques, it shows different effects of surface- and deep-level relational diversity on social integration Specifically, low levels of interdependence accentuated the negative effects of surface-level relational diversity on social integration, while high levels of interdependence accentuated the negative effects of deep-level relational diversity on social integration. The second study builds on a social self-regulation framework (Abrams, 1994) and suggests that under high levels of interdependence relational diversity is not one but two things: visibility and separation. Using ethnicity as a prominent example it was proposed that separation has a negative effect on group members effectiveness leading for those high in visibility and low in separation to overall positive additive effects, while to overall negative additive effects for those low in visibility and high in separation. These propositions were sustained in a sample of 621 business students working in 135 ethnically diverse work groups in a business simulation course over a period of 24 weeks. The third study suggests visibility has a positive effect on group members self-monitoring, while separation has a negative effect. The study proposed that high levels of visibility and low levels of separation lead to overall positive additive effects on self-monitoring but overall negative additive effects for those low in visibility and high in separation. Results from four waves of data on 261 business students working in 69 ethnically diverse work groups in a business simulation course held over a period of 24 weeks support these propositions.

This thesis looks at two issues. Firstly, statistical work was undertaken examining profit margins, labour productivity and total factor productivity in telecommunications in ten member states of the EU over a 21-year period (not all member states of the EU could be included due to data inadequacy). Also, three non-members, namely Switzerland, Japan and US, were included for comparison. This research was to provide an understanding of how telecoms in the European Union (EU) have developed. There are two propositions in this part of the thesis: (i) privatisation and market liberalisation improve performance; (ii) countries that liberalised their telecoms sectors first show a better productivity growth than countries that liberalised later. In sum, a mixed picture is revealed. Some countries performed better than others over time, but there is no apparent relationship between productivity performance and the two propositions. Some of the results from this part of the thesis were published in Dabler et al. (2002). Secondly, the remainder of the tests the proposition that the telecoms directives of the European Commission created harmonised regulatory systems in the member states of the EU. By undertaking explanatory research, this thesis not only seeks to establish whether harmonisation has been achieved, but also tries to find an explanation as to why this is so. To accomplish this, as a first stage to questionnaire survey was administered to the fifteen telecoms regulators in the EU. The purpose of the survey was to provide knowledge of methods, rationales and approaches adopted by the regulatory offices across the EU. This allowed for the decision as to whether harmonisation in telecoms regulation has been achieved. Stemming from the results of the questionnaire analysis, follow-up case studies with four telecoms regulators were undertaken, in a second stage of this research. The objective of these case studies was to take into account the country-specific circumstances of telecoms regulation in the EU. To undertake the case studies, several sources of evidence were combined. More specifically, the annual Implementation Reports of the European Commission were reviewed, alongside the findings from the questionnaire. Then, interviews with senior members of staff in the four regulatory authorities were conducted. Finally, the evidence from the questionnaire survey and from the case studies was corroborated to provide an explanation as to why telecoms regulation in the EU has reached or has not reached a state of harmonisation. In addition to testing whether harmonisation has been achieved and why, this research has found evidence of different approaches to control over telecoms regulators and to market intervention administered by telecoms regulators within the EU. Regarding regulatory control, it was found that some member states have adopted mainly a proceduralist model, some have implemented more of a substantive model, and others have adopted a mix between both. Some findings from the second stage of the research were published in Dabler and Parker (2004). Similarly, regarding market intervention by regulatory authorities, different member states treat market intervention differently, namely according to market-driven or non-market-driven models, or a mix between both approaches.

This paper attempts to expand the knowledge on these issues and therefore seeks to get a deeper understanding on the legal regulation of internal party democracy, which is widely considered as one of the most controversial topics concerning party regulation. This will be done by carrying out a case study of two constitutional democracies that handle party regulation differently. Germany, known as 'heart land of party law', constitutes the example of a state in which the internal organisation and functioning of political parties is regulated by both the Basic Law (the German Constitution) and federal laws. South Africa will be provided as the contrast example of a state that lacks express provisions that regulate the internal organisation and functioning of political parties. This paper does therefore not seek to conduct a 'classical' comparative study as the legal framework of two countries will be examined which deal in different ways with internal party democracy. However, this research approach promises to create a more holistic - even though certainly not complete - image of the challenges of the legal regulation of internal party democracy.

This diploma thesis focuses on construction technology preparation of shopping center in Prague 9, Vysočany. The aim of this work was to choose an appropriate construction process. The thesis contains general information about construction with construction technology project, its financial and time consuming, facilities for construction and traffic situation in the surroundings of the construction, design of main machinery and mechanisms, technological regulation with control and test plan. The diploma thesis is focused on piles realization.

The principal objective of this study was to investigate whether or not nurses' compliance with universal precautions procedures improved after the mandatory Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations were implemented in 1992. Two random samples of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses registered in Tennessee responded to survey questionnaires measuring universal precautions compliance and practice barriers to compliance in 1991 and 1993 (n = 306). The 1993 sample of nurses reported significantly greater compliance with universal precautions (p < 0.001) than the 1991 sample. The most noteworthy improvement between the 1991 and the 1993 groups was a significant increase in compliance for patients described as HIV/HBV-status unknown and HIV/HBV-negative (p < 0.001). Practice barriers hindering compliance with universal precautions decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in the 1991-1993 time frame. Problematic practice barriers identified in both groups were needle recapping, preference for isolation door signs, and concerns about offending patients and visitors.

The public service has been, traditionally, a domestic concept of the Administrative Law. However, as a consequence of globalization, the public service regulation by the Administration is also subject to the Global Administrative Law, specifically in the context of the international investment arbitration.
El servicio público ha sido, tradicionalmente, un concepto propio del derecho administrativo doméstico. Sin embargo, como consecuencia de la globalización, la regulación del servicio público, como manifestación de la actividad administrativa, pasa a estar regida también por el derecho administrativo global, especialmente, en el contexto del arbitraje internacional de inversiones.

The thesis describes conditions for carrying out cabotage in road freight transport, in comparison to current and past development at the EU level, and in transport policy of the EU described in the primary law. The most current changes at the field of cabotage are a good precondition for the future growth of this type of transport. The issue of cabotage could be described in three groups of topics, the first being the unified EU regulations of cabotage and conditions set for carrying out cabotage, the second concerns topics, that are similar in every EU country due to harmonization of national law, for example the payment of VAT, admission to the occupancy of road haulier or technical conditions for vehicles. The third group deals with matters that are different in every EU country, e.g. toll systems. Carrying out cabotage is therefore to be adjusted to all aforesaid conditions, which have a direct influence to the economical background of cabotage transports.